University of Phoenix Faculty Material

EARLY CIVILIZATIONS MATRIX politics CIVILIZATIO N Prehistoric group structure, with politics centered around the power to head the family group/clan, making politics small scale and intimate relevant to the needs of individual members of prehistoric tribes/socia l groups society/ economics Prehistoric groups were subsistent farmers. Economics and trade still almost non existent as social groups based on families work together to subsist; they hunt, farm, and build their shelters together. It is in the protection of the group that individuals find security. technology Paleolithic, Neolithic, stone age flint, spears, stone knives. Fire is utilized to cook food, for warmth during winter and age animal hide. art Evidence of prehistoric art can be found in rock art found in Caves and on stone like those on display in Dordogne or in Lascaux caves, France. They are depictions of their natural world. Also clay and stone jars are found from this period. music No evidence survives as music to be traced to the Paleolithic age from the oral tradition. architectu re At this point, man lived in Caves or stone structures that were easy to build. philosophy No evidence exists. literature No evidence exists.

Mesopotam ian

5,000 BCE6 BCE consisted of Akkadian, Sumerian, Babylonian , Assyrian & Hittite empires who succeeded each other in the struggle to rule the fertile crescent. Societies follow the rule of their Kings with equal influence of religion and the need for military solutions for territorial & economic disputes. Societies existed as

Mesopotami an societies traded extensively with each other. Within particular societies, trade is encouraged as markets and bazaars allow for commerce to enrich society, the ruler and its people. Arab traders travelled far and wide in caravans reaching as far as India to the East and the Greeks to the North West. They practiced agriculture & used irrigation to fertilize what would be arid fields.

Irrigation & canals helped in food production. Bronze, iron, copper & metal weapons (daggers, knives, spears, words) were employed by the military for warfare. The wheel surfaced in the chariots used by the Hittites. Copper working, glassmaking, flood control and water storage allowed Mesopotamian civilizations to flourish. A pump, the Archimedes screw allowed for the hanging gardens of Nebuchadnezz ars Babylon to happen. In mathematics,

Decorating walls with exquisite representation s of tigers, lions, flowers, the moon and the stars was seen as an art form. The Pergamum museum in Berlin has in its collection the market walls and pillars of Nebuchadnezz ars Babylon. Sculptures made from dark stone, ivory and marble decorated halls, homes, public places & palaces. Jewels with precious stones were worn by the rich as the poor made their adaptations. Creative smelting

Music sang and performed with instruments mostly had religious purpose; some though were sang for the amusement of kings and their subjects. Ordinary people sang to entertainme nt each other. The Oud, a string, guitar-like instrument was used, a precursor of the European lute.

The Babylonians had Ziggurats, massive step, pyramidal structures that serves as religious, military or political sanctuaries. Palaces of rulers were large-scale complexes, often with high gates of very compact & strong earth or stone. They had lavish decorations using colorful tiles & paint. Ordinary houses on the other hand used mud, brick, plaster & wooden

Ancient Babylonian text, the Dialog of Pessimism survived to influence the thought of the Greek Sophists, of Socrates and of Plato. Babylonians employed logic when faced with everyday challenges and problems, often stumbling on revolutionar y solutions.

The Epic of Gilgamesh was written during this period. Sumerian proverbs were also recorded in clay tablets.

city-states. Society is ruled by law like that of King Hammurab i. Ancient Egyptian Ancient Egypt was ruled by the all powerful pharaoh and his royal house with nobles appointed to be viziers. The pharaoh is also head of the military. He is an absolute ruler influenced by religion as Pharaohs were seen to be partly Egypt was primarily an agricultural society reliant on the flooding of the Nile to fertilize their land and flood planes to plant grain, their primary source of food. They also cultivated animals for consumption (chicken, etc.) and fished from the Nile and from the Mediterrane an. Egyptian society

they introduced the sexagesimal system, the source of our 60-minute hours and 360 degrees angular value. Advanced Bronze & Iron Age technology metal work for weaponry & for practical purposes. The introduction of inclines, levers & pulleys in the construction of pyramids. Glassmaking was considered a highly desirable art. They also created a unified writing as well as decimal system, developing the papyrus as form of keeping

allowed for metal sculptures akin to that of stone figures usually with religious themes (i.e. angels & winged lions). Art was dominated by religion. Ancient Egypt however produced such fine works including beautiful sculptures, representation of actual Egyptians. One such work is the bust of Nefertiti now on display in the Egyptian Museum in Berlin. The treasure trove of Pharaoh Tutankhamen showed golden masks, exquisite precious metal

doors.

