L E S S O N S I N E N GL I S H

BO OK T WO

FRED N EW T O N S C O TT
P RO FES SOR O F a o mo I N T HE UN IVE RS ITY OF Mlc m G4N

S O U THW O RTH
‘

GO RDO N A .

S op n mn m nn m r on S e rmons S onmnvmw M A S S
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o : 75 6113 n o“)

BENJ H SANBORN
. CO .
 J Ut 1 3 1906

a
wa
aLib a
d iy
rd Univers t .

Dept . of Educ tion

y r r ,

Gift of t he Publishers.

CO PYRI GHT , 1 906 , BY

FRE D N . SCO TT
AN D

GO RDON A. S OUTHWOB I H
’ ‘
 P RE F A C E

THI S se ri e s of Le sson s in En glish c ompr i se s t w o book s

a
.

BOO K I , i n t e n de d t o be u s e d wi t h i n t he t h i r d , fou rt h , fift h, nd

s i xt h a d w
e s , c ov e r s e i t
h h a a di t h t to t
a m aw d f ag a a
er o or re e e r s, c c or n e
g r y g
m f
ou n t ti llow k h f h l t t
a a
e e or n u e or e e o e
o
g g ,

u pils , d h t eir re vi ous t r i nin

a a ma i g a mma ad ai
p p n
g .

BOO II K c on t i ns s te t ic
I a
s c ou rs e n r r n s e r es
y
f i
le s s ons mp mp d
os i t i on f h E gi h t ly pr ov i t ls
a mma a
o n co . es or e n

w k f h h gh
the t d i
a f BOO ha
o ree
g er r r r es

a
or g .

I h t d
t i on b K I the e s i gn

a a a
n e re
p p r o s ee n

1 li ki f d i li te r t u r e

a
( ) To te b t
a a
n

a
n r e se n
g
c re g y p gor oo

w h or t i b
s e le c t on s d di d to d d d st u ie le
a a
y p e re , e , co , n rn e .

( ) 2 h h
To d k
e lp c d w il m f to t l h r it e reel bo u t t
ma a a
re n n or e y e

i th h h tk w t t S i h e s ti ve u e s t on s

a i m a h gh l a id a
n no ve
y n
g s gg ey s e e o r . u q
b k d d in d
to st ul te t t, t o e ve lop c e r

ad a a a a
ee n s e , or er ou e s,

tob le t he le m d l b h to or t i ot lly
ad w i g whah had ha
n en rn er re or e re or
p y ,

in t in d P
t b i s c ov e r e r ov i s i on

ag aa a k g a
ee n

ma ai
n r , e s . s

d f m f t ou n t d w ct ce in t l in ri t i n

Pa a b a a g if i ad
e or re o g pr n .

ins h k t ls o t o i ve l n t, i n te r e s t t o
a
ve ee n en n
e, po

th e e xe r c i s e s m in
b h m i thi d f in t et

a ad a a b a h a
re sen
p o

d g a
co s o n v r o
y g po y e

t t i on , r tic ul rl d fi d r ovi in n it e r e

wh m h p p ma
n e r or e re r

a
p y y p e
i

to t d d hi mil f se l

a a a
o e u
y r es s .

( ) 3 m k Toh d m d m ilb s e rv i n eci lly

d f aa i a k w dg a
e c re n
g p o re n ore o es

in th fi el dd t ur l h d ing t o t eir no le
l a Ma a a
e o n s c e nc e e, n

d g h min fi d
t f to m ou t l the se lv e s il u s t r t i on s
ad ma a
e n n re
e y or .

w
a
se tb f h d th ef il i i
d e s c ri pt i v e i i n t i ve t n

a
r
e or e c re n g or g n ,

d h lp
n eg i is h f m f
i ve nl d n
g q t e or o e in u e s t i on s .
iv P R EF A C E

4
( ) To m k e a c orr ec t e xpr e ssi on aa a
h bi t u l, by
lli g f f
a aly pp
c n or re

q u e n t re
pe t i t i o n of t he ri
ght f or ms , nd b
y c onst nt su re s s

i ng t h e wr on g .

5
( ) To t he of c or r e c t wri t t e n forms by gi vi n g
a a b ag
se c u r e u se

mode ls f or i mi t t i on , m nd l d i to si l r u le s f or t h e
f aa a ma a w d m w
y e n up e
p
i t l t t i on r ks , nd for ith
a ad m w
u se ex
o c p
a
s , pu n c u -
or -
s,

m l u ch or k f or pr c t i c e

a a a
p e s n

a
.

( )6 T m i w m i t ith th e e le ent ri n

a mma
o ve so e c u n n e
g y q c r
p
c i ple s o
f gr

m ha
r

I h a
.

BOO
In K I t i be e n
a a a
e s

1
( ) b T o pl d b e f or e t he s t u de n t n or d e r l i n telli i le
am f ad m
ce n
g y
st te ent t h e pr i n c i ple s t h t e t er i ne th e s t ru c t u r e of

w d a ad a a
o

d m m f
s e n t e n c es , t t he ti to u r n ish e xe r c i s e s

a a a f
or s n n s e e

f c t i ce in the li t i t h i i l
a
or
p r

a
pp c o n o s e n c e s
o pr
p .

( ) 2 To w m
c on t i n u e u pon h igh e r pl n e t h e or k i n i
a
co pos

d
t i on pu rs u e w d i n t h e lo
a d a m w aa g w a
er es
g r .

P rt I ls h t t le n t h i th t h e s e n t e n ce the
a a ab a a w g f
e so e s

str u c t u r h l u ni t in t e u s e of l k n o le d
a m ga
e o

ad a
n e, u se
g u
g ec

m
i t s e le en t s t he i r r el ti on to n ot h e r u st lo i c lly pre
d a a d w a f m
n on e

d t i l d t f a
r ds nd th e i r Th e p r t s of
ab fl ad a
ce e e n e o or s
y s u y o .

s pe e c h ri e t t i t hi c on n e c t i on to ive i n t e lli
d a ad a
n

a
re
y r e e gn s

en t fi m the m f i t i ch c t e r of t he e le en t s o

aw a w a a a a fl
e co s on n
g o po r

s ent ences , s e ll s to Sh o th t c l ssifi c t i on nd in e c t i on

d d
aII
u pon u s e

a d a f
e pe n .

P rt wh t the p rts of S pe e c h it c on s i ble u ll

f d a a fl a a a
pr e s e n s er

et il i n t h e i r c l sse s, in e c t i on , nd sy n t Te ch e r s

a ad
x

wa
n e ss o

m ab w
.

w f
i ll, d i sc ri in te et h t i s t o be le rne d n

wa g a
o c ou r se , een

h t is i ven A o n ly for r e fe r e n ce t te n t i on i s lle d t o t h e

a f a af a f
. c

m
t re t ent o t o th e lly u ll res e n t t i on i n fin i t i v e s
mma a
o

ad ai a
se u n u su p
b a
c

r t c i le s d t t h e t ul te ries t the c lo s e of

w a aa a
su

a
n ;
p p o

ch t r s f or of r e vi e nd to st nd rd li te r r s e lec
p e u
p pr os e s ; y
ti on s f or s tu d
y .
 P REFA C E

a k ki g ah d ad wa g b i d d
s tr n ge rs t t it in to n t ro

h y a aa afa m a
n oc n

wi g d a a
e oor n e uce ;
t f d t he r i li ri e n ol in
a ad k g a a wh h
e ppe r r s r s re n e n cqu

t wd in i n i t i on in c ir c le t
h aa d ma
nce

l a adi g g d
n s ee er rec o ere
g ey

d h t ei r s t

a a d b d h f w g p b h ad
ve re y e n n oo .

T he u t h ors in te to t ollo in li s
ah f p rmi d ma a
re e e u e rs n

ut s s i on
l M to c opy r i gh t e t e ri To
Ma a a a
ors or e u se

a
: rs .

L A re t d H d B s h le y ,
f m r o th e r s t h e poe
a a a
ee n r n
g r e

a a
r
p or

hT W d wh h in d H ic M o ri i n lly in
’

a Ha a a Wa a
e g , p p e re r
pe r s
g
z in e d B
to f r ipe r n r ot h e r s or llu s t r t i on on s nd

a
; e
p
U i f h
te n s ls o t C f M C S le S f to h r le s c r i bn e r s
’
t he
f m J G H a Ba C a
e en ; on s or

d b d k
’
e xc e r pt oll n h t o Cy r u s T l
a f a A I
o
ro . . s y o . r

C o D .
, e c or t ors , S j
or i llu s t r t i on n n t er e s t i n
g u b e ct to
H gh M tfl C f f m T T wb d g or s e le c t i o n s J
’
t on , i in ri

ad M dw W a
ro

Ra
ou o . . . ro e s

“
M d mm i
”
k i i n te r
”
to the hit
C mpa f J a a
n er
su er ; y
M C mb M m ille r
’
olu to J
mb R y a ill C m a
n or o ui n s us r. es
o y q
Wh it c o d h B bb M ile h t f T
Sh a ad W a
n e e rr o n or e
o s p y
P a P f
-

L e r ec t d C to m ot h r op, L ee i lli
H Ha f a aHa Ha
r e r ep r o n
y .

f m mse lec t i on W il ro P ul ilt on y ne s

’
l
ad I
ne or
.
y
M A W M mf d to m d u or for pe r i s s i on to re
pro uce

a
n r . . .

Y
’
m h h
’
t he i f B i O th e lt r i ole s N e s t ; to t ou t

a
c t ur e

a a
o or e e s
p
C m a f illn i oni B y P T h h ut

a
y u s tr t on on e ors re

a d b ga
o or on o
p .

ls o m liS wh
t i on to pro h i ne n t u pe r i n t e n d e n t s o ve

a f ad ma aa
un er o

d pr oo b de lu le su e st ions
re n g v g .

J AN UARY , 1 90 6 .
 T O T E A C H E RS

T HE S E books pr e s u ppose a ad a
wi s e a bl a h w h w ill te o

aa a d f h pi m d
n e c er
p c

u se t he m wi th t he t t i n me n t s n d ls i n in
ad ppl m i g h a di g a
n ee s o er pu ,

omi i g h tt n ere n su i
y g
e en t n t e re c c or n to v r n

di i t
ma a a a a a
c on on s .

T h h i k f te b k ki d f tm h i t e xt
a a a
ne

a
oo n c e rs n o oo s n o c
y
b i l fi w i h
t tod dl i i m l t d m in u t e
i ai ah
un, r e c s on s o ny o s
g u
y p re e .

’
Th is A v c i ou sb k h ld b h te xt t te
f i d g d a a a
e e c er s

I ma a
s e r r or . oo s ou

a
d h ui b f l i
e lpe r d d t
a a af h a a
r en e, n er u n re
y p e o f
.
,
’
i t k h h t l t l t te
am y mpa
s ou r c e c n n e ve r p s e e ce o e c er s e r on
; p
e nth us i hy d im l t st

a wi l fi d a a a a a
s , s , n u u s.

I h b k
t h te f m i l l t ri e t ter
wi h h y a a da wi h h i b j dgm
n ese oo s c er s n re o
g y v

h i en t

agi f y i g f di a
c t e c n u se n c c or nce t t e r e st u .

E i i f d i ct t u c t on

h a
xe r c s e s

f wh a ha l ad a
re ven or Oop n , or on , or re pr o

b t d d f i dy c t ur e stu

ad d i p f l w i i g f
o s ee n e rne , or re , or e r or p
t i on di g h e t t e r- f t t e r e s u lt s o

a ad p i f wo d a
n e sc r or r n or r e c or n

b i t f h ex d h t t eir

a
o s e rv on n e r e nce ; or e u se o r s n

m f i i h f f m
c t ce S l t c orr e c t e e c t i on s

a agi d l ad a
s n on n
y y p s or r s

di d a
; e us e o or .

f m ro b t he
li e st b t e r t ure d to e stu

a
re ven e n e rn e , n

to f ni h i f k d d w k f m
e s t on s h l d in the
a i ma la f a w k
ur s su
gg or re or ro sc oo re

mp p i le d f r ov s i on
h i t t t u re
wi h la a a a
ers

a a
; s e or e c orr e on o n or

t g g n d hu l m e f
; g m m n i
t d i
e e e l en t s o r r re n uct ve
y
d
re se n t e

a f f m l g h h ag a
p
d d a
.

Th l r e n ot o d
u n i or t t
f a ki d aa ag d a d g y b i g a
e e s s on s en ey re r e ,
n

a dp d
t h os e o n l h in l ; u t, t
a
re rr n e c c or n e ner , ey

re n ot e en ly e n t c on se c ut i v e
p h T h d on e u on n ot er . e or er

7“
v m T O T EA C H E R S

of t h e m, t h e re fore , a
m y of te n be c h nge d t d is cre t io n ; some a a
a
m y be omi t t ed , some di vi d e d ; ot h e r s m y be mplifi e d n d a a a
d we lt
ab
u po n .

Th e i n d u ct i ve me t h od h f ollowe d t h r ou gh ou t A
a a f
s e en .

ri h t of th e s u gges t i ve u e s t i on s will le d t o h bi t s
a ad iga a
u se
g q o

t h ou gh t , b i i tl g g li i n ve s t t ive n
a a a
o se r v on , n on on n es .

O h t m b d
u e s t i on sd d b h d i i m f l ut t re c t r ti n

a
e

f ma will
e e
q er y p g , o n

ti on f b n ot o te n
O a d a
or y e ne c e ss r .

l h ld
le s s on s d mb w l ou t n u ri t t en

a ad dy
n

Ea
r s ou pre c e e er e s son s .

h i h ld b
e xe r c s e h bj f i t ect o t st u

ay amp i ma
c s ou e e su c on ve r s on n

b f d w tte t to ri t e it
a a a
e or e n e

a
s .

A i ff h l d b m dl b h or t Sh h t te to t t
l a adi i i h i w mi d Th
n es ec e ou e e y e c er
p se e

h h d h gh i
’
t il t t nd st nct

a a
n

a
e c s ou s c e r s o n n . e

fi rs th h t f h i d d
ts h h l b m t to
a
s ou

ha a
re n n
g ou p o
p c
g re , er e, ore or

l I i h b f h t h t i E i h d
u si n e ss o
i i t te ls to t
ag f d d a i d h a
s e e c er n n e
y g
f la
es s z . ss p
th f g di to sent b le i to its
ad d l h ki g M h ab a mp h d wa
e o ,
n c on u s e e s, n uce o c e r

t i d h li s to t is
a g h hi d f m h a g afi m h i
n or er n n uc c n e cco e r
y .

d by t r i ni n t l t e st rt to ly t ts
h pa a a a
en e c ro r sp r e un

f d h
i sc ou r s e , h t d h w h l
e se n ten c e , m t t
a a a a
e n
g r r
p e o e co

a
o ,

o T
s i t i onh d m h h isld oe s n ot l l k t t i to to t
m h wg a ly a
re n

d a
n c e rn

a h ah
e re
p .

b h
ou t hi g b
t m
t ut t t t ey ust s o e o r u l
a
e se n s, o

i f h m t

a lw d f a ma a a
q u re se n se or e .

A fin i b f l T
u t on h n ot e ou t

f E g l h aa aa a h f ma
o ce c er s
y
or o c p . e

is h m h m t t tt i rt to t l
ad a m h aa
uc o nc e

a
n re o c p e or
o p
’
si d f i i the r n s t r u c t i on f i l to ssu t t il s it in
a
n e

a
e o p p y u c

r e ci t in d d r u le s f h i e t e c t in f Si

a
n
g g pn
g e r ror s o s eec s su re o

T h f m l d m f b ksi d u s t n ot , o e ov e r lo o

h ah d f a
re s s e or e c ou r s e , e
p g ro . ,

b uti h ldt b f g i i ot t e n t t t ll n s t r u c t on

ad a a
S ou n e ve r e or e en o

i E gli h i g w h i w f i t e xpr e s s o n re c i t i on
a
n
n n s s ro n po er o pp .

D i l wh i h
r l ib c hi d
c on t r g d w
u t es h h f l
to t s en is oo . D ri ll ic ,
l
d m h d mi d wi th il
’
ly h l fi lls t
a
i g h f hi
ay
or t t n

a
e c s ru es
-
n s o s en , ere

d
n m bsl i g i o s,w f t ism r e vou s s te o e.
 C O N T E N TS

PREFACE
SUGGESTIONS To TEACHERS
PART I . SE NTE NCE STRUCTURE
CH AP TE R

SENTENCE : KINDS
I .

II
SU BJECT AND PREDICATE
.

SUBJECT
PREDICATE .

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE C OMBINED

SIM PLE SUBJECT AND PREDICATE .

O F I NTERRO G ATIVE S ENTENCES

O F I M PERATIVE SENTENCES
III KINDS O F W ORDS
.

N O UNS
PRONO UNS
VERBS
ADJECTIVES
ADVE RBS
PRE POSITIONS
CONJ UNCTIONS
INTERJE CTIONS
SU MMARY
IV S ENT ENCE BU ILDING
.
-

INCOM PLETE VERBS AND THEIR COM PLEMENTS

CO PULATI VE VERBS
TRANSITIVE VERBS
COM PLEMENTS
COM PLE TE VERBS
THE E SSENT IALS o r; A SENTE NCE
J aM O D I PIE Rs

AD VE RBS
ADJECTIV E AN D AD VERB PHRASES
ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB CLAUSES
3 CO N T EN T S
CH APTER PA G E
I V SENTENCE BU ILD ING
. C ont i n ued
-
.

PRE POS ITIONAL PHRAS ES

POSSESSIVE S
APPO S I TIvE S
POSSESSIVE AND APPOSITIVE PHRAS ES
APPOSITIVE CLAUSES
SUMMARY : M ODIFIERS
SUMMARY : KINDS o r SENT ENCES
V . SENTENCE ANALYSIS -

PART II . PARTS OF S PE ECH

N O UNS
K INDS .

I N P L E C TI O N
USE S
PARSING
SU MMARY
PRONO UN S
KINDS .

USES
PARS IN G
SU MMARY
D I RECTI ONS FOR THE USE O F
N U MBER FORMS
CASE FORMS
CHOICE OF PRONO UNS
V III ADJECT I V ES
.

K INDS
I N PL E CTI O N
USES
PARSING
SU MMARY
D IRE C TI ONS F O R T HE USE O F
IX VERBS
.

KINDS .

INFLECTI ON
TE NSES
N UMBER AND PERS O N
VERBAL NO UNS AND VERBAL ADJE CTIV ES
 CO N T EN T S
CH A P T E R P AG E

IX . V ERBS Con ti n ued .

M ODE
VERB P HRASES
FUT U RE TE NSE
PERFECT TENSES
POTENTIAL FORMS
CONJ UG ATION
E M PHATIC VERB PH RASES
PROG RESSIVE VE RB PHR ASES
PASSIVE VERB PHRAS ES .

CONJ UG ATI ON
PARSING
SUMMARY
DIRECTIONS FOR T HE USE OF VERB FORMS
X I N FINI TIVE S AND PARTICI PLES
.

I NFINITIVES
FORMS
USES
SU MMARY : FORMS F OR PARSING
EXERCISE IN PAR SING
D IRECTIONS F OR T HE USE OF
PARTICI PL ES
KINDS .

USES
SU MMARY : FORMS FOR PARS ING
EXERCISE IN PARSING
XI ADVE RBS
.

KINDS
I N FLECT ION
PARSING
SU MMARY
D IRECT IONS FOR THE USE O F ADVE RBS
XII PRE POSITIONS
.

USES AND PARS ING

D IRECTIONS FOR T HE USE O F
XI I I C ONJ UNCTIONS
.

KI NDS .

PARSING
SUMMARY : FORMS F OR P RS I N G
D IRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF
xn C O N T EN T S

C HAPTE R

XV . SENTENCES AND THEIR E LEMENTS ETC , .

SU MMARY
ES S ENTI ALS OF A SENTENCE
M ODIFIERS
I NDE PENDEN T E X PRESS IONS
COM PO U ND ELEMENTS
E LLI PTICAL SENTENCES
CL AUSES AND CLAUSE CONNECTIV ES
ANALYSIS OF CLA USES
VARIETY OF E X PRESSION
SELE C TIONS FO R ANALYSIS AND PARS ING
APPENDIX I
CAS E AsA RELATI ON
L IS T OF I RRE G ULAR VERBS
SUBJ UN CT IVE M ODE .

PART I II . L ESSO NS I N CO M PO SI TION

L E S SO N

CHA PTER I CA PITALS P UNCTUATION E TC

.
, , .

I USE OF CA PITALS
.

I I SO ME RULES FOR PUNCTUATION

.

III Q U OTATIO N S
.

I V R EVIE W OF CA PI T ALS P UNCT U AT ION ETC

.
, , .

CHA PTE R II THE CHOICE OF WORDS

.
—

SYN ONYMS
SYN ONYM S
VARI ETY OF E X PRESSION
S YNON YMS D ISCRIMINATED
WORDS RELATED IN MEANING
RIGHT WORDS AND WRONG WORDS
E X PRESSIONS To BE AVOIDED
R IGHT WORDS AND WRONG WORDS
WORDS SIMI LAR IN FORM
WORDS SO MEW HAT ALI KE
UNNECESSARY WORDS
I NA PPRO PRIATE WORDS
B IG AND L ITTLE WORD S
AMBIG U O US WORDS .

VW EW IN EXPRES SION v 9 v v o 0 v v 0 v 0 9
 CO N T EN T S XIII

L E S SO N

CHA PTE R III LE TTE R WRITI N G .

THE HEADING ( O UT LI NE M ODEL)

THE ADDRESS AND THE SAL U TATION
XXI I THE B OD Y THE E NDING AND THE SIGNATU RE
.
, ,

F ORM S)
BUSI N ESS LETTERS (M ODEL FORMS)
RE PLY T o AN ADVERTISEMENT (M ODEL FORM)
N OTES OF I NVI TATION (M ODEL F ORMS)
THE E NVELO PE (M ODEL FORMS) .

TELEGRAMS

CHA PTE R IV . N ARRAT IVES

Ho w T o TE L L A STORY
A STORY T o BE ST U DIED An Un welc ome Vi s i tor .

A STOR Y To C OM PLETE
A LET TER AND A STOR Y
A ST ORY FROM A POE M The Oy s ter a nd I ts Cla i ma
. nt s

A STOR Y FROM A PICTURE The Hu nt er s .

A SUGGESTED STORY
THE M EANING OF THE TERM NARRATIVE
BI OGRA PHI CAL SKE TCHES
THE ST ORY OF C OLU MB U S Colu mbus Pi ct u re J oaq u.i n .
,

M i lle r
THE STO RY OF GEORGE WAS HINGTON
L IVES OF N OTED M EN AN D WOMEN STAT ESMEN I NVENT , ,

ORS AUTHORS
,

HISTORI C A L S K ETC HES (O ut lin e s )

A STORY T o TE LL I nchca R k
ST ORY T o RE PROD UCE The Afri ca
p e
. o c

. n Chi ef

STORY To WRITE The White footed D eer

STORY T o RETE LL P a
-
.

u l Rever e s Ri de
’

STORY T o STU D Y AND WRITE N a u ha

ug ht the D ea
.

c on.
,

STORY OF T HE FROST
S TORIES FROM VARI O U S S O U RCES

CHA PTE R V D ESCRI PTIONS

.

PICT U RES IN A POEM M idsu mmer .

ST U DY OF A POEM M i dwi n ter .

DESCRI PT IVE WORDS T o BE SUPPLI ED

PICTU RE Di vid ed Afleeti on
.
-

DIRE CTI ONS FO R DE SCRI BIN G o 0 t 0 0 0 0 o o a

0 0
 C O N T EN T S

CO MPARIS O N AN D CO NTRAS T
STUD Y OF FACES Three F ces
. a
GE OG RA PHICAL D ESCRI PT IONS (Ou t lin es )
D ESCRI PTION OF PROCESS ES
A PICTURE AND A POEM Congr ess of D ogs .

D ESCRI P TI ON OF ANIMALS (O u t lin e s)

DESCRI P TI ON OF PLANTS (Ou t lin e )
STUD Y OF PICTURE : L is ten i ng D ogs
DESCRI PT ION OF PERSONS (Ou t lin e )
CHA PTER V I .E X PLANA T IONS

AN E XAM PLE OF EX PLANATION

D IREC TIONS FOR EX PLAINING
E X PLAINING A L O O K
POINT O F A STORY
SOME PASSAGES T o BE E X PLAINED
A POEM T o LEARN AND EX PLAIN The P erfect
a
. .

Pi ct u re , J mes Whi tc omb Ri ley

STU D Y O F A POEM Abou Ben Adhe m
MEAN ING O F A POEM The Cha mber ed N a
.

. u ti lus .

ANCIENT WEA PONS AND TOOLS (Pi c t u re )

AN O L D M I LL (P ic t u r ) e

SOME I NTERESTING WORDS

CHA PTER V I I PARAG RAPHS
.

LXXII I WHAT A PARAG RA PH IS

.

LXXIV PARAG RA PHS To BE SE PARATED

.

LXXV O RDER O F S ENTENCES

The Wa
.

I XXV I ST U DY O F POEMS
. te r F ou l;
. Conc or d Hy mn

APPE ND IX I I
CA PITALS P UNCT UATION ETC
, ,

D EVE L O PMENT OF O U R LANG UAG E

DERIVATION AND WORD BUI LDING
2 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

Re d a sen t en ces 1ad n 4 . I n t h ese aw aw w we s y h t e kno or

beli eve
a a a aa
.

Re d se n t en ce s 2 nd 5 I n t h es e w do h
aa a
n ot s t t
ad w
'
. e y n y
h
t in g d i e on ly sk bou t i t ; n d in sen te n ces

ad w Ca
oes or s so n s o,

3 6 r eque s t or or d m b e t hin g don e

a
to
aw a
n e er s o e n
.
y ou

e xpres s t h ough t c le rly i t h out s en t en ce ?

Exe rcise 1 Writ e t wo i th t ami h b k ed a a aa

ft er
ad am
1 t t
a
t
ami h
qu e s ons g e s
.
g e
r

fir e Two mm th t i gh t be giv e n Two s t t e ment s t h t

a
. co n s .
g t
be m de
a aif aa
ilwa a
.

2 Write t wo se nt e n ces of e c h ki n d s y ou w i
er e on r y t r n

a
.
.

An y ot he r we c ou ld m ke would do on e of t h e se
a a
s en te n ce s

t hr ee t h in gs s se r t , s k, or or der . Hen ce we s aha

y t t

5 . Sent en ces a re c o mplet e a

sse r ti ons , quest i ons , or co mma nds .

Wh ai t he me ani n g of a
aw
Exe rcise 2 t
aa
. 1 . s ss er t

M ke s ser t ions in t o t h e t wo que st ions in 2

a
2 . ns er .

M ke r epli es w t o t he t
a w a
3 . o r e qu e s t s .

4 Ch . nge t he t o sser t i on s t o que st ions .

a a words ad
a
Exe rcis e 3 —1 Thi nk b ou t e ch t h e se groups
of of

am
. .
,
n

t he n t e ll whet h er i t is ple t e se nt e n ce or only p rt of one Giv e

a
co .

t h us

a
y n

ai
s o

a
our r e

Gr een wit h le a is not se nt e n ce , bec t d oe s n ot form

am ad
ve s use

st te e nt , que s t i o n , or c o mm n .

A fine Oc t ob er mor ni ng 10 We t hem fir e

a
1 set

a a d ad ba
. . . on .

The le 0 su ch l !
a
2 . ves re re n gr ee n . 11 . ze

3 A d m ll w 12 Th e smoke filled t he i
a m pli h
. n so e y e o . . r .

4 H 13 A st r on g wind fr om t h e nort h

ab w
. er e r e so e pur s one s . .

5 N west
wa
. one re ro n . .

h m 1 4 Let t ry t o find me Iiut s

a
T i
h e t r ee s
ma a
6 . n t e s ps . . us so .

f wfl w If it in s
a
7 V i 15
All a a i
. er y e o er s r e n . . r .

8 l h d h p t to t ond 16 Thr ee gr y s qu rr els in h ollow

d a
. ong e ro e . .

9 F d w oun d t ent y e t ree s t ree

a aa a
. . .

a a
2 . Ch nge t h e prece ding grou ps t h t r e only p
t h ose of rt s of sen

tences, into complet e se nten ces by us ing ddit ion l worde.

4 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

10ama S f a f
Exc l ti on s en te n ces o t h e se t h ree a
cl sses

maa la
ma ha ma a
. . ny o

l b i h l t or y ; t t t s s e xcit e

im a a
y so e e xc s, ey y s o expre

m i i F
en t , sur pr se , m l p t en ce , e t c . or e x p e :

a
Ti s f lse ! Th ere h e goes !
’

I NTE RRO GAT IV E : Wh o would be fr i d ! aa

IM P E RATIV E Come on ! Keep y our ac our ge U p !

Exe rcise 6 Wh ich of t he i n EX 4 aa a

ma lso e xcl

a a
. se nt e n c es . re t ory
Wh t ki nd of se nt e n c e is e ch of t h e se ?

a
H rk ! 5 a
Rou se , y e Rom ns !

a H a bl
1
Ma
. .

2 Wh o r es ! 6 !
Wh a a aa
. c .
y e ve n e ss y ou

3 Do m h e re ! 7 d t l !
a a Wh w ld h ab li d i
. co e . o y ou s y, y ou r sc

4 . We sh ll be so h ppy ! 8 . o ou ve e ev e t!

11 I f t he r e aa l l a
ma t ory sen t en ces , t h ey a
ab a
. re ny pur e y e xc re

s u ch s e gin wit h howor wh t, like

a l h Howm t e sun se t sh o ws !
Wh aa
n y co or s

l id i w ld b t on g r e t ou e t o t he moon !

ma a h aa for ms mm nd a
a aa
b ut in ny ll h
c ses t ey re re y S ort e ne d of c o sen

t e n oe s S ee h ow m ny colors , e t c . Thi n k wh t long ride , e t c .

 S U BJ E C T A N D P R E D I C A T E 5

CHAPTER I I

S U BJE C T AN D P RE D I C AT E

A . THE S U BJE CT

12 Ev ery as se r t iv e s en t en ce mus t of cour se be a ss er t ion

a aaa w aha
.

b methi ng Wheneve r we m ke st t emen t , t t

ad
ou t so . e s y
so methi ng is or does so n so .

Exer ci s e 6 Re d aa
h ad t e ll wh ah am
t t st te e nt is
a
. e c se nt e n ce , n e

bou t .

Embe r s glow 5 D ewdr ops glis t e n 9 Cadl fli k

a
1
a a bla
. . . . . n es c er .

2 Op ls gle m 6 Su n se t s fl me 10 T h
a a Dia a
. . . . . or c es ze .

3 Fir e flie s glin t 7 L m fl 11 m d kl

a awi
.
-
. .
ps re . . on s sp r e .

4 Gold gli t t e rs
. . 8 . L ight ni n g fl she s . 12 . St rs t nkle .

13 a
Th e p r t of t h e sen t e n ce t h t n me s wh t we spe k of aa a a
a a
.

is lle d t h e su bject Thus , in t h e sen t en ce , Bees hu m, we spe k

ad h
c .

of bees , n t e wor d bees is t he s u b e ct j .

Exe rci s e 7 Wh a t is t h e j
sub ec t i n t h e following se nt e n c e s Gi ve
a
.

y our r e s on t h us

Hor se s ne igh I n t h is t he word h or se s is t h e s ub e c t , j

a a
se n t e n c e

m wa a
.

be c use w it n es h t e S pe k of .

S aw 1 Ow h s c hir p 4 ls 7 Dove s
w a a
.
p rr o . . s c r ee c . . c oo .

h 2 wC ic ke n s pe e p 5 Cr o 8 Gee se c kle

a
. . . s c . . c .

C w
3 . oc ks c r o . 6 . L r ks s i n g . 9 . He ns clu ck .
6 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

14 . I n t he following se nt e n c e s t he s a
m am e st te e nt is aa
m de bout four
diff ere nt t hi ngs
But t e rfli e s fi n d h oney in flowe r s .

Hon e y b e e s fi nd h on ey in flower s
-
.

S wif t h ummi ng b ir ds fi nd h one y in fl owe r s

a
-
.

Gr e t b urly bumb le b e e s fi nd h oney in flower s -

.

Re d t h e a j
sub e ct of e a
h c one , ad
n t ell h ow m aw d a
ny or s r e u sed in
for mi ng it .

Exe rci se 8 — . Wh ai h
t st e s ub e c t j in e a
h c se nt e n ce ? Giv e y our re a so n

t h us

afl w
Th e dee p blue s r ou n d t he world I n t hi s t he
a
s e nt e n c e

aa m ha
se o .

w d h d T
”
j
s ub e c t , w w for t h ey hic h
a
or s e ee p blue se re t he n e t t e

k of

a b ad a
spe

ab a d b
.

1 Th e is it t er lt 7 A pol r e r c oul

w wa a
wa a ad w
. oce n n s . . e se e n

2 Th e ind d y i ng m id s t t h e i ce n
a ad ma a a
. s y . sno .

3 L m ll fi she s 8 Th e s t r on ge s t s h ips r e oft e n

a a
. r ge n s c e to .

t he s ur f c e t o bre t h e d c r u sh e i n t h e i c e floe s
aw aw W a aa
-
. .

4 S l h les e re s pou t in g 9 h le fishin g i s d

a
. e v er . .
-
n ge r ous

5 S b w ice d rift ing t i on

a da
. eve n e r gs e re occ u p .

i I) t he fi rs t le t t e r of

a a
st

Wha wa
s n ge r
p .

6 . t S ign of lif e s t h ere ? n d of de t h .

15 j a Th e S u b e c t of a
m aa w m th t b out hi ch e t hi ng

a
. s e n t e n ce n es so

is s id .

B THE P RE D I CATE

a a
id a
.

16 In s ser t iv e sen t e n ce so me t hin g i s b ou t on e

ah
. e v er y s

t h in g or n ot er .

Exe r ci s e 9 ai aid f t h
. hi Wh t s s o e t ngs n a
m d e in af e ch o t h e se
s e n t e n ce s ?

Cl d fl a Hail a l 5 tt 9 B a k a
Wa la
1 t
Ra i fa
. ou s o . . r es . . re er s r o r .

2 ll h 6 t er 10 Bil w ll lo
O a
. n s . . sp s es . . s ro .

Sl d i 7 Wi d bl w 11
8 Wa b a
3 . e et r ve s . . n s o . . ce n s sur ge .

4 . S w d if
no r ts . . ve s re k . 12 . Tide s flow .
 S U BJ E C T A N D P RE D I C A T E 7

a aa a a
This p r t t h t s t t es , de cl re s , or sser ts , is c lle d t he a
a
17
a a
.

di T h i h F k h w d k
a a
t t t
a
t
a
pr e c e us ,
n e.se n en c e ,
r ogs cr o ,
e or cr o

is t he p direb i m hi
c b te , ec use t sse rt s so et ng out fr ogs .

Exe r ci s e 1 0 Wh a t is t h e pr e di c t e in t hes e a Giv e y our

a
. se nt e n ce s

r e s ons t h us

Lion s a I n t his a i s t he pr edi c t e , be c a a it

a
se nt e nc e

a
ro r . ro r use

sse rt s s o me t hing b out lions .

Donk ey s br y a 4 Dogs b r k a 7 The a h is

a a
1
a a
i a
. . . . . se r o ug .

Be r s growl 5 L mb s ble t
a
2 8 The ls r e re nt

a
. . . . . s .

3 . Wolves bowl . 6: Monkey s c h t te r . 9 . W d e r op nch or .

18 I n t he follo i ng w am ama
a
four difl ere nt d
'

a
. se nt e nces st te ent s re e

bout t he s me t hi n g :

I cebe rgs me lt s lo wly

ag
.

me fr om
a
I cebe rgs co t h e pol r re i on s .

wi th
a
I cebe rgs drift
a
t h e pol r curr e nt s .

I cebe rgs r e ve ry d ng er ou s to co mme r c e .

M e lt slo wly i n t he fir s t is t he pr e di c t e , be c a a use it t ells wh aa t is s

ser ted of i c ebergs

a a a
.

Obser ve t h t t h e pr edi c t e of e c h of t he ot her

a
t hr ee se nt e n ces con

s is t s of se v er l wor ds .

ai h
Exe rci s e 1 1 ai ah — 1 ? Gi Wh p e di c
ah
. . t s t e r te n e c se nt e n c e ve

t
i h wa a wa a
y our r e son us

f Th ‘
H
i a
l
di ab a
t i h r ly

i wh a id a
. e p n g s ne r y s e nt . e re s ne s pe nt s t e

pr e c te, b e c use i h it s t s s out t he n g t

”

All a wa a ah
.

l 7 Th
la
1 t ure d d i
f wa ill
h
di a
. n s s ee p . . e st ge-
or n soun e n t e

E
Th d wwa a
2 s st

wa
. ve r y e . st nc e .

kli
ha
3 8 A d d
a ad
h i us t y

a a
. e e s sp r ng . . r ov e r s urry n g

4 Th d j om h
R bi a
us t

d bl bi d b a
e s un l h d pp r t
ah h
. e e . s e s ee p ong e ro .

9 E m d
a
5 . o ns n hi ue r s eg n to . v ery t ng se e e to c t c t e
fl b ut t er i iou tf h m
6 G am k
p t t .
i g s r o e orn n .

. r l d p f m th
y s o e c ur e u ro e
8 L ESSO NS IN EN G L I S H

2 Copy t h e in Exer cise 8 , wa a

ad d a l li ver t ic be t w
a
se nt e n ce s

ad h
. n r ne een

t he s ub ect j n t e pr edi c t e , t h us

Th ah m e e rt ove s r oun d the sun .

1 9 T h e Pre di c
. a a te of s e nt e n c e t e lls wh a aa
t is s id b out t h e sub e c t
j .

C . S U BJ E CT AN D PRE D I C ATE CO MBI N ED

20 a We h foun d t h t a ai h aw s s er t v e se n t e n c e t
aa aa a
. ve e v e ry s o

w
ha
rts t he h b
s u b ect, or
j h i h h i
whi h i a d f h
t t ou t

ad h
t s s er t on

ma di a
n e cess ry p c e

is d e, n t e pr e c te, or t t c s s ser t e o t e

sub e c tj
ma k a
ma
.

Two words t h erefor e y e sen te n ce .

In co mm ad a
n s, s: Come , t h e j
s ub e c t , y ou or
“
t h ou is u su a lly
u n d e r st ood .

Exer ci s e 1 2 Fin d in t he following lis t t he wor ds th ta m t o be

a
. se e

long t oget h e r Combi n e t he se words in u s i n g on e wor d

a a a
. s e nt e n ce s s

s ub j e c t n d one s predi c t e

21 a We lly r e qu ir e more th n a w h ww a or d to h t
a aw h a aT
.
ge n e r one s o

we w h is t o s pe k of Th us , we m y is to t h t
wm a a ww a
. s y r ees

n in g t r ee s in gen er l bu t if k m ish t o
w a
gr o ,
e e s pe or e

d e fin it e ly , e s y

I w
a
Th os e t r e e s gr oor ,

w
a a a Ig
Th os e t ll t r e e s r o or ,

Th ose t ll t r ee s wit h r chin g br nch e s Ig w

r o .
 S U BJ E C T AN D P REDIC A T E 9

So, t oo, gener lly more t h a a word

a
is n ee de d

aa
to
aa a
n on e e xpr ess

wh t we wish to s y bout ny t hing . Thus , we m y s y

Th e t rees gr ow,
a
or

r ow r pi dly , or
I
a a
The t ree s g
t r ees Ig r ow r pi dly t hi s y e
aw a
The
a
r , or

Th e t rees Ig r ow r pi dly t hi s y e r i t h ou t c re .

Hence t h e su b e ct j ad
n t he pr edi c t e amaa y e ch cons i st of sever aw dl or s .

Exerci s e 1 3 Wr i t e p e di c a m a of th wor d for t he se s ub

a am a maaa
. r t es or e n on e

ject s ; t h t is , e t hi ng s o to ke sser t ive se nt e nce

a a
s y so s n

1 . St rs 7 . Honest y 13 . Pe c ocks

2 Th e 8 Ki ndne ss 1 4 S quirr els

a
. su n . .

3 . The moon 9 . The Philippin e s 1 5 Th e phonogr ph

.

4 Hummi ng birds Elect r icit y 1 6 Ange r

a
10
a ah
-
. . .

V ict or i My ph ot ogr Th e Unit e d St t es

a
5 11 17
a
. .
p .

6 . Alfred t h e Gr e t 12 . Oil p int i ngs

-
18 . Th e Chi nese

Exe r ci s e 1 4 Wri t e mor e th a wor d for t he se pr edi

a
. sub ec t s of j n one

tes :
a hi pi
c

1 8 built t h e h ou se
ab i a
. re c r ng . . .

9 m de t h e furnit ure
a
2
a a
. re u zz ng . . .

3 . ki
r e cr o ng . 10 . r e fou n d i n t h e woods .

4 i h P id h U i t ed 1 1 liv e u pon flesh

aa
e n t of

S a
. s t e r es t e n . .

a
12 r e ll u se d for food

aa a a
t t es
wa
. . .

5 l 13 r e fou n d in me n ger ie s

ha aa
. s gr e t ge ner . . .

d h 1 4 is -be u t iful poem

id h wa
6
la
. s e t e s t r ee t s . . .

7 . llt e .

D S I MPL E S U BJ E CT AN D P RE DI CATE

a a
.

22 If we t hin k b t he we we t h t t he
aa
ou t se n t en ces

a
. us e , se e

sub ec t j p rt is v er y diff er en t fr om t h e pr e dic t e p rt .

Whi ch mi ght be a
a
Exer ci s e 1 5 . of t hese e xpr e ss ion s u sed s p di
r e

a m
t es ?
a
c

1 t he mok e 5 t h e gr ound 9 d eli c t e pe r fu

a wil aa
. s . cover s . e

2 ove r ll t he 6 morni n g mi st s 10 l ev por t e

di a a a
. v ey . .

m y s mells v e ry sw

a aa aa
3 . d s ppe r e 7 . se t t le 11 . ee t

4 poisonous g
. ses 8 . w s sc t t ered 12 . of fur n ce
10 L ES S O NS IN ENGL IS H

23 Some of our word s a

a a
.
,
s

J oh n , e g le s , d e wdr ops , cour ge , chi ldh ood ,

aa
m es o f t hi ngs , ad lik m hi I , y ou , t he y a nn ot be use d

aa
et c

a a a
re n n , e , .
,
c

st te sse rt But w t th t s s er ti ng words like

a
on c e

a a
or . e se e ,

a
c t ch e s , so r, gli s t e n s t r e ngt h e n s , h st en s ,

ad aw d ma j
,

r e v er y d i ffe r e n t , n th t e o n ot use t he s s ub e c t s .

2 4 The Su bj ec t alwa a aim l mus t

m f wh a
i of sen t en ce con t

w d ha aaa
. s p e y s n

w d w f t t t
a h w d a a
one or or gr ou p o or s serve s s n e or e

k f Th m f ll d Th
ll d a
os t

di am alwa ai a a wd a
s pe o . e o su c or s re c e n ou ns . e

s s e r t iv e ver b

a
te us t t
ah al a f
pr e c y s c on n n or c e .

Th bj t es sen t i r ts ec t

ad d a ma h w i ha b
e se re e n e ces s ry or p o e v er y su

n pr e ic t e , no t t er o lon g t ppe n s to e .

a m
Th us i n t h e
a am
se n t e n c e

bj t r e e s gr ow r pi dly t hi s y e r , t he
am
Th os e t ll el l t is
a
e ct

a
co p e e su

Th os e t ll w el l t r e e s ; b ut of t h e se four or d s t he n ece ss r y or e s se n t i

one m wa
a w a W a
is t r e e s , for it a n es h t e spe k of . e c ll it t h e e sse n t i l or
m j
w a a
si l sub ec t

d a a
pe .

m l i p dly t hi s y e
i t he e sse n t i

W a
So i n t h e l
w d a a
t
ma
co p e t e pr e c e , g r o r r,

w d w is gr o ll
; for it is t h e or t h t ke s t h e s ser t ion it t h e
a
or . e c

sim l di
ad aa wi w ha a
p e pr e c t e .

w
Th e ord s those li m t ll re u se d t h tr ees t o s h o only it e d
aa d w w
t t
m a Ra a
n

mb e r of d t r ee s i s id l thi s y e it h gr o to
wa
nt

a ma b
nu e .
p y n r r e use

d d t o it s wi dw e ni n g y sh o ng ho n hen

a ad
.

25 Wor ds used in t h is w y wit h t he si mple su b e c t j

a a aa m a
. n

si mple pre dic t e of s e n t e n ce lle d od ifi e r s , be c t he y

a a a ma
re c us e

modify or ch t he li t i e nin g of t he wor ds wit h

a
nge pp c on or

wh ic h t he y re us ed .

Ex e rc is e 1 6 Which of t h e se wor ds is a
m odifi e r of t he ot h e r Tr y
a ali a m a
. .

t o t ell howi t ff ect s it s pp i i

c t on or e n ng

a
.

fewb ooks k d i l
spe s is t n ct y ver y t ru e
mne y s m kl i
a
h igh c hi

a wa lk a ll
co es q u c y eve r y pe r s on

mewh t be tt er
a
me s c r efu

da
st so

a
so rs y
wi desp irs
a
so unds r t es to
a
f int -

y never

U se e c h of t hese e xpr essions in se nt ence .

12 L ES S O N S IN EN GL IS H

29 Th e Comple t e Pre di c t e a a of mnple a

a
- . s en t en c e i s th e pr e di c t e
nd it s modi fi er s .

30 . Th e Si m m e Predi c t e a a ot se nt e nc e i s t h e pre dic t e,

aw i t h ou t

Exerci s e 20 Writ e t hese se nte nces ; sep r t e t he princ ip l p r t s by a

a aa
aaa
“

a a aaa
.

w w vy line unde r t he s imple subject nd str i ght

a
ll ve rt i c i ne ; dr ,

line under t he ve rb , or si mple pr e di c t e , t h us :

a a am
,

Th e le v e s of t hi s t r e e f ll e v e ry ut u n

aa a
.

1 The sout h ern fores t y ields t he 7 Th e st urdy k st nds

a
. . o for st

a
bilit y nd s t r e ngth .

me t ree s me sure
Th e t ru nks of so Th e w ood of t his t ree
a
2 8
a ma
. . serve s

sever l fee t in di me t e r ny useful pur poses

a a
. .

3 Th e elms r ese mble hum n beings m

The lifet i e of t ree de pen ds
a a
9
a a
. . . .

4 Th eir r chi ng t ops lmost spe k in p rt it s surr oundi ngs

ma
. on .

10 A in t he fores t kes
a a
to cent ury

a
us . .

5 . Whis pers co me from groves of b

v e ner le gi nt .

i 11 The groves wer e God

’
fir s t
a ma
k a
p ne . . s

6 Their needle-like le t emples

a
. v es e .

luxurious c rpe t

a
.

31 I nv e rt ed Ord er In si mple b
s s er t ive sen t en ces the
a di a S m im
. . su

j cet ll mes befor e t h e pr e h w

te et

a a f m ha
us u y co c . o es , o ev e r ,

t his or de r is ch nge d or in vert ed for t h k i

a a
e s e o e p s s or

l
c e rn ess , or in poe t r y for ot h er r e s on s .

Exer ci s e 2 1 1 Arr a a e ch of t h ese se nt e n ce s in t h e a

l
aha m a
. . n ge us u

ord er I s t h ere nge of e ni ng? A loss of force ?

’

awa h ah
.

t h e ni g t 7 Ble ssed me r ciful

i a a
D rk

ahf l a
1 t
ad a ba
. s . . re e .

Fl sh e ll b t he r s 8 F it t he wou nds of

aama
2 . er s re . . u re

3 . Dow h ll i
n t he
l i s de r n s l frie nd .

9 Then , if me r fe c t

aw a a
. eve r , co pe

d ys
i wa
4 V in ll h i e r e ff or t s

ad m a
t
a me a
. e re .
.

i m l
fa
5 I nt o ch li fe us t 10 On sky ou n t l,
a
. e so r n . n n

l l A G d t pic t ur e s h u ng
’

a am I h
. re o s gr e .

A d t Th t w t o ot ers sh o ,
a ha
6 ll his ey ri se 11
Pa
. r ou n v . er c y

Th e pur ple
hi l d ls of r ise T m h w
t m ercy s o to e

a a a
. .

Point nd c te , bot h simple nd mplete

2 . out sub ect j p di re co .
 S U BJ EC T A N D P R E D I CA T E 13

32 . When t he s ub ec tj follows t he ver b t he s en t en ce is -

s a
id
to be in i nver ted orde r .

M ai ny n ve r t e d sent e nce s aire nt r od uce d b y there . As ,

Th er e is not hi ng n e w under t he min .

33 a
I n t e rr og tive Sen t en ce s The sub e c t of j a a t in t e rr og iv e
a a f i Of
. . n

s e n t en c e ll f ll w t he v er b or s o me p r t o t t en
a w di
ge n e r y o o s .

in t er rog t iv e or n t r od u c es t he sen t en ce As , .

H ve a y o u he a
d h
r t e ne ws ? Wh en a
shll y ou c o me ?

Exe r ci s e 22 a
I ndic t e t h e mple t e ad h t si mple sub e ct j a nd

a
. co n e .

pre d i c te .

1 Whe n w s Rome founded ? a 7 aim

I s it t t o be a d?
a a a
. . e s

2 Wh t is t h e pr ice of wisd om? 8 C t t he rs ?

a
st
‘

. . n y ou c ou n

Wh e r e is iv ory found ? 9 Whi t her sh ll I flee fr om

a
3
a
. .

4 Sh ll we giv e up i n de sp ir ? t h y prese n ce ?
a a a
.

5 . Come y e in pe ce , or come y e i n w r ? 10 . I s t h ere no h ope of pe c e ?

6 . Wh y d o bird s s ing? 11 . Th ere willbe n o ni gh t t h e re .

3 4 I mpe r tive Sen te n c es a am a

The s ub e c t ofj i t iv e
mma
. . n pe r se n

r e pr e s en t s h t w m h to d ho is giv en
a
t e n ce t
ad
e pe rs on e co n

is gene r y o tt e d mi
I t is un ers t oo
ll d d b ( to h
aa a) ad wh
n . e y ou t o u

or y e in s olemn or Biblic l l n gu ge n en e xpress e d

commonly follow s t he v er b As , .

St ad (n y ou ) fi rm . Sit (t h ou) her e .

Exerci s e 23 Fi nd t h e mple t e ad h t e si mple j

sub e c t ad d i
a
co n n r e
.
p
c te .

1 Sai
. ve n y ou th t o spe nd in ge a . . a
4 Pr ise Go d from wh om llbless a
Brin g y e t he t ribu t e mone y ings flow
a
2
a
. . .

borrower Kee p t h y t ongue fr om evil

a
3 Ne it h er l d
aa
. nor en e r 5 . .

be . 6 . M y h ppiness t t en d y ou .
16 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

4 N me a se v er a l t hin gs t o be h e a d r

ali
.

On t he st ree t ‘

Wh e n tr ve ng In ch ur c h I n t he ni gh t

aaf hama
. . . .

5 Wh t re our t hi ngs t k t e

aA a
a
.

A good sc h ol r ? good s oldie r ? A b oy ch r A poor

a
’
s ct e r ?

s ch ol r ?

38 Abou t h lf t he a w a a aa or ds in l like in
a aa ad a
. our n gu ge re on e

r es pe c t t h t i t h m f t hin gs , t he r e for e
a
; s , e y re n es o n re

ld Nle
m aa w m a
c

a
ou n s

Nou n is d er iv e d m fr o L t in or d e n in g n e .

a h af ll ad
Exer ci s e 25
e v e ry n a
me or n oun
. Ex min e
ha t fi d t y ou
t
n
ese

:
s e nt e n c e s c re u y, n me nt ion

1 a i
Th e g r de n b illia wi h nt t 6 A c ry of joy ri n gs t h r ou gh t h e
a ad li ad
. s r .

d ffodils t u ps l
b a d a
n . n .

2 . Th i e r e ut y epe n d s mu c h Howd e lic t e t h e pe r fu me is !

t h e ir c olor s Th e me rr y sh ou t s of ch ild r e n
a
upon .

Th is br ook is fu ll of fin e t r ou t fill t he i
a wab a
. r .

Poor Ric h d
r s or n in 9 . Wh t r e por t di d t h e me s se n
Bos t on br i n g ?
ah
.
ge r

5 . He r t e ji n gle of t he s le igh Th e b r e e z e b r in gs t h e o dor o f

bells . t he flowe r s .

39 ad f h hi aab
Some aa d fl odils ,
a
n ou n s s t t
wh aw h aaj
. n or s u c n gs s c n e se e n , s,

m f
w a l m ll a a
h f in g le , s h ou t

a
be uty , Bos t on ; ot t
wh a whaab f l
er s or e e r, s, c ry , ; so e or

m waa a a
h f fr gr n c e , od or t t
ad wh w m hi k m a
t ot

a
e c n on y s e ,
s, ; ers or c n e e

b ll
a
i i f to t ou t

ma h a
n so e y, s, p n , e r; n en e co e n or e

h hi
su c w fi d f t ngs m e n u se or ny ot er n ou n s , s, inn oc e n c e , ch r ,

c h ildh ood .

40 . A n oun is aw or d use d a s th e n a
m e of s ome t hi n g .

a 41 An s s e r t ion a aa b a hi w a a m
m y be m de ou t ny t

ad a mab h f a
. ng e c n n e,

bj B w t e ct s en t e n c e ut

a a ma
n so ny n oun y e e su o . e

oft en us e t he n m f m hi b wh i h w d
e o k so et ng ou t c e o n ot e
 K I N D S OF WO R D S : N O UN S 1 7

a amny st te en t , ad n so we m aha iy ve n on e s e n t en ce m a ny

n oun s bes ides t he s ub e c t j Th us :

a aw a w aa a
.

m
ama w
shi p h o re d d dl h e e ls , bl ck s t ck for t h e
a
Thi s
a
st e s t p e -

s mok e , nd t h r e e t ll st s i t h ou t s ils .

He re am j ad m a a
s hi p is t h e s ub e c t , t he l d i i long
a
st e t t
a W a
n co p e e pr e c e s

one , con t i ning five n ou n s . h t re t h ey ?

Exe r cis e 2 6 . 1 . Which of t he n ou n s in Exe r ci se 2 5 do n ot belon g t o

t he s ub e c t ? j
2 Th e se will s ugge s t a s t or y Writ e fi ve se nt e n ce s s u c h a
al a h ah
. n ou n s . s

migh t be u se d i n t his s t ory , e mploy in g t e st t r e e of t he n ou n s in e c

se nt e n c e :

42 Whe n t he comple t e subj e c t cont ins t he n me s of se v er l t hings a a a

a a
.
,

we mu st be c r eful t o dist in guish t h e one essenti l Word , whi ch if it st ood

a a
lone would s t ill n me t he s ub j e c t
,
Th us in t he se nt e n ce .
,

am aa M a aaa a
waa
l f h k i of th e
A a m a
Th e f p c
ou s e o t e n gs oor s t Gr n d , i n S p in ,
s c lle d t h e lh br

w ha fi i h m l bj we se e a
a hawaa
; but
a
t h t it is t h e
ll d h Alha
t e t e su e ct

mb a h aa
e ve v e n ou n s n e co p
p l t t T ot he r word s dd d
h w wh h aai m a
ce t s c e e r . e re e to
ic l
W ha
nt

a ah
s o p ce s e .

ll h w d bj
e s h f us e t e or su ec t e re t er t o me n t e si mple j
s ub e c t .

aa
Exe r ci s e 2 7 li h w M ke of t fiv e in t h e se
wa wal
st

a d a j
. e t e nt y -
n oun s se n

t e n c es . d h
Dr vy in e un er t e e lev e n u se s su b e c t s .

1 Th d a
k l d b a 4 af w a
e s t c ou i ri n g r in Th e t he
a h
. e r s . . r y s o su n e re

2 The le ld m
v e s of b d t t ree s r us t e os t e n t i rely o

am i a
. e sc ur e .

wi d
in t he dim li 5 A h t t he
G a
n . .
g c e n t
f m k w w d w
fl a i
3 d c lou in
h a a
. re t s o s o e ere o s .

i o t i ng
O k w
n lf d t e r . 6 . ur t s s er e e t un one .
18 L ES S O N S I N EN G LISH

7 . At ni gh t t he moon c ould n ot be The bro oks a on t he mount ins

see n w w
e re s olle n t o t orr e nt s
a a
.
.

8 Th e t re e s l h t r iv e r were A w d b d ri the
w waa a wa
. on g e oo en ge ne r

t or n up b h
y t e r oot s to n s c rr ie d

f a
y
ad
. .