Pictorial evidence in papyri, scrolls & walls show that music was important to ancient Egyptians. Musical instruments like simple clappers, tambourines , harps and lutes were used for religious and entertainme nt purposes. Drums were used for religious & military processions.

Ancient Egyptian architecture of pyramids and obelisks and great temples and palaces are among the most awe inspiring in the ancient world. The technology used to make the perfect pyramids and many pillared temples were revolutionar y at the

Ancient Egyptian thought is ordered by a sense of what is moral and what is right as dictated by Egyptian belief. A great example would be the ancient work, Instruction s of Pta'hhotep, a manual of moral wisdom.

Ancient Egyptian literature covered many vast subjects recording was made easy with the use of the papyrus, ink & hieroglyps. Subject matter included religion, social issues, histories, scientific treatises, poems & even work of fiction. The book of the Dead is

divine having descended from the Gods.

building blocks is the family, the head of the family is the father while women may chose to work although they are seen as male property. They did not have coinage but a form of moneybarter system.

records & relaying messages. Mathematically , ancient Egyptian math was developed to use addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, use fractions, compute for area and volume as well as had their own approximate equation for the formula used in determining a circular area by identifying pi.

coffin encrusted with precious stones. Walls are painted with typical scenes as papyrus gets decorated to tell stories as storybooks do to children today. Powerful sculptures depict the emperor in his full glory, deifying the emperor to his subjects. Color in art symbolized many things but had divine implications. Even Hieroglyphs and writing it is seen not just as a skill but as an art.

Ancient Egyptians had their own form of orchestra where an assembly of musicians played their instruments together to perform certain pieces & songs.

time. Ordinary Egyptians on the other hand lived in mud brick homes for easy cooling and heating. Carving and drilling were used to create particular pieces and decorate exquisite walls & pillars of stone.

samples of religious literature while the instructions of Ptahhotep is an example of a philosophica l work.

Archaic Greek

Beginning in the 8BCE, archaic Greece was divided into many small selfgoverning communiti es dictated by geography. Dependent on the kind of social order established 6 the needs of the collective, ruling classes appeared. In Sparta it was a communal social hierarchy where an organized warrior class ruled. In Athens

Archaic Greek city states traded with each other whenever possible. Agriculture was a chief economic activity but so was fishing and trading dependent upon the nature of the city state. Societies building blocks were families, even in military Sparta.

Adaptation of Phoenician alphabet to develop the Greek alphabet to represent language in the written form. Money was introduced in the form of exquisite metal coins representing advancement in metal work. Ships sailing the Mediterranean had more streamlined bodies propelled by oars.

In pottery work, naturalistic depiction of flora & fauna as well as events & objects can be seen. Gem

cutting, ivory carving, jewelry making, and metalworking were also prevalent. Sculptors created beautiful marble large scale statues of gods & goddesses. Goldsmiths specialized in fine jewelry while bronze smiths fashioned armor & exquisite plaques.

Archaic Greek music was sung and performed for religious ceremonies as much as they were performed for entertainme nt. The lyre was a common musical instrument.

The Doric column & the Ionic column established the 2 main orders of Archaic Greek architecture . Temples area. Massive and well lit were made possible by them, including the Parthenon in Athens. They were then embellished sculptural figures of stone or terracotta. Funerary monuments were also built. Great halls for oratory speaking, for public

Philosophy or manner of thought during this period was dictated by the nature of the city state. Sparta for example followed a philosophy bent on creating harmonious social order. As a warrior society it trained its youth for combat & leadership as a seamless military unit to create a class of warrior soldiers at the ready to protect the city-state & its people. In Athens, at this

Of Archaic Literature, on of the most important is the codified law of Draco which was written to quell social conflict in Athenian Society.