9 . Th e bir ds
’
h
e w t er s ere we t n

d ripping .

II . P RO N O U N S

a 1 Re d t hi s a
Mr Ri ch r d son w s aa
w a ma H lt h y kept
a
se nt e n c e s :

ma a a
. . e n . e

w h orses Th e s e hi s f v o rit e s d
Th e y liv e in fi ne ble
wa a
ny . e re . st .

It w like d elli n g h ouse

m a W a
s -
.

W 2 h o is nt by h e ? h t by t h e s e ? By hi s ? By t h e y ? To
wa
. e

h t d oe s i t r e fe r ?

R a 3 d t he se n t e n c es , u si n g t h e se ot h e r wor d s inst e d af h e , th ey ,
a ai
. e o

et c w bu t it h ou t ch n gin g t he me n ng

a ma a
.
, .

W 4 hic h d o y ou t hi nk is t h e be t t e r wy k h s se r t ion s ?

a
. to e t e se

Give t h e re s on .

43 Be s ides t here a af w h ot words alm os t

ai l a
. n oun s , re e er ,

me in t he mselv es , s u ch he, thes e, they , i t, whi ch

ad f w aj ma
n n g es s s
oft en s t n me t hin g m i h us t en t on e d , n o t t er
wh a i
or s o e ve

t it s .

Th us , if a a d i Th e Pr e si d e n t h a i n spe c t e d t h e N ah
a a a
ny on e s ,
s vy , e

mi ght dd H c on di t i on ; w d
but h e o ul t t he
a a
f oun d i t i n f ir n ot

ad aha
,
e r e pe

n ou n s , n s y t t Th e Pr e si d e n t f oun d t h e N vy i n f ir con di t i on .

So when we i t to ahi t in s t e daf a

li l it by n me , a
a a a
po n n g, o c ng

we ge n e r l ly us e w d or of t his kin d , like thi s or th t, thes e or

thos e .

44 Su ch wor ds aa ll d Pr on oun s be c a t he y t ke t he a
af ad w a
lwa a
. re c e us e

l refer t he m when
a
p ce o n oun s ; n y p e s to us e We c n

be re d ily un derst ood .

 KI N D S O F WO R D S : V E RBS 21

a
t h t y ou 5 Are t he followi n g e xpre ss ions se nte n ce s of a ny sor t ?

a
see . .

Tell y our re son .

Squirr els i n h ollowt ree s We ch e s t nut s in Oc t ober

a a
. .

The s p i n t h e s p g
r i n . The i ce t hi ck e nough t o be r .

6 Maa ke sse rt iv e se nt e n c e s of t h em b y u si ng li ve, flows ai h

a
t
a m
.
, g er ,
s .

7 . Ch nge t he to i nt e rr og t iv e se nt e n ce s .

50 Wor ds used to a aa ll d Th a a v e r bs re n ot

a la
sser t

a f m a a
. re c e . ey s

merous s n oun s , ut t he y or b ll im t nt c

a b fa
nu n e qu y por s s,

s in ce comple t e s en t en c es c nn ot e m d wi h h m r e t ou t t e .

51 To m ke a am l w d l t se n t e n c e i t h
a ad a a m hi a
. co p e e e n ee ony g v e e

me of some t hin g b i ss er t s o et ou t t Wit h

a a ad a w ad j hi
n ,
n s y or ng .

n ou n or pr o n ou n n ver b e c n o us t t s . As

Flowe r s f d e a . I co mm a nd . Gr aw ss i t h er s . Th e y ob e y .

Wit h out ab ver t h er e c a n be no a s se r t ion no p r e dic a te

n o s e n t e n ce .

Exe r ci s e 3 4 Whak t ind of wor d will m a

k s en t en c e s of t he
wa
. e

followi n g ? Supply h t is n e e de d .

Rubbe r a fr om Sout h Ame ric

a l a
.

Th m bl
Wa
e pu r e gu v ery v u e .

t erh wh l f h mi ll t t
la h G lf S a
e ee s o e .

Th ot t o i nt t t t es
ad mil f w
e c n -
p n e u .

Al h
et t e r h t t t o c e nt s

a h a
r ee ou s n es or .

Th G lf S m t re n or t st

S a h A i a d h Paifi O a
e u -
e .

B h i i tr t t r ct c t
i a a fa i da m
e r ng e n e c c ce ns .

Th l i w y to
h w d lawi
e s gn se r v c e r -
orr o .

Th w f d i t en eet t e st nt er

a da
e sn o eep n oo s .

Th b ll h i unt ng t
ak
e oy s y e s e r y .

Th f b hi di d
id a
e ox y ng u n er r oc .

T fi hi
r ou t - s bl kill
ng con s er e s .
22 L ES S O N S IN EN G L I S H

52 V erb Ph r a
e The v er b a a
m y be si ngl wor d th t a
a aw a
. s s. e

s ser t s ; s hen we s y
Th e t r ee gr ows , me ani n g n o w or
a a
,

r e w, me me ti me go
Th e t r ee I ni ng s o

a a
g .

Bu t i f we wish t o spe k of t ime t o co me , we mus t s y

The t r ee will w;
ad a
gr o

n in ll t hese s en t e n ces

i s gr owi ng
a
Th e t ree .

The t ree h s gr own

a
.

Th e t r ee w ould h gr own
ma
ve .

Th e t r ee wy b e gr o i ng
a
.

Th e t r e e I m i g h t h v e b e e n gr owi ng .

we n ee d t he h elp of t wo, t hr e e other words be s ide s grown

ad a whaw wi a
on e , or

wi ng in or der to s s er t t sh bou t t he growt h

a h w ha w
n gr o , e

of t he t r ee We h t t h t in t ese sen t en c es t
a
. se e , en , e ve o,

t h re e , fou r w d d h d h w k t oge t to t of

aa a
or e v e n or s gr ou pe er o e or

s in gle v e r b . Su c h w d or ll d -

grou ps re c e ph r ses .

a a
53 aw
A Ph r am a is gr oup of r el t ed or d s us e d rt of

a aj a a
. se s so e p
s pe e ch , but n ot c on t i ni n g sub e c t nd pr e d i c t e .

54 W a a a a w aa
h en , h er e , s u ch is e q u iv le n t t o v erb , ll it
a
. s gr ou p e c

ve r b ph r se .

w a m a aa
Th e a
or d sa w t h t for verb h r e oft e n se p r t e d b y ot h e r or d s

a a aw wa a
s
a
p r e .

A Do n ot w t lk f st Th e t r in i ll l be l t e Th e or k

w a
s so . n ot ys .

cou l
d n ot m e ll h ve been or e qu i c kly don e .

Exe rci s e 3 5 m a wd a of th th t
a
S ele c t t h e e xpr e ss ion s

a a a a
. or e n on e or

t ke t h e pl c e of s i n gle v e r b s ; t h t is t o s y, t h e v e r b ph r ses

m a wa a ha
.

1 Th e W m b r ou gh t igh t v e ke pt Ner o

a
7
a w
. e ss ge s n . e .

h I t i s t oo l t e n o
W a a w am
ou r go . 8 . .

w m
aaa
2 . d b e h d h ope for et t er n e s . 9 . Pe r h ps e sh ll ee t t h e

3 B w m m lose n o t i e ll t C s t le t on
a a a
. ut e u st . .

4 Th e be st h or se s h v e be e n se n t
d S dle y our h or se s t on c e
a aw a
. 10 . .

ma m a
ov e r t h e t ur n pike Th e b ck r o d ill be s fe s t
a a
. 11 . .

a
5 Th e y
.
y ov e r t ke t h e p r t y
d . 12 . I sh oul i n qu ir e for t h e t
w wb
a ay
6 Ot he r i se n ot hin g u t f ilure
. b Ne ur y .

T m 13 . h ey ust h ve gon e e r l .
 KIN DS O F WO R D S : V ER BS 23

55 . aa w
A V erb i s a n s s ert in g or d or ph r se .

m
Th e t e r b m aw ver e ns or d .

56 A . a a w
V erb ph r aa se is gr ou p of or d s u s e d s si n gle ve rb .

V e rbaa ad h f lle v e rb s

a a m m ama h
p r s e s r e o t e n c .

W sh ll le r n so et i w d d li th t f ke
w d aa a a
e e n y ot er gr ou ps o or s u se

si n gle ll d
or s re lso c e phr s es .

S
Exe r ci s e 3 6 ad h . a ele c t t he single v e r b s n t e ve r b ph r se s .

ai hi k amil abj ahi dd ab a mi a F i

d aaV
Th e P t hs
a a a
t e ct s st
ab
r c e ns . r o re en s y .

is ppe r m d oi ce s of
N te he ot hi ng c in t h e
a ik a w hi d a aa
. st e r s re r . n e se e n

w d
a d aw w
f N h t he ll t hi ngs br e t of

b a
ro d L
. e og sn o es . ot in d is

A ha aa la
d
t u r b s it s Th e n ch e s of t h e t r ee s clot h e it h ool

a fill
e sce n t . r re s .

S l
t i l t he noi sele ss fl ke s t he sky . c nge h s t ke n p ce .

57 . It a ai v er y oft e n h ppe n s , s n t h e se se nt e nces

h maa a T mah b a
e n h s son, Th e y n t e o t s,

a i d
t h t t he r e ll f w w whi a
ifi eren ce in t h e spe ing or d s , one of ch is
ad a b ad w m m mb d d a
s no o t o

n ou n n t he ot he r b m v er ; n e us t re e er to eci e ou t t he .

b y t h e ir u se .

Exe r ci s e 3 7 Dist ingui sh be t wee n t he no ad t h e ve r b s t h t a

a a
. un s n

re spelle d like i n t h ese se nt e n ce s . Th u s :

ai h fi
P i ab t r s t s e n t e n ce ai t he seve nt h se nt e n ce

a
ss n e s ver p ss n

is no u n .

a h t hr oug h er e We dem ad d
la
P
O d a a
ss . n y our s urr e n e r .

d of s t on es He drives wi t h out fe r
L a a a a
r er o . .

d h m wi th He h nds me whip
ha a a
o t e c re . .

The yw wi d ork t h t h e ir He g v e his con se nt r elu ct nt ly

a a a
n s . .

Th e y c r e n ot for pl y He d ogs me wh ile t my work

ad
. .

H t he We wh ip t he m by d
a h a
e s t on e s st r

a
y ogs .
y ou r or e r .

a
Th e y pl y d u r i n g my d riv e s
a
Fe
ha
r n ot t e p ss . .

Willy t ou consen
g t o t he c n e? Sur render t our co mm nd .
 4 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

IV . ADJ E CTIV E S

Exe r ci se 3 8 1 ai a
Wh
a
. . t s n ou n ?

2 Point ou t t he h f ll wi
n ou ns in t e o o ng ph r se s

la
.

1 Gr e e n 5 Lou d s ou n ds

Ha a
. e v es . . .

2 St r on g me n 6 bl n ke t s

a
. . . e vy .

3 . Cold n oses . 7 . L me d u cks .

4 Some d ogs 8 Thi s h ouse

a a a ha m l
. . . .

3 Wh y m m h le n si

la m
dogs ,
d a la b
ves , s tr on g t t
a hi a
s y gr een e n, s o e r er
.
py
d 4 dd d h ogs ? h Is ny t to t i of

wa Wh a l d a
e ves , en , . ng e e e e v es y t e

h w d f i i i I h t
h a wh
t ? d t? 5 t t he u se of cold ,

a d
‘

e or gr een so, s . s ou ,
n

h i
t is h n th e p r se s ere t ey r e u se ?

58 B h f a a i Cla f w d w a a h ma
ma m
dd to t
wa a
n i ng

f a
t c e rt

W ah
.
y e u se o n ss o or s e c n e e

m t d e scri b e h t it ke it d efi
a a al ma
o n ou n . e c n us n e s or or e

ni t e m f m For k li l i Do y o u ke
m a
es ?

Wh a al d
. ex p ,
e so e on e s s y o u , pp y ou y
r e ply ,lk
“
b I i ki d l u t n ot ot h e r s of

m a
t
a w al
e so e pp ,
e s . n pp e s o y ou
B h fl w d m es ?
”
t t he
m a
eet

ad w ha a h w d al
e n s ou r e u se o
pp e s or s pp y or s so e,

dd d t o the n in g of

ma
t
m aa
eet

A l a l al S m al m aa
s ou r , n s y o u ve e e e or pp es .

l mb l lle r
al m aaa la d a al
on e e ns pp es o e pp es e ns s nu er
pp es . .

ll d a
i ki n cl s s of

W d whi a
S t
h m a aa
es e ns p r c u r or pp es
ou r p p .

dd or s f ch j to t e e ning o nou n s re c e d e c t i ve s .

Na m h a
Exe r ci s e 3 9 dj E . e t e e c t iv e s in xe r c i se 38 .

59 Most a
dj e c t iv e s a r e us e d t o de scr ibe pe r sons or t h ings
a
. .

Th ey t ell t he kin d or c l s s to wh ic h t h e person or t h in g be lon gs .

Exe r ci s e 40 1 a
N me t h e aj d e c t i ve s in t h e followi ng se n t e n ce s

ad a
. .

t e ll wh t t h e y de scribe
aa ama
n

a
.

Kind fr ie nd s h me 9 He h ll d t en
a
1 .
ve co . . s e s r ou n

Th e y b r ou gh t l h l i i t
a M ai h la
2
Bla
. us u
p pe
r gr pe s . o e n .

3 k d 0
c lou t urn t o in 1 t fy b h t
a m
. c s r . .
y n
pp g on e e ou g

R l li n g s t on e s g t h e r n o hi m
st ops

a l b i
4
a d a
oss s e rr y son g

a
. o . .

m
F r e r s g t h e r gol e n gr in 11 Th ocu s t

wi h a
5
wa m da J l
e g ns

a
.
. . en gree n

i l d b
t
aw ld b
I t is
d ai
6 .
r y n u y . ou u zz .

Wh Th lim
a
fl h c lou 12
i d b a l a
7 . it e , ee cy s re n t e . e p gr ss ou e re

aa ah pp a a
b lu e s ky . v ve i y ge n t e r n or

he vy sh o wer
a
8 . I se e l r ge gr ss o er on .

p oi nt e d le f .
 KIN DS or W O RD S : A D J E C r I V Es 25
'

Copy e igh t of t h ese se nt e n c e s , un d er li ni ng s ub e ct j ad v e rb In

aj
2
am d
. n .

clos e th e d e ct i v e s th t o ify t h e s u b e ct j in c ur ve s . Thus

(Ki n d ) fr i e n d s h a ve co me .

60 Ot he r a
dj e c t iv es a
ff ec t t he me ai n ng of a in a
dif
a Th if w a
. n oun

fer en t wy . us , e s y,
aaad Th e ki n g li v e d s ome mont h s in t hi s c it y , we sh o wt h a t
w ma aa a aa h wma m
y e r n

n only r ti cu l r kin g, on ly on e b on t h s ,

am
ou t

aw aa
y e r, o ny
e e p
nd w hi ch c it y Th ese d th e , dj i t hi s , ec t v es , be
a a m m a ha wa
. or s, , so e, re

t hey dd e t h in g i d b s n ot e x t h
am h
to t t
a b ll wh a
c u se so our e n ng p r e sse y e

li d a a a
lon e ; t h ey d o ki d f ki or cit y ,

ad h
ut n ot te t on t

aww aA
n ou n n o n g, ye r, ,

if g ood ki dre
a
s e e re to s y, ng ve ry y e r n t ree

m m
so e on t h s in h os t ile ci t y .

61 . Wor ds th t a r e fer to nu mb er af re o t h is s or t ; a s

d ya mont hs min u t e
a d
on e sixt e e n fir s t
t wo weeks t e n t h h our h lf s e c on

Th ese sh owt o h ow m a to whi c h t he a

m a a li nd t he re
aa
n y or on e n e pp e s ;
b re ou t fort y o t he r s , i n clud in g

aa f e w,
ma a a
th e ,
a
or n, e v e ry ,

a
ny , ny , ll, fir s t , l st ,

e ch , ei t h e r , much , n o,

62 Su ch a
dj wit hou t
e c t iv e s , de s cr ibin g, add h m ai to t
h w ma Si
. e e n ng

of t he by s h owin g whi ch h t
ali a aa
n o un on e, or o ny . n ce ey

de t er mi n e li mi t t he i t on of t h h ll d t
a
or pp c e n o un , ey re c e

li mi tin g dj ec t iv e s .

Exe r ci se 41 adj
Sele ct t h e
i ad th t d e s cribe , b u t o nly

aa
e ct v e s n ot

h w ma h a
. o

sh o wt o whi ch on e s , or to o ny , t e n ou n pplie s . Tell wh t e ch

one li mi t s

a mm
.

m w
a
Eigh t it t ee
a
1 th t
a a
. en e r e on co .

2 . Feb ru r
y h w y ds
y ty en t -
n ine s ev e r four t h e
y r .
 6 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

aa
iMuch h rm
m m fr o i d
ma w a
r ses pr u e n ce .

N0 kno ll t hings
a m ah
n s .

a a
Eve ry flock cont ins bl ck
a
so e s eep .

Thi s p r k cont i n s for t y four

w a ma a
-
cr es .

A ll t h e t ree s i n y on e r r o h
d d t he r e
a m a m ma w
ve st oo ny y e r s .

S w w
e v e r l En gli sh e l s nd so l bl d
a dd w a a
e p e s e re o n o n .

Th t pon t he for sk t ing e v er y y e

a a
d slope is
a
o n us e r .

Th ere r e
d d n o sh on eit h er si e of th t
ma
s t ree t

am
e t ree s .

w Fe t ke u ch int e rest in s uch

aa
t t e rs
a
pe r son s .

B m
ot h r ive rs ri se i n t he s e l
p te u .

63 j
An Ad a w m
e c t i ve is or d u s e d t o d e s cr i b e s o t hin g ,
m a
. e pe r s on or

or t o li it n oun

w a ma a
.

The dj
or d w a e ct ive e ns th t hic h i s dd ed .

6 4 Des criptive
. or qu a lifyi ng ajd e c t ives de sc ribe wh a t is
ment ion e d
a a ad
.

Limi ti ng dj ec t ives sh ow whi ch on es , h ow m ny, n s o on ,

Exe rci s e 42 Put a

ll a
dj t he e c t iv e s in t o t wo list s for
a a
1
ad
. . one

t h ose t h t de s cr ibe , nd one for t h ose t h t o not

W a a aw aa
.

1 h d b m ugh t fe spe c kle 7 Eve r y losso th t l

a a a
. e ve c . on pp e

t r out in t h t br ook t r ee sh ould h five l

w a
t
a
. ve pe s .

2 The w h m
t L ou ette t he 8 The ce t ur y pl n t bloss o
aa
. ne y c on . n -
s

l st l m o nly on c e i n it s ife t i of

a a a a
r ce . e

3 . L r ge q u n t it ies of c ot t on re se ve n to se v e nt y y e rs .

d m d fr o t h is De ci t r ee s lose t h eir foli

a am
e xpor t e count r y 9
a a
. u ou s

ch

a amaaama a d
e y e r .
ge e v e ry ut u n .

4 C r ni v or ou s ni ls e t ni l 10 Ev e rgree n
aa a
. . t rees re c ove re

food w i t h foli ge ll t h e y e
ama a
. r

H b iv or ou s d ni ls
Gaa
5 t
a
. er e v ege r oun .

t ble food b d md lls re r ou nd ie s for

ama aa
11
a
. . o e

6 . Om ni v or o us m g ni ls e t ll on so e pl nt s b y t he st in s

k i n ds of food of i nse c t s

Wha aa
. .

2 .d dj i d ib t limi oes e ch e ct ve escr e or t?

28 L ES S O N S I N E N GL I S H

W aa it p t ie nt ly The plowsoon sc t t e rs t h e a w
aa
. 7 . sn o .

Y m go now I t w s sc rce ly need ed

ad
us t 8
ha
ou . . .

I ll i s it Eur ope 9 The pe nd ulum mov e s to

Ha a
s v soon . . n

bee n t he re ? fro c o nt i nu lly

a a aaa
ve y o u e ve r .

Th e t r
i r e gul rly 10 The d y h lm os t e n de d

d la
n r u ns . . s .

S n ow some t imes e ys it .

66 Wor ds aa ll d Aof t hi s dverbs be c a t he y a

h a
s or t

a ma m a
. re c e use re

dd e d t o v e r bs k i m to de fin it e , mu c
a aa
e ou r e n ng or e v e ry s

dj e c t ive s dd d re e to n ou n s

a a w h aa aw
.

Exer ci s e 46 d b . Fill e ch bl nk it n v er th t ill t e ll wh en ,

w w
h er e , ho
ab a
or .

l wi 1 Th e gir s r t e 6 O ur h e
a
. . rt s e t
W 2 e s h ll s ing w 7 The r iv e r flo
a a
. . s

3 Th ose y c h t s
. s il 8 . Th e fir e b ur n s
d
4 Th ey r e t ur nem w The i ll re t u rn
a a
. 9 . e sse nger

W mi 5 . e d m gh t go 10 . C n y ou r e us ic

M
Exerc i s e 47 ad a am . e nt ion e v e ry v e r b , n t he d v er b t h t od i fie s it ,
w
t elling w ww w
h e t h e r it sh o ho he n , here Th us
a
s ,
or .

m
Th e m dv er b d w w us t go is o ifie d by t h e ve rb no ,
hic h sh ows
w w m
hen e us t go

H b a a
.

1 W m w us t 5 t r ouble p t ie n t ly
m m a
. e go n o . . e e rs .

Y d m m f h Th e y et i e s s i ng fin ely

aa
2 6
a
t
ad
. on e r co es y e r . . so .

3 I b llel t h er e g i n 7 Th e e s t oft e n f i
4 Wa
. ne ve r c . . .

d w R
t e r i s fou n her e 8 e t ur n i kl
wa
. e v e ry . .
q u c y .

m wl 9 Th e pr oc e ss ion o v e d slo rd

oa m a m
.
y on .

O d wl 10 w ur fr ie n s i l pr b b ly c o b ck to
a ll a a a
. e -
orr o .

11 Th e i n fe l s t Tue sd y
he v ily

a
. r .

l d
12 . Ligh t ni n g fl s h e d v iv id ly i n t he c ou s .

m w 13 The t h u nder r u ble d ev er y h e r e

a
. .

w 1 4 Pe ople e r e r u n n in g hit h e r nd t h it he r
Umb la a
. .

w re l i kl i se d
aia da
15
a
. s er e q u c y r .

16 . C rr ge s sh e d h urr ie dly long .

C m e of t he in Exer c ise 47,

a
Exe r ci s e 48 se n t e n c e s

a a a
. o py so

d b b nd t i t he d v erb s i n cke t s Th us :
j
sub e c t t

a
n v er , pu ng r .

Th e pr oc e s si on mov e d [onw rd] [slowly] .

 KI N D S O F WO RD S : A D V E RBS 29

67 Some of t he s e wor ds h aah

ve n ot e r us e

af
. .

Th us , i nst e d The hill is st e ep, This book i s w we sh ould oft e n

ah w a ad ai
o ,
ne ,

wish to s teep, hown e l w

k i a
s y o r y ne ,
n s o on , s n

Th e hill is v e ry s t ee p . Th is b oo wm s l os t ne .

Th e h ill is le s s st e ep . Th i s book i s e n t ir ely ne w .

The hill i s st ee p e n ou g h Thi s book is n e w n ow

’

aki d f a ad aa
. .

Bu t w di wh t s steep, wh t h ve we d one t o expr ess

m a m
n o or n our

ni n g fu lly ?
am d fi f aj af ad
e or e

h j
Th e r e re o i ers or d ecti ves , t en , us t s or n ou n s n v er bs

al a k wa aa b
.

68 Su c h wor ds we d b h ou t : t d ver
a a
m ki d f w d wi h b h a
. re y no ey re s .

The for us in g h t dj t ot

ad b ha a
r e s on e s e n o or s ec

t ive s is t b h d b m difi d i
t h mot to t
wa h a
n ver s, n ee e o e n e s e

i b
t t t lli h w h w f ,
t when where how mu ch,
a
y; s, y e n g o ,
o o en , ,

w nd
ho li ttle , s o on .

aj 49ad ll whi h
— S ele c t t h e in t h e se
m am d i d b a
h e r ci ee . d e ct i v e s se n t e n ce s , n te c

of t he re o fie y d v e rb s

h h wa
1 da T E b d wal
e ni g td rk 2 s e e pi n g ly
wa a a
. s ve r y . . ve r y o y s so u n .

3 h d m l T f h wm m i l igh t
ld 4 t l os t e nt ir e I
waa laa ad m wh a a
. e o e ne oon s y c on c e e . .

h b m h ou t 5 Th e
wa
t te t s t eep

h ll wa
t
ak a
s r er y e rr n . . so e p ov e r

t he l l dd i m h k f
it t tro 6 It t oo d
k wa a l b la wa wi l a
s e en . . s v er y uc r oc y or so r

i h t h 7 Ev e n t ck 8 I u t io u s

aa ld h a a ad
n g . . ey s s ne r y . . s se y c .

9 f Exc e pt s u c h gre t I sh o u f lle n t e ly

am l l ha d di i
I
fi a a
10
a
. or c re ve r e pe . .

ln h d m d ly i re c e y est in t on in co p et e y ex us te c on t on .

69 Some t imes , in or de r to sho w j us t wh aw t me aw

aa
. e n, e

n ee d to modify n d verb
am a a
.

Th us He h e oft e n m y be c h n ge d

a
to
ha m ad
s co

He e v e r y oft e n , or r t h er oft e n ,

ma
s co n

He s po ke t ruly b my e co e

He s poke qui t e t r uly , or mor e t r u ly , or le s s t r uly .

Exe r ci s e 5 0 Whi ch wor d s i n t h e se se n t e n ce s mod ify a

d b s?

a aa
. v er

1 Spe k d is t in c t ly 5 Kin d d ee d s m l
a
os t

Ja ad
. v er y . . re n e v er

m d i l for got t e n
a
2 t oo
aa aw g
. es , y ou r e r p y . .

How quiet ly t h H
a a
3 . t t r in r un s ! 6 . ve e one f r enou h ?
g
4 . W t er is found m l ost ev er y where .
30 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

70 In su c h se n t en c es t he wor ds am d f a
th t
d b a i y
a b a m dif a
. o ve r s re
‘

themselves d d could be d dj i to ec t v es or

ab wa
v er s, n us e o y
ve rbs . Adver bs , t he n , c n e use d i h di f
n t r ee f e r en t y s .

71 An Ad v e rb i s aw or d u s e d to modify a aaj v erb , d e ct i ve , or

a a
. n

not h er d v e rb .

Exe r ci s e 5 1 . 1 . Use t h e se a
d b v er s in se nt e n c e s to mod ify ver bs

oft e n formerly
aa i lal te y
ba wa
g n

ckd r n ev er

2 . Use t h e se a
d v er b s in se n t e n c es to m d
o aj ify d ec ti ves

3 . Use a
d b v er s all d iff e r en t to modify t he followi ng in se n

a a
t e nce s
fee bly ; p yi
rdl ; mu ch ; gr e t ly ; well .

VI . P REP O S I T I O N S

Exe r ci s e 5 2 1 Wh a aaj
t is n d e c t ive ?

aw d
. .

2 I n t he e xpr e ss io n s in t h e fir s t c olu mn wh t d e s cr ibe h ouse s ?

aki ah
.
,
or s

Wh t n d of word s re t ey ?

wooden h ouse s h ou se s f w d
a
o oo .

empty h ou se s h ou s e s wi thou t occu p nts .

th ee s tori ed
r -
h ou s e s h ou s e s wi th thr ee s tor ies .

pu bli c h ou se s h ou se s for th e p u bli c .

ci t y h ou se s h o u se s i n the ci ty .

Wh a words mn describe ?
aa
3 . t d o t h e grou ps of in t h e sec ond colu

Wh t re t hey u se d like ?
 KI N D S O F WO R D S : P R EPO S I T I O N S 31

4 Use aaj a wi h
in pl c e of t h e followi ng it li ciz e d grou ps ou t

aa
d e c t i ve s t
a a
.

m h h i h t me ni ng Tell wh t e c h mod ifi e s :
a
uc c ng ng e

a
.

B i f i m d i d m t et

Ca f m a a l
us ne ss o por n ce ne e .

P ersi r e c os t

wa wi w a
r pe t s

d a
ro y .

W fou n th t ts
a
e go n o se .

M f w l h ld b en o e th s ou e ge n e r ou s

Wh a a a
.

Exe rci s e 5 3 d b 1 t is ?
Wh a
. . n v er

2 w d th fi t m ll w wh win h hi r st c olu te ho her e t

a Wh a ki d f w d a h
. or s e n ,
en , or e s p
s il s? t n o or s re t ey ?

h hi a il a
T h hi awi ai d idl T ils th i t
a il a a a
e s p s s r p y or e s p s p r y .

hi f
Th e l h h w i h T ip ils t out d nger
a l a a a a a
s p s s s e y or e s s .

h f
Th e T
ip h i l i di he ip to s t n ce

a a l a
s s s r or s ,
s s .

Th l w e sh ip s hi i h m Th e i t t i s ti
a af hala
s no or s p s s e .

h h T e s iph s ils ther e or T e s hi p s ils or t t p ce

Wh a a ll a a
.

3 d h t d m b h in t he colu te ou t t ilin g
Wh a ah m a Whaa h
. oe s e c gr o u p se c on n e s

of t he shi p?
d d l ike ?
U a
t n? t t
af h a d m h ha
oe s e c on e e re e y us e

4 wi h
d v e rb s i n pl t i t lic i z e t o ut

h m a Wh a a
. se ce o e gr o u ps uc c ng

i
ng t e d e h m d
ni n g t oe s e c o ify ?
d ai d la aa
.

T he I n i i B l ve l m i n th e c our t e ou s l ti
a
t
d a
ns s p ce . es .

N wi w e ve r r te h l i t hou t c re . Do t ey e u pon hon or ?

a
dj
72 i ad a
d The e ct v es v e r bs th t aw ha s t u d ie d t h us
faa i l w d b li l ab
. n e ve

ut tt of wor ds m u se d

i a a m wa
r re s ng e or ; gr o
s e u ps y e

n b h ou t t e s e y
a a
.

Th us k f we m
a
y spe

a b h
o

b h w t h orn y i t h t h orn s ;
a a a
us or us

h m h m n Eng li s h o e or o e in Eng l nd

a ha ad i aam h ik a
.

I i t w to dj i t t i t h t h orn s En g l nd l ect v e s

i m a a a h a
s e sy se e n n re uc e

h h ni n g , d t h ou g
b f i t t ft e r t in st e of t
A a
n e ey re pu e n ou n e or e .

i gh n In t e se se n t e n c e s

h l T waa wi wa m s c r e fu lly It pt ly
w a a
et t er tt e n
wa
s se nt

wa
e r .
pr o .

Th wi e le t t er s w s r t t en i th c re It se n t i t h ou t d e l y

aad w a m md h b
.

h w d g w i th i t h ou t d e l y ify t
ah a a ad m d S
t e or -
rou ps c re n se e to o e v er s

j us t d b s t e ve r s c r e fu lly n p r o t
p y l o o, t oo

ha
.

Th wi d bl w mi
ay
b g d t e n e ve ry fur i ou s ly gh t e c n e o

The wind blewwi t h gr e t fur .

32 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

73 It oft en a a
h ppens t h t t he re is n o dj e c t ive or d a a
aa a aa
. v er y

ve rb ih l t h t will m d i fi t
m a ad h w af
our n gu ge rv o x
se e s o e r e pr ess

ou r i e n n g, n t en e re or ce d to use su ch gr ou ps of

wor ds
a a la f
.

He r e for e x mple n o s in gle word would t k h e t e p ce o t h e grou ps

a
, ,

Th e h ouse b y t h e ri v e r is h ot e l H a m m fr o t h e ci t y
a
. e c e .

Th ose on t h e s h e lf r e sold Th b k h in t h e well

la
et

a
. e uc u ng .

Th h t of in d u s t r y d to
a
e p e s s u cc e s s .

My fr ie nd w s wi t h hi s r e gi me nt
a ad a
.

All su ch gr ou ps of wor ds re c lle ph r ses .

Exe r ci s e 5 4 1 Wh ic h phr a i n t he se se n t e n c e s a u sed like

a
‘

. . ses re

dj ect i ves ?

2 . aa d l k a ll h w wh wh
D o t h ose t h t h w r e u se i e dver bs t e o ,
en, e re , or o

o ft e n ?

1 H a m i ha M i d s te m b hi d 5 f
W ai f a
. e c e n . .
y r en n ev e r c o es e n

2 im t
H ah i
. e re n e r . e .

3 P l f i lli li i nt e b h m h 6 s r e nt t ont

la a k wi h a
. e op e o ge n c e ve n . e p y s y e .

hi t 7 H fi i h d hi t t
a aa a a
s p ce . . e n s e s s c se .

4 m d Di f l Child lik i b t 8 s t or e s ou t

ha fa
. on s o gr e v ue re . ren e

f d i fi ld i i
la wa ma
ou n n t t e . r es .

Th d i 9 e p n s e n se c r e t

3 Ch a h a a a ahi k f
. .

dj d
t b if h to e c t iv e s o r t
a hawi l
. n ge e p r ses ve r s, y ou c n n o

ny t t l se r v e .

Exe r c i s e 5 5 U a ai a d h a
. dj i 1 a
d . b se ph r se n st e of t e e c t v e or ve r .

T ki h
1 m w 5 9
ma di a
s t r ong

a
. ur s r u gs . en .
go n o

j 2 l b uv e n i e i o ok s d i 6 st e r 10 t
Ja aff
. . r ne s . se n s oon

3 7 d i d d ili l s po ke ist n c t ly 11 st u t
la w h m wa wa
. v co ee . .
y ge n y
4 l si v er p t e d
s lk i l 8 e nt o e r 12 q u e t y
U a aj aa i la f h h a
. . .

2 se n d e c t i v e or n d v e rb n p ce o t e p r se

aa d a af h h E p
. .

l
I h i t 6 t ip t
aah h m a a
roug u ro e
'

. ro ong e r ve r .

2 i t 7 wm hi t ou n t e n of f
a ma f
up e n o s on
.
p .

h wm f 8
a
3 s t r e n gt

4 a wa la
. n o . o en o se n se

5 a
j d h m d b d h
a
9 t
a a
. o u r ne y to r o e . n s e y on e se s

h il d l
p y
. c 1 0 j w l y f tm F . e e r ro r nce
34 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

76 ah aaaa dj wm
Usi ng
i a ight
Th la d a
ect ve ,

Th ha
.
p r se s n e s y
d r ound t he grov e e of t he grov e
Th wa m
e n . e s .

lk fr o t h e grov e
a
e .

Th e p t h t h r oug h t h e gr ove .

H w m di la m a i n
fy or exp in t h e of t he a lad
wlk
ha a
ere e o e n ng ouns , n ,

b b i d d
de , e t c , y refer r ing t o t h e gr ove; t h is we h
aha
ut to to
a
s . n or er o ve

use i
di fi er e nt preposi t ion n e ch p r se .

77 w how one wor d c n

To sh o am di ah fy n ot wh a t
a a d wh a
. o er , or

t he me n ings of t wo w or ds h ve t o h it ot h e r , is t o
a
o e c

sh o w t he r el t i o n be t wee n t h e m .

h er ci s e 57 a ad w aa
. Se le c t t h e ph r ses, n t e ll h t e c h one modifies .

Th us :

Of
”
R m o ah a d aaa
e dj is m d p r se use s n e ct iv e to o ify
c it y

ai a a
.

Th R m i e c it y of t he l f I l
a
t t
a
o e s c p o y .

dTh em t he ou nt i n is ve r y r oc ky

afi m w da
ro up .

G d d for t h t e r e shippe t
la w Sa
oo s r y es e r y .

h T it h t h e r in gs is t urn
aam
e p ne t .

Adm d d iss ion t o colle ge e pe n s on t t in ent s .

Th e t own be y on d Le xi n gt on i s Con cord .

Suc ce ss wit h out e ffort i s impossible

ah aa d fi
.

ws
a
The for t e c it y t r st

i O a
ne r t c p ur e .

I cebergs fr om t he Ar c t m l h G lf S m t in t
a a ma
c ce n e e u t re .

J ourney s i nt o t he i nt e r i
or d re r r ely e .

78 The Object a
of i t i is t h e which
h a
n oun or

maa
r on o un
. r
p pe os on p
is use d wit h it t o ke p r se .

79 . A Pr oposi t i on i s aw or d a
t h t sh o ws th e r el a t i on of i t s ob ec t j
to so me ot h e r wor d
aw a a
.

The word p p
r e o s it i o n me ns h t i s pl ced befor e .

80 A P r eposi ti on l Phr a aah a h a t a

i a is t t
ad
.
p p p se r se con ns re o

ob e c
sit iou n it s
j t .
36 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

h erd “ — Here a t he mos t mmon prepos it ions a

a
ell re co . Us e ch

m in se nt e n ce .

a bov e

V II . CO N J U N CT IO N S

82 “
'

hal ad haa i t t t ion co nn ec ts t wo ot he r

wi wha m ha d
. e ve e r ne p p
r e os

words by s ho on e of t he wit h t he ot her

a i a
t to
a
ng s o .

We come n o w w d d th t ifi e re n t w y
'

to or s conn ec t n .

I n t he Th e and th e moonap a h wm a
a
se t s

a a Ra
se nte nce , sun p e rs , o ny

Wh j
w a
ve rbs re t h e re ?
t is t h e sub e ct of h
e c d h ?
e t e s e nte nce ,

o mit t ing t he ord nd .

Here t he n , aw t o se n te nces j o i ne d t ied t oget he r as on e se nt e n ce

ab
,
re or .

They migh t h ve ee n pr i n t e d t h us

Th e aa s un s e t s . Th e moon ppe rs .

So we might i m
t e t h ree a ore s e nt e n ce s in t o o ne , s

a
un or

Th e s un s e t s , (a ) m a
nd a a m th e oon ppe r s , nd t h e s t r s c o e

or we might con n e c t w d wa a
t o se nt e n ce s in i fi e re n t y ;
s s

Th a a aa a h nd t he st

aa a
s se t ,

ha
e s un rs ppe r .

Th f or t he st

a aa a
e s un s se t , rs ppe r .

Th h s se t , b ut t he st

a aa a
e su n rs ppe r .

Th e s un h s se t , t h e r e f or e t h e st rs ppe r .

And ms j i a w a b
t he t oge t he r , if t he y
aa ma
out on e

a am
see to o n se n t e n c e s s e re

j w i for ki n g t h e
a
s ub e ct sh o th t st te e nt

a
; f or s one g ve s re so n

ot he r ; nd so on wi h w d i
t f
ot h e r or s of th s sort , s u ch s but , the r e or e, or
,

nor , hence , however .

 K I N DS O F WO R D S : C O N JU N C T I O N S 37

83 a
ll Sin c e t h es e words j oin t ogeth e r wh aw
ah a a
. c on ne c t or t e

l d j le c on un c ti ons

a
t
a
s y, ey re c

d The y
i en ot e v r ous rel t ions be t ween t h e e xpr e ss ion s t he y
b h wi
conn e c t , wa h t t he c onn e c t ed a a
rts h t o do
wh a awa
y s o ng p ve

it B c h ot he r ut , un like i t i t he y l t
a
e .
p p
r e os on s , y s c onn ec

m
e xpre ss ion s of t he s e sor t .

Exe r ci s e 6 1 . Wh a
t s e nt e n c e s h ab
ve ee n un i t e d to a
m ke t he fol
lowi n g ?

1 a m ad
The bird s h w aa t h e flo
a a a
ve co e n er s ppe r .

2 The is r ou gh , for t h e br e ke r s
aa a a m a
. oc e n ro r .

3 M re r ipe nd I l d
m a a a
.
y pe rs g .

4 So w l rge , b ut t h e y re n ot y ello
a a d a w a
. e re v ery .

5 Yo u nn ot h v e t r ie e r n e s t ly o r y ou ould h ve su c cee d e d

a aa
. c .

6 m
The sky s c le r , r e v i s ible

W a aw a
. se e y e t n o s t rs .

7 m n not ge t h food
'

. e c on ey n or ve e ny .

8 . Th e ki ng mu st win or h e mu s t forfe it h is cro wn foreve r .

84 Su c h sen t en ces a m w
t he pr ec e din g differ fr o t h ose
ab ama w m m
. s e

h ee n s t u dy ing ; for t hey r e de u p of t o or or e s i l

a aad
ve
p e

mbi ned I ns t e d j of on e d i te t he s ub ect

a aw a j
s ente nces

aw
co .
pr e c n

of it , t h e y h ve t o or m or e pr e d i c t es , e ch it h su b e c t of

it s o wn .

h e r oi s e 62Copy t h e se nt e n ce s i n t h e prece ding e xe r c ise f Pl c e a

a aa a a aa
.

v e r t ic l li ne s be for e nd ft e r e c h c on j u n ct ion , nd m r k e c h s ub j e ct
ad a c h v e rb a a a a
I n close d j e c t iv e s n d ph r se s t h t modify t he s ub j e c t ,
a b a a am d a
n e .

in i l d d b h th t ify t h e
mma
c ur ve s ; n c o se v er s n p r se s o v er ,
in br c ke t s .

I nse rt t h e co w b he re it e lon gs . Th u s

(Ki n d ) fri e n d s h a w [ ] ve left us , but th ey ill r e t ur n s oon .

85 Sen t en ces m de in t his a wy a by un it in g t wo more

a ad
.
, or

si mple se n t e n ces , re c lle co mpoun d .

 38 L ES S O N S IN EN G L I S H

A Si mple S e n t e n ce i s a a a
a a
86 . s en t en c e th t c on t in s only on e sub

j e ct nd on e pr e di c te .

87 . A Compoun d S e n t e n c e i s on e f orme d b y uni t i n g si m

m e s en
t en c e s

am l d a
aa
.

Th e se nt e n c e s u n it e d t o for m co po u n d se n t e n c e re c le cl u s e s .

88 a Con j un c t ion s use d to c on n ec t n ot on ly s en t e n c e s ,

aw a
. re

bu t ls o or ds or e xpr e ss ion s in t h e m e sen t e n ce when the y

a a d a a
m wa
s

m
r e of t he kin n d us e d in t he
ma
s e s e y
w 1 m T b e c onn e c t e d in
a
. o or or e n oun s or pr on o un s y on e

s en t en c e ; in
aa a a
s

M us i c i i fi
am
nd n t n r n rt s
p g e e .

D id y ou m s k hi or her or e?

2 . a
Se v er l v e rbs m y be a j oin e d t oge t he r in on e sen t e n c e ; a s

F a
mraa er s r ise n d s e ll v e ge t a
bl es for t h e m a
k r et .

3 a
So , t oo, We m y wish t o u n it e t wo or mor e dje c t iv e s a
a a a a a
.

dv e r bs or ph r se s t h t modify t h e s me wor d ; s in

The de d a d i ld w l ie r s e ft b e hi n d
wa a a
or y ng so ere .

Sh e lks grf m
fi l ce u lly nd b t ver y s lo wly
b k a a
u
r y, .

Th e l m i i
vo u e s n the oo -
c s e, or on the t ble .

Exe r ci s e 6 3 Sele ct t h e c on j un c t i on s , t elli n g wh i c h word s t hey

a a a
.

c on n e c t n d wh t ki n d of wor d s r e c o nn e c t e d Th u s : .

A d i a j n s c on u n c t i o n , ad n c on ne ct s t h e t wo n ou n s

t id e
”

a
ad id wa
.

Time i f m
a a
1 t t
a a
. n e or n o n .

E m w l h m b i f m t t
la
2 . xt r e g e pov e r t y or re e y r ng e .

S m b w ld im h
or s hr u t
i aa
3
Th d a m a
. o e t rees s ou pr ov e e p ce .

d l d
a
4
lwa
l a
n n ce s e e ss r ou n
. e y s co e go .

S m mi b
a
5 u t n e ver p y
a
y s p ro se ,
. o e p p
e o e .

6 . W h m o h i k d mon gf my ?
o u t n s or re s o e
 K IN D S O F WO RD S : I N T BR J B C I I O N S 39
' '

7 ad di
All me n liv e w b m f h i f ll w e un k n o ost o t
l k d h da wh i a
. n n y e r e o s .

8 Sh i d i l bl is
Mi h a ad l
t te v o et s

l wa aa
. e p uc e e es n ue .

9 lA i nt er t
N wa will a
. c e n ge o s p n sc u p or .

10 d h h w ll f m h hi ll hi p poor t t h e gr ov e
ad I a d ad w ll i d f i d
. o n t en t e - -
c s ro e or .

11 Y r e ol tr
S a w hl b k a d a
. ou n n e -
e r en s .

12 h ll w d im wi h t ort t
ah
. e spe n our e ov er e ss oo s n p pe r s ,
o r

t h e be st ut or s ?

89 . A j Con a w a
u n c t i on a
is or d t h t c onn e c t s s e nt e n c e s or p rt s of

s e nt e nc e s .

Th e word j
c on u n c t ion me a hawhi h j
ns t t c oi ns together .

V III . I N TE RJ E CTI O N S

90 The aw ha w ad kin ds of wor ds th t le to

i h ma a w d ha
. se v e n e ve n o rn e

di i k
s t n gu s ll f i ou r sen t en ces : t t
a af a a a ab a
e up or e v er y or s

l ly p r ti i h s e n t e n ce t
a aa b a aj i
re o s e er n oun , pr on ou n ,
ver ,
n

dj i d
ect v e , i i t c on un c t on

a h w d h w haw w h
n v er ,
r
p pe os on , or .

Th r e ot t t it s e n t e n ce s ,

al aa f h m Th aadiff ki d
er e er or s, o e ver , e us e

b ut n ot e x ct r ts t er en t

f la a
y s p o e . ey re n

o n gu ge .

a a
Th u s , if h m h w d i a b oh

m h lik a a S i A aI h af
Oh ! y o u urt t t t
a la
n y on e s y s, e, e or s p o e v e ry

d k h h ! ! sh e
a
t
aill a
es t

f a ad i h f ll wi w wha
uc e gr o n o n, ve ou n y ou
. e p ce

m a
h P sh l
a la h w d a
ou t t ng se n t e n ce s , t !
ha H a
o s ; n n e o o y
s re s on

w
aaa
’
h
a
P oh l t hi t l ! t oo te, t h
a i aa a ff ad ai h
s n ot ng ; e c e, s e or s ps , o
p ,
l bs re hi ou t s e xpr e ss v e s s s, pu ,
n s g .

91 a ah
When we t h e se wor ds we do n ot s se r t ny t in g,
a m m a
. us e

n d v er y m m i w h u ch of our e n in g c o fr o t he t on e h ic
a ad a aw a
es n

w k ; bu t e ve r y body un ders t t th t
a ad a aw ll by a
e s pe n s on ce e re

i d l
j d g whi i g
d
’
p n e or
p e s e ,
n s o on ,
us t s e te o s nn
whether he is grieved or delighted .
40 LES S O N S IN EN G L IS H

Exe rci s e 6 4 . Which word s would e xpr e ss f eeli ng, eve n if u se d by

t h e mselv es ?

1 a
Oh ! I h v e rui ne d my frie nd ! 4 Ho h o ! Ah oy ! A s il! A a a i l!
0 ha aa a w a
. . s

2 I w er e ri ch i ! 5 Hurr h ! We ve on vi ct ory ’

HaCa
t t
h a
.
g n . .

3 . ! n y ou n o t e ri t? 6 . His t ! The squirr el see s y ou .

92 Such wor ds aa l d j le In t e r e c ti on s be c a t hey a

f wa w awi h ha
. re c us e re

t h row
.

n in t o t he mid st o h t e s y t ou t i v ng mu ch t o
do wit h ot h e r wor ds .

i nt e r j e ct ion is
a dm
93 A diffe r e nt of u se d in e xpr e ss ions like t hi s
a
sort

a
.

B w ! w Th ere goe s n ot h e r ! h e r e t he or d b is er ely

imi aai
ng gu n ng u se

W w wi h w d b w hen t he se r it ing,

l a
to r e pre se n t

d a a w aj aw w www
to t te n o se . e s or s y
w spell t he r it e bo
ba
ou t u st

a
e soun s s ne r y s e c n, s e -
o

to k
re pre se nt d t he r of og .

94 A j a ama w a I nt er ec t i on is n excl t ory or d or ph r s e use d

a
t o ex
m a m
. n

f ee ling to i it te s ou n d

a w
pr e s s or so e

m a m hi
.

w d
The j in t e r ec ti on et th t i s thr o i nt o the
a a
or e ns so ng n

m f
ids tw w o h t e s y .

W
Exe r ci s e 6 5 w j ab d 1 hi ch t h e follo ing int er e c t i on s
of

a aa
. . c n e u se

to j W
expre ss W m moy ?l h i ch t o expr e ss di sgu s t ? hi ch i i t t e so e n t ur
soun d ?

2 . Use a
e ch of t he a b ove word s in a se n t e nc e .

S U MMARY ! THE P ARTS O F S PEE CH

95 All t he wor ds in l a a ab div ide d in t o

a a
ll d a
. our n gu ge c n e

e igh t cl s se s c e P rt s of Spee ch .

a
1 aa
lwa
1 Noun s
ad u se d m
.

to n e

aa
n re y s r e qu ir e d
pe r son s or t hi ngs
to m ke sent ence

a
2 P r on ouns
J
.
.

3 . V erb s used to ssert

 KIN D S O F WO RD S : SU MM A RY 41

4 Ad je ti v e s
s use d only modi fy
°

to
words
A531 01 ”
ot he r

P i i t
a
r o os ons

id use d

ti on be t w
t o sh ow t he
ee n ot he r
con nec

words
7 . Con j un ct i on s

use d to expr e ss
8 . I nt e r j e c t i on s

a a a whi ch wor d s a
a
96 . Th e P rt s of Spe e ch re th e cl s s e s in t o re di
vid e d cc or di ng t o t h e ir u se in s e nt enc es .

THE BUI LDERS

All aahi a t ect s of f te,

wa
re rc

Wor ki i h ll f im t
wi h ma
t
d d a a
ng n e se s o e ;
Some i d
a
t ss v e ee s n g e
r t,
Some wit h or n m en t s of r h y me .

Not h ing u sele ss is , low;

a hi a
or

E ch t i n it s pl ce is be s t ;
A d wha
ng

t see ms bu t idle sh ow
ad
n

St r e ngt h e ns n suppor t s t he re s t .

aw a
For t h e s t r u ct ur e t h t
i
im i wi h maia
e r se ,

T l fill d t t er
d aa da
e s s e ;
O ur t o — y s n y e s t e r y s
d
Ar e t he blocks wit h whi c h we bu ild .

aad fa
Tr uly sh pe hi h t
a a ab w
n s on e se ;
wi
Le v e no y et

b a ma
n ng g ps ee n ;
Thi k n ot ,

will ma
n ec u se n o n se e s ,

S h hi uc i
t n gs re n unse e n .

h ld d a f a
h wi h g a a
I n t e e er y o
s rt

B ild w t t t est
Ea ad a
u er s r oug re c re

h mi
c nu t e
p n un se e n rt ;
For t he Gods see every where .
42 L ES S O N S IN EN GL I S H

Le t us d o our work s well, a

a
a
Bot h t he u nseen nd t he see n ;
M ke t he house, where Gods m y dwell; a
a
Be ut iful, e nt ire , nd cle n a a .

a
Else our liv es re incomplet e ,
a a
St ndi ng in t h ese w lls of t ime ,
aa
Broken st ir w y s , wher e t h e feet
a
St umble s t hey seek t o climb .

B ild da ad
Wi h am a m l ba
to t h st r ong

d a
u ,
-
y, e n ,
n sure,

fir
A d a di
t
ad
n p e se ,

Sha la
n s cen ng n se c ure

ll m w di to -
orr o fin ts p ce .

Th alus aw aa ion e c n e tt n

T w
t h ose t urre t s , h e re t h e
w da a la
o ey e

S t he o rl s one v s t i
af
ee s p n ,

A d n d one boun le ss re ch o sky .

Longfellow .

66 — 1 aa l M ke
i is t of t he t he se lect ion Of t he
aa
Exe r ci s e 2
h a
. . n ou ns n . .

dj O e ct ive s 4 f t h e pr e posit ion l phr ses Of

Cha
Of t
aa
verb s 3 5
a d a
. . e . . . .

t he d v e r bs d t he t hi rd s t n z s fr om t h e in
aa a
. 6 . nge se con n

M h e nt ion imper t ive

ad h i a d
ve rte d t o t he n l d
t ur or e r . 7 . t r ee sent e nces . 8 .

Giv e t h e pr onouns n t e r nt e ce e nt s .
44 L ES S O N S IN EN GL IS H

99 An I n comple t e V e rb i s th ta r e quir e s th e a ddi t i on of on e

a
. on e

or mor e wor d s t o gi v e t h e s ent en ce di s t i n c t me ni n g .

100 A Comple me n t i s wh am t us t be a a
dd ed t o i n c omple t e v erb

a
. n

t o gi v e di s t i n c t me n in g to the s e n t e n ce .

101 . A Comple t e V e rb i s on e a
t h t r e quir e s n o c omple me n t .

Ex e r ci s e 6 8 Poi nt ou t v erb , ad am sh o w wh t l t t h
a
. n co p e e s e

me n in g

a a wa d a
.

1 Th e g me w s sh y 5 O h ot el i st nt

a
. . . ur s .

2 Our powd e r w s we t 6 O l h b w m t
Ma m h ab
. . . ur unc -
o xe s e re e py .

3 We were h u n gr y 7 w igh t
ad
t t ers
a
. . ve een or se .

4 Th e pond
. ws fr oze n . 8 . W w d e e r e n ot i sh e r t e ne .

I C O PU L A TI V E V E R BS

a
,

102 Some mple t e ve r b s do lit t le mor e t h n c o n n e c t , or cou ple ,

ad a
. I n co

t he mple me nt bj t he e ct I n t he se nt e n c e s I m cold , S he i s
a a
a I a
co n su .

h ppy , They h m d ld h
been ki nd , t h eb i v erb c on n e ct s t
ad a h
b h a ab ad
ve n co , e v er s

c on n e c t s s heh h h
a
t c on n e c t s t
b a a
n v er p r se ve een ey n
ppy , e -

ki d n S h. uc ll v er d s re c e c opul t i v e v e rb s .

P i
Ex e rci s e 6 9 h la i . b h f ll wi
o nt ou t t e c opu t ve v er s in t e o o n g se n

t e n oes

Ta lk i
1 h a Ba aawill b a hi 5 t
I a a
n n s e sc r c e s
. s c e p . .

mh2
wa a M Sh a a wa aai
. u n gr y .
ye r .

3 T t 6 t st ct ve

ah ha la
e n n y son s on c e n
. s poe . . .

4 Th
ma
oppe r s ve vo c no
. e gr ss .

b il een s 7 B b h
e nt . . oy s y e e r oe s .

103 T h a m lab l h b l k m aa b t
b h aa
t
m f l a a m a
. o e s e c ss e on g e v er s oo s , s ee s, ppe r s ,
e

d h lik h
t s tes , l l m t i T it t or e e n ng

a
e

ha
e se v e r s ve

ab
co es , ee s , n e e .

t m i w
n ,
s, b h i hi f b
er e , h i ill
ve een , e t c .
,
ut t e r c e u s i n e ss s st to c on

h m lm wi h bj h i he nt Sh t t he e ct T t se nt e n c e s

a a a
ne c t t
a
su us n e e

m ha
e co p e .

d S i h h b m d i hed i m h t
m wa B h
r e u se n uc

a
n s ppy , e ver s s ee s n s
see ps py ,
b t t th bj t h w it h h t e
a
th e s e y . ot v er s serv e o conne c e su ec s e

co mplement h ppy .
 S E N T E N C E BU I L D I N G - 45

Exerc i s e 70 . Point out t he c opul a

i t v e v e rb s in t h e following se n

t e n ce s :

1 Angels ’
vi sit s a d a w ad a fe f 5 Wh y were t ?
Ja ld h a
. re n r .
y o u r y
b w k l k d
’
et 6 t
aa m h a d
ee n . . c s o oo e qu ee r .

2 Th T l m p dd
t i on 7 h is p u i ng t s t es

a
. e v c see s s or t . . u go o .

Owl k wi M w h f l ee s s h

a aa d a
3 loo 8
4 All a da
. s se . .
y ne t oot rp .

. c k ts h m i ppe r d d gr y i n t h e r . 9 . T e u s c s oun s is c or nt .