Aegean

the mercantile class gained power creating aristocratic regimes and populist tyrants. From CA 1450, this civilization covers the bronze age societies of Greece & the Aegean divided in the regions of Crete, the Cyclades & the Greek mainland. The Aegean civilization s of Minoans, Melians, Crete & the Mycenaean s was

gathering & for debates were built. Great markets to house merchants also came around. In the islands, the people practiced agriculture as they did in the mainland, cultivating olive orchards to produce oil. They also raised varied fruits & vegetables Mediterrane an climate was mild. They are, however a maritime civilization. They practiced They had iron, bronze, & copper work, their smithies specializing in tools of war and tools of maritime voyages. They had also perfected an irrigation system as well as a plumbing system that allowed for flow of water into homes & buildings and their disposal into the sewage system. They also had advanced Minoan art is depicted in the potteries that were unearthed during the excavations in the Cyclades, in Crete and Asia Minor. Paintings were naturalistic pictorial style, including those that adorned uncovered walls. Frescoes on the walls are covered in vivid paint. Statuettes & surviving figurines try to imitate life and precious Aegean Music is depicted in the frescoes and the decorative motifs in potteries. Like their mainland Greek cousins, music was used for religious & social entertainme nt purposes. They used a kind of lute. Ruins of massive palaces, palatial villas, ports & harbors show string leanings towards creating structures that can withstand pressure, probably due to the nature of the islands they sat on seismic faults resulting to regular earthquake s. Walls are

period religion dominated life and so morality was dictated upon by the pantheon of gods. Early Aegean Philosophy was about understandi ng mans place in the order dictated by the Gods. Morality and ethics is heavily influenced by faith although as a collective under the rule of the King, the Aegeans followed rules in accordance with the It was not until the period of classical Greece when dialogues, treatises and other literary works pertaining to the Aegean was found which makes these references a snippet of the oral tradition that reckons back to the memory of a time when the Aegean

ruled by a king, hence they had monarchy ruling a maritime kingdom.

fishing and depended on the sea. For trade, they used ships to travel between the islands. For military purposes, they had their own navies. Athens was primarily a trading an agricultural economy. The Greeks traded with their Aegean, Phoenician & Carthaginian neighbors, engaging in maritime trade. Athens was a bustling trading city. In the countryside the

Classical Greek

Classical Greek Society is reckoned back to the time when Athens was at its Golden Age, when after the time of the autocrats, tyrants and oligarchies the people decided to share power and rule under the

heating systems that allow for the regulation of cooling & heating of buildings 6 residences. Above all, they had more advanced ships, shaped for speed or specialized for cargo. Classical Greek technology is vast. They possessed and arrived at mathematics that supplemented their engineering & building skills allowing them to build the likes of the Parthenon that today still stands as a marvel and standard as it is copied all over the world.

stones found their way into stone seals.

decorated with murals & frescoes while columns, friezes and moldings are part of standard Aegean architectura l design.

social order their leaders sought to establish.

civilizations flourished.

Classical Greek Art is vast, varied and manifold. Sculptors during this period created exquisite pieces of Gods from the Greek mythology Hera, Zeus, Hermes, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, etc. There are 4 periods of art in Greek Civilization the Geometric, Archaic,

Greek Music is akin to that of their Aegean neighbors. With the lute they sang songs. The harp, the drums and even the castanets also occupied their musical instruments standard list used in plays and

The Greeks are introduced a high standard in terms of Classical architecture that their genius remain unrivalled today. The Parthenon in Athens, the Stoa of Attalus (became the standard for public

Classical Greek Philosophy is vast ad manifold. There are varied schools of thought that dominated Greek thinking including that of the Sophists. One thing was uniform in their philosophy though if

Ancient Greek society placed importance upon literature. Experts consider the western literary tradition to have begun with the epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey, by Homer that remains the standard for their skillful

democratic system. Citizens of the State voted for leaders and reforms and had a say in policies and how Athens is run. Officials are elected to serve for a term. The military is a branch of this governmen t. They had a senate that convened for the welfare of the people.

Athenians held vast tracts of arable land producing grain, olives, sorghum, and other rotation crops. They also domesticate d poultry and other livestock.

The Antikythera mechanism, an astronomical computer was created in 80 BC. Medicine pioneered by Hippocrates became the basis for the current medical profession. The scientific method was pioneered by the Ancient Greeks. The study of Astronomy, the science of the planets, the stars & the universe started here and aided navigation as well as timekeeping greatly.