104 Th m lm f a a b ah e nt c opul t iv e d e s c ri b e s or expl in s t

a aA
. e co p e o v er e

bj I d t he l h m Le i s he dog
’
is d, t l
h ad
su e ct se n t e n c e s

la
. n vy , s no se co e co p e

m e nt ib bj m lm l d b t he e ct d , t he e nt d e sc ri e s

i a
e vy e s cr es su e co p e co

h bj h A fi h m l m fi In t s h, t e nt sh

la
t e su ec t n os e . e s e nt e n c e tr out s e co p e

e xp i h bj ns t e su ect tr out .

a
()
Ex er ci s e 7 1S b a d ll w h i h h m a 1 ele c t t he te of t
m dfi d b a a a ( ) Whi h ai m
. . v er s, n c e re

d
i b i i l ph r b
ad wha m m aa
o e y v er s or p p
r e os t o n se s . c re n co

ple t e ,
n dd d h m d b ht co bj ple ent s re e to t e to e s cr i e t e su e ct ?

1 S m
. a aw o e gr D laa f pe s da re s ee t . 8 . e y s re o t en n ge r ou s .

2 . Th e y grow in t h e sou t h . 9 . Th e c r oc u s blooms in t he

3 Th e wi nd will be cold s pr i n g

aa a l la
. . .

4 Ce lluloid is i nfl mm ble Th ww 10
ma w d i mi a
. . . e e r y s e r e se v e re .

5 Hi i M r ks f l in st r u c t 11
ll b d ami a
r e qu e s t s

a ha b
. s re e re ve . .
y or s ss

6 N ir l
la i
ot t or y
la l a i
. s re gr . ve e en u se e ss .

7 Th w d i Tin h i i 12 he po
a dh a ha
t
b a
. e s g s p n ve y . r r e g on s re un n

r oun bl er gr ve it e

la awa
. .

2 C d i d bj
t h e pre ce i n g se nt e n c e s , p t he
ad d h m l m a a
e ct

b aa l
. opy c ng u n er su vy

line , d h t e v er , s tr i ght i n e ,
i h e nt st r

a
t g t
wa li
un er n un er e co p e

li n e over Th vy ne us

a aw
.

m So e gr pe s re s ee t .

105 . A Copul t i v e V erb i s a one wh os e co mple me nt d e s crib e s th e

s ub e ct . j
The wor d c opul a ma l t iv e e ns coup i n g or c on n e ct i ng .

aA j aaj i a
a a
106 . A Pr e di c t e d e ct i v e is n d ect ve used s th e co mple
ment of copul ti ve verb .
46 L ES S O N S IN EN G L I S H

Ex er ci s e 7 2 Writ e fiv e se nt e n ces ab sou nd s , us ing d ic a

a
. ou t pre te
dj e c t iv e s wi t h t h e followi ng ve rb s :

se e m, be come , soun d , aa ppe r , gr o w .

Exer ci s e 73 Wr it e fou r se nt e n c e s ab ou t t h in gs y ou h a
aa
. ve seen ,

usin g pred i c dj te
'
e c t iv e s wit h t he followin g v e rb s

looks , aa ppe rs, g o

r ws , se e ms .

Exe r ci s e 74 Writ e six se n t e n ce s b ou t t he a followi ng t h ings , us in g

aa a
.

pre d i c t e d j e c t ive s wit h t h e v e rb t s te s or feels :

An a am l
pp ,
e le on, s ad a
n p p ,
e r s ilk ,
i ce , fl int .

1 07 a
A n ou n m y be use d wit h t h e c opu l a
i t ve v erb aa s or t

a a af
. s

of sec on d n me , t o des c r ibe wh t t he s ub ec t s t n ds

j to
i wh a m a
a
or , or

e xpl n t is e nt .

h e r oi s e 75 I n t he se nt e n c e s

a
.

Th ose me n were s oldi er s Boy s m y be her oes

ai b i h ai a a a
. .

H rr s l ur g s t e c p t O ur gu id e will be n I ndi n

Wh a ki d f w d i a Wh a
.

t dd d h b d ib h bj to t to e ct ? t
w w d i a
t
am h a
n o or s e e ver e s cr e e su

t o or h s n e m c hi se n t e n c e n e t e s e pe r s o n o r t ng ?

108 A a an a m m
P re di c t e Noun i s a used the l of

a
. n ou s co pe ent

c opul t i v e v e rb .

109 P d i aa dj i ad di a ad h i i a
te l e c t ve s te t e nt s

aa
. re c n pr e c n ou n s n e r e qu v

ll d
re c bj e m lm su ec ti ve co p e en ts .

1 10 A j m m S ubam m a
ecti ve Co l is l th t d e scri b e s
a
.
p e ent co p e ent or

expl j
in s t h e s ub e c t .

1 11 Th b i h aw d i h di ab i m l t t te, ut

mab
ts
a h ah w a
. e ver s e ne c e s s r y or n e pr e c co p e

m i
e nt im h t ll d h im l
nt t t t t t oge t t
di a
s so por e o er y e c e e s p e

p e
r c te .

Ex e r ci s e 7 6 P i h a wi h i 1 bj ad o nt o u t t e c opul ti v e v e rb ts e ct

h la i a
t
aa
. . su n

com lm p e ll wh hent , t e ing dj i Th et er t e t t er s n ou n or n ect v e . us :

wa i h la b ha
a
I h
n t d e se c on i i h
se n t e n c e s s t e c o pu t ve v er ,
v ng t e n o un

t rouble
”
for it s s ub e ct , j nd t he noun
“
pov e rty
”
for it s co mplement .
 S EN T EN C E BU I L D I N G - 47

l awa
Th e m The a la ww ha’

bl wa l aa
. n s poor . c t s c s ere s rp .

2 H i s t r ou 13 T ur t e sm hibi
ai a 4
t
wa f h
. e s pov e r y . . re p ous .

3 Th e t er t lt 1 Th h ip f h d i h t e se rt t
a a
. o e oce n s s . . e s o e s e

4 Y d l m b ml
a ai
. on er v e sse u st e c e .

sch oo ne r 15 Ti
a ai d d afl h a
. .
g s
er re c r n v or ous .

5 F m e nt 16 Ti t er s
b al H i a ha
. r e rs re n epe n . .
ge r s re es -
e .

6 Eve r y m f ll 17 ll b
e nr e t t

a
m d a h ma
. rre see s u . . s e q u ee n .

7 Di l Th b i h k
’
18 t
a
r e c os t

a h la
. on s y . . e oy s e s oe er s

8 Pu r e
i i i t in g be st fri end
Q ai a a
. r s ex r . .

9 mi l 19 I dle b oy s be c ome poor me n

d l k a
. u rt z s ner . . .

10 O fr ie n nxi ou s 20 Th e sou nd of t h e e ve ni n g be lls

a
. ur s oo . .

11 Th e lec t u r e t o morr ow will be w s sweet

w da
-
. .

s h or t 21 The n ight gr o s rk

haha am l
. . .

2 Copy t h ose h of di
ad
t t t t
a a
. e pr ece n g se n e n c e s v e nou n s s co p e

me nt s Un de r li ne j s ub e c t nd v e r b h e r e t ofore , u n de r t he
wa
aa aa
. s n n ou n

co mple me nt pl ce Th vy li ne over st r igh t lin e us :

a
.

Yon d er v e s s el is s ch oon e r .

h e r oi s e 77 a
Re d t h e followi ng wor ds n d not ice wh t t he y su g a a
a a
.

Th e n t h e m in se nt e n ce s s c omple me n t s of c opul t ive v e r b s

aa
ge s t . u se .

M rk s in pr e c ed in g e xe r c i se s

a a
.

m i ne r l old- f shi on e d

co mb u st ible me c h a ni c

liqu id inge nious

II . T RAN S IT I V E V E R BS

Exe r ci s e 78 1 mple t e
Tr y t o t he se n t e n c e s th t a m u n fin

ad a
. . co se e

i sh ed , n e xpl i n why t hey see m so

a a a
.

1 I t is i i Th e in t h e h y
da a
ne s t s

d aa
. r n ng re

2 Wh o ope ne d Y e st e r I h f ll
al k f
.
y
3 We c n oo mb d fi So d
a wa
. or eggs e o y r e

4 Come t o t h e b
. rn I s frigh t e ne d
5 I wll b i i Of I b r ok e
W ha ll a aa
. r ng cour se

6 . il fi d
e s e s y n m
Th e f ll l
d os t kille

2 . Do ay f h m la
n k h o t e c t e v erb ? W a ki d f w d i
h t d d?
n o or s nee e
48 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

Ex e rci se 79 . 1 . Giv e t h e co mple t e pr e di c t e a of e ah c of t h e se

s e nt e n ce s

a
.

1 Th e b r igh t s u n r i ses Th e t r ee s sh ed t h e ir le
a wi d bl w Fa
. . ve s .

2 Th e M r ch m ll b ut t e r

Ha
. n s o . r e r s se .

3 A f bi i h b h il d h t e s t r oy s t
Th lilab l h a
. o n s n gs on e ou g . e c r ops .

m h b d h b w T t
5 Th w a wa
e cs os s o . e rc er en s e o .

h mild t h d l k wh i T te
ala
. e e er s . e gr ou n oo s .

6 Th
. ki e s es O mm i
re c e r . ur s u er s ov e r .

(a
2) Wh i h f h b a h a wh a h b j am d t sse r t t t t t ect n

m a h a a
. c o e se v e r s e su es oes

m hi et f m i (b) Whi h ?
a hi l ( ) Whaai i
ct on re pr e se n t s t c t or

a
so n g, or pe r or s so e c e s

d i m hi et to ny t ng e se ?

a d f h wi d (d) Whaw d i h i h
to t ct on

ll wh a
o n g so ng pe r s o n or c s

s se r t e t s? t t e n nt se n t e n ce te
h ha
t
a ba
la
o e n or n s

t il d () W h d h ? (f) Wh p f m h t t i ct u pon ?

ai f b di ( ) Whabj i ? (h) Wh a
t
h a
e oes e oe s e o e r or s e

c t on o en i ng? i 9 t o ect r ece ves t e c t on t s

t he j
ob e c t of
“
sh e d (i ) O f
“
se ll
”

Ex er ci s e 80 1 Giv e t h e ob e c t j of t h e se v e rb s a
; t h t is , t ell t he
ah w wha i ai
. .

wor d th t s o s t r e c e ve s t he c t on

1 I a ld m
h ah t aw a 5 Th e y fou nded t i on
H ha h afa a aa
. v e so y y c . . ne n .

b m Th e e n gin e h b r oke n
:
2 ou g t il
W w a
. e s r . 0 s r .

3 Wh o wr ot e t h e pr es cr ipt ion ? 1
ho ill t ke t h e t i c ke t s ?
a W a a
. 5

4 Th e Pilgrims left t h eir t iv e

0
n n ot spe k Fre n c h
a m a
. n 9 e c .

l nd . A w 9
« sk t he e n in g of t he or d .

2 Copy me of t h e se ma
se n t e n ce s ,j ad b ab r k in g s u b e c t e fore

a w li
. so n v er s .

Pl ce t o n es u n de r t he ob e c t j . Th u s

Th e ch oppe r s f e ll t h e t r e e s .

112 In ne r ly aa ll h t sen t e n ce s in Exer cise 79 , t he v erb

a id a aa
. e

l i i f m t i b t t h bl s u b e ct j ; bu t y e t
a
g on e
v e s c on s e r e n o r on ou e

it wou ld see m v er y in comple t e t o s y

Th e t r ee s sh ed . F a
m r e r s s e ll . a
H il d e s t r oy s

a
for would w it a t o he awhah t t t r ee s she d, wh a t t he
fa a a a
ny on e r e

m r e rs sell, n d s o on . We se e , t h en , t h t t he re r e s t ill other

 S EN T EN C E B U I L D I N G -
49

v e r bs , s u ch a s shed , s ell, des tr oy s , bend s , t h t aw m u st all i

a abj m a
e c n

mplete, sin ce t hey h

co v e n ee d of n o ect t o fill ou t t he e n

mg .

113 a am a These bs ss er t th t c t ion is pe r forme d t h t a

a ad a m
. v er so e

to ff e c t s e t hi n g e lse The c omple men t

wa a a a
p s se s ov e r n so .

s ho w w ho h t i t is t h t r e ce iv es t h is c t ion So t h e y
a a w ma a ha
s or . re

lle d Tr n s i ti v e , hic h
“
s s in g ov e r
”
The wor d t t
a a
c e ns p .

s ho w s j t he r e c e iv e r of t he c t ion is c lle d t he ob ect of t he v e rb .

114 a ll wh h a b i ai i
We b
am h a
nn ot te et tr t v e or n ot e xce pt

a bj
. c er v er s ns y
i f m im h b wi h et t t ou t e c t e xpr e sse s

w maa
ts
a l i haa m a
us e , or so es e v er n o s uc s

w wi h d iff
to i Th t e re nt

Th ma awah awah a
e s s y, or e se s e n ng . us , e y,
y s

d h n s toppe Th t s topped t
h a
e e ru n y orse , or e ru n y or se

h f f h h ill I h fi i d d b h b
h a
t r s t se nt e n c e t c t on e n ot e t
a
t e oot o t e . n e e y e v e r

a
h bj h I h to t d i
ect
“ ”
t se n t e n c e t c t on

a ad h b a
s se s e o or se n e se co n e
p ov e r .

d i id b d
”
d oe s n ot p s s ove r , n t e ver s t oppe s s to e u se in t r n

s i t i v e ly .

Ex e r ci se 8 1 Tell wh e t h e r t h e v e rb is t r ai i t int r a ns it iv e ;i
aa j
. ns v e or . e
.
,

whet he r it h s n ob ec t or n o t .

Th abli d ma a
w 7 Our a i a l flafli f m
h mah a
t t
I a
n n nev e r s . . n on g es ro

wm f i d
s y r en on hi s r e t ur n . t e d st -
e .

Th e b ells r in g me rr ily t he 8 Th h i h ffi fli t
ai a
ov e r . e sc oon e r n e o ng es

w l f di s t r e ss

Th fa
sno . s gn o .

The se xt o n ri n gs t h e bell m l w hi fi ld
a
. e r er p o s s e s .

Th e t r e e s w y in t he wi n d Th hi lw h h h t t
a wa
s . e s ps p o r ou g e

Howt h e win d sw y s t h e t ree s ! v es .

11 5 A Tr a n si t i v e v e rb is aaam
th t h l m t sh o win g wh o
a a
. on e s co p e e n

or wh t r ec e i v e s th e c t i on expr e s s e d by th e v e rb .

Th e Ob j e c t aa wor d a
a
11 6 . of t r nsi t i v e v er b is th e t h t d e n ot e s t h e
r ece i v er of th e c t i on .
50 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

III CO MP L EME NTS

aaa
d l ad a
. .

1 17 . We h ve b lre y e rn e ou t t wo kin ds of co mple

men t s
I Su bj e c tive Complemen ts The mplemen t of a a copul t iv e
ad i a
ll d a j
. . co

ve r b r e fe rs t o t he sub e ct , j n s c e Su b e c t i ve Compleme n t

a aam a a a a
.

Any word h h odify m y be

a
p or
r se t t c n n ou n or pr on ou n

j
su b e ct iv e c omple me n t ; s

S m aa (aj
am a ( )
o e) pl nt s re p i s onous
o . d e c t iv e

Y frie n d s u si ci n s

a a
our re . n oun

I ( h bee n h e
aa
)
( a
t c n n ot ve .
pron ou n

Tim e ) is of gr e t v lue .
ph r se

118 II Obj ec ts The mplemen t of aa tr nsi tive v er b is t he

ad ha
. . . co

Obj e c t of it , n s n ot hin g t o do wit h t he s u b e ct

j of t he
se n t en ce , bu t on ly wit h t he v er b .

Any
119 a ha a dl a se or cl use u se i ke
a wi aa b a a
. n ou n or pr on o u n ,
or ny p r noun ,

m y be used th bj tr n s it i v e v e r s t he o e c t of it ; s

j a a
Th e ( ) h found v e r di ct

W a
u ry s . n oun

m h( ) d hi in noc e nt
a w ( a
e ve pr ov e .
pr on oun

Fe to do
) h
wa ( a
r r ong .
p r se

Te ll only s) h t i s t r ue . cl u e

1 20 I II Obj e c tiv e Complemen ts Ther e a me t r a

am aa
. . . re so n

s it iv e ve rbs th t us t oft e n h second c o mplemen t t o m

m a
ve co

ple t e t h e ir e n in g . Thus

a aa Age m kes m n f e eb le
I k wa
a aa a
cool

Ca
. ce eeps t er .

Eli z be t h m de R le igh
ll d kni gh t .
y ou r og Brun o .

121 A ma a ma h b ma a l d kes f e e b le ”
k es
maf w d h a
In t oe s n ot

h a a
.
ge n e v er one

m d dj
ma
c t i on f t e ct ive f e eb le
h w wh a a i W m a
e xpr e ss t e pe r or e on n, or e n ee e

d d i hi m A “
t qu lit y kes
A ma
n ot

a
ma b a ma
to s o s pr o u ce n . e e n ge

f bl li c e f e eb le , ”

f mai
”

h m a
ut or e n ee es, n
-
n, ge .

mpl
a
i h d i b de
a
S o, t oo , t e e n ng o n t e se c on s e nt e n c e s co eted y
t he n ou n knigh t , whi ch sh o ws t h t knight h ood ws conferred u
pon
 S E N T EN C E B U I L D I N G -
53

Our e xpe c t e d fr ie n ds h aai d

a ma d a
ve rr ve .

The n sh oul c ont r ol his s sion

a
ngr y p .

W d hid e sh oul t he f u lt s of ot h ers

awi h ad w a
e .

dThe gr ss t h e flo f
m a ma
t
d d wa
ers n ers e .

Ti e n t i e it for
m a da a m
no n .

Th e el n ch oly h
a ma a la
ys ve c o e .

i The c it y of Flore n ce c ont

a
ns ny p ce s .

m w d The f t h e ir in t he s pri ng

lai will a a
r e r s so see .

I f y ou p nt t h i
S a
n y o u , y ou re p n ge .

H w d w ill spen t he i nt e r i n i
al da
e p n .

T w d b d h e fir e in t h e for se v e r
A a a
oo s ur n e y s .

b w h fe r ful g le le t he s ip o u t of it s cour se .

m ma bj
ab
d
ad
2 C . opy s o e of t h e pre ce in g se nt e n ce s , r ki n g t he su ec t , t he
m mn t he co pl n t s e fo r

ad la b a f ad a
e e e

a
.

C m l t t iv e ten lle I n t r nsi t i ve ; t h t

ai
o p e e n c opu ve r s re o c

is n ot tr ns ti ve .

125 Some aa a
v e r bs ll lai ma
th t
b d
a
t
am l a
. re ge n e r y copu ve y e us e

b Th mm b b m
m im m a i
t
waw ai
s co p e e v e r s . e v er y co on v er e ,
Is, re ,

s, e re so et es e ns ex s t , s n,

Th e t ime ne ve r a
w s wh en God a ws n ot .

a
Gen er lly wh e n t hi s ve rb is use d in t hi s wa h t e se nt e nce i s i nt r o
a
y
d u ce d b y there C n y o u t ell wh y ?

a
.

Th u s we Ther e i s h ope , n ot No h ope i s

a a
s y no . .

Th e r e h bee n se v e r e s t or m
aa a
s .

Th e re wi ll be l r ge crop of whe t .

Ex erc i s e 86 Which of t he se bs a mple t e ad wh a ic h

a
. v er re co n re

c opul t i ve ?

aada
De l y s r e 8 Not hing will grow in t h is cli

d la a
n ger ous . .

Y h w b
es , b u t t e r e ill e n o m
i a
te
A a ma aa a
e y s . .

l ki ook 9 Th ki ll m u s t ob e y

m i D a
t
l ma Hi a
c t y ng . . er e s ng .

A foo l w ook ise h t

Wha h a
y . s n e s e .

will b m e of cor n ? To t he v ic t ors belong t he

wll b m aa
t e co t e

It i e co e n o k . spoils .

We must gr o wold or d ie .
54 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

a
Re d t h efollowi n g, t hi n king of t hem fir st s c om a
aa
h e r ci s e 87 1
ad
. .

ple t e ve rb s , n t hen s t r n si t i v e v e r b s Th e n u se t hem in sent e n ce s

. .

Sele ct t h e v e rb s in Exer cise s 5 6 ad ad 5 9, t e ll wh e t h er t h e y a

a
2
ai i ad wh
. n n re

co mplet e, copul t i ve , or tr ns t ve , n y .

h e r ci s e 88 . 1 . Think of t h e followin g as j
su b e c t s of co mple t e
v e rb s . Th en writ e t he se n t e n c e s t h ey su gge st .

ligh t ni n g t ime Spid e r s

moon clo ck s pe t r ole u m

2 . Think of t h e followi ng a bj s su e ct s of a
t r ns i t i v e v erb s , ad w i
n r te
t he s u gge st e d se n t e n ce s .

report e r s

e le c t ri cit y

3 a
Use t h e s me wor d s s ob j ec t s of t r n sit ive v erbs a a
a a
. .

4 Thi nk of fiv e ob j e ct s which y ou s w on y our w y t o s ch ool Th e n

a a a a
. .

writ e five sent en c es c ont ining c opul t i v e v erbs wit h dj e ct ives s com
ple me n t s .

5 Writ e fiv e
. wit h n oun co mple me nt s .

C . THE E SS E N TI AL S O F A S E N TE N C E

1 26 aa aw m haf ma
The m t er i ls t h t
k h h us t in g t or t es t

a abj wi h a a ad
. e ve or e s

f s e n t e n ce s i ect t in t ;
a d awi h a b
o re su n oun or pr on oun n

pr e i c te t v er in it

a a a a ad
.

( ) T w w d m h i lk d b or ds r e r e qu ir e et t ou t ,

a
id a
o so ng e n

m
so i et h ng s ; s

Ni gh t me s Hope d e p a Life en d s

a
co . rt s . .

L ook y ou ! Wh o c lls ?

( )
b B t when t he v e rb is i n complete t h t is when t he a
a a
u ,

sen ten ce would be lmost me n ingless wit hou t some ot her

 S E N T E N C E BU I L D I N G -

word in t he predic t e , a t hen three wor ds aaa t le re r e quir ed ;

a
st

We a childr e n Yout h i s h opeful L ov e m a k e s fr i e nd s

a aaa a i a d
re . . .

( ) Wh we h v e b ns it iv e v er th t
a dd a
en tr r equ r es se c on

co mplemen t , fou r wor ds r e n ee e ; s

ma a L ove k e s l b or lig h t

a a w aa b a h
.

( )
d When in st e d of v er b h h t
aw d mab a a
e ve ver p r se, e
-

nu mber of es se n t i l or s y e s t ill l rger ; s

ma a a
Acci d e n t s a y h ve c us e d d el y

a
.

1 27 In w
s e n t e n ce , t h e n , t h er e t h ese t thr ee,
am
. e v e ry re o,

or f ou r ess en t i l ele whi h w i

en t s , ou t of c t he hole s en t en ce s

con s t r u ct e d

a a wha
.

1 28 Th e e s s e n ti ls d m
of it
m a a w b w
t
aahi
. se n t en ce , or n ee s ore

th n ny t ng else t o giv e it e n in g, re s ho n e lo .

1 29 Th e Esse n t i ls a a of Se n t en ce a its Simple Su bj ec t ,

a
. re

V e r b, nd Comple me n t wi t h ou t th e ir mod i fi e rs
ah
.

h e rc i s e 89 1 Redu ce se n t e n c e t o it s si mple s t for m

a ia a
. . e c or

m r k it by u n de r li i g i
n n l i ts e sse nt s n t his wy:

U nd er t h e j
sub e c t d a wa
wa li
d awa a
r vy ne

U nder t h e v e rb r i h li st r g t ne
 56 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

Under t he sub jec t iv e c omple me n t dr a

wa a wit h a
wa
a
st r ight line vy
line u nder it for d jec t i v e s m ;

Under t he ob e ct i v e c o
j mple me nt dr w aa ah st r ig t li ne ad n inclose it
Thus

awa m w
Th e sun l ys shi n e s s o e h er e

aw aa
.

Your f v or ill b e v e ry c c e pt b le

wa aa a
.

1 900 s n ot le p y e -
r .

a Th ewa s e n t i n el s t rs set t h e ir t ch in t h e sky .

ma a ( i ) L ov e k e s l b or l gh t .

dd d a Our goo li ve ft er
d a
ee s us .

m Se con s r e t h e gold d us t of t i

a a
e -
.

orbit of t h e e rt h is ellipt ic l

ma
The
a
.

M w ost le cit i ze n s t e t y one c n v ot e

a a d m w
ove r n -
.

A
a
t he dis t lo
ma
t nt clou

m aa
se s se e .

ma m d
d Th ey e hi c t
p ni of t he foot b ll eleve n -
.

w
The old li be t he be lfry t o
aA d a a
y or c er .

Jo n of i h t t he ke
a aw
rc pe r s e st .

R m isspent p s t ill be
for useless

a
e gre t .

m w The iser ille d hi s pr oper t y t o c ol

lege
wad a ma
.

St one lls o n ot i k
a
pr so n e .

Y w he old

wa
r t s ne v e r

W a
ou n g gr o .

e h ve t int ed our lls gree n .

a am wa a f a
a
ot h er e xe r ci ses u n t il t he esse nt i l
ad
Tre t i n t he
ab
2 . s e y, s o

se nt e nce c n d
e re cogni z ed n des cr ibe v ery re d ily .

D . MO DI FI ERS

Wh ai a a se nt e n ce ? An s se r t ion ? Wh t r e t h eaa
H wma a
Q
d wa
u e s t i on s 1
aa
. . t s

e sse nt i lp rt s of on e ? 2 h t ki nds of wor d s mus t be

maaa a m m a
. o ny n

a a
u se d to ke n sse r t io n ? 3 . Illu s t r t e fr o t h e se se n t e nce s t he e n

me difie r,
a
i ng of j
s ub e ct ,
” “
v er b
,
” “
co mplement , ” “
essent i ls ,
” “ ”
nd
“
d
j ect ive.
 S E N T E N C E BU I L D I N G - 57

a a a
Cow r dly me n re ge ne r lly poor soldie r s
a a a
.

The se fi ne st e me r s n ow m ke r e gul r t r ips

a a m a W a
.

4 Wh t ki nd of st e m is nt ? hi c h one s ? 5 Wh t words
Wh aw d d
. er s e .

modify t h e ve rb s ? b esc ri e s t h e t r ips ? 6 How would

ah j am d fi d
t
ad
or .

y o u s y t e su bj e ct n t he ob e ct re o i e ?

13 0 Some t imes se n t en ce s c on s is t of on ly t he t wo
aw ha a ab a
. ou r or

t hr ee words
ll d h th t t e es s enti ls ; ut ll w
a m f m ai d r
e ve c e ge n e r y e

fi d i t to odi rt to
m a
e xpr ess ou r

al
n n e c e ss ry y so e p n or e

i
e n ng e x c t y
af a
.

Th u s , i ns t e d Sh e ep fur n ish wool Th e y m we might

aM a a
o , or c e,

wish “ ’
son s s h e e p, f or ei gn br eed , fur n ishwool of fi ne qu l
a
to
a
s y, y
it y , or Th e y u n expected ly c m e y es ter d y Ifr om town I t o we lc ome us .
’

By a
dd in g mod ifie r s , we c on st r u ct fulle r se nt e n ce s , ad i t is a
b ou t

aw a
n

t he con s t ru c t i on or gr o wt h of s e n t e n c e s th t e re to s t ud y n o w .

1 ADJ E C TI V ES AS M O D I FI E RS

a ad
.

13 1 We kn ow t h t t he s ub ec t ,
j t he ob e c t , j met imes
a a a a
. n so

t he j
sub e ct iv e mplemen t , is d t h t
a a
co nou n or pr on ou n ,
n

dj e c t iv e s m y modify n oun s wherev er t he y occu r ; hen ce we

c on clu de t ha t

Adj ec tive s mab a

dd d t o e i t he r t h e su b ect or j t he mpleme nt
am d
y e e co

s o ifie rs Thus :

aa
.

h w Au s t r li n sh ee p fu r n is

a
fin e ool

aa w
.

m
aa b a
Th e s e bl ck sh eep fur ni sh lu b le o ol

a a
so e v .

Gl ss is b ri t t le , t r nsp r e n t s u st n ce

a a
.

Ad j dd d d
e c t iv e s w t hus ir e ct ly t o i i t h ou t t h e in t e r ve n
a b a ad A
e n ou n , . e .
,

t ion of A j
v er ,
re c lle t t r ib u t i v e d e ct i v e s .

h a
()
e roi s ea a 90 a 1 Cl s sif y ch se n t e n c e ; t h t is , t e ll it s ki n d
a a a
. . e .

()
b R d e ( ) t he j d e sse n t i ls . 0 Poi nt ou t t he s u b e ct n it s modifi e r s .

i t he v erb () Poin t t he mple me n t t e ll it s ki n d ,

a
()
d P o n t ou t . e ou t co ,

nd i it modi fi e r s Th u s

amp a l a
g v e s

a
.

The fir st is si le , sser t iv e sent e n c e . It s es se nt i s re dogs re

58 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

spect m a s ters Th e j
s ub e c t dogs i s mod ifie d b y t h e d j e ct ive s v ge a aa
a a
. .

Th e ver b is r es pect . Th e ob j e ct m sters is mod ifie d b y t h e d j e c t iv e

1 S aad a ogs r e spe c t s t ern m 8 ai

An u n cont r olle d t te
al l ma
. v ge s .
ppe Is

ters
al ha Th P li h a
. r e e n t e ss s t er .

2 C mi d
n g ev e n t s c st 9 l m mi t in e s
h aibl
. o on g s . e o s s -
see h

w
Ha
a
u st

amaa h a a da ha ad
o s . ex e .

t? Th l
Ta h b a
on ge s t

a ba
s ny n e vy co e y s n en

d ke t h t Y i d w rk ng

ai a
e ro , ope n p . our ogs re co

S h l j t dl
hai
uc on g ou r n e y s re re r y .

m D f h e s t r u c t iv e

A l w ba
et s

i di a j d h la
so e . res ve n

6 m et er t es t te
m wa ha w a d m
. o ro n c ur e e c r ops .

h
st or t I t t
Hidd fi ma k b a aa la
y e er . s sn o -
c ppe ou n

7 . k m k
en re es l c s o e . t in n e xt i n c t v o c n o ?

Copy t h e pr e c ed in g se n t e n c e s , n
2 ad ma k h ia l a b f t e e sse nt

a ad ah m l m m d
. r s s e or e .

I n close e ch s ub je c t modifie r i n c urve s i

al (
-
n e c co p e e nt - o

fie r i n ng e s Th us

(Th e s e ) sh e e p h a(
ve lon g ) h orn s .

3 Writ e se nt e n ce s to sh o w t he u se of a
dj e c t iv e s a f the
af h
. s on e o essen

ti ls
a a
t e sen ten ce

am difi
o .

4 . Writ e s ix se n t e n ce s t h t illu s t r t e t h eir u se s o er s .

D I R E C TI O N S FOR M ARK I N G S E N T EN C E S

13 2 Eve r y su b e ctj is t o b e m ad w h awa i

r ke it vy l ne , ev e r y ver b wit h
aa wa ma
i a
.

Th i ght li ne mple me nt k d wi l t h two line s ,

a ha
s tr

a
. e co s y s r e

b l
othi s o s tr ght for t h e j
ob e c t , s in ce m difi l t t o e s on y t h e v er b ; but

af a
t h e pr e d i c t e , b u t is lso r el t e d t o t h e s ub e c t a a
Th e pr e di c t e j a
aaj
rt

a a
p o .

n ou n i s di st i ngui s he d fr om t h e pre di c t e d e ct iv e b y pl c in g t h e w vy
li n e fi rs t

la
.

Th e (ob j e ct iv e co mpleme nt ) is u n d e r lin e d to sh o w it s re t i on t o t h e

v er b , ad n in clo sed i n agl aa

nmdfi es s o i er of t h e c omple ment .
 60 L ES S O N S I N EN G L IS H

3 ADJ ECTI V E AN D AD V ERB PHRAS E S

a a a
.

134 We hl f h how t h e essen t i m y

h a
t e sen t en ce

f a ad a
. v e s ee n s o

b m difi d b d di i dj i d b e c t ves The

a
e o e y t e t on o n v er s .

will b
ne xt st e p i h d d d w d m d fi
e t o g ve t o t es e e or s o i er s o f their

Th i ad f hi h a
us , lwa a
nsted ma i o g , y ,
s n ny , n

aa a High winds lw y s i n j ur e m ny t r ee s ,

w ma em awi aa a a
y odify e ch th n dve rb , nd s y

a w a m awa
Unu su lly hi gh ma i nd s l os t l y s de st r oy v e ry ny t r ees .

H a a a m d b
a wa a a
for in st is odi fie

waa
i t is th t d e st r oy ,
aa a
“
to not
‘
ere e sy see nc e , y
l m m
lone , b u t by t h e phr se l l y s , s in c e t he d v er b l
wa
os t

a
os t

ad w a m a
ys
w
ma a
is dde t o sh o t h t e d o n ot e n qu i t e l y s .

H w w m d is in d s
”
ified ?
”
D oes t ke t he
aa
Tr ee s
“ “

la a aj W amaa
o o v e ry ny

p ce of d n d m d
d e ct ive or n v e rb ? h t y ver b s o ify ?

a
( ) Th h a lit t le p all hi h ) a d
am difi
et c

w d a a
e se r ses u n us u y g ,
. re use

m h lik i e s n gle d wh
a b ha a f h m ma b w d a
s o e rs v e ry uc or s; n en n oun or

l m difi , me t d
m h a Th
v er s s ev e r o ers so o e y e or s n

so e p r s es . us

S ome l a t h rif t y I a a t h e r gr c eful

w a
t re e s
a
rg e r .

Th e y un expe c t e dly c m d e s lo ly n ve ry qui e t ly .

Exe r ci s e 9 2 Giv e t h e a ah
e sse n t i ls of e ad h modi
aa a ad a
. 1 . c se n t e n c e n t e

whet he r
a
Se le c t t h e mod ifie r s t h t
a
fi er s . re phr se s , n t ell t h ey re

like d j e c t i ve s or like d ve rb s .

V er y fe wpe rs on s a f t l a
h ppy
da
re pe r e c y .

We beh e ld t h e r k bl u e sk y .

Will for ge t ful b oy sb ecome good bu s in ess men ?

a
He dis pl y ed int e nsely di s gree ble m nne rs aa a
a a
.

He r e ft er I sh ll st ud y more dilige nt ly
adl a a
.

Some r ther u l boys h ve become ver y m

f ous men .
 S E N T E N C E BU I L D I N G -
61

2 . Copy , ama nd rk t he esse nt i a

l ad h
s n t e modifiers . Th us

( s)
Th i ( a
m )
s e pe r s on [v ery r ec e n t ly ] m d e a aa
( ) ( t h er
r t ir es ome )
spe e ch .

3 . Writ e four se nt e n ce s cont a

i i n ng modifi ed a
j d ec t i v e s ad m
n odifi e d

13 5 . An Ad je c t i v e ph r a s e c on si s t s of aa
j n d ec t i ve wi t h it s modi
fi er s .

1 36 a aa w m
An Ad v erb ph r s e c on s i s t s of n d v erb it h i t s odifi e rs .

aaj aa a a w a
.

W m fa dv er b t ke s o d i fier o h
aaj
d e ct iv e or

a
h en
a aa a
n n n y sor t, e ve

h w be ut iful i n c olor , s ui t b le for dri vi n g , h er e d e c t iv e

a aa a a
r se ; s, n
p
m
is a od ified by it i n l ph r ; li t t le c u t i ous ly , t e n f e e t f rt h er ,

a
s o se

aa m
p p
r e o

w he re a n dver b i s odi fie d by n oun ph r se .

aa 4 . ADJ Ec r rv E '
AN D An v n CL AU S ES

13 7 Adj Cla W ha tha th t ia

l f
a a
e ct i v e t
a t ma a a
.
u ses . e ve se en e essen s o

b m d i fi d b dj t i d d j i h e ct ve

a
sen en ce
y y p e o e ec v es n r se s .

Le t us st udy s t ill n ot her form of mdifierso .

We n eed tru stwor thy b oy s

aa
.

We need b oy s th t m y be tr us ted .

D h1 d ff ma H wd i in e n i ng ? t h ey diffe r in
wa h b
t 2
a a
. o ese se n t e n ce s er . o o

f m H ? d 3
b d h t e sc r i in se n t e n c e ? 4 Wh t
Wh a
or . o re e oy s e e c .

ki d f m d fi w h ki d f m d i is tru s t ? 5 ifi e r m h
a
or t t us t t
ha ma W ad ha a
n o o er n
y . o o e

e quiv
l e nt expr e ss io n
b d
ad d a i
t t b t t d e? 6 h t t t st

H w ma b j
y e r u s e . oe s n

for ? 7
Wha
ic t es t he se c on d se nt e n ce ?

a
. o ny su ect s n p e
r n

8 . t re t he y ?

13 8 The a
s ec on d s e n t en ce c on t
i t wo gr ou ps of wor ds e c h a
ai a bj a a ad ap di a
. ns

h — w e n eed boy s , n d th t

ma
e ct te
mi h b am l
v ng su n re c

b d h fi Th
tr us te T rs t t t s en t e n c e

i m a a
y e . e g e co p e e . e

h w
ad i d lik aa
d
s e c on d d griou i
p, o ev e r , e pen s for ts e n ng n p r t u pon

th fi e dj i
rst , t m dify b y n s us e e n e c t ve o o o s.
62 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

a a
13 9 Thes e p r t s h wi h abj
a ad a of

A la h a ha
t ec t

d aa a m a
sen t en c e , e

a
. c su n

ic t e , re c lle d i wh c l us e s t t
a a ala A la
pr e . c use s e n ng en

us e d lone i in depe n de n t i i l
m a a a
s n or pr n c p c us e . c us e

w m m
h os e l wh d l i de pe n de n t
aa
e n i n g lsp co ete en us e on e , s

or s u bor din l te c us e

a aa a a a j aa
.

140 A cl u s e is of i ning su b e c t nd

a
. p rt sent ence c on t

pr e di c te

aa a
.

141 A I n d epen d en mple t e

a
Pr in ci p l Cl
m a
. n t or us e is on e t h t is co

in e ni ng wh e n u se d lon e .

142 A D e pe n d e n t Su b or di n t e Cl a a a
t h t i s u s ed aa
aj
is
a
. or us e on e s n

d e ct iv e , d v e rb , or n oun .

143 . An Ad j e c t i ve Cl a use is on e u sed lik e aaj n d e c t i ve .

Exerci s e 9 3 Point t h e pri n c ip l aad h de pe nd en t a

c l us e s .

h a
ou t t
ad a a m dif
. n e

Wh t oe s e dj
c i e ct v e cl u se o y ?

Ti me t ha
aAll wa h
i los t, is lost for e v e r Et h
aa
1 2
a
t t
a Ra a d Ti
. s on ce . . n en s e

ffi w d d h
ho h w i 3 hi ch des cr bes
a
t
ha d d d a
t
a 4 Ah lf a ad
o ce r c p p u r e con er og . . e e p r gr

h i i is iv i
whi h a ad
t t n st t se nn ot st

ha
t t
‘

e c p u r e . . ou se e g c n .

5 lf i l
T w l i Th ife
’
6 Py r e n ee s
ha a a a ad S a
t t
a m a 7 N mawh
. e s ong c ns ers s g e
r en s . . e

t he
i iou n t t t t e Fr
d a ha Ti h a a ha
re ns se p r n ce n p n . . o n o

m m h l ent e v e r ou g 8
’
t
a
t to t
awa il h a
n ee s on u v e on e . . s e ve n on e

i gi
s v enTh m d i f h m
y . 9 . e ev t t en o l ves t er t e .

1 44 Adve rb Cl a m d d la a a J us t en t

d a a a d aa
. u se s . s so e e pen c use s re

dj i h d b Th e c t v e s , ot

w C m a a
us e s e rs re us e s ver s . us

C m C m wh I l t l
S a S a la S a a
o e no . o e on ce . o e en c y ou .

d h
t d inh d wh er e . t n n t is p ce . t n er e y ou re .

a
I n t h e se impe r t iv e se n t e nces h ow is come modifie d ? 2 Wh t
1 a
a a
. .

e xpr e ss ion s t ell wher e one is t o s t n d ? 3 Which of t h e mod ifie r s r e

h a Cla ad af a
.

words ? P 4 G u se s ? iv e t h e s ub e c t j d i h
la i
se s ? te
a am d
r . n pr e c o e c

h i fie r s wh e n t he
aad
c l u se 5 U t se n t e n c e s

b a
u ses

wa
. . se e se c n s o

bell r ings ; b f h e or e t e c r st rt e ; e c u se it s c lose d

a aa
.

145 . An Adv er b cl u s e is on e us e d lik e n dv erb .

 S E N T E N C E BU I L D I N G - 63

Exe rci s e 9 4 . S ele c t t h e a a a

d verb cl u s e s , nd t ell wh t t hey a modify .

1 The book ws a fou nd whe re y ou put it 2 a Th ey will d o t h ey

ahidd a a ai a a
. . . s

re Come s
en . 3 . t h e w ves c ome w he n d d n v es re st r n e .

4 Th ink of t h e fut ur e wh e n y ou spe nd m d H le ssly 5

a a S a fl w
.
on ey ne e . . e

whist le d s h e went for w nt of t h ou ght 6 . . c w t t er o ers h e re our

h er oe s lie bur ied .

5 . PRE PO SI TI O N A L P HRAS E S

1 46a a l h k dTher em df i i ot in s of i y
whi h ha h m a a a ad a
. r e se v e r er o n g e xpr ess ons

d dj d b e n in g us e of ec t i ve s

a amaa
t
lwa b
c ve e n n ver s .

4 A 1 7 d lk
Prepositi on l Ph r i
a a
. se y y s e us e e

dj i d b Th
e ct v e or

i al k a di aa
ver . us :

A f h s on e o dj i t e e ss e n t ls , i e pr e c te e c t ve

O ur ut e n sils wer e of wood woode n)

Th e se s v aa af ge s re ro m Afr i c a Af i a) r c n

a
.

As m odi fier :
a(f V m ) a
Th e lowmou nt in s i ma bl ont c on t

la
o er n r e .

T b d
he d [f mil ] s , e xt e n

adiff
or es
y e r s , or e .

Th h w (i l )
m ha (
t
I a dma )
ey s o gr e er e n c e n co or .

bey on
wa a ma
ppy e su r e .

B (f
ur ns ) s n o gen i us

Wh ad a h h am dif Wh a a b id
. .

m dfi ? t i t here
h a
t oe s e c p r se o y o er s re es es

t h e p r se s ?

Exe r ci s e 9 5 C d l h 1aad ma k h m in e t e e s s en t i ls , t odi

ai
. . opy , u n er n r e

fi er s , s di n pr i
e c e ng e xe r c ses .

Th a h fi d i h a
h
alwa i
1 t to
wa
t us t r y t
m ama
. e p o n s e p su cce ss .

Th d f h le d h h e n or t

Ph a
2 to
wa i ia
t n ot t t
ab d
. e n ee o e co p ss y y s po n r .

3Th i i l n v e n t on o f e t t e rs t t ri ut e t o t he
a
ns

f Sh b a
. e s en c .

4 Th Q wh wd m fS lm is
la w V gi i a
. e u ee n o e s t e o o o o on .

5Tw b
e nt y s h i 9 t to ir 16 1
i a a
. v es e re r oug n n .

6 Th w i h
7 A d ll h a a a a
. fe id e g t o ev e n ce s g i n s t y ou .

l d f h l mi l i h k b
a
.
y u , p g g
e v y c ou y o v or n s oo n t e s ov e

our h e ds .
64 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

2 aw d a
Howm ma k a aa
wha
re n e e d e d i i l phr Of
wmam d
. ny or s to e r
p pe os t on se ?

ki d m t h ey
ha l d
t b I h t he ho ifie rs
H w mahaha
n ust e? n seve nt se nt e n ce , ny o
“ ” “ ”
s c ou o ny s ngs

1 48 Modi fied Pr epositi on l Ph r a a Th bj f a e ct

a a h mab m di fi d b
se s e o o re
.
p p .

osi t ion , like in

a
n y ot

h a d aa
n oun er use , e o on e
y e y
m dj i e ct ve s , or b dj i Th w
maa
or or e y p r s e s use s e c t v es . us e

y s y
Th e h eight of mount in s a
a
.

The h ei gh t of t h e s e moun t ins

a
.

Th e h e igh t of t h e s e lof t ym i
a A aa
ou n t ns .

Th e heigh t of mou nt i ns in l sk .

I n t he first t he ob e c tj of t h e pr e posit i on is u nmodified , i n

a
se nt e n c e

t he se con d it is mod ifie d b y a limit i n g d j e c t iv e , i n t h e t hi r d by a

aa
limit i n g a nd de scr ipt iv e d j e c t iv e , ad in t h e four t h b y a i i a
l
a a
t
aa
n p p
r e os on

h d d j i e ct v e

mab a
p r se u se s n .

Words which modify ot h e r mod ify i ng word s , ll d

am
y e c e s e c on

d ry odi fi e r s .

Exe r ci s e 9 6 Fin d t h e u se d i n pr e posit i on l ph r a a ad

a
. n ou n s se s n

n m e t he modifie r s :

ad h Th e y m d f b a m r ch e 2 Th e s iz e of

a
1 to t t ru t
ama h a f hi h a
. e s ou n o r zen pe s . .

d h ld d
’
mi t he size t 3 I n t his sm ll
f ma fa
et e r

aAbb
n s e s ou ne o s . .

h
c or n e r of d m t lie s t h e ust o t 4 Th
ha a
t
a hi w am
ey ny ou s poe s e
e gre . .

d m s h ook it h ulou s me nt like t h t

ha
in t re
aa l a A d lla a
r s n e rvous n ov e
p pe

of f
n i
s pe n d w h e . 5 . o r n t he n is or t t en doll r s I n some
on e e lse s
’
poc ke t

a
.

1 49 ,
A Pr e posi t i on l ph r aa s e c on s i s t s of a p p
r e o s i t i on nd its j
ob ec t

wi t h or wi t h ou t modifi e r s .

6 PO S S E S S I V E S ; M O D I FI E RS or AN O TH E R KI N D

a a a
.

Some t ime s
1 50 wor d is dj ec t iv e by n t ur e , like t hos e we
a a a
.

h v e be e n s t u dy ing ; bu t wor d t h t seems t o be s omet hin g

else m y be lsa aa
o d je c t iv e by u se I n t h es e s e n t e n c es .
 S E N T E N C E BU I L D I N G - 65

a bi haj b k Edw r d
’
c y cle us t d own,
h a
s s ro en

Th e y e rd t h e h orse h oofs ,
’

a wa a
s

Y our y cht s in t h e r ce

a fi d aw d a
dj s u s ed like e c t iv e s ? Do t h e y aall lik m t
Wh a
n u n ny or se e e
c y o

b w m s? To ho di d t h e bicy cle b elon g? h f w t

a Wh w a
n ou n s or v e r oo s er e

he rd ? o o ned t he y ch t ?

Su c h a wa
wor ds
d Ed
’
hor s e
’
aall d Po s
w a
1 51
a f h am ma
d a
. s r s, s, y ou r ,
re c e

s e s s i ve s , be c i t e st te en t s j us t t r ue , e c n

a
use , e re

y
aa a
s
Edw r d h d , d bi c y cle ,

a
or pos s es se ,

d d h oofs ,
”
Th e h h
“

ha aa
or se ,
or po s se ss e ,

Y ou d d ch t
”
,
or poss e sse , y

ad w a a a
t h t t he y l ly had a
af
n e s ee r e re n ou n s or pr on ou n s c n ge

lit t le fr om t he mmon u s ed li ke d ecti ves t o de

wa
co

sc ri be the t h in g me n t ion e d by s ho win g to who m or to h t it

belon gs .

Exe rci s e 9 7 1 . Me nt ion a

ll h t e pos s e s s i v e s , ad n t ell wh a t n ouns

t h ey mod ify
ad a
1 En glw f l M d d d
’
is 2
’
mali
ma a 4 Nal
. n s n vy ver y po er u . . en s go o ee s y ve

f Child h w t h e ir t r in i n g
’
3
d d hi daa a W d ah awi h w
or e v er . . r en s nner s s o . .
po e o n

S H t t e le n 5 t flo
a
en e s y s . . . e e cor te er gr ve er s .

6 Y m will b d d m m 7 I h for s ol ie r s
’

b a
en t s t
da la wa ma
. our on e y e u se on u . . s er e

b k G d m
ou t in gs
’
u gh t e r s ? 8
’
cli t e is it s
a a aa
pr ov e r . ree n n s r

W
t e st t r e d m h i w 9 int e r
’
te t g t 10
Wi d m wa a wa f l a a
gr e s ur e . . s ru e pe s s re er ng n o . .

Y l fi d
’
l h or n e t s
’ ’
nt n e s s 11
a la a d bl al
s o s y s re y s o p e s . . ou n

t her e
d D oes E c u r ge s t c oi n e qu l ou r
’
n e st s . 12 . or s ou e e g e?

a h
2 Ch a a h t i to i t i l ph r
ad lima m a
t
l ma G ad
. ng e e po sse s s v e n ou n s p p
r e o s on ses, us

G r ee nl n
’ ”
Th e i of r ee nl n

a
te
a
te
a a
s c e ns c .

A 3 h . b m n ly z e t
i d m d ifi e se n t e n ces y r ki n g t he e sse n t ls n o er s .

1 52 To m ke t he posse s s iv e form, a mmon ly t ke n aa

a a a aaa a
. n ou n s c o

os tr o he nd s b t if h lr e dy been dded to
p p u n s s
66 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

a
m ke t he a a aa
word l l t h t k l t h [Th
a a a a
p u r ,
e y e on y n pos r o p e e

pr on o u n s re ch n ge d in v rious w y s ; you , you r; they , thei r ;

he, his ; I , mi ; she , her , et c .

]
153 A P os s e s s i v e i s a am a a
m a
. spe ci l for of n oun or pr on oun u s e d to
Sh o w wh os e pr ope rt y i s e nt .

7 . APPO SI TI V E S : N O UN S U S E D a s S E C O N D N AM E S

1 54 An ot he r
. s or t of modifier a
pp ai e rs n t h is ex a
m l p e

Thi s m a a
m n is J es Hoope r , tr e as ur e r .

Th e a
m H a a J nd tr e s ur e r e v id e n t ly r e fer t o t he am
aw a aa a a
n ou n s es ooper s e

m H
nd e u n d e r st nd th t J i s tr e So, spe k ing
w m w ama a
pe r s on ,
es oope r s ur er .

of t o w men ho re c hi n i s ts e i gh t s y :

Ha a ma aj ad rdy nd Gr e e n e , c h i ni s t s , h ve ust f ile .

Exe r ci s e 9 8 . I n t h e followi n g se n t e n ce s

My br ot he r Ru d olph us is ming h ome ,

aa b ma d
co

m I, Willi m to rr ie

W llia mS a a d d
, e ,

k i h t ie in 1 6 1 6 ,
Wi ia m Sh a a
es pe re , poe ,

l ll ke s pe r e , c on fe c t i o n er , iv e s in D st r ee t ,
W ha d a h d ha a wh ama e re c e t t gr e t e t r ke t , Ch ic go a
wh aw d w w h b
t i m a t sh o hic r ot h e r nt ? ic h wor d s sh o w wh o is
m ab W ill a m S a a B
or s s e

k I n t h e fi ft h fi nd t wo
“
i h
” “ ”
nt I ?
a
e y e spe re y
n m es i for on e th ng .

1 55 add dA ah d ib is oft e n to n ot to
la
i i m a a
. n o un e e r n o un e s cr e or

i wh m i
ts h Th s n o t e n oug

add d i all d a a ad i j am h a
e xp n e n ng, e n on e n e . e n oun

h
t m difi i t i us t

aaa lik a a i a alwa

us e s c e n ppo s v e , n s s uc o er

sdj i i
n h h dj i
ec t v e lm s, t ou g ,
un e n ec t v e , t os t y s

f ollo ws t he wor d it mod ifies .

The word a
pp os i t i ve me ap ns ut b y t h e s ide of.
68 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

1 59 a aa
. w a m
An Appos i t i ve ph r se is n ppos i t i ve it h ll i t s odifi ers .

1 60 A a a
. w a m fi
P os s e s si v e ph r se is po s s e s s i v e ith ll i t s odi er s .

w
Exe r ci s e 1 00 a wi aa 1 Tell h ich ph r i n t h e follo i t i
ad w ad a a
. . se s ng re ppos v e

n m
hi ch pos s e s si ve ; n giv e t h e od i fi e r s in e ch ph r se

a a
.

1 Ch r le sd Di cke n s , t h e gre t En glish n ovelist , ie d in 1870 2 Th e

a a a am a
. . .

M t he b w m
t ellit e of t h e E r t h , is ou t t o t h ou s n d ile s i n d i e t er

aAm a a a
oon , s .

3 R b
I n 1 80 7 , m Fult on , e ric n e n gi n ee r , s ile d t h e fir st st e

a C m ja
e rt

a ad
. o n

b o t , t he H m ler t he u d s on 4 Be n i n Fr n kli n , is t in
a amawa
ont , on . .

i h Am
d W
e ric st t es b or n in Bost on in 1 706 5 ho
ad a i a
gu s e n n, s . .

w d oul m d i sr e g lov ot h er s
’
c o u n se l? 6 Th e br colo n e l s
’

wa a
r ng . ve

r e ply 7 W Q
“
w ’
w
I ll t r y , S ir
”
h it t ie r , t h e ker poe t , r ot e Sn o
aa Ha a
s, . . u

d A W w “
Bou n in t er I d y l 8 N th n iel t h or n e , u t h or of The
Ma a wa Sa m a Ma a
. .
,

rb le F
”
b or n i n le c it y in c h u se tt s 9 Cor t e z ,
wa aS a a R m mb aa
un , s ,
ss . .

t he M
c on que r or of e xi c o , ni rd 10 l st y e
’

ad ma a a
s p . . e e er y o u r r s

N w eb t n d in g
’
e xperie n c e s 11 Thi s is of st 12
aa a
. . ny y e rs . . o

com m es t he or ni n g st r, d y
’
s h r b i n ge r .

A a
2 n ama
ly z e t h e pr e c ed in g se nt e n c e s by c opy in g nd r ki n g

R a ad a
. .

w
Exe r ci s e 1 0 1 d t h e se or d s n ot e t h e ide t hey
ma a
. e n s s u gge s t

Th e n w m ke ini n g t h e se or d s odi fi e d by
a a
t o y ou . se n t e n ce s c on t

ppo s i twi v e o r d s or ph r s es .

9 APP O S I TI V E C L AU S E S

aa aa
.

16 1 Some de pe n den t cl re us e d i i modifiers

a
t
a
u ses s
.
ppo s v e

j us t s n o uns re Thus : .

a af i h h ld Th e f b ct th t li or t s kee p u s
m a a awa a a
e s s ou u sy .

T he h d th t pe ce s d ec l r ed , fl s t he wi r e s
Ha ma ha bl d a
e ss g ,
e e ove r .

d h d rv e y e t e isc ove r y t t the oo ci r cu l tes

la i
.

d d
P oi n t h t he 2 Tell
R a
1 ou t e nt c t
ad d a a
e se se n t e n c e s

d a
. e pe n u se s n . .

bj h h ic t e of e mit t ing
la 4 Wh a a
3 se n t e nc e

a
su ect n pr e c . . e e c o

c u sew dd. h pl i
. ? t or oe s e c one e x n
 S EN T EN C E B U I L D I N G - 69

Apposit iv es a ally A a
cl use used aaa i i
a
t
a
re ge n e r n ouns . s n ppos ve

is N oun Cl us e .

E i a a whaa S ele c t t h e cl u s e s , nd t ell e ch

aa
1 0 2 t
j a a Ra
xer c s e . n oun one

m d o w ifies Sh o t he su b e c t nd t he pr edi c t e e d t he prin cip l cl use

a a
.

a b wa d d
. .

m m Th e t h t t he h d be e n s u nf ou n 2
am ha a
1 . ru or st e er urnt e . .

Th e st wte d e nt t t t he e rt h is r ou nd is und isput e 3 The

a aw
no . .

wi w w
h e t her I go or st y is st ill u n n s er ed 4 Th e on der

a ma a aa w
qu e s t on . .
g e
r

th t d ll he c ould c rr y ll h e kne Do forge t t hi s

a
5
wama
n ot

a
one s . .

t h t t he d oo r t o su c ce ss is l y s r ke d Push .

16 2 a .a A N oun Cl us e is on e u s e d lik e n oun .

m a a aa a
aa
163 . A Co plex S e nt e n ce i s on e con t in in g pr i n ci p l cl us e nd

one or m or e sub or di n t e cl us e s .