Classical, and Hellenistic. Painting was practiced with the use of vivid colors. Pottery motifs were realistic depictions of life in general or that of heroes & Myths. Terracotta & metal figurines became an expression of art as well. Friezes decorated buildings and their exquisite rendition of the human form became the highest form of Classical expression to the eyes of the Renaissance artist who came to revive Greek Art later.

other theatre presentation s.

buildings), the temple of Hephaestus , the theatres & open air forums, the libraries in Ephesus & Pergamum. They also introduced an effective sewer system that drained the waste from their cities and a water delivery system that was the predecessor of the Roman aqueducts.

one will take out of the account that which was purely religious. They exercised reason & logic and recognized the existence of free will. Theirs is the foundation of the Modern way of thinking that gave birth to the Western Civilization.

and vivid depictions of war and peace, honor and disgrace, love and hatred. Notable among Greek poets was Sappho, who defined, lyric poetry as a genre. Other publications include the writings of Aristotle and Plato, that of historian Thucydides, the works of Pythagoras and the manuals of Hippocrates.

Hellenistic

Many consider Hellenistic Civilization to be part of Classical Greece but other Historians set it apart as the form of Governanc e during this period was under the influence of the man behind Hellenizati on Macedonia n prince Alexander the Great whose conquest of Persia spread Greek Influence in the then known world and under his

Society was a vast network of varied peoples centered around the Greek culture rooted in Classical Athens. The economy was vast as Alexanders empire was rich. Cities traded with each other there was mining, metal works, rotation crops enhancing agriculture, fishing & maritime trade, among others. Finance systems were also established to manage

Hellenistic technology was the development and adaptation of classical Greek technology from metalwork to mining and application of the new sciences to everyday life. Alexanders army was aided greatly by navigational tools. Warships and cargo ships carried a vast number of people and goods in speed unprecedented in the ancient world. The Chariot greatly enhanced warfare.

Hellenistic art was a continuation of Classical Greek art although with interaction into new cultures of the conquered city states, new expressions came to be. The most celebrated performance art forms are the Theatres which the Greeks brought to every city they conquered or territories they established. The Alexander Romance, a form of theatre was born playing from Athens as far as Bactria. Sculptors continued to create in the classical Greek

Hellenistic music is a continuation of classical Greek music enhanced with the fusion of Persian elements.

Hellenistic architecture was all about spreading Greek culture; hence temples and theatres resembling that of Athens were erected all over Persia and new territories.

Hellenistic Philosophy saw the flourishing of the ideas of Plato following Aristotle and Socrates.

The central concept was the Theory of forms: the transcenden t, perfect archetypes, of which objects in the everyday world are imperfect copies. The highest form was the Form of the Good, God, the source of being, which could be known by reason.

Roman

policies, viziers and his military ruled the territories under his reign. His successors were the strongest among his generals and spanned varied dynasties until the roman Period. The Roman Civilization, in its ancient form is considered to the period from 753BC to 476 AD. It went through varied forms of governmen t from that

the needs of merchants.

form. A great example would be the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

Rome is the considered to be the forbearer and root of the Western Civilization. While the Greeks started Modern thought, it is the Romans that cemented it into a social system. The

Roman technology that allowed for the flourishing the Empire was the improvements in military discipline, practice and especially weaponry. The Roman army represented a warrior class, so armed following

Roman painting styles were rooted in Classical Greek practices. Frescoes were also adapted decorating walls of villas and that of public buildings. Roman artists also painted on wood and even Ivory. There are varied

Roman Music was largely based on Greek music, sharing the same instruments and principles as the most Romans studied under the tutelage of Greek

Roman architecture improved much of the Greek Architectur e adopting Ionian & Doric principles while creating from these varied other structures that today remain. The

Roman Philosophy was a continuation of the schools of thought of the Greeks including that of Plato & Socrates. Dualism where religion & logic coexisted was

Roman Literature is varied and manifold ranging from that which contained works of fiction to legal and scientific as well as philosophica l writings and treatises. The Romans

of a Kingdom, to that of a Republic and then under the rule of the Caesars, an Empire such as the world has not yet seen. In the later period, Rome was ruled by Law and the practice of legal arbitration was born.

Roman society was stratified. The Roman economy was varied and vast. Agriculture, period rotational crops, maritime trade, fishing, metalwork, mining, finance systems trade & commerce were only among the many activities that flourished in the Roman economy.

precise military tactics to ensure campaign success. The Republican legion consisted of five sections, each of which was equipped differently and had different places in formation: the three lines of heavy infantry (hastati, principes and triarii), a force of light infantry (velites), and the cavalry (equites). The Romans introduced better sewer systems, water delivery systems like the aqueducts Roman Engineering allowed for faster road networks and

styles in Roman painting following the varied periods of the civilization advancing o realist interpretation as well as highly decorative motifs. The Romans loved portrait sculpture as evidenced by the busts and statues of Roman figures. They valued beauty and classical proportions akin to that of ancient Greece.

Scholars. In the Roman military, musical instruments such as the tuba (a long trumpet) or the cornu (similar to a French horn) were used to give various commands, while the bucina (possibly a trumpet or horn) and the lituus (probably an elongated Jshaped instrument), were used in ceremonial capacities. Music was used in the amphitheat ers between fights and in the odea, and in these

great Roman Aqueducts of colossal sizes still stand in former territories from the Middle East to Italy, France and Britain. Roman Roads still remain. Halls, buildings modeled after Athenian Parthenon gave rise to the Pantheon in Rome. To celebrate sports and public entertainm ent the Roman Coliseum came into being filled with

practiced. Epictetus introduced cynicism and stoicism.

produced many works of poetry, comedy, tragedy, satire, history, and rhetoric, drawing heavily on the traditions of other cultures and particularly on the more matured literary tradition of Greece. Cicero, a Roman Senator is also a noted writer. Pliny the elder wrote Naturalis Historia while Frontinus wrote books on Roman Aqueducts and Vitruvius his

well organized cities. They used concrete & created heating systems for homes & public baths, etc. Judaic The Judaic civilization dates back to the time of Abraham who the believers said first heard the call of God. The Jewish civilization s are those Jewish kingdoms situated in present day Israel ruled by a monarch. Agriculture in the lands and territories that allow for farming like in the Jezreel Valley in the North next to the Jordan river and the sea of Galilee. They also fished having been related to the early Phoenicians who fished and were maritime traders. They also engaged in trade & Technology during the Judaic civilization differs greatly per each period. During the time of the ancient Jews to that of Historical David and Moses, they enjoyed the same advances as other civilizations in the fertile Crescent irrigation systems, ingenious heating & cooling systems of residences, Judaic art from the earliest period were concerned with Representation al and narrative telling and expression of the Jewish faith. Sculptures were a big no especially since the religion forbids the worshipping of idols. Of the images that most come depicted is God the Shepherd or as well as the star of David.

settings is known to have featured the cornu and the hydraulis (a type of water organ). Jewish music is not so far removed from that of much of the Middle Eastern music in the manner that the instruments used in the courts of the Caliphate are the same. Song and music is used for both religious and social purposes.

thousands and thousands of spectators.

contemporar y wrote several publications on Roman Architecture.

Synagogues are Jewish houses of prayer and study; other buildings of significance in Judaism include yeshivas, or institutions of Jewish learning, and mikvahs, which are ritual baths.

Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology.

The basis of Jewish law and tradition ("halakha") is the Torah (also known as the Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses).

market economy.

early Christian

This period is seen as that immediatel y which follows the crucifixion of Christ and the first Council of Nicaea. During this period, the varied territories and societies were under the rule of Rome. This

Society at this period was at a cross roads. Economy continued to be that of trade, open market capitalism, cottage industries and agricultural endeavors from farming, crop rotation, olive oil production

chariots for travel & warfare, the plough for farming, winemaking etc. During the Roman period they enjoyed the same technology as the Romans had and brought to Israel. Early Christian technology delved into the production of the writings of the apostles and the message of Christ with the followers looking at varied ways to mass produce the Bible to spread the message.

Early Christian art are representation s of Jesus Christ and his teaching. They also contain early Christian symbols like the fish and the cross.

Christian early Music was about glorifying god in prayer. They were mostly songs accompanie d by lutes and harps simple instruments.

Early Christian architecture is an expression of how the early Christians sought to hide from religious persecution . Hence, the establishme nt of literally undergroun d societies & cave dwelling Christians

Christian philosophy was practiced by those who adopted it as their faith.

At this period, the most prominent literature that surfaced where the books that now makes up the New testament of the Christian Bible.

Byzantium

period saw the conversion of Pagan Rome to Christian Rome upon the conversion of emperor Constantin e who still reigned as Absolute ruler. Byzantium was Constantin es capital, that of a very Christian Roman Empire. Politically it was run by an emperor who is the absolute ruler and each small unit of towns & villages were run

and sugar plantations.

of Cappadocia and back alley churches in key Roman cities.