S U MMARY I MO DI FI E RS

16 4 ad h w i i haa
We mab
wun derst t t t
a
sen t en ce

f i ma l la a
a
. no n o s y e

l i dw m f
w d a
con t

a
t
a a a
us t o t en
m dif a a a
very on g ; or y n se v e r c us es , n e

i d i b f w l
w ma
e c n e x r e ss e x c t

wha
o g y g or p n n n e ore
y
t e n

a
e

a a
.

Th m l m di fi fe si h f h t i b l w rt o

a
p e s g o ers or e c p speec re ven e o .

[S C eeXV ] h p
ad P ma haf m difi
. .

N ou n s n ronou ns y ve or o e rs

aam ha
wor d : Kind he
a Thi a m
r ts re or e t n cor onet s .

a Th aa
1 An Adje c t i v e h b is n ext r e ely i n t e re s t in g ook

mad
.
p r se : s .

m
cl u s e : th t c i ne
a a: Th a
ose e re

wa
.

2 . A Pr eposi t i on l Ph r li f se e e of Li ving s t on e s one of s e lf

s crifi ce

wa l a ia
.

w H
ma w k ha
or d : is hi s
a
l
ll b ma
3 . A P os s e s si v e
ener gy s on y c pt .

ph r se : Ev e ry
if
’
n s or s e n e st

wa
.

w Th Mor d :

aHm
bli d ilt on
wa
e poet s n .

4 An Apposi t i v e
a Th fa a ai p d
.
ph r se : bli d
o er , t h e Gr e e k poe t , s n .

cl us e : e ct th t h e i s d e d s r ove .
70 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

Ver bs , Adjecti ves, ad A

n dverbs m y h a af ve or modifiers
wor d : He gi ves t wi c e wh o gi ves qui ckly
a S aw a
.

An Ad verb mor e
a
h h ll e n ot s tr i ve con s t nt ly

a Gw
1 .
p r se :

c l us e : o h en h e c lls y ou .

2 A Pr e posi t i on l Ph r aa m se : L ook n ot ournq y i n t o t h e p a st

a a al
. .

The ot he r p r t s of s pee c h re very r re y mod i fie d .

KI N DS O F S E N TE N CE S ! S U MMARY

16 5 We h a ad ha
le t t in t he ir me a ni ng or us e sen t en ces

a
. ve rne

re of t hr ee kin ds :
As s e rti v e ( D e cl a
a) a am
ining st t e
a a
or r t i ve ,
cont en t s .

I n t e rr og t i v e , s kin g i
a ma
t
ad
qu e s o ns .

I mper t i v e , kin g co mm n s or r e que s t s .

166 . In m
f ,
or s en t e n c e s a
m y be of four kin ds
Si mple , h av in g one indepe nde nta cl u se

ai la
.

Compoun d , h w m i d d
a
t e nt c

la ad ala
v ng o or or e n e pe n u s es .

Complex, h v i n g one i d d d d
a
n e pe n e nt c u se n t e s t on e epe n ent

cl u se

ha al a w i d p d la ad
.

Complex Compoun d , i t st t e nt c

la
v ng e o n e en u ses n on e

or mor e de pe nd e nt c u se s .

167 . The su b ect of

j a sen t en c e m ab y e

Simple , A fri end in e

n ed a
f i d i de d
is
ad fa
r en n e .

Compoun d , Honor n m m d e fr o n o c on it i on r ise

ad a a
.

The ess en ti l pre i c te of s e n t en c e m y be a

Si mple , Slowly t h e mist
’
a a
t h e me d oww s
ad m ad a
o er cr eepi ng .

Compoun d , I n Him we li ve n ove n h ve our bei ng

a b mab
.

The co mplement of ve r y e

Simple , Honor t h e memor y of a

f lle n mr de s a
a a
our co .

I t se ems but n idle t le

a
.

Life is t oo shor t t o be w st ed .
 S E N T E N C E BU I L D I N G -
71

Compoun d , Bring ad weet li li es f ir a

a waa ad aama
r os es s n .

Fr nklin hi l h st tes
ad d w ad
s p os op er n n .

The t r it or ie un ept , u nhonor ed , n u nsung .

WESTMI NS TER ABBEY

I p ad me t ime i n Poe t ’
Cor ne r , whi ch occ upie s ad f one of

a a f h a a
sse so s n en o

t he t r i l
n se pt s or c r os sbb Th m t m e nt s

a am a
s es o e ey . e on u re ge n e r

ll im l f h li f li ff d t iki h m f h t er n o st r

Sh a aad Addi h a a
y s p e, or e ves o ry en or ng t e es or t e

l k d h i m m e r e ct e

a pahab m da
t v e st t ues to t
ad m im m
scu p or . espe re n s on e r e o

i b h ut t lli t er rt

N wi h a m m ia
u st s , et

l I ha
r es ; e g e
r ve e on s , n so es er e

i ip i t di h impl i f h
ot t st t ic t y t
a lwa b d h ah h a ma a
n s cr on s . n ng e s o e se e or s, ve

i i bb t i d l t t b on ge st

A ki d a
t or s t o t
a a
ou t

a
y s o se r v e e v s e e y re ne

t h m d f d f li k l f h ld i i t t t ty
aa d mi a a h l did m m f
e . n per n on er ee ng es ce o co c u r os or

i wi h whi h h
aad h h i Th li a
t
aa
v gu e r t on c t ey g z e on t e sp e n on u e nt s o

h t b t h b h mb ou t to
m a
t t ou t t
f i d a m a
e gr e n e er o c . ey n ger e se s e s

fr d i f i d d h i m hi f i t
h a ad th a
et

ak w p
o en s n co p n on s ; or n ee er e s so ng o co p n on

hip b w et h d t O h m ut t n to

i a
s een e or n e re er . er en re no os

i l h h h m di m f hi
y t whi h i t ll wi s t or y , s c on t n u

h a
t er t y
fa ad b ad hi f ll w
on r ou g e e u o c y g o
r ng

i
nt b h i b w h ut t n t er c our se et t ut

wa ad imm dia H hali d f h m m

n o sc ur e ; e ee n e or n s e o

m i i c t ve , te t
h af h im lf h h aa ad h
en s ev e r n e ,
n e . e s ve or e or e

t ifi d di j m e nt s ,

ia ha
n or se ; e s s cr ce surr ou n n g e n oy n s ut

hi m lf f m h d li h f l li th mi h h m i i
t fe , t t t
W ll mah
t
wi h di a mi d a d di aa
nt

ma
se up ro e e g s o s oc e g e or e

l
te y mm t st nt st nt

w f i ha
y t
ha
co un e n s n ge s . e e

w ld h i h hi b d b d d f
ad bl d b b h dili di a
t n ot

f pl a W ll ma
or c er s s re no n ; or s een pu r c se , y ee s o

i l i ut y t g t t
a a a a
v o en c e n oo , e e n spe n s on o e sur e . e y
os t e ri b tyf l hi m m f h h te l f i i h
to i t t
a ad di ai b wh l a f wi
p e gr u s e or y ; or e s e n n er t nce ,

m of e m ut t re
f la
t
h a a
n ot py n es n sou n ng ct on s , o e su r e s o s

d m b i h
o m f hr g t ge d ld i s o g t ou g t, n go en v e n s o n u ge

Wa
.
,

hi I i s ngton rv n
g .

Exe rc i s e 1 0 3 S l fi w d b l i a 1h af h
e e ct to rt o

ai i b wi h h i bj la
. . ve or s e ong n g e c p spe e c .

2 M i fi 3 Fi
aa
e n t on tr t i t t ect s

b a
t
la 5 Wh a
. ve ns v e ve r s e r o . . v e copu ve

d h i m lm t 4 Q dj i e nt s u ot e e ct v e c

? 6 Wh a
t
a ii i h fi h la
v er s n e r co p e . . n u se . .

t t i di bjr st i se nt e n c e t re c t e ct t st ?
ia
pp s
o ve n e . n o n e

Wi
wha
7 S l h m l b h l f h fi e t e v er 8 t
9 Wh a i
e ect t te t e e ss e n t

f a
t en
la
. r e e co p s . . r s o e r st

a
c uses . d j ti
.
d y tt i ? 10 F se r es o t ec ves o ou no ce .
or
t e emcolons used?
'

re h s i
72 L ES S O N S IN EN GL I S H

C HAP TER V

S E N T E N C E A N AL Y S I S -

Exe r ci s e 1 0 4 a i whi h 1 Ment io n t h e t h ree c l s se s

adi id d a d
nt o

m a Wh ai a
. . c se n t e n ce s

i im l in g t o 2 t se n t en c e ? 3
wh ama
re v e c c or n ng s
e . . s p e .

A mp d 4 I m d
se nt e n c e ? nt o t se nt e n ce

a ad 5 E wh ama r
co ou n .
y ev er y co po u n

b im l te ? se n t e n ce ? 6 I nt o
a
t
nlad ad ad di a
e sep r . v ery s p e .
y ev e y
bj b E e ct te ? 7 e nl r ge te? 8
Na a
l h aa f a
e r ge su e sep r . v er y pe
r c .

m h w d i o e sse n t i
Th h 9
Wh a a f h maf m am l m
t t t t se nt e n c e t
a
e e s re ou n n . . e ree

e s se n t i
l 10 t p rt s e nt ? 11
Wh a i a
s . . o spe e c y or co p e .

m difi
t s o er ?

1 68 While s t u d y in g t he bui ldin g u p of s en t e n ce s a we h

a m ai i a a aa f
. ve

h d c t ce An ly s i s, t he t k ing rt

w ha l a a
a
so e pr n or p o s en

t e n c es ; for i t d ou t t he ir pr i n c ip
d r ts ,

ha h w h w a
e ve po n e p n

ve s o n o e ch is modi fie d .

169 a
An ly si s i s t h e pr oc e s s a
aa a
a a
of s e p r t in g int o i t s p
a a
. s e n t e n ce rt s ,

nd of sh o wi ng wh t t h ey h ve t o do wi t h on e n ot h er .

1 70 aa l i a
Me th od I f, in s e n t e n ce , we t re tam dif
h a la ai l w d a
. . n y z n g o y
in g p h t e s t r u c t u r e of i t
ma lai h a
r s e s or c us e s s s ng e or s, c n

be d ll e i wi i c e r, e t er or y or n r t n g, by t ellin g in t hi s
or der
Th e ki n d of se nt e n ce

a ha m
.

Th e kind
ala ( la )
of c l u se s t t f or it .

Th i i lc
aTh bj ad i m difi
e pr n c p u se or c u se s .

e ct ts
b a
. e su n o er s .

b Th d i m d ifi ts
ad i m difi
. e v er n o er s .

Th m lm
a la ( la )
c . e co p e e nt n ts o er s .

4 Th e su b or di n

aTh bj ad i m difi
.
te c u se or c u se s .

e ct ts
b a
. e su n o ers .

d i m difi
a
b Th . e v er n ts o ers .

c. The comple ment d n it s modifiers .

 SE N T E N C E A N A L Y S I S -
73

5 . The conne ct i v e s .

6 . The in d e pe n d e n t expre s si on s .

M od e l for An ly si s a A fool spe ks aa ll hi s min d , but w ma

a i se
a
. n

re se rve s so me t hi ng for h e re ft e r .
”

1 This is am d a s s e rt i v e se nt e n c e

a
. co poun .

2 For me d by unit ing t wo si mple sse rt ion s

a a a a
. .

3 The e s s e n t i ls of t h e fir st sse rt ion re fool spe ks mi nd

l i m d i fi d by h a a
. .

4 The sub e c tj f dj i t e ct v e

a
. oo s o e e .

5 Th e ve r b s e k i m d i fi d l b i b j m i d e ct

ll a
ts
h a a
.
p s s o e on y y o n .

6 . The ob e c t j mi d i m difi d b
n s dj
o i d b
e h p y t e e ct v e ,
n y t e . os

se ssive

af h
hi s
d a i ama
.

7 The e s s en t i ls t m hi et

ad wi
s se r t on

mai m di fi d b h a a
. o e se c on re n r es erves s o ng .

dj
a af
8 . The sub e c t j n s o i e y t e e ct v es n se .

9 . The v e r b r es erv es is modifie d by t he preposit ion l ph r se

.

or her e

The j methi ng i s mod ified

a
10 . ob e c t s o un .

11 . The c on un c t i onj but u n it e s t h e t wo s se rt ion s .

1 71 . A phr a ad p
s e or e endent a mab aa
cl u s e l d y e n y z e

t e llin g
I t s kin d 3 Th e e s s ent i als
ai m
. . .

2 . Wh t t odifi e s . 4 The modifi er s

. .

Thus , i n t h e se nt e n c e

De S ot o (t he disc ov e re r of t he Mississippi) w s bur ied [in a it s a

w t ers ]
aahah
,

we m y s y t t t e di s coverer of the M i s s i ss i ppi i s

1 a a An pposi t i v e ph r se , 2 M od if y i n g t he n ou n D e S oto

ad a ad b
. . .

3 4 Th e di scoverer is mod i fied b y t he dj e c t iv e the

a af M
n . n oun n y
t he pre pos it i on l ph r se o the i s s i s s i ppi .

1 72 . A s imple for m of writ t e n aa

l n y s i s is t h t aa
l a
d re y gi ve n on pa ge

58 . Th u s

A
( ) fool spe a (a
ll) (hi ) m
ks s ind , bu t (a
) (wi se ) m a
n r e s e rv e s

a
4 .

so me t h in g [for h er e ft e r] .
74 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

is lost .

1 73 S ec on d aM ‘

odifi e rs m y bea j oined wh ah mod ify by

aawh a
to t t
a
,
ry ey

line s str i h
g t or c ur v ed , nd h wi rr o -
e s o ng t he mod ified wor d .

Th us
—
T i l l— l— I 1
[Du r i n g t h e d i s t r e ss of t h e Ameri c aa m ] R a
n -
d a
bl r y ,
ic h r Ven e,

I I
(aam n r y co
l
mmi s sioner ) , t ook [fr o m Ja
m H
l
a ma] es ook , S c ot ch n ,

(t wo) st ee r s [for t h e use of-

h
t e t r oops
-
] .

1 74 a Whe n t he r e is for t he modi fi e

ch n ge , a
r s of lmos t a
ki d mab la a
. r e s on

d in i n ver ted or der or t h e y m y be

ad f m haa f h
a
e v er y n y e p ce ,

sep r te ro t t p rt o t e sen t en ce to which t he y be long ;

A m id e n f i r a aAnd I t h e vi c t or sle w L e n t h ou t his st ff upon a a

a
. . .

Slowly t h e d y d e cli ne s F or u s t h e s u n ne e r se t s
a
’

aaa a a
. .

I n or l n ly si s , we mu s t be c r e ful t o t r n s pos e e v er y p r t of t he
se nt e n c e t o it s mor e u su l pl c eaa
a a aa a
.

Whe n modified by h d j i l
l f ll w i
a aa a
t t
aa a
p r se ,
n e c v e u s u y ~
o o s s n o u n .

Thu s , we s y ,
“
m n r e d y for wor k , n ot “
r e dy for w or k m n
”
.

Exe r ci s e 1 0 5 R aa w 1 d ch of t h e follo i n g se n t e n c e s , tr a
a a aw a a ma
. . e e n s pose

in t o t h e us u l or d e r , nd e xpl in h t c h n ges y ou ke

a aa ma
.

2 . Copy nd n ly ze by r ki ng t hu s :

U
[ p t h e hi ll] (h i s ) h or se h e [h ot ly] u r ge d .

1 a Ma a fal
He re e nd s A mi h t h e t le
ki 2 3
wah
ts t
aa I m d a ha
. . . ny re our u . .
g y ng

4 Of mi Th h h im
’
5 t
Of ma m a a w
s e . .
ye rs go n e re ng . . e q u e e n

ff d d h m h k w 7 T6 t s t u re s ne

w al a bl m d a a
o en e . . ny en e n es e ne . . o p
w W hi m d 1i ll 8 it t
h h da ba a
pr e ss e no e ge r y on . . n y g r en oo e .

9 Th k d fil w d h l l tl wl H t tt i on 10
mb a l d fa
. r ou g e r e e ou n e on g s o y . . ere

m d Li h l f m b
aa
on c eh t e e htt b e h r e rs s t oo . 11 .
g t y ro ou g to ou g

a aa a
flut t e r ed t h e b ir d s in t he t r ee t ops 1 2 A v i sion b r ight -
. .
d f t de o nigh t

I s w 13 Slowly nd s dly we l id him do n

. . w .
 S EN T EN C E A N A L Y S I S -
77

WARREN S ADDRESS ’
AT THE BATT LE OF BUNKER
HILL
St ad
! t he gr ound s y our own, my br ves ! a
a
’
n
Will y e giv e it up t o sl ves ?
Will y e look for gree ner gr ves ? a
Hope
a ymer cy st ill?
e
Wh t he mer cy d espot s feel?
Ha aa a
’
t s

e r it in t h t b t t le pe l! ,

See it in y ou brist li ng s t eel!

As k it , y e who will!

a
Fe r y e foes wh o kill for hire ?
Will y e t o y our h omes ret ire ?
Look be h i nd y ou ! t h e y re fire !
’
a
And , be fore y ou ,
a a
see

Wh o h v e d one it ! Fr om t h e v le
a a
On t h ey c ome ! nd will y e qu il?
a aa a
Le de n r in nd ir on h il
Let t h eir welc ome be !

a
aa
I n t he God of b tt les t rus t !
Die we m y : nd die we mu st
Bu t , oh ! wh er e c n d us t t o du st a
Be con signed so well,
a
As where h e v en it s de ws sh ll sh ed a
a a
On t h e m r t y r ed p t ri ot s bed ,
aa a
’

And t h e r ocks S h ll r ise t heir he d ,

Of hi s deed s t o t ell?
“

Ques ti ons a ai 1 d la ai How m n y

a i ga
. . sse rt v e , or ec r t ve , se nt e n c e s

i hi l i ? i 3 H w
2 How m
ma imp a
t se e ct on t se n t e n ces ?

4 Wh a
n s . ny n t e rr o ve . o

mi d f m h
aa5 Whaa
i t i
la i
ny er ve se nt e n ce s ? . t pr on ou n s o tte ro t e

dj
aa7 E pla
fif h li f h fi i h d
f h a
t ? e ct v e t
k a
t r st

aa
st t
? 6 Ma
ne o e nz . c use n e se c on

li d b i h hi d i
h la w li
st st o t t t st

8 Wha a h m di fi f m i h
nz . e e v er s n e r nz . . x n

d
aa
t st t t
? 9 Wh a aa 0
t t
a
e o ne s . . re e o e rs o co e n e se con

a
m lm m
? 1 1 H wma
st i h f b i t h t e nt t st ? 1
Wh a ai i h la a a
nz . s e co p e o e n e s e nz .

aa
ma wa W
t tr b i
ns t ve ver y t s n t e s t st nz . o n sen ences re

used in n excl t ive y ? hy ?

 PART TWO

T HE PART S O F S PEECH

C HAP TER V I

N OUNS

aa aw d a d a bj Wh t is If
wha
Exerci s e 1 0 8 1 n ou n ? 2 st e ct

a whaa ma b
. . . or n s s su

of r t s of spee c h i e lon g? 3 To t i f i t is
ab a
t
4 Wh a
se n t e n c e , to t p
a ll a
.
y .

th bj e c t of d w d or o f i i ?
ha
t t
i m di fi d b aa a
e o v er p p
r e os on . o y ou c or

dj i H wd l w h w d te l h et
i a h a ma
t e ct v e ? 5
W a d
t
a
s o e y n . o o y ou er or

w d n ot ? m d
6 h t kin s of ify
a bj a ad i
s n ou n or . or s or p r s es y o

w
aabj ad m di i b
n ou n ? U 7 . se st or e s t he su e ct of . se nt e n ce , n g ve it t o

m difi
t hr ee U d
“
i
”
fy t
a i a
8
l h aa
e nt ect ,

d a a
or o er s . . se pr e s s n o n o y
p p
r e os t ion p r se n n ppos it iv e .

A . K IN D S

C O MMON AN D PRO PE R

1 75 a
Nouns m y be divi ded in t o cl s sesa a di t o t he ir
a
. ccor ng

me ni ng .

Exe r ci se 1 0 9 am lf a lwa a d f h l a
( ) D the t t
a f wa a a a a a
. . oe s n e gu y s s n or e

m b d () T h w m m h w
t er ? d b rt s of t
h al a a
s e o y o o o ny p y e r y e or

m
“
() h w m d h
pp y ?w d A il l To
“ ”
?
awh h i ma
on t t
a
c o ny oe s e or pr pp y
Ab2 h f h ll w ou t e c fo ing et t r e pr ese nt

i m a b ial a
t
a f a
. o e o n ou n s s y er y
l hi h m f i di
id a
n y on e o s ever t ngs , or s e nt to e t e spe c n e o on e n

v l u .
 N O U N S : KI N D S 79

(a
)2Whi h w d i a w e ch of t h e follo ing groups a li t h
aa
t
a mb ( ) W a () W
. c or n pp e s o e

hi ch t o t h e le st ? hi ch m e s for

a
er ? b
a a a ()W h a
gre t e st nu c re n

i m ”
(e)
m a
hic
di d a
of in cl s s ? ?
aa
d
Na
e ver y one c e rt re g ve n n es

e l not h e r in vi u of e ch cl ss .

1 76 a ma wa a Some n ouns , s uch t er , r e pr es en t

a fa a aw
. s n or

t hing w w bei ng i n ki nd or cl s s , it hou t sh o ing hich

aa
cer t

a a w a ma O
s o

m
rt ic ul r on e or hi ch p r t is e nt t h er
aaa a a
n ouns re n
p . es

giv edn t o l es ign te p r ti cu l r i n di vi du .

a aa a
Thu s t he m n m y pply t o n y one of milli ons of per son s b ut
a a a
n ou n ,

t he n me J oh n M ilt on pplie s t o one per son on ly Th e n me cit y i s

a a a
.

h eld in common by h u ndr ed s of pl ce s , be c u se t he y re i n s ome r e spe ct s

a a a a aaa a a
like ; bu t P hi l d e lphi Chi c g o Om h r e n me s giv e n t o c er t in

b a w
, , ,

c it ie s ,
h i to e, s it ere , t e r e xc lus iv e p p y
r o er t .

1 77 A am h ld i mm by ll f a
a ki d i ll d a mm
a Co
ad a a l a i di d a all d a
. n e e n co on o n s c e on

Noun ; n m i s peci n e g ven to one lf i

n w vi u or ts o n is c e

Pr ope r Noun .

Pr ope r is deriv ed fr om a
w dma or e nin g on e s o
’
wn .

1 78 Common Noun s , al k ki a
a m ai ha
su c h tchen , tr ee, gl s s , putty , oyster s ,
a
. s c oc ,

weight wr it i ng mer cy h t d e scri b e t hings nd sh ow

a a a
, , , ve e n ngs t
wh t t h ey re b y n t ur e .

Pr ope raw m a m m a m t he h longer u ch n in g in t he

a ma a amaa a
n oun s ,

m a
s e u se ,
v e no e

se lv e s , w w nd like t he or d Di ck, h ic h h or se ,
a
b
a a
y n e n, oy ,

d og, b ir d , t h e y se r v e on ly t o d e si gn t e l
W aj d b aa j w a mm
or on e t hin g
a
.
pe r so n , p c e , or .

l ki n ob e c t

a a
h t
ha
t
m ha b l ad i h wa
e c n u ge y oo n g co on n ou n s to l
pp y
i b
to t ; utm if it m y s p p
r o er n e t t us t e e rn e n so e ot er .
80 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

Exerci s e 1 1 0 . 1 . Tell whi ch of t h ese n ouns a mm aw

r e co on nd hi ch
pr ope r :
King Solomon Temper Musi c
Rome aa N i E gle a Sh st
O a a
o se

Mit ch ell
Ba
Pi
M a
P
Wa Wa
ce n eru no

d oz rt

a
e ut y

Ch i a M k a
la
r r en

r st i n D m It i n e ocr t

h law d i
Doe s t a l m h w wha n e ch sort of is
w d a mm
2 st t
m a
. e or co u n s o pe r son

e nt ? If so, t h ese or s re c o on n ou ns .

1 79 A . a aa m m a
Pr oper Noun i s spec i l n e e nt for only on e pe r s on

t hi ng
a mm
or .

All ot h er n ou ns r e co on n oun s .

1 80 A mm a aa m aa a a
a j
N oun i s th t ppli e s t o
a a
. Co on g e n er l n e ny p rt

or t o ll of ki n d or cl s s of ob ec t s .

Pr ope r a m im d a a a m mm et s cl ss n

A Nal A Da
n ou n s r e so e s use e s , or c o on n ou ns .

A s h po e on m j m ; T e four Geor ge s ; niel c o e to udg e nt !

Wi
Exe r ci s e 1 1 1 a a
m a 1 t e t he s pec i l es of se ve r l in
d d a a a
. . r or pr ope r n

ivi h f
u ll wi
ls in e c o t h e fo o ng c l sse s :

R w a
iv e r ; t o a a
v olc n o ki h l
a a a a
t t t
ai a
n gove r n or ; n g ; u o r ; c ou n r ;
y p n e q ee n
u

d og ; h
hi st ori m n ; st l d te ; y c t; on t h ; p i nt e r ; poe t ; c p t ; pr e si e nt ;
boo k ; inv e nt or

W aa h a a
.

2 . h t
l ll w li i
re th l wi
t e p p
eo e c ed ho ve n e fol o ng pl ces ?

Th us

Ca ad aCa ada G
n a n i ns ; e no Ge n oe se

Ca ada aC baS a a B a
, .
,

M
B maChi a Ja
G i l il ; V e n ic e ; I t E exi c o ;

aMaa waB
n ; e no ; u ; p n y ; ur ope ; r z ;
ur h; n ; p n; lt ; Nor y; os t on .

C O L L E C TI V E N O UN S

Wh ai t h e di fi ere n ce be t wee n ad ad aa m A ship

aa
1 sol ier
ad a 4 Of whai a
? 2
a
. t s n n r y .

nd fleet ? 3 A si nger n j
ch oir ? t s ur y m d e u ?
. .
p
5, A flock? 6 . A school?
 N O U N S : K I ND S 81

1 81 Some in t he sin gu l r af m mab l a

l
ai ad a a b a h
. n ouns , even or , y e p ur

in me ll d Colle ct ive Noun s , d t ey en ot e

all i i di id a
n n g, n re c e e c use

c o e c t on of
l n v u s .

Exer ci s e 1 1 2 . Fill t h e bl ak an s so s t o Sh owof wh aa t e ch c ollect ion

is co mpose d
1 A r e gi me nt of 2 A w of 3 A wam of

a a A a
. . cr e . s r

4 A h erd of 5 The Se n t e i 6 m f ily of

a
c on t

af
. . ns .

7 A te m of 8 A p ir 9 A club of 10 A
lla
. . o . .

of in t h i 12 t he c om

a
t r oop e c on s t e t on . . on

mit t ee . 13 . in t he t ribe . 14 . in t h e p ck . 15 . in
Congre ss .

a
t h t ev e n in t h e sin g ul r f orm d e a
a
1 82 A Colle c t i v e Noun i s
am a
. on e

n ot e s nu b er of s ep r t e per s on s or t hin g s .

Exer ci s e 1 1 3 . D efin e e aw ch or d so as to sh o wth ai t t is al co

le ct ive n ou n

Gr ou p c l ss a c ou n c il; hi ve ; mult it ud e ; j ury ; flee t flock ; mob ; soc ie t y

a ah
; ;
b nd d r ove ; c ouple ; bevy ; g ng ; ord e ; c orps ; sui t e .

C O N CRETE AN D AB STRA CT N O U N S

am f bj The ha a i d by h
ha
1 83 ec t s t t t
t i wh i h i l d a ad wha i lik a
. n es o o re pe r ce v e e s en ses ,

ll li i hi
aa a a
t tev er
lid a
t s, c nc u e v ng n gs n s e

li i d m i m ll d Con cre t e
ai f h
et

a a aib
so u or n ouns
, p q ,
v or , re s o es c e .

Th m f th li t ies , tt r u t es , or c t ons o

a a a
e n es o e qu or s uc

bj ec t s id d l f m h bj h m l t e ct s t
a
te y
a
o c on s er e ro o e s e v es re
p se r e

c ll d A
e bs t r c t n oun s

ama a ad
a
.

Abst r wct e ns dr n o fi ,
sep r te .

1 84 Noun s . of t his aa
cl s s l
pp y t o wh t aa a c nnot t ke u p r oo m,
or be wei ghed or touc hed, or moved Thus
aa
.
,

Mot ion movement h urr y a c e , spe ed , dist

b
a b il a a
m wa
, , ,
r n ce , se n ce .

a
mh
a wa
Be u t y , c olor , fr esh ness , r li ncy , gle ,
r t .

H rmony, music, t une , di scord , sound

,
dist urb n ce, r.
82 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

1 85 Ki nd s . a aa
Of t he m ny
'

ki nds of b st r ct n ouns , t he most impor

1 . Nouns t h t m aa
aa a na e qu lit y or condit i on ; s

b ri gh t n e s s , pov ert y , pri d e , weig h t fl exi bili t y

a a a ab a
.
,

2 V e rb l a which n me t h e c ti on sse rt e d by
a a
. n ouns , v er ; s

le rni ng , r e j oi ci ng loving , , to s wing , t o sk t e .

Sele ct fr om t his li st five words t h t m y be aa

a a a
Exerci s e 1 1 4 1
a
. .

n m e s of c t i on s , t en n me s of qu li t i e s or condi t i ons

wa a
.

kn e ss in dust ry h opin g spee d fe

a m a a
e r

mber
a
he t slu hu nger
a
desp ir
a
te
a
pe r n ce

singin g h st e re di n g d shing co s t i ng

2 a
N me four qu li t i e s a or condi t i ons of

a ad
.

w d ld n e xplor er

a wa am a a ama
oo go goo son

i
a
n st

a aa a
te r t
m a
r gy gr e n

c ml e s m m us ic i se r n bl i
gr ee e co p n on

1 86 An Ab st r a a
m N oun i s t h e e of aa a a
qu li t y ,
a
. ct n c on di t i on , or n

c t i on .

Exerci s e 1 1 5 There a fiv e n ou n s of a
ki d i t he followi ng list
a aa
. re n n .

Which W of t h em re p p
r o e r n oun s ? hi ch c ollec t i v e ? Whi ch b st r ct ?

Maa G a B a a
r y l nd legisl t ure ; Eliot ; Fre nc hma h ma ; Engli s
a Q
t
adi b a
; re e r n n;

m en ce ; sl ver y ; ui t o ; kno wl d
dama
skill ; hu i li t y ; u e ge ; d b r ig e ; e vy ;
su i T
te ; hi h urs y; rc ng .

B . I N F L E C TI O N

CHAN GE S IN FO RM FO R D I F F ERENT US ES

1 87 Besides using a
dj ec t iv es or ot her modifiers t o showj us t
aa a a
.

wh w d it is oft e n n ecess r y t o ch nge the or m

a
r e pr esen t s , f
a
t
a di g a
or

of t he wor d c cor n t o it s differ en t use s or pp i lic t ons ; i . .

,

to i nflect it .
84 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

a
1 94 Th e plur l numb e r i s t h e form of a a
a
. n oun or pr on oun t h t de
n ot e s more th n on e .

1 95 Most h aw t mbe r forms , t he singul r aad

a
. n ouns ve o nu -
n

t he plur l .

1 96 RU L E I Most ama
d lb a
l a ddi to
a Th
. . nou ns re e p u r y ng s

the s i n gu l r us :

a a ah a
.

ch ir
l mon Germ
a a
l ey
ah ma
v rc n

ch ll
ir s v ey s mon rc s Ger ns

1 97 RU LE I I Letters , figu res si gn s , etc ama

d l a
l
a
re
. .
,
.
,
e p u r

by Th us :
’
ddi ng s

a ad a a a
.

Do n ot m ke y our
’
i
’
l ke C n cel t he 9
’
M ke t he +
a
’

a
r s n v s . s . s

nd — ’
s l rge r .

a
Exerci s e 1 1 6 a aa a
( ) I s t h e numbe r of sy ll ble s lw y s t h e s me i n
1
aa a a
. .

bot h si ngul r n d plur l? (b) Whic h of t he se word s r e pr on oun ced

aa a a a a
wit h n ddi t ion l sy ll ble in t he plur l? (c) Try t o d is cover t he re s on
a a aa
(d) Wh t is t h e ddit ion l sy ll ble ?
H lapa i la fi b id b id i h a
m
a
; p te ;
a
ouse ;p ce ; ne ;s ze ; n oose re ; r ge ; r e ; n c e ; n e;

r ope p l f
; t r uc e ; f u se ; e n ce ; c se ; p u se ; or c e

Ca a a a a a
.

ll wh i m ki h l l w h d d d i d
f a
2 y . n pou te y n ng t es e ur s e ve e es ns t e

l on e ?

a pa di h h h
o 8

L osse s ; t xes ; t o ze s ; s es ; c ur c es .

198 Some n oun s en d wit h a s oun d s o mu ch like t h t of s a

aw a aa a
.

th t c n n ot t he plur l s ily wit hou t m king

ah lla
e pron ou n c e e

bl
n ot er sy e . Hen ce

1 99 RU L E II I N ou ns end i n g in s , x, 2 , sh , or ch ( f)
aa a a Th
. . so t

f
orm the plu r l by dd i n g s to the s i ngu l r . us :

box
b oxes
86 L ES S O N S IN EN G LI S H

204 RUL E V I I N i ne mmon words a

wa f l m the i r
a a
. . co y s or

plu r l wi thou t 8. They re

am M n, en; ox, o t en ; f goose ,

awm f
gees e; wom n, o en ; oo t , f eet; mou se ,
m i ce;
d chi l childr en ; t oot h , teet ; h l li
G maM aT ma ma a li maa
, ou se , ce .

us su l m mpou nds
maa
r e n ot c o

a
er n, n, u rco n , otto n, t s n,

of d n, n for m t h eir plur l i n 8 .

Exerci s e 1 1 8 Writ e t h e plur l of a aw d e ch or

a a
.

J elly ; r u by ; f ir y ; glor y ; du t y ; vi c t o r y k sh e f; chief ; s t rife

a wa
t
a a a
; ur ey ; ;
mone y ; m mot t o ; grot t o ; h lf ; if ; s oliloq uy ll
a
t t or n e y ; c eo ; ey ;
lly ; v e t o ; solo ; mou se ; me me nt o .

20 5 Pr ope r Nouns , wh en m a
d l a
l a ly
l f l low t he
a a mm
. e p u r , gen e r o

s m e r u le s s co on n ou ns Thus we write :
ai a
.

All t h e Beecher s; t h e Ad ms es ; t h e Allegh a lM S miths ;

ai
n es ; se v er r .

bot h t h e M i s s Hud s ons ; t h e t wo Gen J ohn s tons ; . one of t he Dr D . n s es ;

t he M r s Wri ght s But

(a ama ha
. .

) T k h f w bl
c onfu sion , we m i
ad maw i (f a
o pr eve n t y e t e e e st c n ge s poss e

i f m
t he f m l) i h the
a
te t
Ca i
ex

h Ma
n or s o p p
r o e r n ouns , n y r or p e e g
H enr y s , h w M t e d f h H i
ry s , h t e t o i ss rys , nst e o t e cu r es , t e

() I b f i m m b f f fa mil a i b to p rt ners u si ne ss ,

l a
to
w ma i a
n r e e rr n g e e s o on e y, or n

h lf m h i l M Mi i d
“ ” “ ”
of

m i lf Th w maa
to t t t n st e to
a
e y g ve t e p ur or e e r . or ss ,

t h e n e t se us e y s y
M Ha h M Ha M Sa Sa
.

r y ,
e s d h Mit e essr s y es ; is s n s, t e s s es nd s

a a a a
. . .

() A ci l i f m d t tl l w h
e d wi h
s, o l m c our se , e p ur e n u se t se v er n es .

Th
ad C lli Mi Cha Emil ad A B
us :

M L on g rlot t e , r ont e

B w a ad J a
es sr s . n o ns ; ss es y, n nn e

D rs . d Whi ro G L n k n te ; en s . ee n c s on .

206 Mos t Compoun d words form t heir plur l like a si mple

a aa
.

wor ds by ch n gin g t he fin l sy ll ble Th us : .

Fr e n chme n ; gree nh ouse s ; fl g s t ffs ; h a a au n df ls ; c ourt - y a

d ma
j
a a
s;

a
- r or

r ls ; four in h nds ; for get me n ot s ; j k i h n- t e pulpit s ; t hr ee per

a
n e
- -
c - - -

ge
- -

cent s ; pi n o- for t e s .
 92 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

awf m k m M L la
Girl; wom d i iss chi ef ; a
d w rf ;
M Ada m ma h ba
n; e ; on ey ; o u se ; on g ; y;
wi hi f b h d colon y

a
by ;
a
t
a a
r ot

a
ox ; s ne ; r . s ; n; er o ; e ; er ; eer ; ;
pi f i
no ; l w G m l
ox ; s on -
n -
; er n ; t t orne y ge ne r -
.

223 Th m a i f h i amaf b t t en e e xpr e ssed by

ad bj Th
. e e n ng o e posses s v e c se y o

th f h
e use o i i t e p p
r e o s t o n of n it s o ect us

d a Th d a
.

M h h m y un cle s
’
e t ,
or e e t of y un cle .

Exe r ci s e 1 2 3 1 Writ e t h e se expressions usi ng t h e poss e s s iv e a

af aa
. .
,
c se

i nst e d o t h e pr e posit ion l ph r se

Th e r es i d e n c e of my Sis t er . Th e si ngin g of Miss V okes .

The wife of my br ot h er The s t or ies of Howells

a a ma
. .

Th e m Th l fC i
nn er s of t l e c t ure s o ur t s

ah h ba
ge n e n . e .

A h b Th f Di k of e n ov e l o

f Ja
o t ogr t
f a
p p e y . c en s .

Th m i Th m h
e st in g o m os qu to . e ot er o es .

Th f M B w Th l
e s t or e o f A e t t er s o

ma ia h a
r . ro n . e gn e s .

Th d i h l m X
e c si on of T of

f Ad a
e t e c ourt - rt . e r y e r xe s .

Th f h him Th h m m
f M Ad a
t op t
af h m
e o e c n ey . e o e o .

h T e ret re h h m m t o t e e ne y T e o e o r s

ma
. . .

Wi h i m ki e xpr e ss ion s t h e fi r st c olu

a
2
a
te t
l a l a
. r e n n, ng e very n oun

p u r d h wi h ,
n t en r te t e e qu iv le n t pos s e s si v e phr se .

224 A p i d a
lwa h w w
. hi I mad osse ss v e oe s n ot y s S o o ner s p . t y e

n ot e

O i i 1 ai I w
. Sh
r g a
n; s n o n S c ot t
’
s n ove ls , e us es Bu t t e rick
’
s p t t e r ns .

K ai H ll w m h ad m ha ad
ma i
' ’
2 i n d; t s,
Sh h a a
. s n e se s o en s s oe s n en s n
’
e s n s v o ce .

0 TH E U S E S O F N O UN S

a
.

Exer ci s e 1 2 4 ad ll h wai whi h An ly s e t h e se se n t e n ce s , te t

di a a
. n e y n c

th m d i d i h “

da
on s u se n e c :

A i a
e n ou n

m d af
Di a d ad I dia B a il fr 2 e xpor t s i
a
in
m d 4 S a ll w a
1 . on s re ou n c n n . . r z

m d Th m j wl h ll is t di h
w a kla f a
i 3 o st

h j w l aa
r ou s e e e on e c
on s . . e p e c . .

m Th m di onds

a
di on d ? 5 c oun t e ss

ia
t e e e . e or e nec ce o .

ll wi h d ight

a
a a a
6 Th i
. i l m h K hi s m pr cie e ss ge ,
t e o n oor d ond or gi n y e g e .
Q

h d d
un re c r ts, 7, The di m ond s luster is unsurp ssed,
’
 N O UN S : USES 93

225 . The re a wl
re t e ve diffe r en t use s which n oun s aa
m y h ve

in t he e xpr ess ion of t hough t Sev e n of t h ese we

a
. us es

know bou t
a a a
.

A Noun m y be us e d in s en t en ce s

l The Su b je c t of a v e rb

wa
.

T he wi n d s y s t he t ops of t h e t re es
a a a
.

C n woodpe ck e r s m ke s u ch l r ge h ole s ?
2 a a aa
Th e Su b je c t i v e Comple me n t
( of copul ti v e v e rb or of ssi v e

a)
.
p

aa ama
ve r b -
ph r se

a
Th e se t ree s n ci e n t l nd rk s

a
re .

m R The E pe r or o f u ss i i s s ty led t h e Cz r

a a
.

aw
a
3 Th e Ob
j ( ) ]
e c t of t r n sit i v e v e rb or v e rb l ord 3 69
a
.

W e ben d t h e b r n ch e s to r e ch t h e frui t

a
.

wa
4 Th e Ob j of P r e posi t i on
a
e ct

aw f
.

Th e sh d o o t he tr e e re che s bey ond t h e ll

aa
.

5 j
Th e Ob m m e ct i v e Co ple en t of t r n si t i v e v erb

ma
.

R Th e y de The od ore oose ve lt Pre si d e nt .

6 A aa
Appos i t i ve t o e xpl in n ot h e r n ou n or

a wal d
. n pr on o u n

Hm m o er , t he f Gree k poe t ,
ou s s b in .

Sh e mour ned hi m, her only son .

A P oss e s si v e
a W wa
7
m a a a
.

ig l t o t he s e t t ler s c bi
’
The I n di
’
n s g ve p ce n.

Thi s is t h e only use a

th t a af m
r e qui re s spe ci l or of t he n oun .

N O TE af aki f h
I n st e d f n ou ns or ot h e r words in
aT
t
a
.
o s pe ng o e us es o

w m im k f h i con struc ti on or h ese

aid a m ai ad h a a
se n t e n ce s , e so et e s spe o t e r s yn t x .

e xpr e ssi on s e nt i c l in t o do wit h t he r el t ion s

ah h wah a aad
re e n n g, n ve

of word s t o one n ot e r , or t e y t ey re pu t t oge t h e r or rr nge in

se nt e n ce s .

Rule s f or t h e U s e of P os s e s s i v e s

a a aa
a
226 . Somet imes t he n m es of sev er l persons re tre ted like
i l i
s g e noun n
n formin
g t he possessive.
 6 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

8 N O UN S AS I N D I RE C T O BJ E CT

a a ab
.

23 1 . A n oun m y be us e d s t h e I ndi r ect Object of ver .

Th us :
a a We h a v e Sent t he su pe r i n t e n d en t n i n v it t i o n .

M
Exer ci s e 1 2 9 j a ba wm 1 e n t ion t he ob ec t of e ch v er nd t ell to ho
wa
. .
,

f
or w m orm ho so e t h in g s d o ne
aa H a d a d a
.

1 w
They g v e
d hip t o t h e riv e r
h d 2 e p i u n re d oll

a
to
a ad
. . . rs

h i i m
3 I b ou gh t W h or se for b h 4 h i te t he
a
t
ad
p y s c n s . .
y r o e r o p n . .

i t df f i WI k i f h h
ma a
? 5 6
a a
t t t
at d aw
p c u r e o r y our r e n s e qu es on s o e e c .e r . . e

de c ll on t h e Cz r S
7 Th e y g v e h e r iv e r h ip 8 he
aa W a aa wa
. . . .

b uilt t h e ki ng d c s t le 9 e offe r e t he l d y l of t er 10
aw m m a
. .
g ss . .

d H
Did y ou le n b enry t h is ook ? 11 . I h v e rit t e n y ot h e r lon g
le t te r
Ra a
.

2 wi j d t h e l s t four se n t e n c e s t h t he ob e c t n ext t o th e v e rb

a a j a
e

a
. .

3 . i Ch n ge t he fir s t S x so s to h ve t he ob e c t t th e en d .

23 2 . Verbs like t hose in t he pre ce din g e xer cise oft en h a ve

t wo ob e c t s
j
(1 ) One sho wing wh i ai
t b h t t ll d t h a
a a a a
g v e n ,
o u g ,
s e c , c e e .

Dir e ct O bj ec t , be c us e it sh ows wh t t he c t ion dire c t ly ffe c t s ;

()
2 Th t h h w i t wh m f w h m m t h i i
a a
e o e r s o n g o o or o r o so e n g s

gi v e n ,
bo u h
g ,t e t c T h i s is c lle d t h e
. I n d i r e c t O bj ec t ,
b e c us e

it is less close ly c onn ec t e d wit h t he v er b .

23 3 Wh e n t h e d ir e c t ob e c tj me s fir st , t h e in dir e ct j
ob e c t is
a a a d d a
. co ex

d in i t i l b l ph r int ro ly t f
ai
o or or;
pr e s se r
p pe os o n se , u ce ge n e r y
so me t imes b y of or on , E i s
—
n s e nt e n ce s 1 6 ,
xe r c se 1 29 .

23 4; Th e I n di r e c t Ob j a v e rb is the pr on oun t h t a
a
of

wa
e ct n oun or

sh o ws to or f or h t pe r s on or t h i ng t h e c t i on i s pe rf orme d .

Exe rci s e 1 3 0 . R a d h f ll wi
1 .
m e t e o o ng se nt e n ce s , o i t t in g t he in
d ir e c t ob e ct j
ad h
.

2 . Ment ion t h e di r e c t bj n t e in di r e c t o e ct s .
 N O U N S : U S ES 97

1 He my si st er me fine mos ic s fr om Floren ce a Th e king

ad
se nt 2
a a adi
. so . .

nt e t he off e nd er m full p r d on 3 He sh owed hi s

a w 4 Thi la la
gr . . u e n ce so e

i d i d i w Th i m el s

aaw
ts 5
la d i Th w h ma ap
r re v e s . . s n y o n er r ge cr ops . . s er

h ll nt hi m s c us t o sc ou n t s 6 !
a d la a la
t
ad h Pa il a
c o s ers r ge . . ro e n ro e

h maa
7 Th m ifi d c t s of 8
a
nt e

a h ad d
e nt t tr
Ca
. e gov e r n gr e c c r ro r ge n . .

H f e org ve d b t e w i k n th t e t . 9 . n y ou te c n ol og n e tr c s?

10 Th j d h wd h l m D ll m h t i t 11 te
a
t
Ca
. e u ge s o e e cu pr no er cy . . o y ou e e

h ? b i 12 W id h m f f ? 13
d lla
t r ut . n y ou r ng us pr o o s . e p t e en our

a af h
o rs

R a a
.

d h
3 . e b i i t e se nt e n ce s , su st t ut ng pr e pos i t i on l ph r se or t e

i di
n bj re ct o ec t

4 A a a aa
.

l . h d n y e
z i h i di t bj e pr e c e i ng se nt e n c e s , t re t ng t e n r e ct o ect s

modi fier of the ver b Th u s

] ( ) ( ll) a
.

(Th e ) ki n g gr ad [ h
nt e t e o fi e n d er a f d u p r on .

aa
23 5 wi a d Wh en
j ad n si t iv e v e rb th i n ir e c t ob e c t is ch i nt o
aa b a ma
. tr n n ge

d
ss iv e v e r j b h se , e it h e r t h e d ir e c t t he i n ir e c t ob e c t

ma
p
-
p r or y e

d j e t he s ub e c t Thus

a[m ] a a a mab a d
.

Th e y g ve e c or d i l in vi t t i on , y e ch n ge to

A da l a wa [m ] [ m ]
c or i in vi t t i on s gi v e n e i e to e or

a i a
,

(a
,
. .
,

wa )( ) I s gi v e n c or d i l i n v t t i on .

a a j ad a j
I n t h e l t t er t h e d ire c t ob e c t is re t ine t he ob e c t of t he
a a a j [ a
c se s

s siv e v e r b I t is oft e n c lled t he r et i n ed ob e c t S ee P s si v e V erb

a]
p . .

Phr se s

U ll wi
Ex er ci s e 1 3 1 a t h e fo n g v e rb s in se nt e n c e s c ont in in g di r e c t
ad
. se o

n j in di r e c t ob e c t s

a ma
p y ; fin d ; w se ll; giv e ; t o s s ; ke ; ret urn ; d e live r ; rit e ; le nd .

9 . NO U N S US E D AD V E RBI A L L Y

Exe r ci s e 1 3 2 . 1 . Wh aki d f a mab

t n o ph r se s y e use d li ke ad b ver s?

Wh aw or d s h a m di h f ll wi fy t n g v e rb s aa d v e rb s
ad
2 . t or p r se s o e o o s

would ? Tell whet h er t he y Sh o whowmuch ,

howoften , when ,
n so on .
1 00 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

11 N O UN S US ED W I TH PA RTI C I P L E S

a aa a
.

23 9 A Noun m y be use d wi th ti i l t h t m d ifi it
a aa a a a
.
p r c p e o e s

49 1] t o m ke n dv e r bi l phr s e sh owin g t he ti me or c u se
o f wh ai d ad Th t s pr e ic t e us :

a aa
.

Our mm nd e r bei ng s l i n , aw e r e t re ad
te (Sh owing wh t c us ed t he
a)
co .

r et r e t

ai a b a wah hi m (Sh wi
.

My su spi ci on s h been r ous ed , I to tc

wa d hi m )
v ng eg n . o ng

w hy w or hen I t ch e .

2 40 A d i i wa m m a
id b d a
b th i et i to
“

a d aab aa
e u se

b aa
. n oun u se n s y s so es s eo

lut e ly h is
”
Th e e n t ir e
d s t it u t e for i l cl
ad a m d am a a i
.
p r se u se s su n v er u se

b lly i fies t h e of t he ny i ng

a a m a
n re o ve r cc o p ss er t on .

Th e exm b ple s giv e n ove e n

W ad a mma wala e r et re te bec nd er in

b a wa m w a
us e ou r c o s s .

I m eg n to t ch h i s i nce y s u s pi ci on s er e r ous ed .

T ll w a
Exer ci s e 1 3 5 m ad a ho c h v e rb is od ifi e d , e xpl in t h e
i a d
. e e n u se

of t h e t li c ize n ou n s

a b ad h aa ad
.

1 H is s u ppli es h v ing ee n e xh u st e t l i t l t 2
a
.
, e ge n e r c p u e . .

W d m w b d ho j b or k e in g fi ni sh e 3 Th e u r y h v ing

a dd
e r e t ur n e

m a a am
e , ou r . . ee n

w t h e t ri l pr oc ee e
b b 4 Th e r i ver e in g i le , t
wa ma
tte
a(b ) d a
s or n , . .
p ss no p
s d He t o c r oss i t 5 . . is tr i ls ei n g en ed , he r e st s in pe ce .

12 . N O UN S As S U BJ E CT O F TH E IN FI N I TI V E

241 . A n ou n m y be a us e d as t he s ub e ctj of ai fi i i
n n n t ve .

Thus :
We knowt h e art h t o be r oun d

a a
e .

I be li eve hi m t o be di h s on e s t m n .

The a h er e s t n ds in t h e rel a
i t on of ob e c t j t o t h e le ding a
b aw a a a
n oun

e ll th t of s ub e c t j of t he in fin it iv e A pers on l
a
ver s s .

pr on oun t hus u se d r e qu ir es t he ob e c t iv e c se
j -
form . Th us :

M ke a him h e a r.

[Se e I n fi n i t iv e s
 N O UN S: P A RS I N G 1 01

P ARSI N G

2 42 We aa a a a i i i
ly ze i a s e n t en ce by t t nt o ts r ts ,

ad h wi h w a
a a
. n p se p r ng

w d h h
r s e s , or cl us e s is
aa a h h aa
or s, p n s o ng o e c on e

d wi h
conn e c t e m h fw h t l d e ot i t
la w h wh w
so er ; e en n y ze e c p r se n

w di d
a m a wi h h f m a
c use , e s o o ever y or s us e .

B w d b l d f f ili t
w la
ut to t t
la f w d a
e nee e pe r e c y r e or s n

wi h h i T d hi w m el t t t us t

a a lf a l wh a amma i a
c ss es o or s s s e r use . o o s e

mi h w d b i d i l t se t el t ly
a
t
aa l d a
ex ne e c or y ,
n s gr c

i m por t b
n t Th i i ou t h w d it . s s c le p r si ng t e or .

2 43 To p aa
w or d i s t o t e ll wh a
t is of mmaa
a m a ti c l i
a
. rs e gr p t
or nce

b ou t i t .

244 We sh ould aal a s en t en ce before we a t he wor ds

ad laifi a
. n y ze p rse

in it , for t he forms i t on of wor ds de pend t he ir

ad hi aa
n c ss c u pon

u se, n t s we dis c ov e r t hr ough our l i n y s s .

245 . We s h ould p ah r se t e wor ds of a s en t en c e in t he follow

ing or de r :

I . Th e Es s en t i ls a( j
sub e c t , ver b , c o mpleme nt ) .

M odifi e r s
aM
II . Th e .

III . Th e S e c on d ry od ifi e r s , e t c .

IV . Th e Conn ec t i v e W or d s .

246 ai g a w d w h ld ll
In p rs n or e s ou te

Th pa f
.

1 h wh i h i b l rt o to t
I wh a bdi i i f h aa f
. e s peec c e on gs .

2 t h i i f t t p rt oun d ;

ha b a
t
i wha
. n su v s on o o s pe e c s

t t ki d f dj
t i i i e ct ve , e t c t
amma i a a
s, n o n ou n , v e r ,
.
,
s .

3 I lf m
t s gr mb t t e n se ,
wh a
etc

i h a d wi h
. c or nu er, c s e , .

4 I . i
t s u se or con s tru ct on , or t t s to o t so me
o t h er wor d .
1 02 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

247 How to P a aN The followin g form m y be a

ai
. rse ou n .

use d in p r s ng n oun s :

aAlex a[ R a ] ( )nd er m [ ma 11 g ve th e u s si n s e rf s t h eir fr e e d o n ot ny

aa]
.

y e r s go .

A a a b a aa
lex m p
nd e r b a a
II is it i s it i s
aam m a ab a d
. nou n , e c use n e ; r oper , e c u se

S pe c i ln b for l ; si ngu l it
a
nt e n ot es ut

a bj
e e on e pe r s o n o n y r, ec u se

us ed t he e ct of t he v erb for it r e pr ese nt s t he person

a a ma
one ; s su g ve ,

b w m
o ut ho t he sse rt ion is de
a aa a
m [a a ] a d
.

mfr e e d o is bs tr for it li t y it ion ;

a da j a wa
ct ,

w wa
n ou n ; n es qu or c on

si ngu l r ; u se s t he ob ect of t he v e rb g ve , for it sh o s h t s gi n

aa
v e

amm b a a aaa
.

s e rf s ism it is for ll of in
ab a i d
cert

ha d a
co on n oun , ec u se n e n y or

m
a
kin ; plu r l,
d j t e n ot e s t t h e i ndi r ect ob ect

m wa
ec u se or e n on e ; use s

w w m
of g v e , for it sh o to ho fr ee d o i
a amm a d a a m d ai
s s g v e n .

is ; plu r l; u se dver bi lly t o ify

a ha d
y e r s co on n ou n o o
g ; t
h w
s wl
o s ho ong go t he eve nt pp e n e .

2 48 . The followin g br i efer for mis gener lly be tt e r a

Alex a a a singul r j
sub e c t of a
a
nd e r II is t he v e rb

m a a mm
.
p p
r o e r n ou n ; g ve .

fr e e d o is singu l r c o j
ob e c t of t he v erb

a a mm a
on n ou n ; g ve .

is l l ; i n di r e c t j
ob e c t of t he
aaa
s e rf s v e rb

a b ia a
p u r c o on n ou n g ve .

y e l mm
rs is p lur co on n oun ; u se d d ll v er y to modify go .

Exe rci s e 1 3 6 . An ly s ea t he followi ng se n t e n c e s , ad an p r se t he

n oun s :

l a
The a a a
m i z e field grew nd ripene d , nd it st ood I n ll t h e sple ndor
a a a a
-
.

of it s g r me n t s gree n nd y ellow 2 We m y c ov er mult it u de of si n s

a a a a a
. .

wit h t he whit e r obe of ch r it y 3 I w s b or n n Ameri c n I liv e n

a a a a a
. .

Americ n ; I sh ll die n Ameri c n 4 How cu n ni n gly N t ur e hide s

aa a i l ad
. .

w i d
rin kle of her n con ce iv ble n t iquit y u n nd v o et s

m a ia
e ve ry er r o se s n

m i d w F b C 5 r e que n t t he n y of e t t er s 6 l
am m Sa bba a7 i am a
or n n g e . . co p y ou r . . onge n

h f t he t the y e It t h e t in t of

ad b m d
ut u ut u

w a a
n co e s, o r . . s n,

m
a i ah a d
ight y flo e g rl n loss o in g t h e s pell of t h e e n ch nt e r Fr ost
a Th
r -
, un er .