Constantino ple was a trading hub and the Byzantine Empire had control over very active, very profitable trading cities & ports giving the emperor control and influence over complex industries during that period.

Byzantine sciences were rooted in Classic Greek schools although there was some advancement in math and the practice of medicine.

Visual art in this civilization is concerned with religious expression that of Christianity, tits stories, characters and values. The visual is an interpretation of faith, creating representation s of Saints, the Holy family, God and his angels. Church theology found their way in

Byzantine music used the lute, the violin, the flute and the harp but introduced the idea of choirs group singing, and the alto, soprano and tenor musical ranges. They were utilized for religious purposes. Music was

Architectur e wise, the best expression of Byzantium is the Haggia Sophia, or the Church of the Holy Wisdom of god erected by Emperor Justinian.

Byzantium philosophy is Christian, specifically Orthodox Christian in Nature. The bible is the philosophy here.

Byzantine literature is classified in 5 sections: historians and annalists, Encyclopedis ts (Patriarch Photios, Michael Psellos, etc. essayists, and writers of secular poetry(i.e. Digenis Acritas) ecclesiastica l and theological

by appointed officials.

Islamic

Islamic Civilization s Golden Age from 700AD to 1200AD saw the Islamic world contribute immensely to human knowledge in the sciences, in the arts, humanities , etc. Islamic scholars and prominent individuals came around in this period. Politics-

Import, export, capitalism Byzantium was very modern in terms of its economic trade. The fertile Crescent is a rich territory allowing for the facilitation of agricultural undertaking s that allowed the Islamic world to feed its populace. Crop rotation allowed for variety, sugar plantations came to be. Islamic city states traded with each other. The open economy

books, paintings, murals and even stained glass.

an expression to appreciate and glorify God.

literature, And popular poetry that find their way to songs.

Muslim engineers introduced wind and hydropower, even tidal and wind to power machineries in mills and mass production set ups. Clocks to keep the time become standard and a variety of mills surfaced (including early fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, paper mills, sawmills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills and windmills), glassmaking ,

Islamic art is vast. Influenced mostly by religion, Islamic art is an expression of the Faith itself. Ceramics, glass, metalwork, textiles, illuminated manuscripts, and woodwork flourished. Islamic lusterpainted ceramics inspired the Italian masters during the renaissance. Calligraphy flourished as well as

Islamic musical instruments include the lute, the rebec (a kind of violin), a qitara (guitar), an axabeba (flute), drums, castanet, harps, etc. The solfege of Western music is said to have Arabic origins. Music is performed to entertain the Caliphs court, and for the

Great Mosques with minarets showed hypostyle architecture with rows of columns. Examples are the great Mosque of Xian in China, the great Mosque of Samarra in Iraq and of course that of Sha Jahans Taj Mahal which also had Hindu influences.

Islamic Philosophy is also manifold due to the number of polymaths, independen t thinkers and scholars who also sought to preserve the work of Greek Scholars like Aristotle. Their ideas fused that of Indian & Chinese philosophies received in trade together

As in the arts, Islamic Literature is vast from works of fiction and imagination to treatises, philosophica l publications, scientific manuals, religious materials and even travel & cooking books. Some of the literature include The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian

wise, the Islamic Empire under the Caliphates provided the structure that governed the civilization. Supporting the economic & industrial ambitions of its people, the empire flourished through the open market approach. While the Caliphate ruled, each smaller unit are run by viziers and appointed officials. Governanc e is also

was encouraged as each city came to specialize with products to offer. Merchant capitalism also gave rise to financial systems while cities started to levy tax to maintain order.

advanced metal work, textile and weaving, mining of minerals, production of weapons & war chariots came about. In medicine the Islamic civilization invented inoculation, distillation of alcohol, quartz glass, among others.

illuminated manuscripts and portrait miniature painting.

peoples general entertainme nt. Music is also used in religious and official events and ceremonies.

with the ideas of the Greeks reinterprete d with an Islamic viewpoint. Some famous Islamic philosopher s are Avicenna, al-Frabi and Al-Kindi. Science wise, their thinking influenced the philosophy of empiricism.

Nights) by Persian Queen Scheherazad e, Theologus Autodidactu s by the Arabian polymath Ibn al-Naf a science fiction novel.

informed by Faith.