8 O
. m ne d d
orn pe r t t e g t e of E e n st oo is c o ns ol t e 9 e . .
1 04 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

N OU N S S U MMAR Y

N ou n s we h a l ad
ve e rn e t o dis t inguis h t he fol

Con cre t e
1 Kin d s
.

Numbe r

2 . F orms
Ge nde r

3 . U se s or Con s t r uct i on s .

Sub ject of t he v er b

2 . Sub je c t i ve co mple ment of t he ve rb

3 . Ob je c t of t he ver b

t h e pr eposi ti on
of

a
Ob je ct
5 . An Apposi t i ve e xpl i ni n g t h e n ou n (or pr on oun )
6 . P os s e s si v e f orm modifyi n g t h e n oun

7 . I n di re ct ob e c t of
j t he v e rb

v erb

8 . Used a ad v e rb i lly t o mod ify t he adje ct iv e

9 a
Used in d e pe nd e n t ly in d dr e s s (or exc ma )
la t ion

a maaa b ia
.
.

10 . Use d wi t h t h e p rt i ciple to ke d n m dfiver l o i e r of

11 . Ob jecti v e co mplement of t h e verb referring t o t he oh

ject
 08 L ES S O N S IN EN GL I S H

2 57 Th e word for a
which n int e rr og t iv e pronou n a st ad in s s u n k no wn
aa a
.

u nt il it ppe r s in t h e n swe r t o t h e que s t ion .

3 . C O N J U N C T I V E P R O N O UN S IN AD J E CT IV E C L A U S E S

Rev iewp 6 2 . .

ai ala
Exer ci s e 1 40 A d d la 1 Wh u se ? 2 e nt u se ? 3
ab
t
A a la
. . s c . e pe n c .

dj i 4 I h
ect v e cT w th b u se ? e se n t e n c e , r ust

aa lik i m a
t
ha mab wh aw
n . n or y oy s re oy s

d i i n n g? 5
Wh a
t t t ru st e
6 Wh a
t t
f a i h a d f ha
y e ,
o e xpr e s s on s re e n e .

i h th s t e us e o e c ? . t s t e n t e ce e nt o t t?

al ad haa mab m d
2 58 We h t t i fie d
b a a al b a a a
. ve e rn e n o un y e o

dj w b dj ecti ve or d, ut ecti ve cl u s e or

w d h a a abj ad a di a
y n so y n

or s t t c on t in s su ect n pr e c te .

Th us in t h e se nt en c e

aa a aa
Regi ons t h t h ve n o ve g e t t i on re c lle d de se rt s ,

t he e xpre ss ion aa a aaj

th t h v e n o ve g e t t i on is u se d like d ecti ve to Sh o w
am a a w a a a
n

whi ch r e gi on s w nt if h d id
“
r e gion s i thou t veget

a
re e s e s

ti on
” “
or b rr en r e gi on s .

2 59 I th t R a
d b k whi h ma
k y better , it
a w d w haa A a
. n e se n e n c e e oo s c e ou

is e v i de n t d bl t h t t he hi ch
b ma
or s ou e use . S pr on oun

i h
r e pr e s e n t n g i h bj h t book it t e c t of t ke ,
ad ah a a wh h
e n oun s e su e ver

m m h d
t t d ti it c onn e c t s t en t cl us e in ic
ad h w d i h i a l la
n e s e e e e pe n

i t st P to t book t i
ha la aw l aa af a
n s e or n e pr n c p c us e . r on oun s

t t k h
c onn e c t l t t l
a
c use s s e s e e p ce o n oun s re

c ll d j e con u n cti ve pr on ou n s .

26 0 A Con j un c t i v e pr on oun i s a
t h t in t r od u ce s a d e pe n d e n t
aa a
. on e

cl u s e nd g e n e r lly c onn e ct s it t o t h e re st of t h e sen t e n ce .

26 1 We sh a ll fi nd in ou r s t u d y of n oun cl u se s a hah a t t t e n t e c e d e n t of

aj
.

When it
aaa
c on u n c t ive pr on ou n is oft e n o mit t e d or u nd e r st oo d . is ex

pressed t he pronoun is c llcd rel tive pronoun.

 P RO N O U N S : C O N JUN CT IV E 1 09

26 2 . A r el a t i ve pr on oun is a c on un ct i v e
j pr on oun wh ose a
nt e

c e d ent is expr e sse d .

Exe rc i s e 1 41 . 1 . Sele c t t h e aj d e ct i v e a ad
cl u s e s , n t e ll wh t aa e ch

one modifie s or d e scribe s .

2 . Point ou t t he r el at i v e pr on oun ad i a
n ts nt e c e d e n t in e ah la
c c use .

1 I h a a
d h boo k whi c h lent me 2 Th e s t ory a
th t i t
a
t
ah w i a w mali
. ve re e y ou . .

i T 4
aawa
tells is i nt e res t in g 3 Th e ut ho
l maf w m
. . or , s o n, ve s n ex s . .

Hl h ho
a ha
i h th t k I nv t e t k
aa i h h ld h l h
5
H aa
e p t ose re e . . e ge n t e n o y ou s po e .

ll
aa 8 A maw a
6 d 7 Th t h t he th t t
im f i a la
. e g ve . . ose re r c s ou e p ose

th t O ho h s el 9
d d a
c nnot

wa la
re poor . . n govern s s ve . . ur

j w m Th f
hi ch d w m ti res o st 10 ri e n ho
ea a a
t
ha m
ou rn e y , s ver y e , en e . . e s

w i i R m mb h w d h os e h
h b k a
ted 11 t r ts 12
Ra
e v s v e co e . . e e er ose re s . .

d e w h l f l
suc oo s s i ll be e p u .

26 3 . The fou r a awh

r el t iv e pr on oun s re o, whi ch ,
aad a
th t, n s .

Who (whose w m) ho r e pr es e n t s l whi ch t

a ad aad a
, per s on s on y ; re
pr e s e n s

nythi n g bu t per sons ; n th t n s r e pr es en t e it h e r per s on s

or thi ngs .

26 4 The ant e c e d e n t of ala t ive pr on oun is ge n er lly aa

ah a ala a
. re n o un or

not I t m y , h owe v e r , be As I id n ot h ing,

a
d him a a a
er pr o n ou n . c u se .
,
s

which m e ngr y Here t h e . n t e c ed e n t of whi ch is

“
I id
s

n ot h in g
”
.

ad aha
(a
) Si whi c h th t i form , wh os e is fre que nt ly
a
n ce n ve no po sse ss v e

d m h b d
to r e pre se n t so et i ng esi I t i s ge ne r lly be t t e r , h ow
a
u se es pe r s on s .

ev er , f w h i d to u se o hi c ns t e

a i ala
.

() Wh b t iv e pr on ou n , it follows ama a
m
a i h a ha a awi h ma
en s s re s n y , suc h, or s e;

As m Min e
a
ee s u c h
“
in , I g I
“ ”

m a
s ve t s ve ; ny s s y go
”
;
“

i h
s t e s e s y ou r s

e r el t iv e w a a abi
a
j s oft e n omit t e d

aa
() T
a
h h e n u se d t he ob e ct of

a
c s v er in

a a a
It m y e
a
t he dj ect ive cl use . i s ly be supplied . As This is t he mn
I s w y est erd y . The wt ch he rep ired loses t ime .
110 L ES S O N S IN EN G L I S H

Exe rci s e 1 42 Which of t h e rel t ive pronouns would y ou use t o

1 a
a
. .

re pr e se nt e ch of t he follow i ng wor ds ?
Book ; cit y c ous i n ; h or se ; flowe r s soldie r s ; ri ver s ; kings ; t e ; wi nt er ; a
a a
;
Bis m rc k ; t ribe s ; m ie s ; con que r ors

a
r

a
.

Wr i t e i i t h e pre ce ding words modifi e d by d

a
2 . se nt en ce s cont n ng

j e c t i v e cl u s e s .

II .
C O NJ UN CTIV E PRO N O UN S I N N O UN CL AUS ES

Exe r ci s e 1 43

a a whi h a
.

P oor people m y need h e lp w h hi

ww a a
I ch

I a
t t
a
s e ngs e
.
g ve .

Th e poor m y nee d h elp h t he g

a T a
. s ve .

whi h
a
Clot h is the s tu ff th t he s ells h t ll i
wa
. c y ou te s t ru e .

Clot h is h t he s e lls . Wh t y ou t e ll is t r ue .

a
Re d t h e expre ssions t h t r e like i n e ni ng, but diffe r e nt in aaa m a
a
1
a a
.

form 2 Comp re t h e subj e c t s i n t h e fir st p ir of se n t e n ces , n d sh ow

a a
. .

h ow t he se con d subj e ct is m d e from t h e fi r st 3 Find t h e d j ec t ive

a a aa a
. .

cl u s e s , nd t ell wh t e ch mod ifie s 4 Do t he nt e c ede nt s s tu

aa a a a
fi, . .

thi ngs , th t , dd mu ch t o t h e me n i n g ? Giv e y our re s on 5 Re d

a a d a
. .

h i whi h h 6 Wh i t nt e c e ent s

7 Wh a la wh
t se nt e n c e s

a d
e n c e re re no . .
y s n ot n

nt e c e d i d i h
e nt e xpre sse ? t pr onou n
a d i mi d
h . s u se n t e c us e en t e

n t e ce e nt s o t te ?

2 6 5 W k w ha aaj i mab d wi h i wh
a h ld b ah
d
l l aa
t t ect ve t
h m a
. e no n y e use ou t ts n ou n en

t e i i f e n ngi Th s pe r e c t y c e r ; s n, e i gn or nt s ou e t ug t

a aaaj
.

Fr om t he d i e xe r c is e we le th t d
a maa
pr e c e n g rn n ecti ve

cl u s e l b d wi h t t he m d dw w ifie
i g f ha
ou t or d , he n t h e
m a U d a
y so e us e o

w d w ld b t t in de fin it e lon e in t his
wai b m a la
e n n o or ou e . se

y N
t e co es ou n c us e Thu s in
a
.

I s a
w
h hi
th t
t t
or
wh i ch he br ough t ,

a m a
e ng

t he word a
th t thi ng h s of aw maaw ll
it se lf lit t le
aa
or so e ni ng th t e y s e
mit it ; for it will convey w t he h ole ide to

ww a
o s

a
y
I s h t h e b r ough t

a i qia
.

So , t oo , t he sent e n ce m l w
a
E Em
a
p l
oy h oev e r ppli e s , s e u v ent to ~

l
p y
o n on
y e wh o ppli e s .
11 2 L ES S O N S IN EN GL I S H

Exe rci s e 1 45 1 Cl a
s s ify th e a
c l use s in t hese se n t e n c e s , ad t e ll
ah i
. . n

h owe c s use d

a a
He r e me mber s wh t he le rn s
a aa
.

H ve y ou s ce r t ine d who wr ote the letter ?

aa aa a
M n c n d o wh t m n h s do ne
wa m a m a wa m da b a
.

Th w fu r hi ch r ch

a i w aw m b ha a i wa
e r s on r e e r .

R t ion h t h t
B a i h ma
e pu t ut c ct e r

k ha
s e s ee ,
r s

e uty G d t t t se t s on v ir t ue

a
s e r o .

W e Sh
ll k w wh w h b ook

h m ma
r ot e t
a mi a
n ev e r no o e .

Wh k kt rust s i st

Wh a h ha
oe v e r es e .

ll
t ev er d oe s
Th ma
e s pr os pe r .

wh f l bl wll b m ee ls t ru y no e i
Wh a ll wh ah b m a
e n o e co e so .

te t t e pr ov er e ns ?

al w aw i i
o c n

W fi d i lf i h t t
a
e ex ct nt o t
m wa wa
e n n y e pu .

H lie re wh w
e s o ne os e n e s r it in t er .

2 Po i
nt h
ou t j t ad l wh h a la
c on un c t i v e
i te l ic t
ad wh i w a a
. e pr on oun s , n re r e ve

n c h i d fi
n e Wh n it e . ich t o re in t e r r og t iv e ?

4 . AD J E C TI V E PRO N O U N S

am a
All me n afa d d l All h
i afa
re or t . ve e .

B l
oth s t or e s B w w k d oth

a i i a ha wa
re se . ere re c e .

E h ch ll b d d E ch s

M ab aw M aw ha
ou r s pr e c ous . e re r e .

k hl or t

wa M h ma
ny oo s re e ss . ny e r e or p ns .

m d
Ill uc h t i iis b d
O wa
st e to
O ma m a a h ma a ad ah wa
e . uc re ns e u se .

i k
’ ’
ne n s e t s n ot er n s ne s t en , n n ot e r s

i l e ft

hal k awam
po s on . .

7 . T lwt c oc 7 i s t oo i s o . . Th t s or e e xpe n s v e .

C m a
Exe rci s e 1 46 i a d w d i h w lm re t h e t li ci ze
a
1 t t
ll wh h aa ad
. . o p or s n e o co u ns ;
dj ic h d ib
e c t iv e s , i 2 Do t
W a maa
te
Wh a ah lim
re n g v e y ou r r e s on . . ey e s cr e,

l lim d it ? 3 h it ? 4 h t
l m hab
t
f h i a
or on oe s e c on e n oun y e c
y . .

o t li dw d i
e t d cize d or s n t he se c on co u n ve e e n u se to r e pr e se nt ?

I n t he l s t a e xe r c ise we aa m wor ds th t eti mes

a a a ad
2 71
’

aaj
. s ee re so

us e d s d ecti ves t o limit t he ppli c t ion of n oun , n so me

 PRO N O U N S: KIN DS 113

t ime s a s pr on ou n s to r e pl ce a ha t t n oun . Thus , in t he s en

ad aaim
t en ce
On e c n o on ly on e t hi ng t t e,

t he se c on d on e is a limi i a
dj i m dif i t ect ve t hin g b u t t he
ha d i a a aa
ng o y ng

fi rs t i dj e c t iv e us e d

ha i a a
on e v n g n o n ou n e xpr e s se ,
s n s pr o

n oun ; t i tdj s, it s n ecti ve pr on ou n .

aj ad
Exe r ci s e 1 47 w aa . Se le c t t h e d e c t i ve pr on oun s , n t ell for h t e ch

on e is u se d

w a aw ma m ab a w a
.

1 FeA sh ll p r t h er e ee t 2 ll t h t t he ill sh
a aa w w a
. ny . . re re

t h y d e s t in y 3 Non e de f t h ose ho i ll n ot he 4 Th is
wa a wa a b a
. . re so s r . .

w d
t he br S d r ri or th t u ckle d s 5 he h for
a a a m a waa
v est

S m a
s e ver or . . no

d mnd I h ; but t h t of f h l 6
a w a am a
t une , n on e y t e r s p e . . o e re

h ppy , h er e ot h e r s ise r ble 7 One ou gh t to r ely

’

a a wa
s re . . on on e s

se lf 8 w Su ch I h i I u nt o t h ee 9 Bot h t o t he
a aw a
. . s ve , g v e . . e nt r,

b u t ne it h e r r e t u r n e d 1 0 Bot h of t h e se good , nd I ill t ke e it h e r

a
d a
. . re .

11 A . n h ou r or s o h p s se d .

272 . The pr in c ip l wor ds a us e d aa

dj s e c t iv e pr on ou n s a re :

a a
All, nother , n y , both, e ch, ei ther , few, former , l tter , m ny , mor e, a a a
mos t, mu ch, n ei ther , n on e , on e, other , own , s me , s ever l, s ome, s uc h, thi s , a a
a
th t , thes e, those .

273 a h i h ad i h a aE ll d b a h di s t r ib u t i ve s ,
amb f bj a al
t t
a
. c ,
e er , n ne er re c e ec use t ey

r e fe r to k nu er o ec t s t e n sep r te y

a wh h i
o

ha ad h a a
.

Thi ll d m t , thes e, de on s t r ti ve s
h aa
t t
imila i
s, n ose re c e en t ey po n t
bj
ou t o d fi i l H h h
ec t s te y ey , e t c

aH haw ld h i m i afi
e nh . e, s e, t .
,
ve s r u se n su c se n
”
t e n oe s t t t u s t r se t

a A i Wh h a
s e ou r ve

Whi h a
ve

d wha a a
.

d d id h t int e rr og ti v e s ic
Wha
k
b k ha maa
c n re . s n ro e t e?

Th l b j A i ?
a
t D c on un c ti v e

wha
oo ve y o u ey y so e . s n o

y ok wwhi h
u d h
no k f i d h lf c ro e t oo t t?

a
or r en

Ea
s e e

h h ah a
c l
ot er , on e n ot er , r e r e c i pr oc
pr o n o u n s .

2 74 An . aj d e c t i ve pr on oun is am li i t in g aj d ec ti ve us e d wi t h ou t it s
n oun .
1 14 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

Exe rci s e 1 48 Tell t he cl s s a whic h a ch be lon gs , ad

a Th
. to e pr on ou n n

gi e y our r e s on us

a a
v

wa
a a
.

I is l pr on ou n , for it l t he ker
ala
r e pr ese n t s

W a aj
per s on y s spe .

h t is con u ncti ve pr on ou n , for it conn e c t s c use t o t he r e st of

t he se nt e n ce

W a a ad a a
.

1 i It is I 2 fr l 3 You he r e s t r ong 4 Fe w
m a
. . . e re . . n . . re

5 Wh o kn ocks ? 6 To wh o ll t h e y go ? 7 I s t his t h e
sh

a a
s t r on ger . . . .

h ou se which Which re
h e b u ilt ? 8 t he y ? 9 Did y ou c ll us ? 10
a a
. . .

Th t on t he h ill is his 1 1 Wh ich is ? 1 2 Th h wh m

a a a
t
a a
. .
y our s ou r s e
. o

h e c lls 13 Bri n g wh t h e w n t s 1 4 Wh t is his n me ? 1 5 I

a a a a a a
. . . . .

c n n ot t e ll w h t hi s n me is 16 I t h t s pe k un t o y ou m he 17
aa a a a
. . . .

M ny re c lled b u t few re c h ose n 1 8 I h v e n one t o go wi t h me

a
,
. . .

1 9 We r es pe ct t h ose t h t r e s pec t t h e mselv e s 2 0 We oft e n dece iv e

a
. . .

our se lv e s w hile t r y in g t o de c e iv e ot h er s 2 1 God helps t h ose t h t h elp . .

t he mselve s .

B . I N F L E C TI ON : C HAN G E S OF F ORM

1 . N U M BE R

27 5 Four t een pron oun s h a like two nu mber ms

a
. ve, n oun s , or .

They re :

()
1 Th e fiv e pe r s on l a Slu g . 1; thou ; he, s he , i t .

pr on ou n s :
Plu r l aw e; y ,
e y ou ; they

a
.

Th e fiv e co mpou nd per s on l pr on ou n s

Sin g . mys elf; thys elf , y ou r s el f; hi ms elf, herself, i ts elf .

Plur l a ou r s elves ; y ou r s elves ; themselves

a a
.

Four dj e c t iv e Si ng thi s ; th t ; other

a
on e ;
pr o . .

n ou n s Plu r l thes e; thos e; ones ; other s .

2 76 ab f m
All ot he r pr on oun s h ut wh ich is us e d

w h a a wi h a lm a
l a
.
.
ve on e or ,

e it h e r it i s in gul r or t p ur e n ng

wa
aa ai ai ad
.

a me
a
Another , si n g ul r

a a
i e ch , e ither , l
a
ther ,
h f w ma a a
ne re ys n n ng ; n

bot , y l w
e i,
m i g n ,
s ever ,
re l y s plur l n e n n .
116 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

27 9 aa t h e difl e r e nt forms of a
a a
. C se s re n oun s nd pr on oun s r e qui r e d
b y t h e ir re l t i on t o ot h e r word s in s e n t e nc e .

a ai f m a
2 80 Th e Nomin t i ve t he of re quired for
aabj abj
. c se s or pr on oun us e

m m e c t or e c t iv e c o l e nt

a h m a
s su su p e .

Th e P os s e s si v e c se is t e for of n oun or pr ono u n r equired to

w
sh o p i on

a a
ss

a
o sse .

j m
The Ob e c t i ve c se i s t h e for of i d for t he
ab a
pr on ou n r e q u re use s

bj t
o ec of v er or p p
r e os it i on .

281 . To giv e ll t he sin gu l a aad aa

r n plu r l c se -
forms of a pr o

n ou n is t o de cli n e i t Thus : .

N onmwr rvn Po ss nssrv n O BJ E CTI V E

Fir s t Person
our [ our s ]

Se c ond Pe rson
Plu r l a. o
y ur [y ours ]

Thir d Per son

a Pl a
a
S i ngul r or ur l
i n me n in g .

a thee, a w use d c hie fly in s ole n m a

dd
a
Th
a la f
et c
( ) ou , .
,
re no r ess ,

in poe t r y The l l mmon ly t kes t he p

a a
co ce o
or .
p ur you

thou , n d m y den ot e on e pe r s on on ly .

Exerci s e 1 5 1 1 a
N me t h e c a se of t h ese pron oun s Whic h are

a
. . .

plur l for ms?

Her ; him ; t hin e ; t h em ; who ; ours ; it s ; I ; t h e ir ; y e ; whose ; t hee ;

wh om ; us ; hers ; t hy ; our ; you ; me ; my ; it .
 P R O N O U N S : U S ES 1 17

2 Le ah t t en min a t i v e for ms ; t h e n ine ob e c t i ve j forms Wh i c h

m a m a
. rn e no .

t wo for s r e e it h er n o in t iv e j
or ob e c t iv e ? Wh ich one is e it h e r pos

a
sessi v e or ob e c t iv e ? j
282 Thr e e pr on oun s on e, other , ah
n ot er 4 like
y l

mh
a a
. n oun s ye
s pe c i l for m on ly for t h e pos ses s iv e us e Th us :
a a
.

m l N
' ‘
l
n o i
S i ngu l
’
ot h e r , ot h e r s
'
m t h er , n ot h e r s
’

a
r: on e , on e s ; ; .

P lu r l ot h e r s ,
’
: on e s , on e s ;

283 Mos t h owe v er , a n ot us e d a i

ad hab a a
.
pr on oun s ,
re s pos s e s s v e s ,

n ve ut s in gle form for ll h i t e r c on s t r u c t ion s

ad a a
.

Ei ther
’
s n n eit her s
’
r e so met imes use d ; b u t t h e ph r se s o f ei ther , o f
nei t her , would be be t t er .

3 GEN D E R

ad i ama l a
.

284 He s he , t de not e He
ama
r e pr es en t s d
a l a
.
,
n se x . e, n

is of t he m s c u lin e d s he r e pr e s en t s fe
d f is
a ad
ge n e r ; e, n o

t he fe min in e gen der ; i t gen er lly r e pr esen t s se xle s s

hi t
a
n gs , n

h en ce is s i t o be of t he n e u t er gen der
d
a aa aa
.

() H i f n u se d n t e c ed e n t th t li t o bo t h
ma
te to r e pr e se n t

l a d f ma
e s o n pp e s

es l n e es As i n
aa
.

H s ny pe r s on lost hi s glov e s ?

() n like Th e c hild c r ie s for i t s mot h e r , Sh oot t h e

“
I
”
b
“

a
se n t e n c e s

w if we i t , bec t he is e it h e r u n kn o wn
a
cro y ou se e use u se se x or u n

i mpor t nt

a W a af h
.

285 P e r sonifi c t i on me t ime s k f t h in gs i t

a ma
. . e so s pe o s ey

we re n d u se sc u lin e or fe mini ne pr on ou n s i n r e fe r ri n g h m
aa
to t
al
pe r s on s , e .

Su c h j
ob e c t s id t o be per s onifi e d Th u s : Th e hi s
a
re s . su n ce se e ss

c our se d ot h ru n . N t ure in h er r ob e s of gr e e n .

C U SES, OR C O N S T R U C TI O N

aa
.

2 86 l h Pr on oun s h l t e con s tr uct ions , or use s in s e n t en ces ,

ha h a Th a
. ve

f f t he se h owe v e r ,
am
t
ad i
t
a ad la a
n oun s ve . r ee or ou r o us es , re

i t n t e r r og t iv e pr on ouns os t ly us e d

wa
n re n re
r re ; ve

i f h fi
n one o f y [S p t e r st ou r s . ee 1 0 4] .
118 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H .

a
An I nt e rr og t iv e pr onou n ge ner lly pre ce de s t h e v e rb , n d
287 a a
a a a
.

t h e re is s ome t i me s doubt wh e t h e r it is use d s s ub j e c t or s s ub j ec t iv e

aaa
a
c o mple me n t We c n lw y s de c ide , h owev er , by n ot i cing t he c on
aa a
.

st r t io of t h e wor d t h t t kes it s pl c e in t h e e xpe c t e d r e ply For

uc n l un ”
f
.

e x inple :
zz m ll
3 I e d ro ns
'
T u ll m i s ijgr ‘ I t is y ou r mot h e r

a
' .
.
. .

W m b h i c h is
'
i ri ? Th e s m ll on e is y ours

W a a waa a
.

w h t s be ? He s c le r gy m n .

Here wh o ad w am mpleme nts , for s o am

ma h
h t be s u b ect i ve co
j ot h e r

a aa
us t

ad
n re

c le r g y t word s t he y re pr ese nt For s i mi l r re whi ch

i abj
n n, e . son ,

s su ect .

Exe r ci s e 1 5 2 .
— T e ll t h e u s e of e a
h c pr o n o u n i n t h e se se nt e n ce s

He li v et h long wh o liv et h we ll 2 Wh o is it ?
1 I t is I 3 We
a a a a a
. . . . .

h v e fou n d t h e m Wh t I s it t h t y ou h v e foun d ? 4 I n wh t d id y ou
a a a
. .

t r v e l? We se n t t o h i m b y h er for t h i s 5 Whose c r ele ss n e ss c us ed

d f a wah i i ma
. .

h
t is ? O O h w b d
’ ’
t e r v c t or y

a h a d a
t
H h im lf h ah a
ur e e s . ne 3 n ner s s o on e s r ee

i ng d
6 Th ll d l d t i it ine t o go
a f th m m ad h ld h
. . e se s . ey e c n ec .

7 H i ss i on , to t s e cre t 8
Ea ma a hah f ll
. e g ve on e o e pe r n s e us e . .

h i wh hi d d h t i nst nt t
Wh a wh h a a 0 ha w
c s t e pp ng er e s co r e s t oo e t e e .

i i w h
” “
0 Th !
“
? 9 e r est !
a w ha
t s t ort . ou o pr y e r ppy e

h bl d hi b l Th will l n ot go
”
h T e i ng

aw l a
t 10 11
ma ma
us e sse . . s t e c se , e s . . e

k h h es Y t ll ie h ou se y ou r s . ou y s e lc t su c .

288 a ha w Mos t l pron oun s t i forms

d k aa m df a ai
.
pe r s on ve o poss e ss v e

dj i f ll wi li ec t ve to i y
m ha h a ad h he d a
on e us e e n o o o n g n oun , s n
”
d
”
rt , t e ot to t k h t
afa a m h
y n , y ou r e n r us e e e

i ne is
“ ”
l hi i in t The s e
d f m a m im a
p ce o n oun , s e re , s s y ou rs .

se con l d or s re so et es c le po ss es s i v e pr o n oun s .

a
( ) H i s is u se d in e it h e r wy; aahi lad s s n
” “
hi s aa f l lif
ws u se u e

ad a m im ad h b f a
, .

(b) M i ne t hi n e e s u se d like my w d
a a
n re so et n t y e or e or

begin ni n g wi h w l d t mi vo e s ou n ; s
“
ne o wn ,
” “
thi ne h on or .
”
1 20 L ES S O N S I N EN GL IS H

am a This is l s s e r t i v e se nt e n c e

aa aaaj a
1 . co p ex .

m d For of t h e prin ci p l cl u s e nd d ec t i v e cl u se

a
2
aa a a a
. e n .

3 Th e e s s ent i t h e pri n c ip l c l u se
ls of i s p ge
a m d db h a
. re p st .

j4 Th e dj su b e c t p s t is o i fie e c t iv e the
a md b a
t
a
.
y e .

j m m Thedj i su b e c t i v e c o ple e n t p ge i s ifie d h

aw
5 t e c t v es

a aw ad b a
. o y e

nd s h dj f do y , n y t h e e c t iv e c l u se hi ch keeps or ever the r ecor d

a a
f li ves
a aw ad
o ou r .

6 . dj The e s s e nt i ls of t he e c t iv e cl use re hi ch keeps r ecor d , n

so on .

II . aw d
Not hing is t r ouble some (t h t e o

C j
N OT E d a m lm alwa
on un c t iv e d
b a
e nt s

a
.

pr o n ou n s use s co p e ys pr ec e e

t h e ir ve r b s, s in t h e se nt e n ce ove .

a a
4
.

W III d
( ).
( d) d d [ l
h oe v e r ] b d oe s goo ee is i ns t nt y e nn o le .

am a Th i s is l
p ex s s er t i v e se n t e n ce
a aa a a a
1 . co .

F m d of bj
princ i p l cl u s e h v in g n oun c l u s e for it s
a a a ad ab
2 . or e su e ct .

3 . Th e e s se nt i ls of t he sse r t i on re n so on s e fore .

d w a a T j
1
IV ( ) .
[ ] Th e d [d le c t u re r t ol
] us h t he h se e n uri n g h ls o ur n e y .

A a
Exe rci s e 1 5 3 l wi n ly z e t h e fo lo ng se nt e n c e s

a m a wa d l m wa ha
.

W 1w ho ne d t he f th t s sol ? 2 Te l h t y ou
l ad ma ad a a H a ma
. o r . e ve

w 3 Th e ge nt le ho lle is h i i 4 e is

a m a a hd
e rne . . n c p y s c n . . n

th t I S wm h ighly 5 ho t h ose t h t y ou h finis 6

a d m w a h mad
e s t ee . . e ve e . .

W e sh ll hi w w m h t e ver de 7 DO y ou kn o for ho
m a Ha ad w a ad
se n e n s . .

t h e gift is e nt ? fi 8 he h t c u se t he re? 9 I
wwa wa a
. ve y ou r .

kn o h t y ou A w W 10 sk her h o h e is 11 i th t
w b ab
nt

a
. . . . e p e
r z

w h i ch e o t i n y f mw d e ffor t 12 Th is is t h e b ook h ic h he t he
wa ma
. . ro re

M d w 13 lor l I kno h t t he t t er is 1 4 Peop e

a w
s t or y n ot

a d a
. .
y , . .

m l d n y t h in g in Of h ic h t h e y
ma
15
H w waa ad a a
os t o n ot r epe nt

Na
n ev e r o n ge r . .

b
ho m f t u gh t o n ly hi se lf h ool for st er 16 t ur e
d b wa b aw h
e s y . .

is lov e T h t is est in 17 h ere is n o se c r e t of t he he rt hic

a d a w aw m b
y us .

a
a aw a a a aG d
ou r d c t i on s R o not isc lose . 18 . e pu t t io n i s h t e se e ,
ut

ch r ct er is wh t e re .
19 .
Be ut
y is t h e m rk th t o set s on
 P RO N O U N S : P A RS I N G 1 21

Wh amahad maad S h aI ha i
ai whi h waa b a
vir t ue . 20 . t n s on e n c n o . 21 . uc s ve g ve

awa
I t h ee 22 Th bl k f l i h
wa m a i h pa
un t o te n o st c e n t

h wa f h
. . e oc o gr n c s e

p t h y of t he k b
e ,
i e co es s t epp n g- st one n t e t y o t e

s t r ong

aw wa w aa
.

23 Th t hi ch n e r t hly see d

a aa w
. s so n

Sh ll ri se he ve nly flo
W a aw wa
er .

"
h llo ed d I is h t give s birt h
‘
24 h t
’
?
ad
. s gr ou n

w To t h ought s in souls of or t h

amak waw a
s c re .

25 I t is t hi nking t h t h t d
a
. es e re ours .

W
26 m w m d h o give s hi self i t h his l s fee s t hree ,
am
.

Hm i self, his h ungerin g n e ighb or , n d

aa a ll a wa a
e .

27 E ch , ft er le rns only h t he
a mm a
.
,
c n ;
W
ama
h o gr sps t he o en t s it flie s ,
H e is t h e re l n .

295 How to P aa Pr on oun A pronoun is p ad b

a
. rse . rse y
i i i t I ki nd; 2 n tecedent ; (3 ) (4
a ad (
g v n g s . . .
per s on ; .

(5 ) 6 7 declens ion )
m ma
. c s e ; . u se; n . .

The following for s y be us e d :

M
( y) mi n d (t o me) ( ) ki n gd o m is a .

a a
M y is pers on l pr onoun ; re pr ese n t s t he spe ker ; first person ; singu a
a
l r n u mber ; poss ess iv e c s e; us ed t o mod ify t he n oun mi n d a .

Or more b ri e fly
M y is t h e fir st si ngul r a pe r so n al pr on oun , ad
n is u se d t o mod ify
min d .

awa ( h i ) h) l whah a[
4

Th ose (t h t st e t e r y o ut ose t t ey c n ne v e r ] re g a
i n .

i aa
Th os e dj i h ect ve r e pr e se nt s l l a
d a bj
s n pr o n o u n ; t ose pe r s on s p u r

mb f h b
ai ala
ec t o t los e
ad d ah
nu er ; us e s su e ve r .

Th t i t h os e ; j
b wa
s re t ve pr on ou n ; ntece ent , us e s t e s ub ec t of t he

W ai a j a d mi d
st e

ah
v er .

a a
h t i s con u nc t ve pr o n o u n ; n t ece e nt o tte ; us ed s t e

j
ob e c t of t he v erb c n reg in .

Exerci se 1 54 . Pa p rse t he r onouns in Exer cises 153 a nd 148 .

1 22 L ES S O N S I N E N GL I S H

S U MM AR Y : P RON OU N S
29 6 . 1 . Kinds .

P er s on l a a a
( ) e mph t ic , (b) re flexi ve .

I n t e rr og t i v e a .

Con j un c t i v e

Adjec t i v e

Re ci pr oc l a .

Person : Fir st , Se c ond , Thi r d

a a
.

N umber : Singul r , Plur l

Mali
2 Forms
.

Gen d F mi i Ne ut er
N mi a
er : sc u ne , e n ne , .

e: i o i n t ve , Posse ss ve Ob j e c t ive

S mma f N a
.

3 . Constr ucti on . S ee
“
u ry o oun s, p ge 10 4 .

D I RE C TI O N S F O R T HE U SE OF P RO N O U N S

1 . N U M BE R FO RMS

Exerci s e 1 55 A t re e is kn own by fr uit

aaa
. 1 . .

2 . De c idu ou s t ree s sh e d le l ves n nu ly .

3 Ne it h er of t he shi ps lowe re d c olor s

a
. .

h p d
4 Le t b e st

ahild i k w b
. e c er son o .

5 E
a
. ve n c s no n y
6 B h h im l id d w ot t ent s

7 Ea
g . e re o n

h p il m id u st

N fa
. c up pr ov e

i h f l i l will f
8 . o t u g r or get

1 Wh ai m ab t h a d f a
e nt t nt e c e e nt o r on ou n ? 2 I n t he
fill h bla
. s p y e .

t wo w ld k wi h t h e ir it s ?
“ “ ”
3
aa a ad a
se n t e n ces , ou y o u t e n s t or .

mbe r
a
Giv e y o ur r e s on , nd e xpl in t h e nu of bot h pr onoun n nt e

cedent .
4 I n t h e t hi r d
. sent enc e , d oes t h e sub je c t
“
neit her
”
me n one
1 24 L ES S O N S IN EN G L I S H

t h e gi r ls t ke l a a
A pe r s on s m n ne rs fr e qu e nt ly Sh ow 17
’
a
a a a
p c e . .

mor ls 1 8 Aft e r y ou h v e re d My Girls , re t ur n

”
t o me 19
a
. . . .

I f t hi ne e n e my h u nge r , fee d 20 I f n y b od y kn o ws , must

a aa a a a
.

no t t e ll 21 M ny m n will s cr ifi ce r e put t io n for t rifle

ab d a wa
. . .

22 . If ny o y ll
c ll s, i te to t .

299 An t e ce de n t s j oin ed by AND aa d

S i ngu l n tece ents

a a a
. . r

conn ected by nd mu st be r epr esen ted by ”

l l
a a
p u r
pr on ou n

when they den ote di ffer ent thi n gs , bu t by si n gu l r

pr ono u n

whe n
( )
1 the y de n ote the s a
m e thi ng, or

( )
2 when they ak ept sep r ab
a te th f a
e ch,
”

aa
re y e us e o every ,

m Thus :
” ”
ny ,
or no .

aha ad Ma( w
M )w f b h t h e ir
aad a (
ept r ot

) a
rt n ry t o pe r so n s or er .

h T e se cr e t h d ffi t re s r e s igne hi s
Ea h la ad a a a Ma a
ry n s ur e r on e pe r s on o ce

h fl w k k i se
’
f it s
ma l a lm will h a h d la
c e n e c o er c n s pe er s pr .

d
Eve r y it s
Ma a fl w a d ma am ma ha b a i dd
p e n ev er y e ve S e e ve s .

it s ut y h
d a a aa am a
ny o er n ny ge y ve e en .

N d o fr ie n d n no c qu in t n ce g ve e hi s i .

Exer ci s e 1 5 7 aa i a h f h S u pply s ui t b le pr on oun c t e se se n t e n c e s ,

a
. n e o

giv i nhg t h e re son for y ou r c oi c e :

J 1 ad B j a m j
ose ph
d ah C li a in r e o ic e f t 2
k a
to t te
ad i d li wl ma ll a
. n en se e er . . u v

d m b k fee il ou t

ad had ma
te
ha ha
go o pe r n n ng : pr e s e n c e e y o u

E 3 4 ke Pov
w m a a ffi ad
t re
ad w a l h ha a
nv y n posse ssor un ppy
ppy . . . .

h t i 5 E ch
a a M la
er t y t te t
a ma
n e ve e c o n p o n s . . o ce r n

h ld i wi b m d m ll it t e in 6
m a
re t te
a
to
ad m ai a
e c so er e pe r r s . .
y c ss

d m l d d 7 E h d t st u ie s v e r y st e

ah a f a lad a
n co p n on co p e e . . er n ever y

t r in d m lm E d 8
ba
e nt

l mam a
pco e o p s se n ger s . . very y n e very

m [S Th h d
u s t r e gis t e r 9
ad a a a ad illa
ge n t e n n es . ee . e us n

f ther ml n n ot s u ppor t f iy 10 Ev e r y c it y

ad fa a d
n c . . n v ge

n m i h d r fu r n s e qu ot of s ol ier s

ai la
.

OR NOR
aa
3 00 . An t e c e de n t s j oin ed by or . Use s n gu r .

pr on ou n to r epr es en t si ngu lr ntecedents connected by or or

Thus:
“ ”
nor .
1 26 L ES S O N S I N EN GL IS H

we a re t hinking of t he a c t ion of aa
t h e i ndi vid u ls t h t form t he
body
a a a
.

Th e m t h e Unit ed St t es , t h ough plur l in form,

e of our count ry ,

a a aa a a
n

is now more ge n er lly t re t ed s We spe k

a a a
s ingul r c olle ct ive n o u n .

of i ts gov e r n me nt , i ts rmy , i ts n v y Us ge , h owever , i s div ide d . .

3 03 Colle c tiv e a nte ce de n ts Repr esent a collecti ve ab m

ai la aa
. . n y
w hen you r efer to the collection wh ol

ad b a a d af
s ngu r pr on ou n s e,

l l wh f t th i d i i ls the
a
a
n p u r pr onou n en y ou r e er o e n v u o
y
l
co lecti on s ep r tely .

— l"ill a aw a a
e ch bl nk it h s uit ble pron oun , giving t h e
a
Exerci s e 1 5 9 .

a
re s on for y our ch oic e

a a
.

1 The u di e n ce ke pt t s t ill t h e close 2 Th e j ury h d not

a
. se . .

brought in ve r dict H w Th e ill ele ct ke r

a A m w
3 n ext

a
. . ouse s pe

Mon d y . 4 Th e Bo
. rd of lde r en ill be divi ded i n opi nio n .

5 O ur club will h old mee t ing t omorr ow 6 The Pos t will in

a
. .
.

st ll offi c e r s ne xt week .

2 CA S E FO RMS -

aa a m
.

3 04 When we t he pron oun s t h t h ve t hree c for

a a aj
. use se -
s,

we mus t be c reful t o use only t he n omin ti v e forms s su b ects

an d su bjecti ve complements , adn only t he j

ob e cti ve m a
for s s

ob ects of v er bs or
j p p
r e os i t ion s .

3 05 The a
min tive forms for s u b e ct s j ad s u b e c t iv
j m
a
. no n e co

ple me n t s re

I, we t h ou h e, sh e , t h ey , wh o wh oever wh osoe ver

aki d a
, . , , .

The j
ob e ct ive forms for ob e ct s of
j ny n re

me , us, t h e e , h i m, h er , t h e m, wh om wh omever wh oms oev er

, , .

3 06 Rule for j
sub e ct s , 1 Never use a bj ecti ve

aa j
etc

af m aa j
. . . n o

s ub ect or s u b ec ti ve c omplemen t;

aa
s or

a
c se -
or s

2 . Th e su b ect oj f b h ver s ould be i n the nomin ti ve c se .

1 28 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

6 Tell me (wh om who) me a 7 The re a

ws t o go e xcept
ad h wad ad (
.
, y ou n . . n o one

(sh e , h er) mot h er I him, h e ) t o c ome

aa a
8
aa
n er . . nt e y ou n

g i n 9 (Wh om .
,
wh o) i s t.hi s p c k ge for ? 10 .
(Th e m,
t h e y) t h t
h o n or me I will h onor 1 1 Se n d (wh oe v er , . . whomever) y ou ch oose .

12 I will give it t o (wh osoev er wh omsoever) l 13 (Who,

a
t
ai a
.
, y ou se e c . .

wh om) d id h e s exe c u t or ? 1 4 Th i s i s for y ou n d (I me)

ad (I m ) b i
ppo nt .
, .

Le t t he sle igh
’
15 . s y ou n , e r ng .

3 08 A a a form only

a
pposi t i v e th e ob e c t i v e c
j
w a
. n pron oun re qui r e s se -

wh en in pposi t i on it h n ob ec t j . Th us :

Honor t h y mother h er wh o lov es t hee well

ah ad
.
,

We will writ e to e c o t h er , y ou n I .

3 09 A pr on oun wi t h aa
a a m
r t i ci ple s h ould

aa
. us e d ind e pe n d e n t ly or p
g e n er lly h ve th e no mi n tive c s e- for Th us :

a a H a a
.

0 Th ou wh o he re s t pr y e r ! e f ili ng, wh o sh ll su cceed ?

3 1 0 Th e s u b j e c t n d t h e c o ple a m m of t h e i ndi r e ct pr e di c t e a
a a
. en t to
be mu s t b ot h h v e t h e obje ct i v e c se -
form . Th us :

I kn e wi t t o be him . He t h ought t h e m t o be us . Wh om d id he s up

pose me t o be ?

Ex er ci s e 1 6 2 Re d aa e ch of t h ese a
l im t e s , u si ng

ba
. se nt e n ces se v er

wh e n
i

difi e r e n t pr on oun s t o fill t he l n ks , po ss ible . Thus

I t is I . I t is y ou . I t is we . I t is he . I t is she . I t is they .

I t is It a
w sn t ’
Itab I m b
’
t us t

wa
t
Wa
c n e e

I S it NO , it is N it it
a ad
s o, s

I t is w
Th e y
ad
n ot

ad
n or s n

n will go . B w et ee n n

Ne it h we nt Do y ou know he se nt ?
a a
er n or .

Th ose for nd He kn ows it is for

a
re .

He mis t ook for kne wit ws

Do y ou k n ow it is ? knewit t o be

a a
t h t form
a
h e r ci s e 1 63 . Re d t h e s e n t e n c e s , u s ing of t h e pr onoun

which you t hink is correct . Gi ve t he re s on for your choice .

130 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

3 13 aa a wh
I t is oft e n wh h b et t e r t o t h t , r t h er t h
“ ” “
ic
a a a am a a
. us e n o or ,

in r e s t r i c t i v e cl use s h i i cl use s t h t li i t t he li i of t he
a d am a
t t t
wma
; s ,
n pp c on

w w
a aaa aaa a d
by sh o in g hi ch ho
aj
nt e c e e nt ones or ny , e t c .
,
re e nt .

a aa a
Ot h er d e c t iv e c l u se s s t ddit ion l f ct b out t he nt e ce ent ,

a mab a a
te n

nd lle d coer d i n t e , expl n t ory . or i t i l For

a
y e c ppos v e c u se s .

exm ple :

Fa
RESTRI CTI V E wa mmi i a a r nkli n t he th t negoti t ed t he
a
.
s co ss oner

tr e t y

a d ammi a
.

C O O RDI N ATE w Congre ss i te ss ioner , ho negoti t ed the

a
.
ppo n co

tre ty .

3 14 a a fw j
I t is be t t er t o a ch ot h e r i n spe ki ng t o ob ects ; on e n

a
. us e e o

m
ot h e r , o
f w A ore th n t o . s in

a ad J aa ( a) D v id n on th n lov ed e ch ot h er

a a
.

[ H w] d ( ) m m [wo ( ) ho] t he ont h s co p re it h one not er ?

aa a a a i wi
E ch n d on e j h b lly i n i t h t he sub e c t of

aa a j
re ge n e r ppos t on t e ve r ;
ot h er nd n ot h e r r e ob e ct s .

Exe r ci s e 1 6 4 aw w w aa 1 Fill t h e b l nk s it h ho, hic h, th t , nd i t h

a
. . or g v e e

re so n for y ou r c h oi ce

H wa
.

A w
de ceiv e d by t h e fr ie n d in b e t r us t e d 2
aa a aa a a
1 . e s . . ne

m
oppose d t h e N t i on l B nk 3 Th e se t he
a W a
p rt y ro se , . . re s e

w d d
s s is t e d us be fore 4 ho t h ose i nt r o
a a
pe r s on s . . re er e u ce

A
us ? d di 5 mll I i d influ en c e hi 6 Th ey h
a a
n ot not

a
to . s . . ve

forgot t e n t h e fr ie n d sm nd t he h o t h ey h le ft 7 IS t h t
aam m H wa
e ve . .

t he m r egi Of ber ? 8 t h e fi r st
ad a
e nt

wa ma
y ou re e . e s

che wW t h e Ne or ld 9 Th e v e ry s killful

am a d a b
re . . s u rgeon , s n,

s v ed fm i d li
’
f 1 0 Th e f ily I v i si t e t he
W a a a w
y r e n s e . . c n n ot e o ne

w f 1 1 t h e pris oner s nd t h e fl gs
a
to y ou r e e r . . e s e re

c pt u r e d

a a
.

2 d
S elec t t h e pr oper expr e s s i on s y o u r e t h ese se nt en ces

a m (a a )
.

A
Th e t r ibe s of Sou t h er n fr i c ble ch ot h e r , one n ot h er

a )
1 . r e se e .

( w
Eit h e r , Of t h e fiv e ill h e lp y ou
a a )
2
w a a
. ny o n e .

4 W a wap ( a awa
3 Th e t ( t ion s s us pi c ious of one n ot h e r , c h ot h e r

wh ) ma w
. o n re e .

. i e s y shi th t t s, ose st s ere cut .

13 2 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

CHAPTER V I I I

A D JE C T I V ES

[Re v i e wp ge s 2 4 a
Exerci s e 1 6 6 .

aa a
An y br ight , int elli ge nt ch ild Se v e r l l rge As i t i c lions
aa a aa a
. .

So me poor nt h r cit e c o l Wh t pl nt s r e poison ous ?

a a
.

Wh i ch pl ne t is br igh t e st ? Th ose t hr ee de c y i ng t r ee s
Ch am da k a d d a h ma wa la
.

d m fu l Ev e ry t e n t
a a ld
s s, r n re . n s e .

S ll R ix t All h m i
u ss i id iers
Th a a hi wa a a
n so . t e t t en ev en ce .

dl k l t ro oo l s c h e e r e ss . T s t er t st e s s t .

Wh ai aa
1 dj t Wh h f h di adj i e c t iv e ? 2 ic t e ct v e s

b wh a m Wh h h w w ma am a 4
. s n . o e pr e ce ng

d es cr i d t is e n t ion e ? 3 ic ho nt ?

ha a d Wi h d
e . S o ny re e .

M e n t io n
h m l h ww i h
t t h r e r e fe r r e to t ou t

Wh ai a di aa
ose t ere y S o c ones e

scri
b m in g t h e dj i 5M h ect ve ? 6 e n t i on

h a
t te t
d a Na a
re
. . s p c . o se

b m dj d7 Th e c t iv e s sk i 8
ha
to t
ama
u se ov e . . e t e use qu e s o n s . . e

w d i d m Thfr o d f m b 9
di aa
t
a
t t
h ah w
o er v e p p
r o e r n ou n s . . o se re e ro ve r s .

10 h T t Wh h b id d n t it y 11 ic t h e pr e
a
. ose t S o q u . . es es c te
j w
e ct i v e s
ll h hfo ho m d if t e n ou ns t t t ey o y?

A . KI N D S

3 16 Most a
dj aw d amab d wi h a
e c t iv e s th t t
a ai i f a
. re or s y e us e

to descr ibe t h bj m d b h w ect n in g t h t t

a a ha i a a a di
n o un e o e y s o s o

c er t i ki d n n or qu lit y , i or t t it s in cer t n st te or c on

t ion As
awa
.

whi t e r ose s ; s killful s u rge on s ; wound e d men ; d ily lks

a m d a
wa a
.

dj
Such e c t iv e s bes id e s de s cr ib in g m h t is lso O ft e n li it t he
ali a a a a
n e

pp i f c t on o t he n ou n , s in t h e l s t t h r ee m ex l
p s
e .
 A D JE C I I V E S : K I N D S
‘ ‘
13 3

a
dj 3 17 Ot her ec t ive s do n ot hin g else bu t dete rmi ne li mi t
aa a a
. or

t he li t i of by sho wing whi ch howm

waa
pp c on n ou n ones , ny , or

Ah t qu nti ty . s

t hi s br ook ; t h e fourt h d y ; a s ix pe r ch ; f e w t r ou t; much r a

i n .

3 18 . A D e s cr ipt i v e ajd e ct i ve is on e th t a d e s cri b e s wh am t is en

t i on e d .

a aa
ll d a a
dj d i d f m
a
3 19 i Des cript iv e ll d
haaf m f b a a
, e c t ves er v e ro p p
r o e r noun s re c e

dj
aa
i Th r t i cipi l
a ha a a a
t
a
r
p ope r e c t ve s . ose t re or s o ve r s re c e p
dj i Th d
e c t ve s q l ll d
. d j i ose t t e n ot e u it ie s re c e qu li t t i v e e c t ves .

aadia a j
Th us
m d w mBr zili n on s ; f t i gu i n g our ne y s ; i se en .

Exerc i s e 1 6 7 aj Fr om t h e following form pr oper d e ct i ve s

a
. n oun s to
fill t he bl nk s i n t he se nt e n ce s

a a Am a a a
Gen o a aaa Fr e ri c Sp in , Per si V e ni c e , I t ly , Chin J p
a a aMaa a
,
n ce , , , n,
,

M A
Tur key , Gree c e , e xico , f ri c Sh ke spe re , lt Br z il

aa a a aa
, ,
.

1 t v ig iled under he fl g Th e
aa
2 fl g nd

a
t or s
a a a
. n s . .

t he fl gh t hr ee c olors e ch 3 nd

a a aa
ve . . c rpet s r ugs re

m
i d 4 w l nd f r e sold he r e
a W
t nt e r n s 5 The in
w a a
por e . . ns . .

do Hh blind s is n e xc elle nt de r
am aa
6 7 h ic h
a a a
s ve . . e re . .

m H lu ble , di o nd s ? l
wa
8 d l
a a aa
re or e v or . e p y e s e v er

ir s W m w nd

a a
9 Dr
aa
. . cross cr oss . 10 . e et t o

n d sever l 11 . Coch ine l is pr od uct .

3 20 m aj am w w
w ma a
. A Li i t in g d e c ti ve is on e th t e r ely sh o s hi ch one s ,

ho w ny , nd s o on , i t h out d e s cri bin g .

3 21 m aj w Li it ing d e c t iv e s in clude t h e follo ing

a a
.

I w Th e t o Art i cle s th e ; n , or

(a a
. .

) w a a
Th e is t h e d efi ni t e rt ic le , u sed it h eit h e r singu l r l l
a a
or p ur

n ou ns m t o poin t out so e p r t ic ul r t h in g or t hi n gs

a a a
.

() b An w w is t he in d efi ni t e
aw m a
r t ic le , u se d it h sin gul t o Sh o
a
or r n ou n s

th t e e n eit her one only or ny on e .

13 4 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

II aa Numer l d j e ct iv e s , wing howm a which one of ai

w a aa
.
sh o ny or se r es ,

ho l r ge p rt , e t c As
Ma a a ad a
.

r ch c on t i n s t hir t y d y s, f our weeks th re e d y s Pro

a a ma
-
on e or n .

w t h e t hi r d or d o n t he nin e t y fir s t p ge A t e nt h p r t is s lle r
aa a
n ou n c e -
.

th n si xt h p rt

aa aw a A
.

III dj w
Th e I n t e rr og t i v e e ct iv e s hi ch nd h t

W a
s

a d a
. .

W d R m
h i ch ro w d d le s to o e? h t c it ie s ere e st r oy e ?

IV j a dj
Th e Con w aw awi unc t i ve m e c t iv es hi c h nd h t, t h t h eir
a a
. co

pou nd d d
s , use to int ro u ce n ou n -
cl use , or to c onne ct it t o t h e r e st of

t he A
se nt e n c e s

ww a d
.

W a
d d
Do y ou kno h t pr e si ie in offi ce ?

l a
a
e nt s

a ma a i will b
h t e ve r f bl ob t

a m wai
ct s

W a a
y ou y n e v u e .

d w e h v e not he r hi c h r y s v ct or iou s

a a a ad m a
.

S m o j dj e c on u n c t iv e e c t iv e s re r e l t iv e s , n so e int err og t ive s .

V m . a a De dj on s t r a ad
t i ve e c t iv e s thi s , th t , these, thos e, n y ond er ,

wh i ch point bj d l ou t o e ct s e fin it e y
aj a ad maa
.

VI . D i st r i b ut i v e d e c t iv e s e ch , ever y , ei ther , n ei ther , n ny ,

wh ic h j re fer to ob e c t s sin gly

Q aa a a
.

V II dj m
u nt i t m m t i ve e c t i ve s u ch , os t, li ttle, les s , le st

a aa a aj
ore ,

a ad
. .

D i s t r i but i v e dj nd qu nt i t t i ve e c t ives re c lle I n d efini t e d ec

t iv e s

a j a ad
.

Th e in t e rr og t i ve , m ( c on unc t i v e , de t i ve , in d efi ni t e
a
on s t r

a a a
n ex

c e pt ) d j ever y m d (S
e c t i ve s , A d j y lso be use s pr on o un s . ee e c t iv e

Pr on ouns ) .

Exer ci se 1 6 8 1 Cl a s sify the adj ec t iv e s in Exe r cise 1 0 6

a a am ad ad
. . .

2 Con s t ru c t t e n s ent en c e s , ch c ont ini ng li it in g

a
. e n e

s c ri pt iv e dj e ct i v e .

B . I N F L EC TI O N : C HA N GE S OF F O RM

CO MP AR I S O N

Exe r ci s e 1 6 9 1 a ala la
L ke Eri c is
k
a ai la haLa
. . r ge e .

2 Lk M k E i i chig
La
t
i h la la
. e n s r ge r n e r e .

3 . k S e k i h upe r i or s t e rge s t e n t e world .

13 6 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

Exerci s e 1 70 1 Tell whi ch d e gr e e of t h e se a

dj e c t iv e s is give n

a a a
. .

H ppier ; nobler ; must y ; cle re r ; slower ; ne r est ; hot ; pr oper ; bright

a a
sle n de r ; s m ll; polit e r ; f ir es t ; lucki es t ; surest .

2 Co m a p re t h e follo i ng w aj d e c t iv es [se e 3 70 ]
a
.

Thi n ; fee ble ; st r on g ; mer ry ; loft y ; b r ve ; sh or t ; j olly ; pr e t t y ; r ed ;

c oy ; gloomy ; k e e n ; a
sh y ; r ough ; gr e t ; migh t y ; lovely ; idle ; pr ofou n d .

Whi ch a Which aa
dd
lly only r a Which
a?
3 ch? y to i nd s t ?

la
. nge re

double t h e ‘
s t c onson nt

3 26 I rr e gu l ama r i son The following aj

d e c t ive s a
ad a awa
. r cop . re

comp re in n irregul r y somet imes by qu i te di ffer ent

PO S I T I V E CO M P ARA S UP E RL A PO S I T I V E
TI V E TI V E

be t t er

worse wors t a
n e r er

more most

[O ut ] out e r

[Up] upper

N O TE a aa d
The b word s i n br ck e t s a
Se v e r l ot h er s uperl a
d b a
ama a
. re ver s .

t iv e s re ddi m d e y ng -
os t in s t e of -
e st . As

nort her n , nor t h e r n mos t ; so u t h e rn , sout h er n most .

3 27 M aa dj e c t ive s a c nn ot mp red by in fle c t ion ,

be a
a ad aa a
. ny co

s in ce t he d di i t on of er n es t would m ke wkw r d or ill

words
a am
s ou n d in g .

Hence second method is employ ed by which more nd ost

 A D J E C T I V E S : N U M BE R 13 7

a re use d wi t h t he posi t ive form t o a

m ke t he mp a
ai ad t
a
co r ve n

superl t ive Thus

aif l m aif l m a
.

be ut u or e be ut u ost be ut iful

a ad a
.
, ,

Or we m y us e less n le st to S ho wdegrees below t he posi

t ive Th us :
aa maa a maa re b m rk ble , less re rk ble , le s t re rk le .

ad j w a
Th e ma a
d d a w e c t ives hi ch nd e s t b d or d s of

a ad aw w d w a
3 28 ,
to or y e e n

one s y ll ble b n fe or s of t o sy ll les , chiefly t h ose end ing i n

A
a
lo
Ha a a
y or . S

m wppy , he r ty , r e dy ; n oble, ble; polite, ello , et c .

A w a d j d a a a e ct iv e s lit ies h t c nn ot exi s t

a
tfe e n ot e in differe nt
a m a
3 2 9 , qu

d nd m d b m
h e n ce t h ey c n ne it h e r be red nor odifie

ad m A
e gr e e s , co p y or e

n ost

a f a a a a
. s

D e d , chi e squ r e, equ l, pr inc i p l, spher ic l, et c

m a a am m d
, .

NOTES u ch for s r ou nd er , s tr i ghter , tru est, et i

a h m am a a a
. s r e so e s use

s if t ey e nt or e ne r ly r ou nd or str ight, or ne r es t true .

a aj a a dj
aa a aa
Exerci s e 1 7 1 Ch th e d e c t i ve s e qui v lent ect iv e

a
. 1 . ng e to
dj e qui v

aw m
h nd ch t h e ph r s e s t o len t e ct ives

Ha m a a
ng e
p r ses , .

m n ds o m ore sh llo ost sincer e ; fit t e st ; h ndy s u c ie s t

a aw a
er ; ; or e ; ;
m m m mb
w a w
d l ; sle n or e n i le ; br
a
os t est e r e st ; ge n t le st
a m
p ;
e n rr o ; ve r .

a maa
2 Ch t o ph r se s de n ot in g lo er n d lo
t he e s t d e gr e e s

w a
. n ge .

3 w Tell j hi ch of t h e follo i ng d e c t iv es re not c o re d , nd i

a
.
p g e
v

aa a
y our r e so n :

m w m w h ll
a aa a a
L us ciou s ; t t ent h ; de d ; p rt ic ul r ;
a
e py ; o o ; s upr e e ; rong ;

f lse ; in ; f shi on b ble ; ked ; h one s t ; lucr t iv e ; v oid ; t h e se ; lind ;

aa a w b ma
v n

e qu l; f t l; dry ; l et ; e st ; e n ; d ut iful; lev e .

330 Nu mbe r On ly t wo a
dj e c t ives , a aa thi s n d th ch nge

ama
. . t,
t he ir form when us e d wit h n ouns plu r l in e n in g Th us :
a aa a
.

t hi s ki nd ; t h e s e v r iet ie s ; t h t r e s on ; t h os e re son s

a aa a maa ad
.

A m
ma
( ) n ot h er , e c h , e i t h e r , n ei t h e r ,

a d l wi h i a a
uc h ,

a
or n, ny , n on e

am a
a a
re u se on y t s ngul r n ou n s ; nd b ot h , ny , s e v er l, s un dr
y,
divers , nd ost nu mer jl d e ct i ve s , onl
y wit h plur l nouns .
13 8 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

e U S E S , O B CO N S TRU C TI O N S

a a a
.

331 ( ) A jI m b d e c t ive closely con nected wit h it s

aaa a a
. . n y e

noun s m n tt ri bu t e , or p r t of t h e n e Thu s :
a a al
.

1
Th os e br v e s oldie rs p p ed
r e r for t h e co mi ng b tt e

a a
.

b
() O m b rd it y e us e ppos i t i ve ly Thus :
a ab a
.

Th e my ; e qu lly br t he confli c t

ad awa
en e ve , eg n .

Cool r e s olu t e , they it ed t he onse t

a a a aa
n .

332 II I t m y be j oin e d t o c opul t ive ve rb

aa
di
aa
. . s pre

c te dj e c t ive , s howin g wh t is s s e r t e d of t he su bj e ct Thus :

a ad ad h
.

Th e c ont e st w s long n blood y , n t e r esult see med d oub t ful

a mab j aai
.

333 dj i III d An e ct ve oin e to tr t i ve v er b

l w d a
ba aj
. .
y e ns

m m m l ob e c ti ve l to its
ad ah a
en t t
ma dd aa
m m a
or ve r or s n co p e co p e e

i e n ng li h bj
n t t e s e ti e qu ty to t e o e c t of it .

His t roubles a
m d e him in s ane . We t ried t o a
m ke him c omf or t ble a .

3 3 4 How t o P a aA j d e c ti ve a aa dj
To p
i
a
e c t ve

a a
. r se n . rs e n

h t o t e ll on ly it s ( )
1 ki d ( )
2 m if mfor i
a
t
m ma
ve n co
, p r ve

su per l t ive (3 ) u se . These for b f ll w d

s y e o o e :

1 aa
.
) (Fm
ull m
( f a ) ny ge o pur e s t r y se r e ne

(T h ) (d a k ) ( fa h em d ) a ( fr a) b a
,
un t o e c ve s o oc e n e r .

D 2 k w (wh a
.
)
O (
yAm
o u a) h awabli d
no t e r ic n i s t or i n s n ?

3 (Whi h ) ki .
( f E la d )
c h ad i
( ) w ng o ng n s x iv e s ?

maa i a li mi i a dj m dif m
m dif a
i d ect v e to
i a a i a
ny - s t ng ; u se o y g e .

dj d
a
i
ai a
su per l t i ve, des cr i
a
pur e s t s pt ve e c t v e ; u se to o y r y .

Am dj m dif h
a
i d e c t ive i s t ori
wa
e ri c n des cr i pt to
i aj a
ve ; u se o y n
s p p ,
r o er .

dj d m dif
f wa
i i h i i
d a bj
h t con u nc t ve ec t ve to t
i a a
s ; u se o y s or n .

dj m lm e ct iv e c o

a
b li ndd i i t e ct ive ent o

ad f i
s es cr p ve ; us e s su p e s,

t o hi s t ori
i a a a
n r e er r n g n .

w i dj i d m df i y ki n
la
hi c h i
i i am a
s n nter r og t g ve e ct v e ; us e to o .

sx s dj
nu i d
er m dif w e c t ve ; u se to o y i ve s .
1 40 L ES S O N S IN EN GL I S H

D . D I REC TI O N S F O R TH E U S E OF ADJ EC TI V E S

33 6 A or An A shou hl be u s ed on ly befor e wor ds begi nni ng

a ad ab f
. .

wit h conson nt sou nds , n n e or e wor ds begi nni ng wit h

vow el sounds . Thu s :

ah a
A h ouse , w d a a i a aw a
a ai al afi hi aii l
n on or ; on er , one , n on on , n ounce ; ye ,

e we use , fin t , e u ogy , n re n, n nc e

a a
,
.

NO T E — One begin s wit h t he c onson nt sound of w nd long be

a
.
, 11

gi ns wit h t he conson n t sound of y .

337 Arti cle a t ed When two more connected a

dj
ai l ab
. r e pe . or ec

ti ves des cr ibe di fi e r en t ob ects ,

j the is u sed wit h e ch

a
rt c e ut

whe n the y descr ibe the s a

m e ob ec t, j the r tic le is u s ed

first only Thus :

aa aa
.

A pink nd wh ite d hli (t wo flowers)

a aa
.

A pin k n d whit e d hli (one flower )

a aa a
.

A red , wh ite , nd blu e fl g

a a
.

A r ed whit e , nd blue fl g
. .

How m a flaam e nt i oned.

a a
ny gs re

338 Agr eemen t An dj ecti ve th t i mpli es more

a a a
. . one , or

th must in mber wit h the th t

d a
n one , gree nu noun

Thus we shoul s y

Th i s kind , thes e kind

”
th t a those
” “
t h ree
a i
n ot ; sort , n ot sort ;
fe e t wide ,
n ot
“
t hree f
oot wide six poun d s of te ,
”
n ot
“
s x pou nd .
”

aa w a a a ma a
a
339 Su ch e xpr es si on s f dozen , t hu nd r ed , te n
a a aa
,
s e gr e ny ,

tho us d thr ee hu nd r ed fi
s i xty w f m b nd h l cons ide red

aw
t
aj
n ,
-
ve , o , y e

d e c t iv e ph r ses h e n t h ey modify n ou n s .

3 40 Th e m Never them aaa

dj ecti ve

aa
. . u se s n .

Expressions like
“
them books,
” “
them hi
t g,
n s
”
m
re ong t he worst
errors .
 A D J E C T I V ES : WR O N G U S ES 1 41

a w aa w
Exer ci s e 1 73 1 Fill t h e bl nk s it h n , or the h en n e ed e d

wa a
.

a ma
. .
,

1 Br ut us h on or ble 2 Thi s i s u n i ve r s l t ru t h
H wa a a
. s n . . .

3 m ki n d nd i n d ulge nt p r e nt 4 O it fir st
a aa a a a
. e s . .

n d se c on d s t 5 d i h h l i h 6
wa a
t
ma ma
nz s . .
po o r n r c ve e qu r g s . .

S he s rri e d to digni fie d nd k in dly n

a
.

2 m S ele c t t h e pr ope r f or giv in g y o u r re son

( a
. , .

( 1 ) I pre fe r t h ese , t h i s ki n d
) of r ugs 2 Did t h e y t h t , t h ose
a a ( a
. . . u se

h ose Y m t t h e fire ? 3
) u st v oid t h ose , t h t sort of l 4
a a
ou .
p pe
e o . .

I h m ( ven) w w ’
W
t m hse e n hi for t h e se , t h i s t o e eks . 5 . e ust c tc
(t h e m t h e se ) h or se s

a aa
.
,

3 41 mp r ed
Adj e cti ves Do not comp r e djecti ves
a a
n ot

a
. co .

so s to m ke i ll sou ndi n g or me n i n gless for ms

a a
-
.

S y t h e mos t i mper ti n ent fe llow not t h e i mper ti n en tes t; nd mor e

a aa ha a
,

ne r l h y s qu r e, r t er t n s qu r er

a a
a
.

3 42 Double Comp ri son Do not modify mp ti ves by

la
. . co r

more n or su per i b t ves y most ”

am a a aw
.

For Th ey could find wor thi er m or thi er

a a a
n ot or e n, s y,
m n, or mor e wor thy m
”
n . In
“
This is t he mos t un wi se st cour se ,
”

omit e it her mos t or s t

a
a
.

3 43 Forms Con fused Use the mp r ti ve form i n com

a a a a
. . co

p ri n g two ob ects ,
j the su per l ti ve i n comp r i n g more th n two

a wa
Thus
Wh ich is b e t t e r h e lt h lt h ?
a wa a
or e

Whi ch is b e s t h e lt h , e lt h , or le r ni ng ?

344 mi su se d
. Do n ot
Oth e r . s poi l am a
i co p r s on

wrongly i nserti ng or omi tti ng the word other Th us :

a aa ah
.

New York is l rger t h n n y

Am
aa
c it y in e r ic ould of c ou r se be
aad R ad a
,
s

t h n ny other c it y in Ame ri c h ode I sl is t he m lle s t Of

a a a Sa
n n s

d b
ll t h e ot h e r St t e s , sh ou l e of ll t h e t t es
”

aaj
.

3 45 Adj e c ti ve s for Adve r bs Do n ot use d ecti ve wher e

aa
. . n

d d d verb is
a a
n nee e

a
a
k pr oper , but k properly l good, but
“
Not spe s e
p not re

d
”
re lly or very goo .
1 44 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

CHAPTER IX

V E RB S

A . K I ND S

3 47 a
The life h of s en t e n c e is t e ver b a
t h t it c on tai for
abw a a mma
. ns ;

wit hou t ver e c nn ot s ser t or qu e s tio n or co nd or

wi sh .

3 48 In s t u dy of the s t ru c t u re of s e n t e n ces we h a
aa ad a
. our ve

d lr e y le rn e th t

1: Mos t v e r bs e xpr e s s a a
c t i on , s g ,
o co me, wor k
aa a dwll m
.

2 Some ve r bs den ot e st te or c on di ti on , s be, e s ee

la ( )
. .
,

3 All ve r bs belong t o on e of t wo b f m 1
a b a
. c ss es , ver s o c o

l t d i t i b i fl m l t d ( ) b f 2
a
p e e pr e c on ,
or r e y, c o p e e ver s, n ver s o

in comple t e pre d ic t ion , or in c omple t e v e r bs . As ,

( )
1 Th e s un r i ses (2 ) Th e s un gi ves ligh t
amab d a mak a
. .

4 A Comple t e l ver b is th t to
di a A Th ah l
. on e y e use one e

pr e c te s, e e rt r evo ves

a d ah w d
. .

5 A m b i I n co l t th t n ot to
di a A Th ah i ah
. n p e e ver s on e n ee s er or

m l h t t te e e rt

a ha m l h di ai a
co p e e e pr e c . s, s s p ere .

Thi s p rtll d h
t m t co p e t e s t e pr e c te s c e t e co

p lm
e f h b
ent o t e ve r

b a f w ki d la ad ai
.

6 I mpl
. n co i e t e v er s re o t o n s , c opu t ve n t r ns
t i
am l m ha
ve

a bi ha
.

7 A . i
Copul ti ve v er s on e t t r e qu r e s co p e en t t t
de s c ri be s or limit s it s j su b e c t .

As , Life i s shor t . The Mus es wer e n i ne in nu mber .

 V E R BS : K I N D S 1 45

8a A Tr
b i ha ha a m l m whi h
n si tive t t en t

wha h a
. ver s on e s co p e c

h w wh t i i d b th b t c t on ex

ah h a
s o s o or p re c e ves e resse y e v er .

A Th f
s, bbie Th h ox c u gh h f t t e r t e un t er s ot t e ox

f a la a di a
a di aa
. .

9 Th m lm i Co b i i h t
m h a la
. e p e e nt o c o pu ve v e r s e t er pr e c te
dj i l d
l al a
te e c t ve , or e s e s o

ai i a A Edwa
n oun or pre c e p r s e or c us e us e

l d i ki Th l
wha
ts ent

a w ma
s equ v . s, r s ng . e eo
p p e re oy .

L im i b
os t d t ll Lif e s k i ey on r ec e is t e e t

f aa bi a
. .

Th10 m lm en t o n s i t i ve v e r

ad i a ll d a bj
tr
i a
. e co p e s n oun or pr on ou n

or i l ts e qu v en t , n s c e n o ect .

As , Receive hi m kindly . Br ing fl w o

er s . Try to do r i ght .

Tell why th e bi rds si ng

a ah
.

We so met imes s pe k of t hi s obj e ct s t e dir e c t j

ob e ct , t o dist inguish
it fr om t h e i ndire c t .

11 Some t r ai i t ve r bs , bes ides t h e dire c t ob ec t ,

j a t ke
aa whah
. ns ve

lso in dir e ct j
ob e c t whic h sho ws f whom or t t
ai i
n to or or e

c t on f med
w a i kli
a
s pe r or .

As , Give me t ime t o t h in k Give t he l n s pr n ng

ai i b i a
. .

12 dd i i A fewt r t t to t h di bj re c t e ct ,

mah aa A Ma
. ns ve ve r s, n on e o

d m lm f i en t re err n g to t i k h t
a a
y ve s e c on co p e . S, e e

ph m h
t Th i ll d h j
s oot . is s c e t e ob e c ti ve c o mplemen t .

Su c h v e r bs are so met imes c a a lled f c t i t i ve v e r bs , a

t h t is , v e r bs of

3 49 Somet imes v erbs re cl ssifie d s t r n s i t i v e a a a a ad a in t r nsit i v e ,

a a a a
. n

c omplet e nd c opul t iv e v erbs for mi ng t h e l t t e r cl ss I t is Oft e n c on

a
.

v e ni e nt t o use t h e t e rm, i nt r n sit i ve .

3 50 Cer t in a ver bs a us e d a a bj wit hout l t he

a
ec t ,

aa
. re ny re su

me n in gless word it serving As n e xple t ive s

a a a i Mai a
.

It r i ns . It h s sn o wed ll n gh t .
y t ple se t he cour t .

Such verbs aa m re c lle d i pe r son a l v erbs .

1 46 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

Exe rci s e 1 7 5 . 1 Supply

. j
s ub e c t s t o t hese v erbs , a
nd co mple ment s
wh ere t h ey see m to be need ed
a a a a
Scre med st y s ; fly ; t e ; cu t ; puni sh ed ; grew; dri nk ; seek ; dep r t ;
a a a a a
t lked ; t e r s ; looks ; seemed ; s w; wer e ; be c me ; found ; rm ; wor e
a a a
feels ; h d ; spoke ; r e ; w s .

a w w m m
Expl i n t h e difl eren ce b e t th e t kind s of co l
a aa
2 . e en o p e ent s

t h t y ou h d d ve de .

3 51 am b mab
. Th e s a a e v er y e long t o different cl s se s , ccor d ing to
t he di ffere nt w h hich it i s u se d Th us , in t Th e t r ee s
a a aa j
se n se s in . e se n t e n ce ,

w b w m
t he is l nd c n n ot t ke n ob e ct ; in , S t one s
a a
gr o , v er gr o co p e t e

w m
old , t he verb m is in co l t n d copul ti ve, for it nee d s t he l
ad
gr o p e e co p e

m d b oldbj fl w es c ri e t he in , Th e oris t s c ut t in gs

a w
e nt to e ct

a
su ; n gr o
u n d er l mi bill lm l i i i i
abj
i i i
a w wa
g ss , gr o s s t n co p e t e ,
u t t s tr ns t ve,
s n c e t s c o p e

m d d
e nt , i ns t e of j
escribing t h e sub e c t , i s n o ec t , sh o i ng h t t he
a a
c t i on fl ec t s
'

3 52 a a
mber of copul ti ve v erbs is sm ll; one of t hem,
The
a
. nu

howe ver is e xt remely common n me ly be, whi ch wit h it s

a a a a a
, , ,

v rious forms m, i s , w s wer e e t c helps to m ke m n y

b ph a a
.
, , ,

ve r i r s es ; s n

W awa W wa e re i t i n g , for e it .

(a
) Be i s met ime s use d like exi s t aam l v e rb wit h more of

ai
t
lm a
a
so s co p e e

it s ori gin i e n ng ; s n

The t ime a
w s whe n, no on e li v ed h e r e ; There h a a s b e en fr ost ;

bu t ge ne r lly it a se e ms only to c onn e c t t he s ub e ct j to wh ai a

t s sser t ed of

it.
[ Se e

() e
b B ai a
ent e rs int ol lai b t he me n n g of l ot h er copu t v e ve r s . Thus

H a a wi wa wi aa a
d a ad a
e ppe red se s se in ppe r n ce .

wa a b
Th d e clou s look is t ist to the s ight

h a
nt re nt .

T he i te r t st e s it t er i s b tt e r to t e t s te.

So wit h fe e l, soun d , smell, b ecome , s eem, et c .

 V E R BS : T E N S E 1 49

The pr e se nt t e n se is s ome t imes

3 60
.

u se d of wh ai pa f
a
t s t or ut ur e to
a
. s

m ke it se e m pre se n t or dis t in ct ; s
I n t h e fi ft ee n t h aw a b e gin s
a
c e n t u ry ne er .

We le ve t he c it y t omorr ow .

3 61 f m t h In t t i lik t h i m l i fi i ti
a a
. e pr e s e n ore n s e s e e s p e n n ve,
or

r oot, fr om which ll ot her forms re de riv e d .

3 62 a a a a
i s t h e form t h t g e n e r lly r e f er s

am
. Th e p st t en se of v er b to
p st ti e .

3 63 The mmon or r egul r awa hai of c t he presen t t o

a a
. co y ng n g

t he p st form is by ddi n g e d Thus :

a
.

I c lle d ; I b orr owe d ; I a

w it e d .

Bu t in amb e r of t he oldes t v e rbs t he ch nge a a ai t he

a hi a
nu ppe r s n

middle of t he wor d, whe t her ny t n g is dd d e or n ot Thus

ad a a
.

st n , st ood ; f ll, fe ll; see , s w .

Exe rci s e 1 80 Writ e t h e pr e s e n t t e n s e of

a a a a a
.

P tt ed ; pl y ed ; be g n ; could ; c u gh t ; wor ked ; st ood ; w lked ; ch ose ;

a a
c me ; w i t e d b it ; t ri e d cr e pt ; s t r u ck ; ble w; bro ke ; fle w; g z ed ; br ou gh t ; a
bur nt ; whipped ; did ; ble d ; d u g .

Writ e t h e p s t t en s e of a ama f s ny o t he se a a
s y ou c n

Wor k ; wr it e ; m ke ; we a a hi ; t nk t ill l a
; ove ; t ke ; s t rike

l p a
a a a
r ; ; s ee ; pour ;
k i ; se ll; r un ri d e moke ; give ; p ; d ri v e ; dr e m
a
ste ; s e ; S t ; ; gue ss ; s rt ;
sk ; t ry .

2 N U M BE R AN D P E RS ON

abd a
.

3 6 4 Ot her differ en ce s in t he forms of e pe n d on wh t

w a
. v er

it s su b e c t j is . Thus , in t he present t en se e s y
 1 50 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

a af m ma
us ing d b add w speci l ing hen eve r t
ad a
h b
ai g a
or e y 3 or es e su

j c et is t hir -
s ingul r pr on oun or s n ul r noun .

A hi am
3 65 d w h abj t s s pe c i l for is e xce pt it
ad
ec t

am
s

ad
. n e ve r us e su

den ot ing t he thi rd per son n t he si ngu l r nu ber , it is

am
lle
a ad m b a
c

t he th ir d- sin gul r for I t is lso c lle t he s for , e c

a wa d
.
-
use it
l y s e n s in 8 .

words
a aa am
Exerci s e 1 6 1 . Use eve r y on e of t h ese in su cce ss ion t o fill
e ch bl n k, nd spe ll t h e hi
t r d si ng ul
-
r for of t he v erb

I , y ou , he , we , y ,
ou s he ,
the y , we ,
i t , t he men , t h e m a n .

pe r c h ,

c r ou c h ,

ro w ,

a a
3 6 6 Ch n ges t o s uit t h e pe r son nd n umbe rof t h e sub j e ct we r e on ce
a a a
.

mu ch mor e common t h n n ow, n d t wo Old st y le forms , s u ch s we see in

h B bl a ll a a ad
-

t e i e, re st i used , e s pe c i lly i n pr y e r n in poet ry Th us :

(a a bj b a
.

) W h itdi t h en t he t ke s t h e in bot h
ad a d a
e ct n g s t or e s t

a
s su v er en

h
t e pr e se nt F m l n p st in ic t ive t e nses . or e x p e

wa
Th ou wa Th it e st . Th ou it ed st . ou g oe s t . Th ou s t ood s t ;

ad ( ) a d f ma hi d
b ins t e am t he c ust o t si ngul r for in a
f m e ndi n g

ma
n o ry r -
s, or

in t h b d i h
or e t h y e u se n t e pr e se n t t en se . Th us

Sh e gi ve t h . He g oe t h . Th e win d b lowe t h .

Ex c EPTI O N s Th e verb b e kee ps m a n y of it s old c h nge s of a for m,

ah w i 4
.

s s o n n 15 .

a(m ai
D e n n g ventu r e ) ad n e e d , so me t ime s a a
t kedd d wit h a
la b j
re ,
n no e s

hi d i
t r s ngu r su e ct Th us

H da a
-
.

He d t o d o it
aa
r e n ot

a
e go . res y ou .

He n e e d n ot s t y . He ne ed s co t .

3 6 7 Sin ce t h e ch n ge s in t h e for m o a f h b ama d a di

a a wi h i bj
t
a
. e ver re e c c or ng

to t h e me ni n g of t h e su b j e c t ,
t h e v er b is s id
“
to gr ee t ts su ec t .
”
152 L ESS O N S IN EN GL I SH

Here dr i vi ng a d a bj ad bj and l
t o dr i v e e c t , r es pe c t iv e

ai aa
r e u se s su ec t n o y;
b lik b h m hi l
ai
ut , t c t on ssi ng over to et

wa
e v er s, e y e xpr e ss s p so ng e se , or

s go n g o n di in ffe re nt
a
y s

w maa
.

() S 2w i h j t d ec t i v e s ,

a ma a a a
o e y s y
ad b e t i ng dog, og cr u e lly b e t en
a ad a d ib maad d k a
n or .

H b e t i ng dj
b e t en
i t he t he li
ad am d d lik b a
er e n es c r e n n og e ect v e s ,

ifie h Th e re is sse r t ion in e it e r e xpre ss i on ,

h ma aai ad h d aad am h
n re o e v er s . no

w hi n k of of

aa b w d
y e t e t t e n s ct n g n t e og s ct e u pon , s uc

s if v er er e u se .

Exe r c i s e 1 6 3 d al h a ad aaj Fi n lt e v erb l n oun s n verb l d ective s

d a
. .

H wi D k b a h 6 s sh ot

d a
or ses r ng s t on e . . uc y u nt e r .

S w b 7 w k wi h To is t o
d a h a
t on e
a
r n y or se s . . or n .

Toww i kill ll l d
e ll r e qu r e s s 8 Te ing ie s h t he
adi ba
e rt

a d a
r . . r en s .

A d h w e r of k m in g 9 Th e h ouse st fr o
h la
te
a
go o c r . . n ng c

D k wmm i h d i ng i n t ke t
a l a
uc s s e . e ro .

ld l wd i llFie t he f
b aa
10
a
. s p o e n e r y .

A m i d ll t he f
b aai a
11 t t
d a
. n e py o c rr e over s .

Al 12 l hi w t r e c ke

h ha ba la wi h
. on g -
o c rr y ng se ve r s p p s se nger s .

bi f m ki T c c o or of i fir e
wa a
3 1 t to t
4 T wa i
. e o s o ng p y gn .

1 h . o ste n y ou t is t o nt in ge .

3 71 . l . Th e fir s t of t he t wo n oun s i s t he r oo t or SI mplest
form of t he v e r b , e it h er wi t h wi t hout t he S ign to be fore it ;
a
or

s
( )
t o dr i v e , (t o) spin , ( )
t o sle e p, ( )
t o w lk a .

Th is is c a
ll d e t he r oot infin i ti ve , or s i mply t he in fi ni tive .

2 . The s econd v e r b a l n oun is forme d wit h t he en ding i ng;

dri vi ng , spinni n g , sle e pi ng , a

w lking .

ad
This is lle t he in fin i ti ve in in g, Ge run d I t is oft en

ad a a ai a
c -
or .

like h v ng s i mil
am
t re te in ll r es pe c t s n oun r us es

nd odifie r s Thus :
a a
.

R id
( p ) dr i ving (in cro wded st r eet s ) is d n ge r ou s .
1 54 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

Exe r ci s e 1 85 Se le ct t he p rt i ciple s a
Tell fr om wh t a a v e r b e ch is
aa a a a
. .

d e r i v ed , wh t e ch d e s cribe s , nd w h t it s modi fier s re

A fi h ma la f ab a
.

i h h ll d h i out to t e su nke n ree t

Ha
t
a
s er n e v ng n
e s or e pu e o

k f
e pt hi i di h k h ill h sh ip wd
a ma
t t
ha
or s use e r ng u n ng on
.
po e r oc s, e ro e e

d
c ou l h wb d t l f e h h d i ngi ng lf
al hidd b h f ad al b
st s

a
to t t t e re
a
see e cr e ou n or c -
r oz n e s .

Th w
ey er e p rt y f
en y t e og , n p rt y y p t c h es il o t or n s s .

3 76 A a a aaj a a a
a a a aaj
.
p r t i ci ple is v e rb l d e ctive . It sh r e s or p rt i c ip t es
in t h e n t ur e of v er b n d of n d e c t i ve .

3 77 h ba l T ad a dj i ai a l wi h h
b f m b a
. e se v er n ou ns n e c t ve s re g ve n o ng t ot er

or s, e c u se

a
ve r

( ) T a m d f m
hey alm b
a a
1 os t e v e ry ve r

a
re e ro ;
M b h f m d b h l f h m d
a
( )
a a
2 os t ve r t
a
p r ses re or e y e p o e ; n

( ) Th k h m ki d f m l m t d m d fi b ent s i th t
a
3 ey t e e s e n o co p e n o ers v er s

t k e .

C O NJ U GATI O N

3 78 . Th e Conj u g t i on a a of v erb is th e or d e rly aam r r ng e ent of it s

j a ma
forms .

Con ug t i on e ns y oki ng or j oi ni ng together .

3 79 We a
l d ha a mmsh l fin t t t he r e only bu t
a ma
. re co seven or

ei ght c h n ges d in t h e v er b by in fle c t ion Th us , t h e m

waa a
e . co

mon in fle c t e d m d for s of it n gi ve re

S For m PAS T T E N S E PRES ENT P ART P E RF PART

a a
- . . .

w it ed w i t i ng
a
, ,

g ve ,

Be s ide s t h e se mmon for m w a h t he sole mn for ms

a a wa
co s e ve

a
w it e s t , w i t edst , it e th gi v e s t , g ve s t , gi ve t h .

3 80 af m f
Rule s for Spe lling I The thi r d si ngul the pr es ent
a ma a
. . .
-
r or o

m w f n eeded or the

a
f d e by ddi ng to the oot or he n
a
t i ve i s
a
i nd ic
a a a
8 r -
,
or 0 8 ,

f
s ou nd f I the ver b ends in y t er nt , y is ch nged to i , nd is
a [
. cons on s

dded A See s

Ma ma
.

w wi h
a a
d fy d fi ke , kes ; go, goe s ; i sh , s es ; e , e es.

EXCEPTI O N . H ve becomes h s.
1 56 EN GL I S H

a
L ES S O N S I N

3 82 Mos t
form t he p s t t en se n d t he pe r fe c t p r
v e r bs a a
a aa a a
.

t ic iple by d din g ed t o t he r oot , n d re c lle d Regu l r V e rbs

aa a a
.

All ot he r v erbs re c lled I rre gul r For e x mple : .

PA ST P E RF . RO O T .
PA ST P ERF .

TE N S E PA RT I NF T ENS E PART
a wa a a
. . .

w it it e d , w it e d i i
a a a a a
g g g e n
WW
v e ve, v
IW
. .
, ,

c ll ll ,
c ed , c ll
ed . f ll, fe ll, f lle n .

Th ese t hr ee forms , t he in fin i ti ve , t h e p s t t en se , n d t he
3 83 a a
aa aa aa
.

t t i i l ll d t h P i i l P t f t h b b
a a a
p s p r c e
p , r e c e e r n c p r s o e v e r ,
e

c u se w he n t h e y re kn own , t he wh ole con j ug t ion of t he v er b

c n ab e giv e n .

3 84 D ou ble Forms Some v e r bs a aa

h ve both r egu l r nd i r
af a a
. .

r egu l r ms for t he p s t t ense , or for t he pe rfe ct p r t iciple ,

m a a
or

or for bot h Some t imes t hese forms diff er in d i n ing,

a a
. e n re

t l m b t ll i t h m b d
aa a
qu e n y us e ,
u ge n e r y e e r y e us e .

S u ch v e r bs ll d
re c e red un d n t

a
.

a
A few v e rbs like mus t nd ought l ck a more of t heir pri ncip l
a aa
on e or

p r t s Th e y r e c lled d e f e c t i v e v e rb s

a
.

a
.

[ For li st of irr e gul r v e r b s , se e Appe ndix I ] .

Exe r ci s e 1 87 it w 2 I it y es t erd y a3 I
a a
. no . . . .

h ve it t od y

a wi aa
.

Fill t h e bl n ks t h t h e pri n ci p l p r t s of t h e followi ng v erb s

a ab b b w b a
Be b i i l k b i b t h h a d
a
t t
d a a a
r; e ; e g n ; e ; o ; r e ; r n g ; u y ; c c ; c o o se ; o ;
w d i k d i fi d f f k f i h h i d
w a a ma m a
t t
a
r ; r n ; r v e ; e ; n ; or g e ; o r s e ; r e e z e ; g v e ; v e ; e ;
kn o l l k d id i k h k
a
t
w am a a
; y ; e v e ; e ; e n ; r e n ; r e ; r n g ; se e ; se e ; se ; s e ;
sh o w l i t k i i t ik t k t h w w
w aw
; s y ; s e ; s o ; s p e ; s p n ; s p g
r n ; s r e ; e ; r o ; e v e;

e r wi ; r in g ; r te .

ma
Exer ci s e 1 88 1 Th e y 2 They t d a3
ad a
l a
. .
y .
-
y e s e r y . .

Th ey d h re y

All but bout a t wo hundred of t he t hous a n ds of verbs in t he l ngu ge aa .

 V E R BS : MO DE 1 57

Use t h e pri nci p l p aa w r t s of t h e follo i n g v e rbs t o fill t h e bl ak n s

Be c ome ; bid ; m w a
; f ll; flee ; fly ; gr ow; lie ; ri se ; r se ; shi n e ; a
i
a a a
co e ; cr o

s h r ink ; s in g ; sit ; slide ; s t nd ; s t e l; st r id e ; st riv e ; swe r ; swim ; t h ink ;

t re d a .

4. MOD E
3 85 If we s t u dy v e r bs in s e n t e n ce s we fin d t hem us e d to
ai a
l wa a
.

pr e di c te n se v e r y s or modes Thus , t hey m y be us e d

aA a
.

1 To mm nd ; Be d y ; Wi sh wit h me
(a a
. co s, re .

A W w
a
To qu e s t i on ; s , I s he dy ? ho i s h e s t his ?
a
2 )
m a
. re

A d y ; Sh e wi sh e s it
a
() b To s s e rt pos i t i v ely ; I
am
s, re .

3 To s y so e t hi n g d ou b t fully , s if only t h oug h t of As

a
.

I f it b e t h e re I will bri ng it ; If I wer e re d I w y ould go .

3 86 It ws a t he cus t o m to in su c h c s e s a it dif
a h w h ma
. on ce us e qu e

feren t forms ll d M of t he v e rb c od e s , to
a
t
m d i whi h a a
e S o e n n e r or

k C m i l f w f h t t
ma ad ha dl a f h m h a ha
o e p n p p c e rson s o e . o r ve y e o ese

f m i h t t t t
ha la d h m a wi a ia d i a wa
or s re n ; n r y ny o e ,
or ev en e p r s es

bl t
ma aha b ai h a
ve rep ce e re n o nv r y us e n n y on e
, y .

S ill i i
t t cus t o to t t t in di c tive ,
a a di ah
s ry s y ve r s re n e

im j m d
ti ve , s ub un c t ive t re pr ese n t

a a
pe r or o es , cc or ng s ey

f mm d
cts , co l h h n s , or on y t ou g ts .

38 aM 7 Th m
I ndi c ti ve mm f h m d ode os t t
h i di a a am a d a
. . e co on o ese o es

i t i f ll t ou r s t te en ts

a a
t
a a b fa
s e n c ve ; or ge n e r y re pr ese n e s

f l
cts , or w m h m
t e st e ssu e t e to e c ts .

3 88 A b i i h a M wh d
v er s n t e I n di c ti ve ode e n us e

a m h aa a
.

T1 o st f te et i ng ct

T a k am l
. so s .

2 o i s si p e qu es t on

aa
. .

The v e r bs i n t he followi n g se nt e n ce s ll i
re n t h e indi c t iv e a mod e .

Try t o t ell why .

wi s h ali a
a aa aY ma
He w t er
ay a
sh e it ?
a
goes qui c kly . D oes Fi sh c n ve only in t h e .

We sh ll rise t d ybre k . ou y go no w . C n
y ou n l ze t he
1 58 L E S S O N S IN EN GL IS H

se n t e n c e ? If sh e ws a fa t her e I i led t o h er I f he mes ah

a am m a ah
se e . co s e

b b will ly I sh ll hi I f he ws he ws I
ld ha
on es t

da P
eet

a
pr o .
poor .

cou ve gon e y e st er y . er h ps it i s t r u e .

3 89 I mpe r ti ve aM A b i od e a
in t h e imper ti ve mode
ammad a a aAi
. . v er s

when it e xpr e ss e s co n ,
r equ es t, or n entr e ty . s n

Go qu ickly . Come wit h me . D o b e h on e s t .

3 90 a a
A c omm nd , e t c , is ge ne r lly giv e n t o some pe r son or pe rsons
a a a a
.

d d r e sse d b y n me , or wh o r e so well kn own s n ot t o need me n t ion ,

a a aa
n d s o t h e s u b j e ct of t h e i m e r t iv e i s c ommonl omi t t e d I t i lw
a a a a
p y s y s .

of t h e s e c ond pe r s on , nd m y be s ingu l r or plur l I t is some t ime s

a a
.

e xpr e sse d for t h e s ke of e mph sis As

H a ad l wi
.

m m fi d h e r e, y r en s . Go t ou n d o ike se .

I f m h im a a lwa h m l t f h b a d i i t iv e is t e si e r oot o t t
awa f h
n or e pe r y s p e ve r ,
n s

l t r ese nt t e n se
ah a a
ys o e p .

I h i l l Y will w Y T sh

a a a
n ot

d a
t s te

a
n su c e xpr e ss on s s ou ,
ou go n o ,
ou

m i m d i
s s ou t d d f h im
t t h e in i c t i n st e
m h h a
u st p on c e , ve o e s use o t e pe r

f
t iv e m
or uc t e s e p pose
u r .

3 91 Su bj un c ti ve Mode The su b un c t iv e
j mode
ai a la d aa a ha
. . e xpre sses

n ot wh tl b h i l h h f c tu ut r t W t t t
aa ibi i
s re n ,
er s on y ou g o

l ty
h ah a a i agi i wa
s pos s .

h di i
T i f m s t n ct ve t t c t e r ze it t
i di a f m a d ali l wa dai la
e or s c r re v ng y o

i t d k tt
a Th a a ad a ill a
n c ve or s, n re e use no - -

y s n s po en n

gu

f l
u ly
ge

d b d
u s e of s o
b .d h w
imi a
us e i wi
i li ey

I i w ll
me of t h em
y ai hisc r
oun

.
,

n
o

t ng
eve r ,

r
n

t e rs .
t e r t u re ,
t s e
n

t o pr
re s t

c t ce
c re

t e

3 92 A v e r b in t h e S u bju nc ti ve M ode is us e d to e xpr e ss

a a ad b d id d i
.

1 Wh t is u nc ert i to the f u tu r e;

ha a a
. n, n e ec e n

2 . A su ppos i ti on t i y f t s con tr r to ct;

3 A wi s h
am a
. .

t , full y er disc uss ion o f t he S ub iun ct ive . see Appe nd ix L

1 60 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

Exe rci s e 1 89 Select fr om t h e following

'

fi ve v e r bs a
th t
amma a
se nte n ce s

ha a a ii
.

d wi h h
h a a m hi a a
t t t on c on t r r y

i a
t
h fa
e xpr e s s co n ; r e e e xpr e s s s or s uppos

d b d id d i
ha
h et

a a di i amed b a
t st te s u n ce rt to
ha
t t
fa
to t e ct ; r e e so ng n n e ec e n

h f h t fi
afa i i l
t e u t ure ; t r e e t t s ser t c on on ss u to e ct ; v e t t
st te ct s pos t ve y

Cl d b i
1 ai Da d i h 3 I wi h m fa h 2
wa a A bi b il i
. ou s r ng r n . . re to o r g t . . s y t er

w h 4 Th li i t ot l 5
If a a w k ha 7 S a
er e ere . . e ec pse s . . ro n u t ts nest n our

lm m id
6 d k ki dl
I h i n ot I t t
H w ld b a d h if if h w
e . .
p , or r . .
pe n y o e e rr n g .

8 i h If h w h 9
ad f a
t t
wa wf l d h a
. e ou e spe n r e ere r c . . e er e se v er e , e

j 0 Th
s n ot u n u st l B j . 1 . e cr e ur e t e s i s . 11 . e us t , n e r

n ot m 12 i b f Ib l h ld oppor t u n it ost 13 I
if h d a w ha
ty
a
. .
pr ov e y our e or e e . . s ou

If h h b k w m t er 14 t t ru t
a l h h wah
go ev e n t e n ge r ere gr e . . e e no n , no r

Th I d id h If i b
fa
15 16
i w ha
c n r e su t . . oug s e s t ere , n ot se e er . . t e

r,ll e s go .

D . V E R B P H RA S E S

S U BSTI T UTE S FOR I N FL E C TED FORMS

3 96 English v e r bs h a a f m h hah
v e n o c h nges in ot t t
al am m la a h
. or er n ose

i d I dy en t on e mb f f m i t
ab i E li h a a
ia
re . n so e n gu ges e nu er o or s s

m h t er ; ut ll h i i im m d ot t t
ad d i a d a wab wha
uc gr e n ng s er v r on s n e, o e,

m b us t b ou t t
aa a
n s o on , e e xpr e sse n r oun -

y y
ll d
re c e V e rb ph r se s .

97 V 3 a amad b er b h us in g s o me r oot in fin it ive

a l ah m l m a
.
p r s es r e e y or

p r t i c ip e s t e co p e e n t of n ot h e r v e r b . As

He I will g o Th e y I h awa ve it ed Sh e Im aw y ri t e

a
. . .

It is co mi n g . It I w s b ui lt .

3 98 The v e r bs th t aa r e us e d wit h in fin it iv e s ad ai i l
a a ad a
rt c

a
. n p p e s

mer ely t o m ke ve r b
ph r s es , re c lle Auxili y h
r lp g)
i e n

verbs.
 V E R BS : V E R B P H R A S E S 161

3 99 . The Pr in cip l P aa r t s of t he Au xili a ry v e r bs a re

PRE S ENT PA S T PE RF . PART . PRE SENT PA S T PE RF

. . PART .

sh ould

would
might
c ould

a
Th e in dic t iv e for ms u se d i n t he s ole mn i l wit h t h ou a
a
or poe t c s t y ,
e s

j
s u b e ct , re

PRE S ENT

1 . F UTURE T EN S E

P hr a maw
se s de i t h Sh ll aaW nd ill

400 Wh en we wish aahi a

a
. t o pre dic t t h t nyt ng is t o h ppen in
t ime t o c ome we s y

aa H a
,

I sh ll t ke ; will t k

aa
e e ;

usin g t he presen t t en s e of sh ll n d of wi ll t o he lp in
aa a
us

e xpr ess in g t he i de of t ki n g s fu tu r e .

40 1 aa w a w a re forme d

a a
.F u t ur e Te n s e phr s e s i th sh ll or i ll nd

r oot infi ni t i v e , n d d e n ot e fu t ur e t ime

aad w
.

a
For ot h e r use s of s h4 ll n ill see —
40 443 .

402 a a b ama
Th e p r t s of ad b h w d h b
a
. ny v er p r se y e se p r te y ot er or s;

s in
He will n ot g o W aa a a
a a
e sh ll, i n ll pr ob b ilit y , f il
ma
. .

Will sh e n ot sin g ? Sh ll y ou nd y our fr ie nd s re in ?

a a
S h ll o r will i st h e e r b h e r e
v v a
n d t h e i n fi n i t i e t ke i s t h e o b je c t o f i t a
a a a aa a
T h e ph r s e
a
, .

v
a a aa a
t h t t h e y t o ge t h e r m k e i s c lle d t h e fut u r e te n s e of t he i n d i c t i ve ; fo r t h e u x ili r ie s h e

lost much o f t heir or igi n l me n ing, n d r e n o wli t t le mor e t h n s i gns o f t he fut u r e t ense.
16 2 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

Exercis e 1 90 . M ke a se nt e n ce s , usin g t h e fut ur e t ens e of e a ch of

t h e se for ms

a
Went ; c ugh t ; dr ove ; blown ; hid ; t r od ; j a
r e oiced ; s n g ; spr un g ; s a
d i ;
aa
m
lied ; l in ; c e ; flew; flow .

2 . PERF E CT T EN S E S

403 I Whenever we wish t o af a

k
ai am l d a
Pr e sen t Perfect
a
. . . s pe o n

ct on s co p e te t the pr es ent t i me we d o n o t s, y

I b uy it t od y , bu t I h a a ve b oug h t it t od y a
us ing t he pre sen t t ense of t he a a a ad
uxili r y h t he perfect
a
ve, n

p r ti c i p le of som e v e r b So t oo

a a a
.
,

The t own h s g o
r wn t hi s y e r . It h s occurr e d twice t his ce n t ur y .

404 II a I aki n g of aai a m

a m ha
P Pe rfect c t on

a m d fi i aim w
. . st . n s pe n s co

l t d t t e p st t t he p d wi h
st for t
a
p e e so e e n e, e us e

t h e per fect l Th p r ti ci
p e us :

a
.

Th ey h d g on e be fore I ai dr r ve .

405 III Fu t u r e Pe rfect we wish t o spe k of n

If a aai
ha
ct on

am am
. . .

l t d t futur e t ime we use t he fu t ure t ense ll

awh ai ad a
s co p e e so e , ,
s

or wi ll h ve, it t he perfect p r ti c l
e
p , n s y
Th e s un will h av e ri s e n before our ai a
l
rr v .

a a mple t e d or pe rfe c t e d a aa
a
40 6
a
. P hr se s t h t d e n ot e co c t i on s re c lle d
f orme d b y c omb ini ng t h e
a a a
P e rf e ct Ten s e s . Th e y re pe rf e c t p rt i c iple

of ny v e rb wi t h t h e v ri ous t e n s e s of h ve .
”

40 7 We see t hen t h t by in flect ion a ad b t h us e of a

a
ux

a
. n y e

ili i
r es we form s i x tenses ; n mely
a P r es ent P erfect : I h ah a d
I ha
Pres ent : I h e
a a aP d h a
r . ve e r .

aa aah a
P st I he dr . P st f
er ect : d e r .

Fut ure: I sh ll h e r. Fu ture Perfect : I sh ll h d ve e r .

1 64 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

or t he y a abj
m y giv e su u n cti ve me a af
n ing, s o so me t hing mer e ly
t h ough t of Thus :
a
.

Ev en if he we re h er e , h e c ould not w it
h ha maa
.

He mi gh t be u se ful, t h ou g d r to n ge .

412 S h ould , t he p a st t e n seal m

of s h l , is et i mes use d wit h a t
a a bl a ai
. so pr ese n

me n ing t o d e n ot e d u t y or o ig t i o n ; s n

You sh ould d o a ab dd
s y o u re i en .
[See

41 3 a a
P ot e n t i l ph r s e s d e n ot e permi s si on , powe r , ob li g t i on , or a
a a a aa
.

n e c e s si t y Th e y r e forme d b y u s ing t h e uxili ri e s m y , c n , mu s t ,

.

mi gh t , c ould , would , or s h ould , wi t h th e r oot i nfin i t i ve .

a w words
a
Using t he i n fin it ive
a a ad ll w
Exe r ci s e 1 9 2 of e c h of t h e follo
a
. i ng ,

m ke s e n t e n ce s c on t ini ng pot e n t i l ph r te h et he r t h ey
a
se s , n

d e n ot e per mi ss i on , po w er , obli g t i on , e t c

a w l a a
.

S pe k ; b or ne ; b r oke n c hid ; dr e ; fee ; t ; fr oze ; sl i n ; sh od ; smot e ;

a
; s

s wung ; s we pt ; h
t ru s t ; r ise d ; r o se

j a a
.

Con ug t i on of t h e I rr e g ul r V e rb G i v e

41 4 Below will be foun d t he mmon in fle ct e d n d phr a a

a a
. co se

for ms of it hei t h
v e rb ri ous modes n d te n ses

a aa
g ve n e v .

Th e fir s t c olumn con t in s t h e s in gul r , n d t he se con d c olu mn

t h e plu r l forms aThe figures 1 , 2 , 3 , indic t e t he person a
a
. .

The s ole mn forms wit h Thou s su bj e c t will be foun d e lse wher e

aa a aP ai i
.

Pr in ci p l P rt s . P r es ent , giv e ; P st, g ve ; f

er ect P rt c l
p , g
e ive n .

a
I n di c t i v e M od e

Pr e s e n t :

sh a
ll i g ve

Fu t ur e
 V E R BS : C O N J U G A T I O N 165

h a Ve gi v e n
h ai
ve g v en

a h d giv e n a
h d giv e n

hal ha
s l ve gi v e n ha
S ll h a i ve g ve n

wll h a wil h a
2 i ve gi v e n l ve giv e n

Sub jun c t i ve

a
I n pe r t i ve M od e

P r es ent give , give

I a ti ve
ai
P r es ent , (t o) giv e

a
P erfect, t o h P erfect , giv e n
a
ve g ven

i P r es ent , giv P rt i ci ple s : P r es ent P erfect , h

a
ng v
Gerun d
f h m P er ect, v g gi ve n Ing gi v e n .

In aimilawa j a h
s r y con u g te t e v e rb s dr i ve, a
m ke, wr i te, dri n k, l y , li e, a
fi nd .

Con j ug t i on a of a
t h e I rr e g ul r V e r b Be

41 5 The ve r b be n ot on ly kee ps m a
n y of t he old for ms , bu t
all ma ad
.

is d f h d iff b h t e re n t v e r t in fin it iv e s
ai i l b b i b f m a
re y e up o ree s e n

rt c h on e r oo t t t m
t en s e ,
a f m ah ad h awaw m a d
p p e s e, e ng, een , ro ; e pr e s e n ,

r e, e t c n ot t t fr o t hir
d ad h af m aa
.
,
ro er ; n e p s s, ere, .

I i fl
ts n f ll w
e ct e n p r se or s re s o o s
168 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

5 PRO G RE SS I V E V ERB P HRASES

aaA a ai a
.

41 8 Be uxi li r y To wh m ry
ha
t c us t o

aw b a
. s n . e xpress s

or b m it u l, e us e t he si ple r for ms of t he v er ; s

She p int s , a He s t udi ed l a

w ,
Th e y will pr e ach

bu t t o r e pr e se n t aai a c t on s cont nu i n i aa
ll i
ct u

ah a
n g or y n p g
r o res s ,

we use s t ill n ot er form of phr se Th us :

a a
.

She is p in t i ng He w s s t u d y i ng l a
w Th e y will b e pr e ac hing

af a di aa
. . .

Here t he verb be h m lm it s d
a a
en t n ot

b a
s or co p e n or n ry

je c t iv e , bu t t he im f t c t iv e r t i c iple o f h d
ma ld a
t
k wa a h a
r r
pe e c o p e ver ,
n

t he t wo t oge t her i e h t s c le Pr ogr e ssive p r se .

41 9 . A P r ogr e s si v e v erb ph r as e r e pr e s e nt s aa a
n c t i on s cont in ui ng

or in pr ogr e s s

a a
.

I t i s f orme d by u sin g t h e c ti ve p rt i ci ple wi t h t h e pr oper t e ns e of

t h e v er b b e .

a
Exercis e 1 9 5 Ch nge t h e se ve r b s t o pr ogre s si ve v er b phr a
ses

a w
.

w a w a h d h m
a a w wawa
G h il l i l
l d
a
e nt t
ma
;
oes ; s go n e ; g o ; g o ne ; ve gon e ; y e ; us

l
il d d l i ill i k l d w h ll
a ma a
g ;
o y r i se ; e s ; y s ; c n s t ; t ; e ; c o u see ; r e ; s

fix ; fou gh t ; h d d one ; y h ve see n .

6 . PASS I V E V E RB PHRAS ES , OR V E RBS I N TH E P A SSI V E V O I CE

Exe r ci s e 1 9 8 1 a In ch s e nt e n c e ah w wh
t ell t h e word th t
a a l h w d hah w wh wh a
. . e S o s o

wh t perfor ms t he c t ion 2 Te l t e
a
t t S o s
ha
t
a a
or or o or
. .

fl e c t e d b y it 3 S l bj
'

r ec ei ves t h e c t io n , or is e e ct e c h
h aa
e ct t t re p
a
su . .

r e se n t s t h e 4 Se le c t t h ose su e c t s t t n bj m h i f h
f a
e t e r ece ver o t e

ad h ma
c tor

a
. .

c t ion . 5 . Wh t iffe re n c e d o y ou i i
n ot c e h w n t e e ni ng o e c t o

se nt e nc es ? 6 . In t h eir for m?

a
il a
Th e bree ze fill t h il
a
s e s s .

Th e s s re fille d by t h e bree ze
lb a
.

We
a a
ce e r d h te t e v i c t or y .

The vi ct ory ws c ele b r t e d by us .

 V E R BS : P A S S I V E P H R A S E S 169

Th e ws will b e a
c rri e d b y me ss engers
a
ne .

Th e gov er nme nt should pr otect t h e I ndi ns

a
.

The I ndi ns sh ould b e pr ot e c t e d by t he gov ernme nt

a a aw afi a
.

w
wa
Congre ss h s en cted ri l
w a
d la a b C
ne t .

A ne t ri h s b e en en ct e d y ongre ss .

420 In ou r s t u dy of tr ai t iv e v e r bs we h af oun d a
t h t t he y
aa
. ns ve

r e pr es en t s o me pers on or t hing s c t in g u pon s o me o t h er pe r

t hin g AS
aa a
s on or .

M aa
Th e s er g e n t c rr i es t he fl g
w a
.

a aa
De ey c ptu r ed nil .

The ngler h s c ught t h e t r ou t

a a ad h
.

I n t h es e t he su b e c t n
j m t he t e ob e c t
j
a
se n t e n ce s ctor ,

a
es n

nm es t h e t hing cted u pon

a h ma aa
.

4 W 21 h i t h ou t ch n ging t e n i n g of s u c s en t e n ces t ll
w ma a a a
. e

f m b m h c h n ge t he ir kin g t e r ecei ver of t he ct ion

a a a a
e y or y
t he
j b w s ub ect o f
i t he hile t he c tor i
i a a
ve r , ppe r s n p p
r e os

t on l phr se Th us :
awaa [ a]
.

Maa
The fl g s c rri ed by t h e
waa
serge nt

nil
[ b w ]
d D
a a
t
al ]
s c p u r e y e ey .

Th e t rou t h s been[b c ught y t h e n g er .

422 3 Wh en t h e j aa am h a
a
s u b e ct of ns it i ve v e r b n

a
tr b t ct or , t he
a a
es e ve r

is id t o be c t i v e or i n t he b w j m hen t he
a
c t i v e v oi c e , su b e c t

a
ut

ad a
s n es

t he t he ve rb is id t o b e p s s i ve or in t he p
a
cte s s i ve v oi ce

a
on e u pon s .

Le t h ow v e rb in t h e p s siv e
d ff m v o ic e i e r s fr o in t h e
a
u s se e on e

c t iv e v oi c e

a a l ai i
.

42 3 We kn ow t h t t he pe r fe c t p r t i cip e of tr v e v e r bs

h aaa a a
t
ma
. ns

y ve p s s iv e me n in g ; s

d ri ve n , spok e n , hir e d ;

ad if w hi a i l aaa dj i t r t ic e c t ve c o mple men t wit h

bb a
n e us e s p p e s n

diff f h
er e n t i t en ses t
a
o e v er e, s n

m wa w,
I driv en , I t s spok e n , You ill b e h ir e d
1 70 L ESSO N S IN EN G L I S H

we form v erb h aw hic h r e pr ese n t t he j aa

s u b e c t n ot c ti n g,

aa ad wh h a f ad a b
p r s es s

bu t cted u pon , ic t h e re lle ssiv e v e r

a ad b ai a
s n re, or e , c p
phr s es , n t he v er h s re n t e p ssive v oi ce .

42 4 A a aa a v e rb th e p s siv e

a a a a
. tr n si t i v e in v oi c e or p s si v e v e rb

ph r se j is on e th t r e pr e s e n t s it s su b e c t s r e c e i vi ng t h e c t i on

aa a w a
.

mI t i s f or ed by u si n g p s s i ve p r t i ci ple it h ny t e n se of th e v e rb

a mTh e a m ac t iv e for b r in gs t h e i n t o pr o in e n ce ; t h e p s s iv e , t he
a dw
c tor

a
r ecei ver a m of t he c t i on Th e p ss iv e for i s ge ne r lly u se hen t h e
a a a
.

d m d
c t or c A n n ot or n ee n ot be n e s

wa wa a a
.

Th e i t ch s st ole n . L o st oppor t u n it ie s c nn ot be r eg ne d .

wyaa k a mab ma
d
a
42 5 I n t h is
. ny in d of v er b ph r ses y e e

p s s iv e Th u s

a a
.

I m y I m y b e se en
a a
se e , or .

Th e y mi gh t h v e s t oppe d , or Th e y might h ve b e en s t oppe d .

Ev en pr ogr e ss ive phr aa se s re so me t imes foun d in t h e p as s iv e

form As in
a
.

Th e pri son er w s b e in g t r i e d for t h e ft .

Th e que s t ion i s b e in g ver y t h or ou ghly di s cu s s e d

ma a
w wa bl a
awa
.

Th e h ou se i s bei ng bu i lt , b k rd , b u t it i s d
llo
a
n

a ad
y e e
”
ex ct , n s u r ely be t t er t h n i n pr oc e s s of c on s t r u c t i o n .

42 6 a a S m ai i
Comple me n t s of P ssiv e Ph r tr t
a a a
ns

b a
ses o e ve

a
.
.

w k w k b h b j d b j i m lt ot ect e c t v e co

b a h pa
ver s, s e no p e n o n n o e
,

m Wh
en t h d i i i h b t ss v e v o c e t e O

a
. en su c ve r s re u se n e

j f h
ect o i f m b
t m h bj wh il
ct v eh bj i t e ct , t ect ve

ad b m h j
e o

ma
e or e co es e su e

mpl m i en t re mpl m f t e su b e c t iv e c o en t o

b h a Th
es e

h pa
co e ns n e co

t e i s s v e v er p r se . us :

a a( )
L ov e m ke s l b o r ligh t a a [b l ]
L b or i s m d e li gh t y ov e .

Th e port e r fou n d h a( )
t e s fe ope n Th awa d [b e s fe s fou n o pe n y t h e po r t e r ]
aa[by t h m]
.

Th e y h im ( a
c h o se ai ) c pt n H wah e s c ose n c t in e .
1 72 L ESSO N S IN EN GL IS H

Con jug t i on a of Pr ogr e s s i v e a a

nd P s s i ve V e rb P h r a ses

42 9 a ha We h b ph a af m d t t pr ogr essive
b a ddi g a ai i l d i i d i fi h i
. v e see n v er r s es re or e

i c t ve hrt c t to t
a f b a d h aa h a af m d by
n p p e s r v ng, o n g, g ng
y e

i t en s e s t t p ssive

addi g pa ai ipl d i d f h a
v r ous o e, n p r s es re or e

i h
rt cm t to t
j a f b ha
n s s ve p es r ven , on e , oug e s e

f m f b Si h f ll i b i t t
a a a a a a
or s o e . n ce g e u c on u g on o e s e en v e n on

6 6 1 i d i h il b f m d
by a a a
n r s es c n e s
p g e p g , p p
r o re s s v e ss v e y e or e

ddi h p
ng i ti pl ei h f
p p
r oll
e w
ri rt c e, s n t e o o ng :

Pr in ci p l P aa rt s : P r es en t, dr iv e . P ad s t, r ove . P er fec t P ad i
rt .
,
r ven .

a
I n di c t i v e M od e
Pr e s e n t am i ad i i d i
a waw d i i
,
s, re r v ng r ve n .

P st d i
ha
s, ere , r v ng r ven .

ll wi ll b d i i d i
ha hab
F u t ur e s ,
or e r v ng r ven .

Pr e s e n t P e rf ec t d i i d i
a ha
: s or ve een r v ng r ven .

P st P e rf e c t d b d i i d i
ha wi ll hab
een r v ng r ve n .

F u t ur e P erf ec t s ll d i i
or ve een r v ng d ri v e n
a a
,
.

P otent i l P hr s es

Pr e s e n t aa
m y c n , mu s t be d riv ing dri v e n
a
: ,
.

P st mi ght cou ld , wou ld s hou ld be d r iv in g dr iv e n

aa a
, .
,

Pr e s e n t P e rf ec t m y c n , mus t h ve been dr iv ing dr iv e n

a a
: ,
.

mi ght , cou ld , wou ld , s hou ld h ve been dr iv ing dr ive n

'

P st P e rf e c t .

S ub j unc t i v e M od e I nfi ni t i v e s

Pr e s e n t : be d r iv ing d r iv e n S i mple (t o) be driv i ng dr ive n

a ab
. : .

P st wer e driving d r iv e n . P e rf e c t : to h ve een dr iv ing d r iv e n .

Ge ru n d s

Simple : bei ng d r iv in g d riv e n

ai
.

P e rf ec t : h v ng been d riv ing d r iv e n .

a P r t i ci ple s

Pr e s P erf P a a s s i ve : h vi ng been d r ive n

ai
. . .

a
Pr og . Act i v e h v ng been d riv i n g .

Pr og P . s si ve being driven .
 V E RBS : E X E R C I S E 1 73

a
43 0 m m f m a
Con j u g t i on
Th d of Sole For
ad wi i g ad i p a wi h h bj Th I a
. n s . ese or s re us e

i t t t
ailia l hah p a
ect

b ph a h fi
n s cr e r n s n n r y e r e su ou . n

l di t rs t t
h a d wi h a
ux

hi d i g la bj
v er r se e ry on y s e e r s on en ng .

F m i n et i h i t t ect t
di a
or s re u se r -
s n u r su n e n

i c
p l t ve r ese n t on y .

Th e v e rb b e , I nd ic t i ve a Th ou a wa w rt , h ab a
h d st
a ma
st

ab
e rt , st

ma
. or ee n ,

bee n , sh lt or wilt be , y s t or y e s t , o r c ns t e, mi gh t e s t , c ou ld s t ,

wou ldst , or s h ou ld st be . S u bju n cti ve . I f t h ou wer t .

Ot h e r ve r b s Th ou dos t kn ow Th ou doe s t well Th ou kn owe s t ,

ak al
. . .

kn ewe s t , h st wn Th ou lov e s t , lov e d s t , h st ov e d , e t c

h a
no . .

He dot k s . He d oe t h . He knowe t h lov et h ,

.

ai lm () a a () Ar r l ph r
a ( ) a a (4) m a a ( ) m
Exe r ci s e 1 9 8 . 1 . n ge n co u ns 1 pot e n t i ses ; 2 pr o
h h h
a
gr e s s i v e ph r 3 s si v e t i 5 f or
a a
p ses ; p r ses ; p c p r e ses ; s -
s;

( )6 pre s e n t pe r f e c t( )
7
ph r ses ; p s t pe rf e c t ph r s e s
ha ha
.

G w wil d dd d l go ; i
al al i waw w h mab mab
e nt

ab
o; goe s ; ; ve go n e ; s gon e ; o go ; g ;
o oes go ;

ha h ab
os t

w w ha
re ; re os n g ; s ; e re ; e re e ; y e ; y e se e n ; c n e

m w ld d b d
ld b h a
i i
s n g ng ; u s t se ; cou se ; se s ; s on e ; s een on e ; ve ee n

d i mi h b
o ng ; g t d e ; cou e e r

M h b h a h ld h ab
.

i
ig t h ld w i h ld b w i te ; t t en ;
wa wi aha b
e e r ng s ou r s ou e r s ou ve ee n

wi i i wi wi g w ld i
h ha
t
ha ha
r ng ; s gr o ng ; s gr o ng ; c n ve ee n gr o n ; ou s gn ;
d b d b een d b
; b h r ou g t; ee n r ou g t

S a ad did ad wa ad wi l m ha
.

d d s t oo st ll b st st in g ; l
ha
t
will h al
n s ; ; n ; n ; s n co e ; S e

mi will b l b l b i wi b os t os t ; to tt en ; t o
h ab ha ha
os t

ma d ma ha ma wa
co ng ; ve ; e ; s ee n e ; s r e

ki i d b w i d e in g ; to
ha w ld h ah a
r ng ;

d ha
e ; ng ; v ng e ; or n ve ee n e s ;
d d id d d d; d o ; oe s o ; ou ve

f a h h ai l f wh a b f m
.

G2 h.
m ive t e co po s i t i on o e c p r se ; . e .
,
te l o t v er or s

i i
t ms co d Th pos e us

W ld h ab i ma aw ld h i fi i
.

b k d f h t t t
ai l b ad h ai ai i l b k
“

ha h p f
ou ve ee n ro en s e up o e p s ou , e n n

ti t er ec t r t c ip e e en , n t e p ss v e p rt c p e r o en
ve ve , e p .

Exe rci s e 1 9 9W h f ll wi a m d f m fbi la a d ri t e t tr e

ha
e o o n g- n e or s o r n g, y,
wa b
.
,

m wi b te , do,
a
r uy , ve

a
e r , o ey , co e,

a a
a a a
P i d i i r e se nt i h i d i l P i di t i t 2 st t

a
1 ss v e r s n gu r n c ve
n c ve p g
r o r e
-
. .
. ,

ssive 3 Fut ur e ind ic t ive 4 Fut ure indic t ive p ssive 5 Pres
p
. . . .
. .
1 74 L ESSO N S IN EN G L I S H

indi c t iv e progress ive , t hird sin gul r

f a 6 P s t perfec t po a a
aa a a
t
a a
e nt pe r ec -
. .

t e n t i l p ss ive 7 Pr esen t in dic t ive e mph t i c 8 P s t pot e nt i l

a a a a
. . . .

p ss iv e 9 Pr e se
. n t pe rfe c t.in di c t i v e p ss iv e 1 0 Pre s e nt i n di c t i ve . .

(wit h sub e ct j Pr esent j

sub u nc t ive (wit h he for sub ect j
“
11 .
) .

43 1 Howt o P aa V e rb A ve rb or v er b h ai ad
a
r se
. .
p r se s p r se

b t ellin g it s 1 te ns e ; 2 mode ; (3 phr s e for m) ; 4 ki nd; 5

y
aa ( aa
-
. . . . .

pr inc i p lp r ts ; 6 . nu mber -
for m if pe c u li
,
r ); n d 7 subjec t . .

NOTE Thi s or de r of s t am t h ough aa a

m t e ri l is c onv e n ie nt

aa aa
.
te en t , not ,

su cces sive e le ment s

a
on e , si n c e it pr e se nt s t h e f ct s t hey in t he
a
s ppe r

of v erb ph r se .

For ms for P a aa
a
43 2 . r s i ng .
[ To be v r ied t the opti on o f the
te h ] c er

1 .
[[W h e n ] (my) a Shi p c o mes [in] ] I sh ll be r i ch .

h a
i -
—
H
2 k [
. d] [ h {6g; m
e s po t f] e lou t si t } i gh t e r

w ha a a a wa
[
3A . d b d ft e r
[ d ] ] ( ) e e en r ift i ng t h ree y s s il s see n .

m a m b m
is t h e pr es ent i nd i c t i ve of t h e am m l t
a
co es co p e e v er co e, c e , co e

f m
— w h it h t e t hir singul r s u b
d j ect sh i p

a i h f i a f a b b wa
s or -
.

sh ll b e s t e utu r e nd ic ti ve o t he copu l ti ve ve r e, s, bee n

i tsj s ub ect is I
a a a k
.

s pok e m
i s t h e p s t i ndi c t i ve of t he co plet e ve r b s pe k , spo e , spoke n

i tsj s ub ect is h e

a aa a h a b h a h a a
.

m i gh t h e p r is d d st potent i l of t e tr ns i t i ve ve r e r, e r ,
he r

it s
j s ub ect is t h e y

a a f a
.

h
h d b e e n dr if t i ng is t f h m l e p st per ec t i n di c ti ve pr ogress i ve o t e co p ete

b di d d d d“
j r w ft , r i ft e rift e
”
; it s s u b ec t is e

wa
ver

aa a a b h a m d m ai
.
,

wa
is st i nd i c t i ve p s si ve v e r for fr o t h e tr
a a bj
s se en p p r se e ns

i w
ve ve r b i d wi h th t thi r d si ngul
a
t see , s ,
see n s s u se e -
r su e ct

s il
a a a a a a av a
.

v n d s ome t i me s n i n d i c t i e me n v
aa a
e s o me t i me s

a
P o t e n t i l ph r s e s h
ff s u b ju n c t i e

i n g ; b u t i t i s n o t e xpec t ed t h t ll le r ne rs wi ll dis c r i mi n t e b e t wee n t h e t w o us es S ee .

Appe n d i x I .
 76 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

F orms

T ENS E S MO D E S

Con s t ru c t i on

(Co mmo n for m) h afs or it s su b e c t j

FO RM
S U BJ E C T
FOR m
s - for

s ole mn (e t h ) for m
wit h t h ir d si ngu l r su b j ec t -
a
sole mn (e s t ) for m wit h se cond s ingu l r s ub j e c t t h ou -
a .

E . D I R E C TI O N S F OR T HE U SE OF V E RB F O RM S

a
43 4 Wr on g forms of t he verb mmon a mi I t is ne nt

aa a ad h l a
. r e v er y c o .
pr o

word i nfle c t e d m th ny ot h er r t o f s pee c h , d

a mama
,
ore n p n e n ce e s one

who is c r ele ss b to ke n y co n s pi c u o u s lu n d e r s .

43 5 Some of t he a
k ama wors t mis t
d b s u bs t i t u t in g

a
l af ah
. es re e y
on e of t h e pr in c ip p rts or n ot er .

For a
m l Ha a i al a a vi n g i rt s, d o, p s t di d , perf p r t a
w h ld ai a aafa H
ex p e: s pr n c p p pres . . .

h w k t ing di d t e He
h aw h
d on e , n ot

a
n st st ct ,

ma a
ou y e or ,
e s s p
d on e t h e w k b ut in kin g t f t ou ld s

ha H a
or pr e s e n pe r e c p r se e s y,
He h w h w
”
or k , h di d t or k
”
d on e t
“
s e n ot e s e .

aa
43 6 Pr i n c i p l P r ts Con fu se d I Do n ot the perfect
ai i l aab f a
. . . u se

p rt c p e s su s ti tu te or the p st ten s e

a ad f a a
.

II N h t st tens e i p f
n s te er ect i i l
rt c in
ma ab h a
. ever u s e e p o p p e

ki ng ver p r se .

Ex e r c i s e 202 S e le c t t h e pr oper f orm of th e v e rb s , adn i t h

a
.
g ve e

re s on for y o ur c h oi c e

aa
.

Wh o (did don e ) it ? 2 Soon it h d (s n k s u n k) t o ri se n o more

a a aa
1
a
.
.
,
.
,

3 . The pe r s were ll (sh ook sh ke n ) off by t h e win d 4 This l c e w s

,
. .
 V E R BS : E R R O R S I N U S E 1 77

(wov e woven ) a H (a ) a i n Frll h wa Th 5

a
t 6
a a b a
,
n ce . . e r n, r un e y . . ey

( m m ) i l d H (b ) b
t e y e st er 7
wa
to
Ch a ( w m wa m) a I (a
co e, c e n y . . e soon e gu n , eg n e

l J 8 h w c r oss r i ve r

a
t 9
a a
e ry . . r es on e s s u , s e . . s ,

) h w w H h ( i m fr o
wa
) 10
l b wa (b ab a) b f
t y our s
If I h a
se e n t s r ong . . e s r se n , r o se pove rty to
lh O d
a
e t . 11 ur . c u s nev e r e t, e ten e ore . 12 .

b ee n( h w d h
s w ) I o h ld k ew h w,
s d io nSh h d ( s ou no o to o t . 13 . e t ore ,
) i ff
da
t orn t
a m h ha ( h
o .

4 I ( 1 w) him Y 15 ig t
a a
. see n , s y e s t e r y . . ou ve c ose ,

h ) m hi b O f i d ( m m ) l w k 16
S m (d a
et e t t er st

mu d a a(b d ba
c ose n so ng . . ur r en s co e, c e ee .

1 7 Y d bidd ) k i 18
Wh a il h a(b fa
. ou st o s y o u re ,
e, en . . o e r n ,

d k) m h ll b f l) h m 19 0 Sh l t ? 2
maha (w
t oo t
a a
ru n uc . . ev s e en , e e e . e

) E H ( ) to 21
Ha h
e nt ,

Ha h (d a d k) i a
y ve go ne ur ope . . ve y ou ev e r s ng, sun g

hi t u ne ? 22 nk , t ll? 23
a
t s .
. ve t ey r r un . ve t ey

(b k b ro )
e, d
r oke n ou t t he ro s y e t ?

Exer c i s e 2 0 3G h aa f h b ll whi h h ld iv e t i i lp rt s o t ; te
d a
. e pr n c p e ver c S ou

b e u se d wh n y

h ab
.

Ha
,

( h i k) f m d S ma ut y ? 2 he
a
1
a a
. ve y o u n e ve r s r n ro y o u r .
y ve ee n

( m i ) d w H i i w (w i ) i3 d i i I s t n c t ly 4 t
ha b
t u re te nn ot

Da
te
a a a a
s o n . . s s gn s r n . . c

( ) Y m h h s te ( k l) m 5 id ig t t i 6
a a a
ve ee n . . ou ve e ore p n s . . v

( l i ng
) h d ( m i ) h m h f h d h h i 7 T ey
a
te t
a a
t s t on e ,

a
s e n s on e or e e . . ve

( s tri ve
) d h i b I m h ( ) d 8 sl it s t h ou s
a
to o t e r e st . . nt e pe r nce s y n s .

9 M di w (f r ec t io n s
) h d w (f ) S m 10 T 11
ha
orget

( a
.
y er e . . e pon s r eeze ov e r . . o e

on e ) m s br e k y pe n

a
.

43 7 Some v e r bs h a a aa a
me wh t simil r forms t h t r e li ble
aa a
. ve so

t o be c on fou n de d . Espe c i l c r e mus t be t ken in us in g t hem .

43 8 V e rb s Conf u sed D b f ah f n ot no t e r

af m b ma
. . o u se one v er or o

si mi l r or ut o d
f fi
i eren t i e n ng

a aa
.

Exerci s e 2 0 4 1 Le t h e pri n c i p l p rt s of t h e se v e rb s , ad
ai
. . rn n

t heir me n ng :

PRE S ENT PAST ACTIV E PART PE RFE CT PART

a( d) a( d)
. .

( r e s t i ng

aa a( lad) a( a)
( l in
a
li e )
re s t l y re st e ly i n g ) re st e

) l id l y in g l
(p ng) ai l id l ced

a( )
l y (p l
a( d)
ce p ce c p

a
(
a) a
sit ( t ) t re s t e S i t t i ng t i g) t r e st e d

a
r e s s r e s n s

se t (p e)
l c set (pl ced s e t ti n g (p l c i ng) (
se td) pl ce
1 78 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

2 Fill t he bl ak wi h t t he a a i t e for m of li e l y.aa nd it s

ai
. n s pp p
r o r or

me n ng . Th us

I l id a( or pl ad) i
ce t on t h e t ble , a ad h n t ere it li es (or r est s ) .

1 Wh ere di d it ? 2 How long h ai t t he re ? 3 At

aa a a da
.
y ou . s .

wh wh rf d oe s
h
a h ha h
t 4 I h t t t
I ha
y ou r y c . on e gr s s y e s t er y .

h f T
Sh h a
5 t t 6 t
a
. s e re or y e r s . . ey ve e c orn er- s t one .

7 H i b d ill i l k b
’
h 8
ad mil f
ll t t
da
. e n e n ne o c oc . . e s e en er e

Th hi p 9 d i h m A h to 10
h ab
y . . e s ur ng t e st or . . t ous n es o

i
w d ai
p pe ve ee n

Sh w l pi i l W 12
af ll a
11 t
a wai
. e no S ee ng qu e y . . e over t o y s n

M l d w B 4 H i
13 r un o ! 1
hi a f a i ha bl a
ont r e t
a
. . o n, . e c re u y y n

d h i i h d
w a
15
ha b
t t t
7 Ha
s s e, n ere s ev e r s n ce . on t e t e, n

l i h 6 Th k i 1 1
8 H wa
et t t e re . . ey ve ee n ne tr c s . . s t
b h l b h b k Th b d
a h da
t ong ? 1 y t 19
h l f ba
ee n e re . e s e r oo . . e o y
i n st h i te t k re e y s . 20 . T e c ty on t e e t n .

3 Fill h f ll wi bla k wi h h a p iaf m f s i t or s e t ,

ad i m ai
. t e o o ng n s t t e pp o r
r te or o

n ts e n ng :

Come i nt o t he m 2 Th e mot her bir d is i n h er

da 4 Wh
1
aa
-
. r oo . .
-

3 We out t welv e b d id h el ms l st

h lf a
nest . . r or- y . . ere e

5 I it th d h i w W t t 6
’

ah 8 I hab
. on e s e ,
n e re no . . on t y ou
h e re ? 7 He m i l f
hab a
ot on e ss

a
. or n our . . ve ee n

whi le l
a
in t h e br or y ou ve p Th ee n ou t y our nt s . 9 . e cour t

will i n J u ne . 10 . W s he t h ere t he n ?

43 9 I mproper Forms W tch a s peech ad w

a a
.
y ou r n ri ti ng f or

i mpr oper ver b f ms ;

or s, dr wed for drew .

Exer ci s e 20 5 a . 1 . S elect t h e pr oper form of th e verb for e ch of

th e se se nt e n ce s :

H h a( aw) i a H ( w) i ad a overdr h 2 thr o h

a (a
1 ccou nt

da H wi l a ( a
. e s s . . e s ve rs ry

H
'

d b ) ) h 3 is l h br e k 4 he t
Hah b fl w) i ba
t t
wa
y e s e r y . . ee n . . ve y ou e

( ( w) rook ev e r nks ? 6 I kno

wa
t er ? 5 ts
a
t
w d (a ) d w
‘

. s e over o .
y ou
Wh H
a( )
oul h (
l y , li e ) 7 t he s hoe l st ? 8
a a a a
o n en s orse e

a
. . .

wi h m h 9 The light
ad (
(
’ ’
) i n t, i s n t
wa
s se s e ppe r s . . oon s u s on our

Y y .
fi)
10 w ll . ou r c o t oesn
’
t s et , s i t, t e .
1 80 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

443 II To promi se , a de t e rmin ti on a f

a aw
to the
a
expr s s
. . or
e o

s pe k er, u s e wi ll wi th I or we ,
nd Sh ll ith other su b ects j .

Tell wh et h er t he ai a i u se d t o pr omi s e , t o
a
Exe r cis e 20 6 . ux li ry s

sh o w d e t e rmi n t i on , or si mply t o f or e t e ll :

1 I aad a
sh a ll c olle ge a 2 I will h t i on
a ad m wa
. e n te r n e xt ye r . . ve n e uc .

3M i d wi l m N f l he lp 4 ot hi ng sh ll s t in I
aaw a
5
aw d a
.
y r en s e . . n y y . .

sh ll m w ll hi s le t t e r t o 6 Th e let t e r sh be
7 I wll wa a
t
ll a m awa
ns er orro . . ns ere

i lk ; n o one s h 8 I Sh ll lk ;
w a m ha
o n ce . . c rr y e . . n o one

ill Y w m wh W wi 9 ll go it h e if y ou is 10 ll
a aa m ab a
c r ry e . . ou S . . e

ss ist d H ll b t d ti 11 I sh ll e pu ni sh e e sh i h
S a ad a W wll a
y ou ny e . . . e pun s e .

12 w m
h ll y ou t h e f ir ? ill y ou go ith e? 13 I i ll
la
t t en
d aa a a db
. . c

d h m I sh ll t h e n 1 4 Th ough
a a w
on y ou to y, n y
s goo -
ye . . e s y e,

y wi
e t i m ll I t r us t n hi . 15 . I t sh ll be s y ou ill .

444 I II
In qu esti on s
. . u se the s m ai i a ha
a we ux l ry t t ou l
d be
corr ectly u sed i n the r eply . Thus

aa a
a mi li k w
we wi sh w i W w
a w “
If I i ll i ll
to ct t
wa
p ex ro s e, e or e go , e

k W B if w wi h di
”

a g
i ill y ou f t ? ut t o pr e ct ut ur e

ai b ai I ha a
s or go e s on e

ct on ll w m k
y s y ng,
“
s g ,
o e u st s ,
Sh ll y ou o?
”

P W i
EX C E d i a i wi h I w a bj ill
a
TI O N . s n ever us e n qu es t on t or e s su ect .

Th us we s y

a Sh ll I find y ou t h er e ? Will I , et c
aw
n ot
“

a
.

Sh ll e come e r ly ?
”
n ot Will we, et c ”
.

445 . Sh ould ad wn ould f ollo w the s a

m e ru les aha
ll a
sd s n

will . Thus

I s h ould not n eed ad if I d d I w

h elp, a
k i i ould n ot

ad m w a( S a
t
a
y our n , ,
s .

I s ke hi h e s h ould ll
“
h e t h er st h t ?
ad a a( I ha
go or y y ou go or s y
id he ll
“
he s h ould s t

H a aw
n s y s

wi ll go
a a
d i th t he I
“

ad
e s ould go (
He fe re lest he sh ould f ll ( I sh ll
“
 V E RBS : S UBJ U N C T I V E F O RM S 1 81

Exe rci s e 2 07 Fill e cha aw a m bl nk it h for of sh a ll will i i

a
.
-
or , g v n g
t he r ule t h t guide s y ou

am
.

1 We e xpe ct t o he fr o 2 I f I do not st udy , I

a 3 Th
. r y ou . .

wup in ignor nce i h m m w 4 t

aaa a l m i i la
gr o . . ey r e ce v e e one y to orr o . .

I w s fr id t h t I W b d t 5
h ah a l a m a
ose y pos on . . e e p e s e to
h t If h w s oon r et ur n 6 te
w a
e r t e . .
y ou e gr p , e co e t
7 Wh ll Wh wi h m I ? 8
aw a
t e?

f aha ha la
on c e . . en e c en y ou go .

w h 9 Wh b
w a
e r t t e ve un p e s nt e t er . . e re y ou e

w k I lik d
10 if I ld
a
?
ill if I ha
t o go t o t o 11
h ab
ne xt ee . e n, n go c ou . .

I b d li h d if ll I d 12
d a d wh a a
e e t
g e y ou c . . ve ee n

h bi d
13 k 4 ? t I
ha i
?
h a ld i f h aa
gon e . .
y ou o s e s y ou y ou o s 1 .

y o u I
v e so k d f m
t or t t pr ce ? 15 . ve s e or or e

446 . Su bj un ctiv e forms a re pe cu li r on ly a

( )
1 I a wa mi l tt ing t he e n din gs s t, eth, of t he
i di a
n y s o 8, c orr e

s pon di i ng n c t ve ;

( )
2 I h a i t t be s us e d in pl m ai
afa aad w
la f w a
n ce o ,
rt, s , or r e, n er e

in p ce o s ! .

447 Pr e s e nt Su bj u n cti v e forms a wused chie fly in cl a

a ad
. re n o us es

e xpr e ss in g s upposi t ion or c on it ion t o be de c ide d in t he

I f he aaa sk p r d on , sh a
ll y ou gr n t ai t?
I f h e go, h e will not be mi ssed .

In a i di a f m aa
su c h cl us es ,
i l d b d wi
ad a
n c t ve or s re s o us e y goo r t e rs
n k [S A
s pe d i I ] ers . ee ppe n x .

448 a j f m mP b d i la Sub
app i i a
st i un cti ve us t

a h fa A i
. or s e use n c u ses expr es s ng

su wi h whi h i os t on or s c s contr r y to t e ct . s n

If he a
wer e re dy (but he is not ) he c ould

a
, go .

I wish I were well (but I m not ) .

0 aa
W rt t ke s t h e pl a wa
c e of st i n th e sole mn form .
1 82 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

a
I n di c t iv e forms must be u se d to e xpr e ss wh ai am aa
t fa s ssu ed s ct .

As in
If h e int e nd s t o go, h e sh ould go n ow
a
.

Th ough h e i s f r fr om we ll, h e is ind us t rious

a ah
.

I f he ws poor, he ws on es t .

Exe rci s e 208 ak wi h wha m a a Fill t h e bl t t th e pp opri te

ad i h a f
. n see s r

form of t h e v e rb h i be ,
”
n g ve t e re s on or y o ur c o ce

1 Wh a w ld h aif h a
.

t k d I wi h I ? 2 te n
a lib a ma a
. ou s e s y s e s e . s

If b k i k i 3 t he t he
0 ha
t t
h lib a mi h a
y e r s y ou n ge r . . oo n r ry , y ou y e .

4 f h b k
. I t i e oo k i i n t e r ry , y ou g t t e t . 5 . t t t
ibl If d w h ld h l
! 6 im 7 Th h h he h
i a ai d
pos s e . nee y, e s ou e p . . oug e

d h will h l If h t 8 hi s c t ons o n ot

b d f a
n ee y, e ge no e p . . e ns n e ,

h wi f I d I h ld
9 ill I I 10
w ld b a adi a f h
t to te st t
fa
S o . . e e e ,
s ou pe r se v e r e . .

l will m m w i i I1 I
if h w a
t to to
I wi l a wa
ou e gre s gr ce e . . co e orr o

h fi ll hi m if h 12 l
3 Ta
t t
al i
e e er ne . . c upon e no t
h m o e k . 1 i j d e c re e st t n ure .

D I RE C TI O N S FOR TH E U S E OF THE —
S F O RM OF V E RBS

449 al ad hah m f b i
We h t t t for s n e v e r us ed

f h i di a
. ve e rn e e s -
o ver s

wit h
ha
m d
i m ai gaf h ad f a
e xce pt i h p n t i e r e s en t t e ns e s o t e n c t ve o e, su b

j ec t s t t hi d p n e n n re o t e t r e rs on n o t he s ingul r

nu mbe r .

450 . Ge ne r l Rule a . A thi rd si ngu l -

a bj ad
r su ect, n n o other ,

r equ i r es the s
-

f m
or of the ver b

a aa
.

It will be u n de rs t ood t h t t his r u le l only t o t h e prese n t

a
c n pp y
i ndi c t ive t e nse s .

45 1 W a a I a
Use w s wi th thi rd s i n gu l r a bj bu t
a aj
. s . or -
su ect,

ne ver wi th y ou or ny plur l su b ect .

Exer ci s e 2 09 Ch oos e t h e c orr ec t form i n t h e followi n g

ad j
. se nt e n ces ,

n ust ify y our c h oi c e Th u s :

a
.

He (don t , doe sn t ) t ry The t h ird s ingul r s ubj ect

’ ’ ”
he r e quir es

a
-
.

does , t h e for m of t he verb do

s -
S ) He doesn t t ry
’ ”
.
r
.
1 84 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

454 Colle ctive Su bj e ct s ui r e the f m f th ver b only in

aai
. r eq S -
or o e

f
r e err i ng to the collection s un t .

Exer ci s e 2 1 0 Te ll whi ch f or m of t he v erb Sh ou ld be use d he r e ,

a a
.

nd giv e y our re son :

Th a1 m (waw ) a a ad Th bad (ha rly nni hil te 2

ha a) a
e r y s, er e ne . . e n s,

) b ( r ou ght
) m ( m w
i t s , t h e ir in st r u e nt s 3 I s, f ily e ll?

(waw ) am
ve . . re y our

4 Th e mm i t t ee u n ni in t he c h oice 5 The flee t

a a a a aa (wa
. co s, ere ous . .

(w w )s, er e w dse p r t ed . 6 . Th e h ole h e r r n i nt o t h e se nd s,

w ) d w d O b ( d ) ( ) m 7 clu h ol h old s it s , t he ir ee t i ngs e v e ry

a a a a m
er e ro ne . . ur ,

m ont h (H ) 8 m A h t he br oke n u p? 9 l rge be r

a a a ) a
. . ve, s co p ny . nu

(w w ) d d mb w w
iss t i sfie
( 10 The l rge
d S a( a
t
) aw a
s, er e . . nu er pr e se n e re , s .

11 . U The ni t e t t es is , re po e rful n t ion .

CO N N EC TED S U BJ E C T S

45 5 a
Sin gul r e xpress ion s j oin e d by aa nd aa
k lly t
aa a bj
. re ge n e r en

t oge t her s plu r l s u e ct . Th us

aai
He nd I r e a aw
a
I nd us tr y nd in
a aa
go n g .
per s ever nce s u cce ss .

M ki ng l ws nd en or ci ng f them r e v ery diff er e n t .

456 Su bj e ct s ad U h f m f h
j oin ed by e ver b wi th
d b a
t t
a
. n . se e s -
or o

s i ngul r su b ects con necte j l nd

am h a
y on y
( )
1 When they m p h t t i n g;
a d d by a maa
n e e s e er son or or

( )
2 Whe n they re pr ece e e ch , ev e ry , ny , or n o.

For exa
m l p e

a a
My fr i end nd helper h s dese r t ed me
aa a
(1 ) .

() A w h l d l mi h w
a aa aa
1 t t

a
ee n x e r n s s t e p o e r .

d m
a
( )
2 E h l d l h iv ed

a
c y n g e n t e n s r e c e c opy .

()
2 Ever y c it y n d t o w n w s V i s i t e d .

457 Su bj e ct s j oined by Use the f m f th ver b

a bj
. or or n or . s -
or
o e

wi th thi rd si ngul r -
su ects con n ected by or or n or . Thus

aa
a
On e or t he ot h e r vi s i t s Lo ndon nn u lly .

Neit her money nor i nfluence w s needed .

 V E R BS : C O N N E C T E D S U B J E C T S 1 85

Exer ci s e 2 1 1 . S ele ct t h e pr ope r for m of t he v e rb , ad jn us t if y y our

se le ct ion Th us

a ma h
.

Ne it h er h ope n or cour ge m i d i ns T for h e re r e quir e

a ad a whi
re . e S r
s ,

for t h e su b j e ct con s is t s of t wo Sin gul r n ou ns , hope ch

aj d b ad a b a a a
n cou r g ,
e

oi ne h e n ce t ke n t e ly
ad aa d d T
re y n or , n re to e se p r .

B h h m b w d he
”
ot for of t he oul

ad aj d b a ma a
.
ope n c our ge re n e e e . s -
v er

b w w for t h e t hope oi n e nd ke
a bj
e r on g, o n oun s n cou r ge y
l l ect

ad a d ad
p ur s u .

a d db h a
E b d i l h r e c it e Th e
ma
boy
k a a bj
v er y oy n g r s . connec t e n ou ns n

i l hi d dj
S in gul r s u for t h e y
ad a b a
e Ct e c t iv e

a
t
a H
g r e r re pr e c e e y t e
-

k m toh b t se p r t e ly t he for of
'

t
“

ever y , n so re e en . en c e s -
e v er

i d
s r e quir e

a a
.

1 In m h ( ) d u scle t is, s t r e n gt h v igor 2 Ev e r y

aad d ) hi a a
. eve ry e re re n . .
.

b ( id N h t hrift
h r e c e iv e , r e c eiv es 3 e it f t
a w da
e gg r n spe n s . . er er

m (w w
ot h e r ) li d h vi n g 4 Ev e ry ough t

a a a a
n or s, ere . . or n ev e n ev e ry t
(is , ) k w E d d (b b ) ( 5 ) ch h our ri ng, ri n gs i t s , t h e ir
ad a d (a ) ad
re no n . .
y n

d u t ie s h 6 ll T e rise
b f of t he t i is t o e e xpl i ne 7 Th e
ad h ba (h a a)
. . n e re , . .

b h k ( ) ( b l b ) h in hi s , t h e ir il ills
a
ut c t se nt 8
a ad
er n e er s, ve or . .

Th ere (i ) i d b l d h d figh t A h t h e fr ont ie r 9

a T (w wa
t
d lla(a ) a
s, re ng n oo s e on . . ous n

m is ) uc h to p y 10 her e n e it h e r

a) a
t oo
im a ma wa
o rs re , . . e re , s n ge r

i i hi T d b ( 11 is , l
a (hah a) a
t one to n ot

A b a l
n or p t e nce n s . . o se e n e re y s

t he m m 12 u t ifu i t r e fi n in g in
ad a a(w wa
s e . . e poe or p c ur e s, ve

fl u e n ce Wh h 13 ) to r e t re t t h e que s
( a a ad
et to
a ad Ea
. . er v n ce or e re , s

t ion N i14 )b h h 15 ch

da ad a
. . o p ns n n o expe n se ve , s ee n sp r e . .

h ou r , k fr d m d ( ) i c ri e s

aad w ( a a) a
t t ou t

aa m
r u or ope n p ne or pr
r o e c e u r e r c r y,
i t t h 16 d d H Ev e ry le f n fl o er h s , h v e f e 17 is
ad mi (waw ) a
g n s e . . . .

bj m h ( l ) t he s 1 8 T er e s le e ps , t he
amaad ma Wa a wa ( m
su e ct n ne s, er e e . . s eep

d
sol ie r , m ) rt yr 19 ft e r
a (ai ) ah a awa
st t es n, n . . ve ve co e, co es

r olli n g N in . 20 . eit h er oil n or lc oh ol re , s s e vy s t er .

458 When su b ects conn ected

j by di ffer i n per son mber ,
a
or or n or

a
. or n u

the one n e r es t the ver b gen er lly contr ols i ts for m Th u s :

a
.

Neit h e r Sh e I m i nv it e d Eit h er y ou or h e kn ows it

ad
n or . .

Ar e y ou or he going ? Ne it h e r h e n or hi s childr e n we r e s ve

aa
w wa
d a ll b a
a
.

Expre ssi ons like t h e se re d k r ,

n sh o uld ge ne r id d
y e vo e .

Thus :
She is not invit ed , n or a
mI .
1 86 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

459 . Of two sub ects connected

j by aw a
s ell s the fi rst one con a'
ols the

aaaw l ah w wal
wa w ll ah aa
The c pt i n , s e l s t e cre ,
s ost .

The cre , i s w i k e s t e c pt n, er e s c .

460 Of tw a ma a a am
a
o sub ects , one ti ve nd t
j ffi h e other neg

a
i h ffir
a ha
.
.
r t ve, t e

t i ve one contr ols the or o the ver f m f b d nd the t i ve

a
expr esse ,
ne g one t t
of ver b u nd erstood Th u s : .

Not I bu t h e is t h e t o go Not he but I a

m i Th e a w rri or s
a a mi a
one go n
.
g .
,

wer e
a
bu t n ot t he chief, pr ese nt ; Not only t his h bit , but ll si l r
one s , re pe rni cious .

46 1 aa
As rel t i v e pron oun h s n o a f m f mber the
a
or or nu or n
perso
'

.
,

s ens e o f d
the ntece ent cont r ols the f
orm of the ver b . Thus

I th tapa s e k unt o y ou a
mh w a e . 0 Th ou ho ch ng e s t not !

Our F t h er aw a a ho rt in h e v en .

Exe r ci s e 2 1 2 S e le c t t h e pr ope r for m of t he ad

a
v erb , n i t h
.
g v e e
rule t h t guides y ou

aw aj
ad d mad ) i
.

1 Equit y , e ll ust i ce , (dem

(waw ) i j d
. s s n , e n s t .

2 O m
a wa a(waw ) b
. ne or or e pe rso ns s, e re n ure .

3 H i i s p n t i ng
b of t he th t
a
es t exhi

wa ) a
. s one s, ere ite d .

e h (w
Not t h e c use s , b u t t e r es ult ,

(a )
d e re , s st te .

mY he is t o go
( a
o u or re , .

m h m)
Eit h er or I i s ,

a
t o go
wa )h a
e .

s N d b w (w u t t h t of t h eir o n v oice s

a wa
o s ou n d ere , s e r

m
.

m (wThe ) d d le int o t h e e file

w a aad ( d
r y e re , s .

h E l
d ) nt

ma
t r ee pro o t h e rs of

wa
( it s , t he ir) kind
aa
c p n uce , pr o u ce s .

10 w
This (w )f d it h h i s e r s of

a(ha a) li d
. n s ons ere , s ou n n t io n .

I1 H w m
is one of t he i se st th t h
wa (d ad a)
e en s, ve ev er ve .

12 H m d n or c ol his
H wa h a hi a (aaaa) a
e co e s ; n or nt cour se el el
.

y, y s .

13 . is e lt n d n ot s t lent s ttr ct , t tr ct s t t e nt ion .

1 4 I (would, sh ould) like t o knoww

. hose book t hi s is .
1 88 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

ad
n like t he gerund we ha ve

S I MP L E FO RM S PERF ECT FO RM S

a
drivi ng

a
h vi ng b e e n dri vi ng
P a s s i ve (b e in g d ri v e n)1 h vi ng b e e n dri ve n

[ For t h e Use of a ll t h e se for ms a s noun s , see

46 5 ws aml for u se d wit h t he infinit ive t o a

i
a ad w
To
a i ha aa a
.
y er e xpr e ss v r ou s

rel t i ons , but os t it s pr e posit ion l ch

l ll
a aa a
t ct e r ,

a
s r n no ge n e r y
me ns n ot h ing of it self, nd se rv es onl y i h h following
a
s s gn t t t e

word is n infini t ive .

U S ES O R CO N S TRU C TI O N S

m y be a a
a
466 . 1 . Eit her t he in finit ive or t he ger un d use d s

( )
1 S u bje c t or ( )
2 S u bj e c t iv e Comple me n t ; s

a w is a
M king pr omi se s is n ot k e e pi ng
a a
To h e si t t e t o b e los t
a
no .

t hem gi ven freely is t o b e

To h s k e d for mor e His h ving on ce
a
. ve .

b e en cr owned will m ke hi m n oble .

(a ) A i fi i i m ab e use d ah a l subje ct of ab to
i ipa a
t t
la h a
n n n ve y s e re ver

e xp i n t i bj
e nt c t ve s u e ct it s

I t is d a n ger ous t o t ri fi e wit h t empt t ion a .

46 7 2 Eit h er t he in fin it iv e t he ger un d a
m y be t he
a a
. . or

Obj e ct of v erb ; s

I j
e n oy s wimmi ng . I like t o s wi m . I will swi m .

She pr e fer s si t t i ng qu ie t ly . Sh e prefer s t o si t qui e t ly .

46 8 Somet imes t h e infinit iv e or t h e ge r und i s use d ah j

e ob ect

aaa a
t
a
. s

of ve rb t h t h s lso n indi r e c t ob j e c t Thus : .

H ah [a
lle t ug t hi s pupils ] t o Si ng, like

He t aught si ngi ng a
[t o ll hi s u
p pils ]
a a
aa
0 A r re f or m, s in pu n i s h e d f or bei ng out dr ivi ng.
"

1 Also r r e f or m [See 5
.
 I N F I N I T I V ES 1 89

in which am h wh w
on e ob e ct n j ah ad h h t
waah
t t, t e ot

ha mab d ab
’

es e per s ons o ere ug n er

h hi h m Ei h bj
f m [ 5 4 7] a
t t t t t to t t e ct

j i h a
e t ng s ug e . er o y e use s su

ce t i n t e p ss v e or 2 s

All h i il w a i s u
p p s ere t u gh t to s n g, or

T i waa [ a ll i il ]
o S ng s t u gh t to h s p p
u s .

46 9 Af m b h i fi i teri d am lm wi h t t ive e nt t ou t

a
. so e v er s e n n s u se s co p e

th e [ C
tom 4 o p re 7

a a a
.

() S m1 i m f o d etT es t er d re n need . h us

Sh d a d m h ma ll Th da d look
a
e re to eet t e . ey re n ot up .

I d t nee Y sd t o be r ep ir e d ou nee no t go

a a
.

a a
.

( ) A f ( b j i f
t er h d ) wi h d j i i h t he
a a
2 su un ct ve o ve t ec t v e expr e ss ons

s li ef , r h i h
t h er , b e t t er , b e s t T us , n t e se n t e nc e s

I a I a
.

d a li f d a h h s e di e , h r t er g o,

th m a e i i I h ld h ld i a
e n ng d abl s, m d i a
bl s di
ou o t s e si r e or or e es r e to e,
”
to go .

470 3 Eit her t he in finit iv e t he ge rund a

m y be t he Obj e ct
a
. . or

of p p
r e os i t i on Th us :
aw aw wa h m m a
.

We i th t c hin g t Fro h vi n g b e e n ki n g he
m aa
a a Th w wa
re e ry ose en .

ch

a a
t l d to b e i ng s upport e d by rit y r ed
f
wa a d f a
c e st . ey e re re or

wa
Th e r e c eive r

a
h vi n g b e en pt ur e d h vi n g b e en
ma
nev er c . s c c u se o

W m d
t ki ng b ribe s i sse t h e pe rfor by b e ing lki ng
a
ou t

a
. e nce .

w w d
Th e i nfini t iv e it h to is no only

a
() ft e r t h e pr e posi tions
ad a
u se

b ou t , b u t , exc e pt , n s ve . Th us :

h ad wa a T a le bou t t o d ri v e 03 bou t d ri vi ng 03

a ma a
e er s .

mam
I bou t t o g o bout g oin g
a a
.

H
ma m
d e c oul d o n y t hi ng but ke one y ; t h t is
H d e u nd er st oo e v e ry t hi ng but k i ng
w d a
one y .

The y ill o n y t hi ng for r e li gi on except li v e for it

ad a
.

A a
Exer ci se 2 1 3 ly z e t he se se n t e n c e s , t h e infi ni t i ve s
ad
. n n p rse

n g e r un d s
a
.

m w d
3 Ra a
T b d i b h ppy 2 I t is i ib l
d g by wl gh ma
ol

a
1 . o e goo s to e . .
poss e n ot t o gr o .

. e y i j t h
in igh 4 I t i lw y b t t t ii t n ur e e s t . . s s es o
1 90 L ES S O N S I N EN G L IS H

t ell t he t ru t h . ab ki dl
5 . It ws
dadi ai s c our g n g n ot to h ve ee n n y r e c e ive .

6 S i di Wh w ld wi h b f b i d 7 orgot t e n ?

I ha i d lah
. ce rn ng go o s n ot e ng go o . . o ou s to e

8 h T f d d j i i 9
fa
to t tr to
l l a d
. ey r e use re e se e pr son e r . . ve e o u st ce

to b d H di lik b i 10 Th fi m 11
ha
eve ry o y . . e s es e ng se y c c u se . . e r

e xpe c t s b m i to m w ov ng ou t i d to 12 D o y ou r e gr et

W a b i mi a a
e orr o . . v ng on e

m or e ? im 13 i d m l 4 Th 1
ha
t t
a
no . e c n pr ove y ng goo ex p es . . ey

k w hi b
n ot i i b wi h d
ou t di d ts t ten 15 T
a a
no ng v ng ee n r . . e og ev e r y

thi b k hi m
ut s pe H mi d m to Th 16 t o go t 17
da a him f di h a
ng . . e pr o se e on c e . . ey

n ot Y d ll one st y 18 n ot te th t st or y

aa
re cc use o s . . ou ne e

g in .

47 1 4 The in finit iv e wit h to m y be a us e d Adje ct ively li ke a

l h a
a
. .

p p
r e os i t i on p r se . Th us :
Wood t o b urn (for bur ni ng) . Hor se s t o le t (for le t t i n g) .

(Th e ) qu e s t i o n (t o be d e cided ) is (very ) diffi c ult .

a
() I i a
l t s so oft e n u se d aa aa
dj
s pr e d i c te a e c t ive ; s in

Such c on d uc t is t o b e d e s pi s e d (is des p c ble i a)

aa a (a a a
.

He ppe r s t o h v e los t hi s mi n d pp e r s i ns ) ne .

472 5 The in fin it ive wit h to , like a i i l ph a

a
a
t
a m a f a b a
. . r
p pe os on r s e,

m y be us ed Adv e rbi lly t o modify t he e n in g o

a aa a p
ve r ,
n

dj i e c t ve , or n dver b, by s howin g t he pu rpose, c us e, res ect

in whi ch et c Th us
a( a )
, .

We n eed t he money
a( a )
to p y for p y i ng t h e h elp
a w
.

a( a )
Th ey r e s lo t o d ep rt in d e p r t in g .

I t is ripe en ough to e t for e t ing .

N O TE Wh e n d a dj a a e ct iv ely dv erbi lly t he i nfin i ti ve m y a

a a f ( af ) a
.
u se or

ll b e re pl c ed by in, n d the geru nd AS in

'

ge n e r y or t, o , et c . .

good (f
a(a a ) a m ( f
t o dr in k ) d ( or dr i n ki ng ; for ce t o g o i nto goi ng) ;
r egre t to he r t he r ing ; f ile d t o c o e o comi ng) .

a aa
a a
m ke
aa
473 . 6 . Th e in finit ive , of c ou r se , c nn ot be us e d to
direct ssert ion . It is use d , however , s n Indirect Predi c t e in
1 92 L ES S O N S I N E N GL I S H

476 . The infin it ive is so me t imes use d in elli pt i c a

l c ons t ruct i ons .

Th us :

a
To t ell t h e t r ut h , I h d quit e for got t e n y ou ; ins t e d a of

a
I mu st s y , in or de r t o t e ll t he t r ut h , et c .

a
Exe rcis e 2 1 4 aa
An ly z e t h e followi ng se nt e n ces , nd p r s e t h e in
a a a
.

fi nit iv e s Su gge s t n e qu iv le nt cl u se wh e n poss ible

a a
. .

1 The y d e cl re d t h e c hi ld t o be dyi ng
. 2 I im gin ed him t o be . .

list e ni ng 3 I wi she d him t o su c ce e d 4 We felt t he grou n d sink

a a
. . . . .

5 Allow t h e good s t o be se nt t on c e 6 He h s known t he m t o t e

ma a a
. . .

in w
u nt il m w f ll . 7 . Th e l r e qu i r e s t he to o rk bu t t e n h our s . 8 .

j
Th e m m m
t h ou gh t hi t o be gui lt y of t he c ri 9 I foun d f i d
ab aa Wa a
ur y e . .
y r e n

to h m A m de d ont h 10 ll e n cons ide r s hi n gt on t o h v e

aa a
ve ee n . .

be e n m t riot 11 I e xpe ct e d hi t 12 N0 beL

aa w a
p . . t o go o n ce . . one

d m
lie v e b hi to e so cr u e l 13 To k pl inly , he ld it t o be
a ab m W a
. . spe e n

d 14 Id it t o h ee n hi 15 h v e or d e r e

aa mm a a
ou t r ge . . suppose ve . . e

b
t h e h ouse t o t ed i edi t e ly 16 The y forb de
aa m a ma
e v c . . us to ent er .

17W e sh wll h t he t 18 They de t he e lki n r in g

a
. ve go on c e . .

w i t h t h eir h urr hs .

477 The Ge r un d me t imes lose s ll it s verb l uses , t kes a a a

aj a a a a
. so

d e c t iv e s in s t e d of d v er bs s modifiers , n d be c omes mere ly

b a
aan s tr ct nou n Thus :

a a
T ki n g h um
a ma
Geru nd life
aN
n
h omrcrde
. '

18
Abstr The t ki ng of hu life
.

ct ou n . n

Geru nd
Abs tr aN
.

ct ou n . Ra wa
api d lkin g
8 h e lt hful e xe r crse .

S UMMAR Y : F O RM S F O R P AR S I N G

F orms or Kind s

Simple of Com
a
.

18 a P e rfe ct
I n fini t iv e ;
Ge r un d
( or from)
t he
Tr
Cop
n

.
. V e rb

Pe rfect
 I N F I N I T I V ES 1 93

Con s t ruc t i on s

1 Su b je c t of t he v erb

a aa a a
.

( ) Expl n t or y of t he i n t i c ip t v e s ub e c t j it .

2 . Sub j e c t i v e co mple me n t of t he v erb

3 . Ob je c t of t he ver b

4 Ob je c t
. of t h e pr epos i ti on

5 ° a
Use d d je c t i v e ly
ia bj
to
s su
modify t h e
e c t iv e c o
n ou n

mple me nt of t he v er b

ve r b

6 U se d a a om
d v e r b i lly t od ify t he a
dj e c t iv e

a
.

d v er b

7 . Use d as i n di r e c t pr e d
i
c awi h i te t ts s ub e c tj

a
Exe r ci s e 2 1 5 a An ly z e t h e following se n t e n c e s , p t h e i n fin it ive s
a a a a
. r se

nd ge r u n d s ,
nd e xpl i n h ow e c h i s modifie d :

a m a aw m
St ri ve t o kee p y ou r ppoin t e n t s 2 I h v e b ut fe
a
1
a a w a
. or e . .

w or d s t o s y 3 m
Ce s e t o d o e vil; le r n t o d o e ll 4 Th e e r e f c t
a a a
. . . .

of hi s f t h er s p y i ng t he d eb t is n o pr oof of it s be i n g
’
d i
wa a a a a
p p
r o e r e xpe n

t ure 5 m It t sk t o br idge t h e ch 6 To pr ofe ss nd

a a m
. . s n o e sy s . .

t o posse s s A di ffer e nt 7 by e d t o i nv it e

a a
r e v er y . .
gr ov e n e r se e us

t o re st 8 Let t hi s by cr ifi cin g our se lv e s 9 The

aw ma
. . us pr e v e n n ge r s . .

l is de t o pr ot e ct t he inn oce nt by pu ni shi n g t he guilt y 10 By

a H a wa
. .

w
obse rvi ng t ru t h e sh ll se c ur e t h e r e spe c t of ot h e rs 11
aa m a a a a
. . e s

s t r f ll fr o he v e n n d v ni sh in u tt e r d r kn e ss
a am aw
.

12 m
Sh ll y ou h v e t i e t o c o e t o bid u s f r e ell? 1 3 Th ose only
a a a a
. .

w
r e fit t o r ule M
h o h v e le r n ed t o obe y 14 e n lov e t o be d or e d ,
a aa am w
. .

but h t e t o be r e pr ov e d m
1 5 I h v e n e ng ge e n t hi c h pr e v e n t s
a a ma m a
. .
y
st i wl m i t h y ou 16 The ir gr t it u d e de t h e l i his
a a ma aa
y gn on ge r . .
pr o c

d m 17 Th e t r ociou s c ri e of be i ng I sh ll
a
t
l a a
goo n e s s .
y ou n g n,

tem pt n e it he r m w t o p li t e n or d e ny 18 Ne v er le it t o d o t o
a a
. . ve or o

i f it b ought to e d one t od y 19 I lov e t o t h e br e k of spri n g

a
n ot e

aa
. .

t h t is t o clot h e t h e groun d Bu y in g goods on cr ed it h use d

a
20
a a
. . s c

w
a
him m m
t o f il m
. 21T . I S the co e, bu t did n ot h e r t h e go . 22 . o

live soberly nd ri
gh t e ousl i s t o be hi s
y mott o ,
1 94 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

23 ad a amab
I d ll t h t me ma
a
Wh da m
. re o y e co n ;
o r es do or e is n on e .

24 None kn ew t hee bu t t o love t hee

. .

25 Ambit i on mock t he ir u se ful t oil

L et
a
n ot

a
. .

2 6 He , gl d t o hi de hi s t ell t le ch eek ,
a a a
-
.

Hied b ck t h t glov e of m il t o see k

a
.

2 7 L ook in hi s f ce to mee t t hy n e igh bor s soul,

’

a a
.

Not on hi s g r me nt s t o det ec t h ole

a aa a a
.

2 8 Sir L n nf l fl s h ed fort h in his u ns c rr ed m il

aa a
.

To se ek i n ll l nd s for t he holy gr il
a a
.

2 9 Oft h s it be e n my lot t o m r k
a a
.

A pr ou d , con cei t e d , t lki ng sp r k

aa aa a
.

3 0 Th e r e i s n e v er bl d e or le f t oo me n
a a a a
.

To be some h ppy cr e t ur e s p l ce
’

a a a
.

3 1 An d fools wh o c me t o scoff re m in e d t o pr y
a
. .

3 2 Th e ve r y le v e s seem t o si n g on t he t ree s
aa a a a
. .

3 3 To be gr d u t e d wit h c olle ge d iplom wit h out h v ing ent ered

a aa a a
.

int o t he t r u e spir it of c olle ge life by be ri ng n ct iv e p r t in it s m ni

a a aa
fold nd s t imul t in g e xpe ri en c es , is t o h v e f iled of se cur ing t he best
r esult s of t he cour se .

D I RE C TI O N S F O R T HE U SE O F I N FI NI TI V E S

479 . A modi fier shou ld n ot be u s ed between t o a

d h n t e r est o f
the i n fin i ti ve .

S ya Th ey me a n t n e v er to r eturn , n ot They me a nt to never r eturn .

480 This
c on st ru ct i on , c lled a h li i t t n fin it ive , is used to
a ad a
, e sp

some ext e n t by re pu t ble w ri t e r s ker s , b u t only when t h ere

ap a a
d id d a la
n spe

p e rs t o be iec f e g n in c e r n e s s or or c e .

481 . Avoi d us i n g to a
l on e i n pl a f ai fi
ce o n n n i ti ve

k i a
.

a
S y He h ab k hi w d ad i lik l b a ai i
D a
t
aa ad i li l aa
s ro en s or n s e y to re g n, or s

like ly t o d o s o
i i I ld ”
ke y to ” “
to
D a ld
g n, n ot n s g n . o s

I to
m a
n ot

a d wi h
y o u , o s y o u to .

S h h w H did
a
“
e xpr e s si o n s , I ”

af l a a
n ot

a d ad ma
o n ot t o,
a
uc o ev e r , s s e e n

w
a
b k b d d ll
a
t o, r e use
yev e n g y c re u spe er s, n e re r e s o
ble in c ollo ui
q l p s e e ch .
1 96 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

486 I n pl a of in fle c t e d forms we h af a
a
r ti ci ple

ai l ad h
. ce ve ou r p
ph r se s on e forme d wit h t he i mperfect p r t c ip e , n t r ee

wit h t he perfect . Th us

ACTI V E P A S SIV E

a
P erfect dr i v e n
a
.

P r es P erf
a
. . : h vi ng dr i v e n . P r es P erf
. . : h vi n g b e e n dri v e n .

P r ogr es si ve : h vi n g b e e n dr ivi n g . P r ogr es s i ve : b ei ng dr i v e n .

487 The Pr e sent p r t ic iple lw y s en ds in i ng a aa I t c om

aa a a
. .

mon ly r e prese n t s n c t ion or c on di t ion s c on t in uin g or i m

f t d i t i lm a lw i h i a aaa a
i f t t h
a
per ec , n s os t y s ct ve; t t s ,
t r e e r s o e

ctor Thu s :

a al a
.

Ve ss els c rr y in g c o a
la r e c on s t nt y rri vi n g .

488 a ai l mm l d i Th e P
d d st r t c ip e t
ad i a a a a
.
p co on y en s n en , e , ,
or

ll f i i
lwa
c t on

a m l d Wh d a
t r e pr e sen t n g

i i a a
n s ge n e r y per ec ,
n or

di i t l lm t t os t

a hai i f h a b wha ad
c on on s co en us e y s
p e e . on e s

p s si ve; t t s, t r e e r s , n ot to t e c t or , ut to t is cte

u pon . Thus

The a
mr y, b e t e n bau t a
n ot v n qui s h e d , slo wly fe ll b a
k c .

U S E S , O R C O N S TRU C T I O N S

489 I Th e simple p r t iciples m y be

. . a a us e d as Subj e c tiv e
Comple me n t s Thus .

Th e fl ower s a It ms b e wild e rin g Night a

m a e st e li n g
lala a
re g on e . se e . c

on Th e p ce y d e s e r t e d for y e rs

a ai l f a m a bi a
lm a
.

a
.

() U se d d i
in t hi s wy t he p rt c ip e o ten h
ai h la w a
, s so e ver e n ng ,

s n tm l e st t o ex p es

a a aa
.

()
b A i i l m b d j p m m n
rt c T p e y e u se s n ob e c t i v e c o ple e t . h us

S d h ba ll W hall k en t e r olli ng . e s eep y o u occ u pi e d .

 P A R T I C I P L ES : S U M M A R Y 1 97 .

490 II a
An y p rt ic iple m y be dde d t o a a a a
a a a
. . n oun or pr o

n oun ppos i t i v ely I n s uc h c s

. e s t h e i de wou ld be m or e full y
e xpress e d

(1 ) By aadj i la ect ve- c ; (2 ) By aa

d b la (3 ) By ai d
am a
n us e n ver -
c us e ; n n e

pend e nt st te e nt s

a
b ou gh t for t he lib r a
ha h h b aj
ry
1 Th e books b re u rned
w b h f
a
. .

t t t
hi ma
t er e ou g or e r ry

h vi ng los t
b a ha
s t er

hi ma
s
w h m
.

2 T h d
e og e nt o e
d l
R a
he
.

ec u se os t s s t er .

f b ll
e c h in g t he
a ad
or e -
r ope ,
I ll d i pu e it v gor ous ly
I h d f b ll t he
.

re c e or e -
r ope , n

49 1 . II I . a a
An y p r t iciple m y be us e d wit h a n oun or a pr o

in t he Absolu t e c on st r u c ti on t he t wo t oge t her

a faa b la
n oun

h v ing t h e for ce o d n v er -
c use . Th us

[Q u i et h avi n g b e en r e s t or e d ] (t he) s pea

k e r c ont i n ued

a a
,

[ Wh e n qui e t h d bee n r e s t or ed ] , ( e
t h ) spe ke r c ont in ued .

S U MMA R Y : F O RM S F O R P AR S I N G

Kin d s or F or ms

(Ac t iv e) of Com
a( a
.

P rt ; or fr om) Tr n . Ve rb

(P a
ss iv e )
t he Cop

Con s t r u ct i on s

I . M odifi e s t he noun (or pronou n)

Comple me n t of t he v erb r e ferr ing

a
2 . to
3 . Used b s olu t e ly wit h t he n ou n ( or pr on ou n )
 20 0 L ES S O N S IN EN GL I S H

CHAPTER XI

AD V E RB S

A . K IN D S

493 As to Me ag Th ama a d b a
ni nd h
ma diff wa maa
. . er e re ny ve r s, n t ey

modify in h ll b di id d eren t t t
ad h i ma l la
i ipa
ny y ;
s y e ey y e v e ,

cc or in g t o t i i i e r e n ng, nto S x pr n c c sses

Time aa
AS , now, the n, lw ys , never , next, l s t a
a
Ad v erb s of

a
.
.

As , here , there, down , heme , bove

Ma
Ad v e rb s of Pl ce . .

Ad v erb s of As , well, ill, thus , so, s lowly , wi s ely , fr eely

a a
nn er .
.

Ad v erb s AS , much, very , lmost , too, s c r cely , quit e

a
of D e gr e e
a
. .

Ad v e rb s of C us e . As , ccor di ngly , henc e, therefor e, wher efor e .

Ad v erb s of Numb er . AS , fir s t, next, once , thi r dly .

494 As t o Use Wit h res pe ct t o t he ir u se a b ma d v er

aa j
b
a am
. .
, s y e

cl s sifie d Si l when t hey merely modify nd Con

a
s p e , s un c

ti v ewh en t h ey lso conne c t .

a aa Whaki d a Wh t is
ha
cl use ?

a aa
2 of c l uses

a Wha a
Exer ci s e 2 1 9 . 1 . . t n s

di d dj 3 Wh t is e c t ive cl use ? 4
a Wh ai a j
? t is
a
ve y ou st u e . n .

5 A c on u n c t ive ? 6 r el t ive pr o
h m a
nou n cl use ? . t s pr on ou n .

7 C w w w
ive t w w w e ni ng of hen , her e, henc e, hi ther , hy , ho
aa
n ou n ? . e ,

h
in t m for of ph r se

ad
e

h a la i
.

8 i dj w e c t iv e c t h e follo in g e xpr e ssi ons ,

ll whaa
. Po nt out t e use s n n

te h m d t e c o ifie s :

a wi h d h t h ey
ad
Th e pl st oo

m a
ce on c

w h T e ti hi ch t
a
h e t ey st rt e

h w m wh m T fr o i ch t h e y
ad w h h w
e to n c e

a
Th e l n to h ic t ey e nt

The re son for whi ch they fled

 A D V E R BS : K I N D S 01

a a
Wh t doe s e ch preposit ion l phr se modify ? 1 0 Sub st it ut e a a a
a a
9
a
. .

si n gle wor d for e c h ph r se 1 1 Wh t doe s t he sub st i t u t e d wor d mod

aa
. .

ify ? 1 2 To wh t p r t of spe ec h d oe s it t h e refore belon g?

.

49 5 Fr om t he pr e ce din g Exer cise we se e t h t in dj e c ti v e a a

a aa a a a a
.

cl u s e s ce r t in dv er bs m y be us e d s t he e quiv len t of
ph amad wi h
r se a j e t con un c t ive pr on oun nd a
a r
p pe os i t i on .

Thus :
Thi s is t h e h ou se wh e r e (in which) Iab ws or n .

Her e aw kn ow, whi ch would c on ne c t t he a

c l u se t o hous e, ad i whi ch
ab aa a
,
s e n n

would mod ify w s like

d b it s e qui v le nt wh er e doe s
f m di f i g a
orn n v er ; so

t hi s dou ble d ut y o o dy n n conn e c t in g .

Adv er bs like when, where,

496 whenc e whi ther why how,
a a aa a ala
.
, , ,

t h t bot h modify v er b n d t t he m t ime

aa
conn e c t

a
s e c us e ,

ll d
re c e j
c on un cti ve d b v er s .

So wit h wherewi th whereon wher eby ad ot h er mpou nds of wher e

ad a
, , ,
n co

n p p
r e os i t i o n

a a a mab ca a
.

j Con u n c t iv e d b s u se d in dj e c t iv e cl ll d r el

a
v er u se s y e e

t i ve d v e rb s .

Exerc i s e 2 2 0 .

Do y ou kn owwho it is ? Te ll me wh t he w n t s a a
a
.

Do y ou kn owwher e it is ? Tell me wh e n h e c me
a
.

Do y ou kn owwh y h e wen t ? Te ll me wh e n ce he c me .

ai h bj f d k w
I n t h e fi rs t t h ree wh
h la h
”
1 se nt e nc e s , e ct

wha
t t
Wh a
. s e o o o no

bj ll
d ab j
i h f
“
2 I st t re e se n t e n c e s , t t ect o 3
ki d f la ma
t te
4 Pa wh
t
ad wha
. n e s e o .

b
“ ”
ect s ?

h aa h? 6 H w a h la
t
5 Wh aw
n o c u ses y e use s o . r se o n .

t t h
a
t e ot

? 7 T wh a
. o use s s e c . o re e r n oun c u se s c on

d h f h to t f h
e r e st o d w t e se n t e n ce t rt o her e,
? 8 Wh a
nec t e
m dif ? 9 Wh a ha
p . o spee c o

a a
wh wh wh
words when t hey a
y, b l d
en , h ence, e ong . t o t ey o y . t ve

you le rned t o c l l such lso se ve to conne t ? r c

20 2 LES S O N S IN EN G L I S H

497 Fr om t h e foregoing illus t r t ions a we see th t a n oun c l use s a

l ma
a
.

b j oin ed t o t he r e s t of t he sen t e n ce by con u n c t iv ej

a
so y e

d b Th v er s . us

awa) h p bl m i l d
Sh owme h ow in wh t y t e ro e s so ve .

Here h o wi a j i a
d b ak h lab h f h ; for it t
a wha a h a i wha wa whi h
s con u nc t ve ver es t e p ce ot o t e c on

dj
aa
d f h
“
jun c t i v e i e c t ve t n o t e p r se n t y, c

modifies i s solved li ke n d verb .

Exe rc i s e 22 1

a
.

Go e rly He died h ere

ada a a
. .

Go w 2 He d ie d t hi s bir t h pl ce
a
t
a a
n . . .

Go [wh e n ] d y bre ks . He died [wh ere ] h e w s born .

1 I n t he fi rst group of se nt e n ces wh a ll wh t te is t o go

a aw
. s en one

2 Wh t ki nd of modifiers t h e que s t i wh 3 Whi c h of

a i a la
. ns er on en .

t he d b m di fi in t h e fi r st group u se ? Wh y ? 4 I n t he
aa a
ve r o ers s c .

se c o n d wh ns we r s t h e que s t i on Wher e did h e d ie ? Wh

“ ”
gr ou p t 5 . t
d
kin m ll w of odifie r s her e ? Which modifier in t h e se cond group
aa
te 6
aa A a
s .

ly z e it Like wh t p rt of spee ch is it used ? 8

W ah will
is cl use ? 7
a
n . . .

h t tll en y ou c it ?

49 8 aaa a
The pr e ce ding Exer cis e s hows us t h t cl use m y do

aa a a a aa a
.

t he wor k of n dverb s well s t h t of n dj e c t ive or noun ,

by showing wh wh w ad Th
e n, ere, hy , n s o on . us :

Go wh e ne v er t wh t ev e r t ime) he c lls aa a
a a a a
.

St nd st ill wh er e v e r i n wh t ev er pl ce) y ou
a a aa
re .

Fight s in wh t w y ) her o fights .

These a lik a d bcl use s , s , s ho wwhen where ad h w is

ad aa a
e v er , ,
n o on e
” ”
t o figh t ,
”
t o go, to st n nd t h erefor e , ll d
a
,
or re , c e

A dverb cl
aj i d h
us es .

Th to t e ver b of t he se n t en ce e it he r by j
a
ey re o ne con un c

ti d
ve b imply by v e r s or s con unct ions j

aa
.

499 An Adverb
. a
cl use is one used like n dverb .
 2 04 L ES S O N S I N EN GL ISH

aA h a a d aa
ad ad mab a
50 5 S m Phr ll d ver b s lit t le p
aa
d
a w ll b a
se o e r se s , g n r
. . e e y us e s

b c nn ot ll d te h d verb s
ma
v er s, e e sep r ,
n y e c e p r se .

Am ong ll wi t he re t h e fo o ng :

A aa aaaa a faf
t le ng th ; aa
t l st ; t ll ; ; by d t le in
a ai a
t n ce ; s y et r ; or goo ; st ;

gene r l; in
f f f m lvw in ; n shor t ; o ol
d ; o l te ; ro be o ; et c .

50 6 h a d b Th e re
l d w m h T ther e i s fre qu e nt y it h out
am a a
. . e v er use uc

f it s ori d i wi
l m e n i ng t o i nt ro in h ch t h e v e rb c o

all d a
se n t e n ce

mab
o g n u ce es

b e forebj Wh it s su e ct . en so u sed it y e c e n exple t i v e .

w a ah
Th us
Th er e er e t h ous nd t e re .

B . I N F L E C TI O N A ND U SES

Comp ri s on a Adver bs h ve , in gener l, noa a a

a a a
507 . . c h nge of

for m . A few, h owe ver , re comp r ed like dj e c t iv es . Thus :

s oo n , s oon e r , s oon e s t ; oft e n , oft e n e r , oft e n e s t .

a ) Th ad b il l fa li l m h a w ll a m a d
h a
( tt
la a
.
e v er s ,
r, e, uc ,
ne r , e ,
r e co p re

irregu l lik dj ir y f h m f m [S
e t 36] e e c t ves o t e s e or . ee p 1
.

50 8 Ma a d b ha a i fl d mahaam t e ct e

a
t r e not

aa a a a
. ny ve r s n y ve co

i t l i m i d d d b h f m d t t
ad l a A
p r p ve or s u er ve e n ng e y e us e o or e n

m l
ost, or es s n e st . s

qui c kly, mor e qui ckly , mos t qui c kly ; les s qui ckly , le ast qu i c kly .

ad
509 b ma m d i l a Anb aadj i fy n o t on

al a
ec t ve ,

aa a a a
y . ve r o y v er ,
n

d b b i fi i i i i l i i t rt c

aw ha
ut t
ah a ala a i
or n p p ver ,
so n n n ve , e, p p
r e os on ,

p r s e, c use , or e ven n e n t r e s en te n ce , s e v e seen

in 5 03 .

510 P a r sin g Adve rbs To p r se n dver b a aa we h a only

a a
. . ve

a
n d (2 ) w

a
a
t o t ell ( )
1 i t s ki nd ,
h t i t modi fies; t he f m
or
()
3 need
be mentioned only when comp r t ive or su
perl t ive,
 A D V E R BS : S U M M A R Y 20 5

EXA MPL E . We work [more ch eerfully ] [ wh e n w

] e a[w ll] pa
re id
] e

mor e i s am a
l d
sib i n t he mp a
ai d d t o modify t h e
a
p e v er co r t ve egree ; us e

d verb ch e e rfully
am a
.

d v er b mod ify i ng t h e work

aa
c h e e rfully is si l v e rb

aj a
p e .

wh en is d
con u ncti ve v e rb mod ify i ng t he ver b re p id .

Exerc i s e 2 2 3 . Poin t ou t t he a
d b ver s, a w a w aa
nd sh o e x c t ly h t e ch

modifi e s .

Spri ngi ng li gh t ly in t o his s d dle , h e r ode r pidly a a a

wa
a aa a
y .

I t is l wful t o d o we ll on t h e s bb t h d y .

The y liv e j ust be y on d t h e mill

H a a
.

il d e ls d h w ld
e ne r y r ou n t e or .

H w i kl i m h t !
l a a dd
o qu c y n g co e s on

D i bi
a la a
o pr e c se y s y o u re en .

Th h f l d b ut t o t h e gr
a b mi a
e p t s o g or y e ve .

A dl h ke n
wll ha
n not st

P ha
ss u re y e c e .

i ot h e r oppor t u ni t y

d a a
er ps y ou ve no .

Th le lm
t unn e h h h m i ex t e n s os t t r ou g t e ou n t n .

S UMMA RY A D V E RB S

Kind s dist in guished a di c c or ng to

a
I n t e rr og t iv e

M da
a
S i mple l
a
o .

D m e ons t r t iv e . Me ni n g

Respon s iv e
a
.

Conju ncti ve i n clud in g Rel t iv e

a
.

Ph r se .

mve
V e rb s , P a rt i c .
,
I nfin .

gm aa
os
Ad j e c t iv e s , Ad v e rb s
Forms
a
U s e d t o modi fy
a
' .

o p r t ive

a
Pr e posit i on s , Ph r
.

se s .

Superl t i ve
Cl uses, Sentences
.

.
206 L ES S O N S IN EN GL ISH

C DI REC TI O N S F OR TH E U S E OF AD V E RB S

aa
.

51 1 Adj e ct ive for Adverb — N ever dj ecti ve wher e a

a
. . u se n n

d bi ver s r equ i r ed Th us :
aa a aa
.

He id b dsdi i i w Th d j i id d
a
t t t t
a
p
re u s r n c s r o ng e e c ve s r p n .

di s ti nct should n ot be used t o de sc ribe t h e m n ner of r e di ng Th e

a
d a
.

se nt e n ce s h ould be , He re s r id
p yl b u t di s ti nc t ly .
”

5 12 Adverb for Pr edi c te Adj e c tive a Never aa d verb

a f aaj a la
. . us e n

i n pl ce o n d ecti ve to co mple te copu t i ve ver b .

Miss W r d looked be a aif ll i w L k d i a la i

a W
ut t
m a wab ai l i a a
u y s r o ng . oo e s c opu ve
”
for t he i i S he fu
ad a Mi Wa
ve rb ,

a di aa
e n ng s, s e ut n ppe r nce . e

s h ou ld , t h e re fore , dj i d l k d
a
use pr e c te -
e ct ve , n s y, ss r oo e

ut iful
”
be .

513 Double Neg t ive s a Use on ly one n eg a

i i ma
tki a
a
. . ve n ng

den i l
a a hi a
.

“
He h h d t o do wit h it sh ould be , He h
a a
not

aa hi a
s ne v e r ng s ne v e r

h d d wi h i Th e t wo n e g i li h h
”
n yt to t t t ne u t r ot

ad il h m a
ng o . ves ze e c er ,

i f h e se nt e n c e

a al
t t
(a
n s po e e n ng o .

) N ev e r use s u c h e x pr e s s ion s I don t

’
We
ha h m a al
s, sc r ce y e v er g ,
o or

d o no t dl e xpe c t it wh i i t
“
I
I ha
r y en e e n ng s, s c r ce y ever go , or ,

dl it
aW a m d l f
r y e xpe c t .

(b) Su ch e xpre ss ions i n fu kind ne ss ,

la a h a a
s, e r e n ot u n o y our

He is willing d j ”
r e r ig t, u st t h e me ni n g

a
to
m a
never u n e rn, n con v e y

int e nded . Wh t is t h e ie n ng ?

5 1 4 Adver bi l expr es s i on s a s hou ld be ad i l the sen tence

a ai C m a
. so p ce n

j the me i n tended
“

s to con vey u st n ng . o p re

Only t h e add ab w i t t en ( t hi s s ide n ot hing else )

a a b wi
r es s c n e r on .

The dd n on ly r tte n o n t hi s s ide (n ot i d )

a ab w i
re ss c e pr n t e .

Th e dd r e ss c n e r t t e n on thi s side only (n ot on t he ot h er ) .

(a
a a
Exer ci s e 2 2 4 ) . t th Corr ec e errors in t hese sentences, giving
re sons for t he ch nges
20 8 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

CHAPTER XI I

P RE PO S I T IO N S

515 a w mb ad
a
Pre posit ions a mp t iv ely fe in
a
. re co r nu er ; n ,

t hough t heyd m m d w do n ot t he s elv es ify ot her t he y

aa a a
o or s, re

d w w ff s ho ho di i de rel ted to e c h other The y

ad a
eren t

ma a
to
a am d
us e s re .

h elp t o ke phr
dj d b s es th t o ify like e ct iv es n v er s .

516 j a Thema bob ect of p p

r e os i t ion y e

a aaw
.

1 A N oun fi Th e f r mers re t or k in t he eld ,

i a a a
.

or s o m e e xpress ion e qu v len t t o n oun ; s

2 A Pr on oun I we nt
fr om y ou t o her
a ad
. .

3 . A Gerun d : Th nk hi m f or doi ng t h e e rr n .

4 An I nfi ni t i v e : He did n ot hin g

a
b ut s i ng

afi
. .

A Ph r fr om behi nd the tr ees

aw a a
Th e I nd i r ed

a
5
a
. se : ns .

6 . A Cl use I m sur pr i sed t h t y ou s y .

The j
ob e c t so met imes pre cedes t he pre posit ion , es pe ci a lly
poe t r y . Th us :

The h e avy n igh t h u ng d a

r h k t e hi lls ad wa
n ter s o er
’
.

U s ns on PRE P O SI TI O N AL PHRAS ES

517 a amab d lik aa

A pre posi t ion l phr j d e c t i ve

a a a
. se y e us e e n

( )
1 To modi fy p i
n ou n or r onou n ; s n

The re i s no h ope of r e s cu e . Whi ch of y ou will go?

or ( )
2 As ajsu b e cti ve co mplemen t ; ai
s n

Your frie nd i s in g ood spiri t s a a Th e y re of gr e t s e rvi c e

aaa ma a aaj a
. .

Wh en used sdj n e ct ive , it b y e c lle d n d ecti ve phr s e.

 P RE P O S I T I O N S : U S E S 209

518 . A preposit ion l phr a ama se y b e us ed like aa n dverb

modify
A V e rb a
Go in h s t e t o t h e t own f or t h e d oct or
a a
1
a
‘

. .

An I nfi ni t i v e : To w s t e in y ou t h i s t o w nt in g e
a a
.

A Gerun d : He suc cee ded ft e r t ry ing r epe t ed ly

a a
.

3 AP m
r t i ciple d w Bee s i ng t o hi v e s l i t h h on e y
aa s
. co en .

An Ad j full of int er e s t
a
4 . e c t i ve : Th e n rr t ive i .

5 An Ad ve rb S w h e di d e ll f or b e ginn er

aaa ad aa a
:

ma
. .

Whe n used d b s b n ver ,

it y e c lle n d verb ph r se .

519 A pr e posit ion l ph r a amab e used like a ab

aa f m
n ou n , s su
. se y
j e ct , ob e ct , e t c j . es pe ci lly ft er ro . Thus

Th ey c m f ma
a e ro cr os s th e se s a .

O ut of si
gh t is out of mind .

aa
t h e pr e posit ion l ph r se s in Exe r cise 2 1 8,
aa
Exe rci s e 22 5 Point
a aa
out

a
.

nd t ell wh e t h er t h ey re use d s d j e ct ives or s dv erbs .

520 a S m l l aa m h
Ph r Pr eposi ti on s it t h
ha a a
a
. se . o e e p r s e s r e s o u c

like i sin gle

i d i t heir t , ins t e of se p r t in g

h m w maa
t t
a
p p
r e os on s n us e ,

t e ll h m,
Th
e y c t e ph r se r
p pe os i t i on s . us :

fr om In
It cr a
wl de out of a h ole . As t o c olor , t h is i s pe rfe ct .

fr om ou t As f or
am
Th e followin g a m mm re so e of t h e ph r se s ost co only use d a s p p
r e o

sit i ons

A a af a w
ccordi ng af long i th ; i ns te d f; i n spi te f
a
to ; ; out
a
s to ; s or ; o o o

in f f m
r ont o
f ; by e ns o ; on bo rd ; et c .

52 1 a j M Ad v erb s unc t i ons os t of t h e pre p

a aa
Pr eposi t i on s Con
a
. s or .

osit ions w dverbs , nd r e oft e n us e d s s uc h Th us :

a a H wwa
er e on ce .

w I t i sn t
’
or t h t lki ng b ou t . o s i t di spose d of

m m
So m j et i es t h ey b eco e con u n ct i on s Th us :
a m W a m St y t ill I co e . e st rt e d b efore t he oon r ose .
 21 0 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

a
522 P rsin g Pr e posi ti on s A pr eposit ion is p ad b
( ) y
1
a a a ad ( ) b
. . r se ,

st t ing th t i t i s i i 2 sho wing howi t i s us ed

m ma
p p
r e os t on ,
n y .

These for
b s y e followed :

[I n hi s g a
d ] r en gr e wflower s (of ev ery h ue)

in is a p p
r e os i t i on ,
u se d wit h it s ob e ct j g a r d en aah a ha
to m ke p r se t t
m d i fies g r e w
a k a am d if i
ma
o .

of is p p
r e o s i t i on ,
u se d wit h it s j
ob e ct h ue t o e ph r se o y ng

fl owe r s .

a
Exe rci s e 2 2 6 w t h e pr e pos i t i on s in t he follo i ng
a aa
1 P se nt e n c e s

W a w d a
. . rse .

2 h t h er e d v e rb s t h t r e oft e n os it i on s ?

m a a a aa
or s re p p
r e

a
.

1 Fr o m d k t o pe k t h e r t t li ng cr gs ong le t h e liv e t h u n
a
.
pe ps er .

Thi s is t h e m h ou se t h t h e live s in Co le t in 4
m a
2 3
a a j w a
. . . e on ; us go . .

W ill y ou m els c fr o t he
H a m
ill f d i 5 Th e se
am
st t t ?
a A
e cr oss
y e r nn e r . e

6 t o th t , e n di ffer i n opi ni on 7 fro u nd e r t he

m a ma
se . . s . . e r n

A A
ll e xcept ing h i But i ns 10 ll
a
8 h 9
a
t ree . . ve go n e . . one r e . .

b u t o ne b h w 11 Th e re is n ot hi ng to done bu t t o re t r e t
a
ve gone . . e no .

12 Q m uit w w r selv es like 13 L ook t he h ole or ld ov er , nd

mwa a b
.
y o u en . .
y ou
.

w ill n ot fi nd it m 1 4 J udging fr o h t he I eliev e hi h on e s t

a a
. . s s
y , .

3 . P r se t h e pre posit ion s in ny of t h e Exer cise s in t h is b ook .

5 23 i i f h U f P p iti D Cam b us t

a a m ia
. r e ct on s or t e se o re os on s . re e

t ken to us e pp pr te prepos i tion s . Thus

Be t we e n r e fe r s t o tw j
ob e ct s ; D iv id e t h e mone y between t h e t wo
a
ma
o

cl i
aw
nt s

a
.

Amon g r efer s to mor e th n t o ob e c t s j ; D iv ide t h e mon e y m g th on e

w
ad ad a b
cr e .

I nt o t o follow v erb s of moti on ; in s of r es t : Go i nt o t h e

ad ma
t
ah m
n n v er

h ou se
i i it He i s
Sa a i a
n re n n . t o e .

H
I m hi m h
“
et in t e st r ee t ,
” “
i h t
” “
t h e t r in ,
amb a a ha
y ,
n e c r, n
”
t he
“

ha a
h
”
st e t, t t s t r ee t , et c

Sa di ff
o r er n on .

y m “
e r e nt fr o ,
”
n ot
“
di ffe r e nt to
”
n or diffe re nt t n ; s,

Mi n e is di ffer e nt f m y
roour s .

524 Do n ot use i ti es s ly nor o

n eed l mit them when
aq
.
p p
r e os on s

they r e re u i r ed . Thus :
21 2 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

CHAPTER XII I

Co m u n c r ro n s

52 5 Sin ce we fir s t defin ed con un c t ions

j (p 3 9 ) we h a
a
. ve

s t u died sev er l ot he r kin ds of conn e ct iv e words :

(1 ) Th e j
con un c t i v e who whic h aw a th t , h t, et c whi ch
a ad
pr on ouns , ,
.
; ,

whi le t hey l d w t he or k of n ou n s

aj
conn e ct ,

wa
so o n pr on oun s ;
(2 ) The j
con un ct i v ew d ec t i v e s hic h, w hic hever , h t, et c

ad a la
.

modify l
a w w
n ou n s n s o c onn e c t c u se s ;

(3 ) The c on un c t i ve
j d ve rb s hen , here, whi le which be side s
a
wam di
et c

ad
,
.
,

c onne ct ing, l fy ; n
a
ys o

(4) Th e r
p pe osi t i on s, w hich sh owt he re li t on be t wee n words .

We wcome t o gen uin e Con j u n ct i on s , t he chief us e of which

a a
no

is t o con n ect t he p r t s of c ompo u n d n d c om ple x sen t en ces .

5 26 Con j un c t i adi id d a di t o t heir in t o

a
. ons re v e ccor ng use

t wo c l s s es

( )
1 cc or din a ting j a
con un ct ion s , h a fa th t conn e c t t rt s

a mai a a ad
-
p e o

s en t en ce s o t h t t he y i li ke i n n k or con s t r uc t

a hama
re n r on ; n

( )
2 su bor din t i ng j k
con u n c t ion s , f h t t t
ad aaf h
e on e o e con

n e ct e d p rts e pen den t u pon or rt o t he ot er

p .

Co ord in t e
— a ma f a
l ak e ns o equ r n ; s ub or di n at e, o i
f fn eri or r a nk .

527 Co ordin a t in g j
c on u n c ti on s a r e us e d to conn e c t , ( )
1 Th
am
.
-
e

member s of co pou nd s en ten ce . Th us :

Th e flood s c m a
a e, nd t he winds blew, b u t it fell n ot .

We mus t ove r co me evil, or it will over come us .

 C O N J UN C T I O N S : K I N D S 21 3

( )
2 Wor ds , phr d a ha
aa i
s es , n cl u s es v ng the s a
m e constructi on .

Th us :
aa w a
a a
Bri gh t h ppy c hi ldre n er e ru n ni ng or pl y ing t h ere
nd

a a
.

m Tr ue fri ends r e t he s e i n pr ospe ri t y n d in d v e r s it y

a
.

ww m w w I d o not kno he n he c e n or hi t h e r h e e nt

a j am m a a
.

C o or din t i n g c on u n c t i ons
— et i e s use d t t h e be ginni ng of

a a m a w wa
r e so

se p r te se n t e nce to c onne ct it in e ni n g it h h t pr e ce de s

a a
.

528 We i t h m co o r din it j i fi con un ct on s rs t to

ad b
.
g v e e n e -
ng

whi h d hi ut, o n ot b ut dl conn ec t to

a a h i a bia
lm a
n ,
or , n or , c ng ; secon y,
i w d whi h h
ce r t h h t t ey r et i d t
i i a
n or s c ,
o ug n e r v er e n

i ll h w h t t e c onn e c t ion be t ween t he mem

f a
ng, se rv e pr nc p y o s o

b om
er s o d Th c poun se n t e n c e . us :

I do n ot beli eve in t he ch a nge ; owe v e r , I

h sh a ll n ot oppose it .

Ther efore, hence, s till, bes ides , con s equently , likewis e, mor
a a di aw d
t
a
y ,
e eover ,

els e, then , l ngly , n evertheles s , not wi ths t ndi ng e t c

ad wll
s o, ccor ,
. re or s

of t his ki nd Try t o form be gin ni ng wit h t h e m i

a aab a ah a
. se n t en ces ,
n y ou

see t h t t hey r e fe r d b
to wh t h s e en s i e for e in e c c se .

a j aj
a
529 A Cc
am a
or din t i ng c on unc t i on is th t oin s

a
.
-
on e s e n t ence s or

p rt s of s e n t e n ce s h vi ng t h e s e r nk .

53 0 We aww d a
if d a ish d iv i ll i n t ing j
c on u nc t ion s int o
a
. c n e e c o- or

four c l sses

1 a
Copu l ti ve, or su ch am j a e rely oi n t oge t h e r , like nd

a a a
. s .

2 Al tern ti ve , or s u ch w w s off e r ch oic e be t like

am a a
t
a
. een o, or .

3 . A i dver s t ve, or su ch s i l
py t h t one p rt is oppose d t o t he ot h er ,

like b ut
Ca a aa aa aa a
.

4 . l us , or su ch s s sign c u se , r e s on , re s ult , e t c . like f or .

53 1 Corr el ti ves a S ome j

con un c t ion s , a
ld
le a
corr e l ti ve s ,
a di a a d pa
. . c

i b f h of t he c on n ec t e rts to
ma
re us e n n
p r s ,
o e e or e e c

k h i e t e r conn e c t ion mor e e v iden t . Th us :

a
I h b ot h a a nd he rd t he a
a
t or
a
ve se e n or .

T he y re to mee t u s ei t h er in P r i s or i n Lon d on .
21 4 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

Giv e me n eit h er pov e r t y n or ri ch e s .

Wh e t h e r t o go or t or e tu r n is t h e que s t ion

a i ma
h a ad aaailia
.

N O TE Th e fir st word of e b
aa
. c p y r p e r se s n ux r y or

s si s t nt con u n ct i on j h elpi ng t he ot h er t o do t h e c onn e ct i ng

awhaa ad
.

Exe rci s e 2 2 8 . h P oint out t h e c on uncti ons , j n expl in t e c

c on n e ct s

H i lib a a
.

1 l b h i h ut s n ot 2 The y y et t e y
a ad a
. e s er , e ge n e r ou s . . re poor ,

d B h b d 3 ot he I i 4 I e liev e h f
ha
r e n ot

da
t
w a
n

ha
nee y . . re go n g . .
; e r e or e

k I b d 5id T t r out e is esi h

Ha
ve spo e n . . n ger ous : es , e ve no gu e .

Th b k i f l h l 7 ml i l it i s
d i a
s n ot t elpfu Eit h e r
i a
t
a ah
—6 et

wa
. e oo per ec : s , v e ry . .

h h f fe igne n s ni t y 8 T is r ough , I he
a
s n s ne , or e . . e se or r t e

f H i d 9 el s n e it h e r t o for c e t o per su s i on
a i I ah a
sur . . e y n or .

I a
h T m bf u lt is d t h er y our s i n e , u t t h e ir s 11 h
a ha
10 . e ne n or . . ve

i b k l ot h in b sic nd in th 12 But
aa a
e xpe r e n ce n e ss e . . c n n ev e r e

l wh h h m
e n ough , ev e n i A h t is t os t 13
a
to t
a
n t ur en e re e oc c s on . . s e

b o ok m m i d b wh e n t i on ,
d i 4 W I t et h e r to t or not 1
a H i a
y ou n ou re . . e

c n n ot ld g ,
o n or h sh ou
h d y ou . 15 . e s ge n i u s , t ough e oe s n ot

m
aa w m da a
s ee so .

M wi
16 H w di ll ll t he y 17 i ll f
am a
. en re p s so . . e e so y ; or e

m l H i d 18 is r ch , h e is
wa
or t t n ot c on t e nt e 19
w a
en re . . e ver y y e . .

W m l i A d t ru t h ;
bd h h e re fools sh u n 20 i
a
is e
a
t et

a ha b
en ov e s . . n no

f i ht h, ope , c rit y , ut t h e gre t es t of t h e se i s ch rit y

a
.

53 2 . Subor din t in g Con j u n ct io n s . If we un it e t he s en

a afa ai
t e n ce s
R in h ll s en Th e gr ss s we t
a ad
.

by t h e co or din-
i t n g con un c t ion j n t h us
R in h a aa a s f lle n , nd t h e gr ass is wet
aa
we m ke compoun d sen t en ce wit h co or din t e membe r s ; t h t a a
aa
-

is wi t h me mbe rs of e qu l r n k But if we un it e t h em by t h e
a
.
,

c on j un c t ion be c use t h us
Th e gr ai ss s wet b ec a a afa
us e r in h s llen

a a ad a ad ma a
,

we c h n ge t h e ir r el t ion n k, ke on e of t hem
a a a aa
n r n n

dv e r b cl u se t h t giv e s for t he ot h e r , by t elling why

ai w
r e s on

t h e gr ss s et .
21 6 L ES S O N S I N EN G L IS H

A Sub ordin t i ng a j aa a
a a
53 6 th t ch

a
. c on un ct i on is on e ng e s n in d e
pe n d e n t in t o d e pe n d e n t cl u s e , nd c onn e ct s it t o th e r e st of th e
s e nt e nc e

a a
.

A s u b or d in i j
n g con u n c t i on oft e n se r v e s si mply t o int r od u c e
a
t
a
n ou n

c l u se u sed s s u b e ct j As in

a aw aa
.

Th t y ou h ve r on ged me d ot h ppe r i n t hi s

a
.

53 7 Ph r se Con j u n cti on s S ome li t t le ph r aa r e use d to

a
. .
se s c on

n e ct li ke si n gle word s mpl. For ex e:

Cor n aw awh amab a

i d h
e ll

a a a a dm
s s e t y e r se er e .

m I sh ll go in s uch s he h s in v it e e .

m
The mm h a j a af a aw se c on u n c t i ons i thou gh, ell,

a a a
os t

a a a
co p on r re , s ,
s s

for ms uc h s, pr ovid ed th t , seei ng th t so th t , i n or der th t , et c

a a aj
.

53 8 P r sin g Conj u n c ti on s I n p rsing c on un c t ion we

a l () ad ( ) a
. .

t o t e l, 1 it s ki n d, 2 wh t i t connects
Th followin g
f m ma
re n . e

or b s y e use d :

ad ad [aif (hi ) lif

1 . He s po ke n ct e s s
m

e we re
m

in d a] v

n ge r
w
.

a i a di a j ad t h e t wo
aa
nd i si co—or n t ng c on u n ct o n , n conn e c t s ve r bs spok e

nd ct e d

a a a a
.

a a j
aa w
if is s u bor di n i t h c on u n c t i on , nd co n n e c t s t he d v e rb

a
s ng p r se

c l use to spok e nd ct e d , hi c h i t modifie s .

2 .
[Af t e r we h d
w
aad] w s ile e a
fou n d t h t (t h e ) sh ip le ke d
m

a .

a a a
ft e r i s su bor di n ti n g j
c on u n c t i on , ad
n c on ne c t s t he a
d b la
ve r c u se to
w m f oun d , hi ch it od ifies

aa a aj a
.

t h t is s u bor di n t i ng j
c on un c t ion , nd oi n s the n ou n cl u se t o foun d ,
of which it i s t h e j
ob e c t .

53 9 . S U MM A RY : F O RM S F O R P AR S I N G

Co or d in a t in g
a a
-

Kind s Con j u n ct ion ;

a
. is Sub or d in t in g
Correl tive
 CON J U N C T I O N S x use 17

wor ds
It c onne ct s t he co- or d i n a te h a
la
p r ses

Us e s
a a
. c u se s

It t he d v e rb (or ) l
ad
conn e c t s n ou n c u se to
I t h elps to c onn e ct n

Exe rci s e 2 2 9 P a t h e pr e posit ions i n t h e follow in g

a aa
. 1 . r se se n t e n c e s

2 An ly z e t he se n t e n c e s , n d p r s e t h e c on un c t i on s j
a R ma aI d
. .

1 dm Thou gh I
hi i re hi s s c r ue lt y 2 in
a
. c our g ,
e e t es t . . e

u n t il s u ns e t
D hi w 3 u nt il t he h 4 T nk i ce
a a
. . o n ot go su n s se t . . t
b efor e y ou spe k m d d m 5 I h f i si n c e he fr o
a
v e n ot s e e n r e t ur ne

A a
. .
y r e n

bli
Du n w
6 If I d w d b m le x I ou l Dioge ne s 7 I
ma a W w a m
e r e n ot

aI a a
. . n er , e . .

d Am th t b e ri c 8 kno t h t t he is uni n h

T a m i a
pr ou n n . . e oo n

d
it e b d wl9 w h t t he is u n nh it e is el kn o
aa m a d w ll w
. . oon n .

T 10 he f t h t t he is u ni nh bit e is kn o 11 I t is
ad a a
ct

a m
. oo n e n . .

w ell w kn o t h t t he is in h b it e 12 Th e f is t h t t he
ha haa
n ot ct

A Ca a dm w
n oon . .

m m in bit 13 lov e I for h i

a aa a
o on s no nt s . . s es r e, ee p .

14 C m d w m ld d m chi ie 15 I t is th he be
a awa aw maa aa hi
rt c

a
. o e o n er e y . . or e n n r .

16 L i th t l nt ch

m a m wi l b w
. n gu ge s g v e n us e y s y p e s t n gs to e

ot h e r w l 17 I f spri ng is it h ou t b osso s , ut u l it h ou t fr uit

wa ah m H a
. . n e .

18 ld It d b th t t e er cur y fr oz e 19 f ile in usi n e ss

b a h wa
. s so c o . . e

e c u se di h e s s ones t .

540 . Di r e c ti on s for th e use of Con j u n c ti on s . Obse r v e t hese

ru les :

1 . Do n ot u s e or for n ora h lai s t e corr e t ve o f n e it h er .

Neit h e r y ou I s h ould be Ne it h e r y ou
“
I

a
d fa a
or nor .

2 Do n ot u s e lik e i n s te o s or s if
ad a wa a a
. .

He ct e li ke ( ) if h e Sing li ke ( ) I do

a
s

a
s cr zy s

a a
a
. .

3 . Do n ot u s e bu t f for th n ter oth er or ny co mp i r t ve

word
a a
.

I h ve n o other fr iend but (t h en ) y ou or , I h v e no fri e nd but y ou

af a a
.

4 Do not us e bu t wh t or th t or bu t th t
a wa a
. .

I h ( ) d oubt but h t th t h e did it

ma
ve no .

5 Do not use f i wh w h e th e r
a
. en y ou e n .

S (w ) eeg if h eth er he c n o.
21 8 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

Exe rci s e 23 0 1 Supply aa an pp opri

r j
t e c on un c t i on

a a
. . .

1 . I h v e n o ot h e r r e son t hi s . 2 . I d id n ot knowbu t y ou

were bu sy . 3 . He will n eit he r co me i n go ou t . 4 I s t h er e

. no

on e else h e t o go ? 5 He me , he to mee t
a ala
. n o so on e r see s r un s

me 6 He w lke d he m ws 7 He d id n ot de ny b u t
aa
. . e . .

wed
a
he o t he mone y . 8 . I c n
’
t s y he will be h e re or n ot .

2 Try t o ns wer t h e followi n g qu es t i on s

aa
a ii b a
.

1 Wh m y t he Gi mpl ob e c tj of e? 2
3 Wh a a f
t
a
t
h ma h h a r mbl
.
pr e po s on . ve ex es .

4 U
E la
e?

aj i a m l m aa
. t p rt s o spe e c y t e p r se e se . se o ne s

d d b i h di ff b w 5
ad j i
e ct v e , s co p e e nt , s v er . . xp n t e er e n c e et ee n

i i t B w h w ki d f j
c on u n c t on s 6 et t t
i mi ab w h i a a
p p
r e os on s n . . een e o n s o con u n c

i 7 Di li i d w d i f
“ ”
te et t t ter
a
t s u n se t ,

ad a a a
on s . .
sc r n ee n e c ze or s n

f h
“
h d ter t i I h hi m i d se t
” “
v e n ot se e n
”

A a
n e s un ; n s nce n oon , n

Si i i h m I A I l k d ”
f l
“ “ ” “
8
ai a j i a
t t ru e , ust ct

a ll a
n ce s e go . . n s y o u ee ; s oo e ,

Sh i d b
” “ ”
i f ll
t n ot I t con u n ct v e

ai a j i ad i Thi i h
e ; e s so s y o u ,
s s ver . n

A li f i h im i
“ ” “

aI wa ai a
or t , t, con u n c t o n

la
s e s s pr ov e s s ; n n s s su c

T i wh
”
nt , s s pr on o u n ry to e xp n y
ad h
s

Pa h
. .

3 . j r se t ie h f ll wi
con un c t i on s n t e p p
r e os i t i on s n t e o o ng

se le ct i on :

Howslee p t h e Br aw h o s in k t o
a
ve re st

By ll t h e irwish e s blest !cou n t r y s

’

Wh en Sprin g wit h dewy finger s c old

a
, ,

Re t ur n s t o de c k t h eir h llowe d mold

a a
,

Sh e t h er e sh ll dr e s s swee t e r sod

Thaa f n F ncy s
’
ee t h a v e ev er t rod

B fa ha
.

i dy ry n s t h e ir kn ell i s r u n g,

By for ms t h e ir dir ge is
ail im a
u n se e n s un g

Th e r e Hon or me s ,
f ha wa h la
co p gr gr y,
To b le ss t h e t ur t e ir c

ll a
t
ha
t
a
r ps y,
An d Fr e e d om s whil i
a
e r ep r

To dwell weeping h er mit t h er e .

Colli ns .
220 L e s s on s I N EN GL I S H

OTHE R EXCL AMATO RY W orms

543 M ny a aw a a a or din r y ords nd h oft en us ed in de

am ama am a
.
p r se s r e

d l w e xcl t ions , hen t heir l e n in g is

a
pe n en t y s er e re

h r dly t hough t of . So wit h

(1 ) N ouns ad n pr on ou ns : fir e , n on s en s e , me r cy , sh me a wa h t

a
.
,

()
2 Ver bs : h e lp b e h old look see, b e g on e , h rk , li s t e n

aw w m a a
.
, , ,

( )
3 Adjec ti ves : h il e ll, e lc o e , s t r ng e , g o od br vo

a a a
.
, ,

ww
a am aw a
4
() Ad i i nd in d e e d , h o hy , b ck ,

a m a
ver bs , p
r epos t on s , phr s es : ou t , ,

for w rd ; 0 de f e ll, di e u , g ood b y ,

a
on , up ; n, r, de r e, re -

go d d
o y
-
.

544 a When s u ch n e xpr ession , e v e n t h ough used a

l
a am a w ma ai ad
. on e , r e

t in s it s or igin l e n in g, s upply wh t mitte d ,

a w d aa a
e y s o n

t r e t t he or s p r t of s e n t en c e . Th us :

Sile n ce ! (keep silen ce !) Good ! (t h at is good i)

545 Someti me s , awh a

tly e xc it e d , we aad b s ent e nc es

ag a aw a
. s en g r e n on

lt o e th er , nd u tt e r onl
y th e most impor t nt or ds ; s

A s i l! aaa il! Nowfor t he bo t s ! a Down wi t h it !

a w am
s

St e d y ! Lo er ! To y our o rs, en !

Exe r ci s e 2 3 1 Wri t e u s i ng e a ch w d t he se i n t he
a
. s en t e nc e s , of or s

right wy :
0 ! a a
aw a
h oy ! l s! h t ! h o ! Oh ! eh aw ha
! psh ! r k ! sh !
 S EN T EN C ES : S U M M A RY 22 1

CHAPTER XV

S E N TE N C E S A N D T H E I R E L E M E N T S

546 For con v en ien ce in r ev i e wm wh aw a ad

t h le
a
.
g e ve rne ,

t he following su mm r y is presen t ed .

S EN TENC ES S U MMARY

a Wor d s : t he a
e ight h p rt s of spee c
S ent e n ce s
a
re
a
dj ad b a
ect iv e i l
a
cl ss ifi ed ; ver

ac cor di n g
ve rb; pr epos it i on l;
a ii
a
to

ai
a
posse s s iv e pp t v e ;
os
ss er t ive The
a
.

fi i i r t c iple

l a
in n t ve ; p
i nt err og t ive Ele me n t s
a a
.

a
.

exp n t ory
impe r t ive of

a
dj
.

ma ]
. ec .

a
r e st ri ct i v e
[ e xc l S
a
t ory e nt e n c e
.

d b [
ver se e
p
simple
.

re
sub j e ct j
.

ob e c t
c ompou n d ;
mple men t
.

a
co
c omple x
noun .

i i
laa
ppos t v e
comple x c ompoun d
.

e xp n t ory .

547 aam l
Besides t he (1 ) es senti ls , si a a
m yi
a
.
p e sen t e n c e con t n

( )
2 m d fi d ( ) o i i
er s , n 3 i nd epend en t e xpr e s s on s

a a a a
.

45 8 h
Th e Ess en t i ls of Se nt e n ce T e essenti l pred ic te
i a waa b b h a
. .

l j The su b ect, object, su bjec ti ve

ma
s y s v er or v e r p r se .

comfl m j em ment, or ob ecti ve co

b ple en t y e

a
A Noun : N poleon ov ert hrew t h e government, ad b a
m Em
a
1 . n ec e

He m de h i s br ot h ers Ki ngs
a
por er

ad
. .

ama
2 . A Pr on oun : They r e le se us . Debt or s re those in debt . The
tre t yd P e ort o Rico ours .
2 22 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

a
An Adje c ti v e [ s sub ject ive or ob e ct iv e co
j mplement only ] Th ey
a a a
3 .

re sile nt St rike t h e t r it or de d
.

To be a bs ent is to be f
orgotten .

Th ey will be i n se r ch of wor k a .

Hi s suc cess will r e n der fur t h er h elp of no us e

a a a b a f mm
.

Wh t I le rn c nn ot e t ke n ro e

a h a a a
.

5 . A Noun Cl use
f m b ad T
b f th t s he i s de du li nd
mad m w aa
e c t 18 , , ,
n .

M m m y ot h er e e h tI

wa la ha a
.

h id the
”
I sti ll li ve,
“
s st t t e s .

Hi d i w d w
a Ga
or s D on t gi ve
’
up the s hi p

a
s y ng e re , .

A Q ll m d I
t i on m i eo excl i
“
t does
”

I hama
6 uot

a wh
. e ,
ove .

d m m W ve e y ott o ,
“
i thout h s te, it
out r es

S m f o e o ama a a
t h ese const r u c t i on s re c o p r t iv ely r re .

549 Modi fi e rs I A a in a ny con st r uc

a
. . . nou n or pr onou n

t ion m y be modifie d by
a a All me n h
wa a m
v e equ l ri ght s .

1 An Ad j e ct i v e Th e silen ce ng ely o i nous

a k ha
. s s tr .

Th ose th t thi n t h ose t t toil

aa
gove r n

a
.

2 . A Preposi t i on l Ph r se ; w wf Th e r e is ligh t i n the i nd o or thee .

w d Am m
a wa
I b h k
’
?
a a
or : y r ot e r s e e pe r
3 . A P os s e s si v e
h m b It s the r ugged ou nt i neer s
’
in
a S a aw
p r se : c .

w d Th e pl tu rn h o r ings

aG S
ne t t
mma i
or : s .

h f f c ott , the co nd er n- chi e the

a
p r se : en .
-
o
4 An Apposi t i v e m
a am ha w i a a
r y
.
.

cl use : Th e xio t the hole

aa
t s g e
r t er th n
ny p rt

a
.

5 . A P art i ciple
w d
h
d hi m w d
l a S m am m a
or : Th e y foun
fr il
ou n ed

or i l, sti l
dyi ng
l er ec ted n igh
nd .

aA a
p r se : o e e .

a
An I nfi ni t i v e Phr l to li ght the

a
a aaw
a
se : i i p n s tr eets by elec tr c ty .

An Expl n t ory Noun Cl use : I t is t rue th t ir h s d ght .

2 24 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

55 3 Compoun d Eleme n t s An y p rt of sent ence , aa whe t her

al m a a
. .

en t or m d ifier , m y be compoun de d of t wo mor e

aj d b a
n e e o or

si mple ele men t s , us u lly oin e y c o or din -

t ing c on un c t ion s j .

Th us
In Him we li ve nd move a He i s bot h wi s e ad d
a awh h i ad w
. n goo .

Spe k firmly but ki nd ly . Le rn h o e s n ere he is .

Exe r ci se 2 3 2 a
An ly z e t hese ad h wwhi h
se n t e n ce s , ele ment s of
a a
. n s o c

e ch se n t en c e re compoun d

h h a
T lh a d l h d h la b i wa i R la 2
Ga
1 t e nt y c t
ad da wah i i a f hi h a
. ere e n p eer e e or n g s n . . egu r

il i d lh l t se cr e t t 3
a
n y e xe r c se s e or g n n o s e . .
y y
d h h t h h h ll
u n t e rs h hi ll t 4 L f t t
a i h a d a a
ro e e r ou g e v ey s or ove r e s . . ov e or

d d i d h h f i d w i in t oi c e of

ad b
g t, tr ts
a W w d l im d b h ma
st u to
ha
y, e s re o r n c re e c r en s, ere

f hi cte r 5 j y t e st y

aa a ad i
o s c r . . e er e eep y p e sse
r e n su

li mi h of di Whi h w ld h 6
d aeaw h a
ty t t ct ts t
a awi h
e c r n s urr ou n n gs . . c ou ey

h li ll 7 Ei h ie it ? t
a f fi ad i fi h h a Ma
to t pe ce t to t p
la m
c oose , ve n on e , or ce . er

k h or t i 8 t
ad l a
t er t e pe r t e rt

d ma dw ll b a
soone r or n ce es n pur es e . . e e

h wh
ou se ere if l
go i s y e , e ut u , e nt re , n c e n .

a
We oft en sh or t en our sen t en ces
55 4 Ellipti c l Se n t en ces
a
. .

by omitt in g on e or mor e wor ds whic h re n ot n ee de d t o show

a
ou r me n ing but w hi c h mus t be e xpr esse d when t he sen t en c e
aa ma a a
,

is l d The e llips is , or o mission , ll b dil

aa
n y z e .
y ge n er y e re y
The followin g
‘

s upplied . re e x mples :

I d id a wad a
n ot d kn ow [th t] h e
am
s e .

Thi i h b k [whi h]
a
s s t e oo c y ou g ve e .

Th l i w d f l if [i i ]
t t s t ru e
ha
e e s on er u .

J h i ld hi i [i ld] t s s st e r

C m a a a[ m ]
o n s o er n s o .

a a a
o e s s oon s y ou c n co e .

Y k [ w l
d k] i f d oubt ed me
am a[h a] a
ou s
p e s y ou ou s pe y ou .

H e tre t s f i d e s e tr e t s r en .

H wi ll b k w wh u t n o on e [he will r eturn ]

a
re t urn ,

a
e no s en .

[ m wh hi k
ag
I i ]
ap
t s no t t er t y ou t n .

h
T g [
ou h he ws] oor , he ws e nerous.
 S EN T E N C E S : C L A U S E S 2 25

55 5 aa a
Cl nd Cl Conne ctive s The different kin ds
am a ad h i
. uses use .

of cl us es us t be c r efully dis t in guis hed, t

i di ad la
n e r conne c

t ion wit h t he r es t of t he s en t en c e l te Th e fol

a
n c c e r y .

lowing forms m y be us e d

is aA j
n d ect i v e a
cl u s e modify ing t he n oun (or pr o

)
a
n oun

1 Th e r el t iv e pr on oun who whi ch

aa
, ,

Th e cl a us e-conne cti ve is
2 .
th t ,
Th e ai a
d
r el
b
s .

t ve ve r where when ,

whence why et c

aA amd b (a a
,
.
,

is d verb cl u s e dj ify ing t h e

d )
a a ma m a
n o v er . or v .

by d en ot i ng ti m e, pl ce, c us e, nn er , co p ri son ,

condi t ion , con cess i on , p p

ur os e e t c

j a
, .

d wTh e w wh her e, hen , i le ,

a
c on . v .

Th e cl a use- connecti ve i s
w
b j Th e
f a
f
hence,
f
s , et c

ti ll, be
.

ter , i
a a a a
su . c on . ore, ,

f or , bec us e, s, th n, th t , et c .

1 As
j su b ect of t he v e rb

2 As object of t h e v e rb

a
.

3 As object of t h e pr e p
is
a
. .

m As s ubjecti ve complement of
Noun c l us e ; use d
mI a ii wh h t it t
la h a i i a
n ppos on e n ou n
a To
i exp i bj n t e nt c t ve s u ec t
g p
( bj ) or o e ct it

w awha wh
.

Th e c on j .
pr o . h t, tever, o

j a
ever , e t c

d j whi h wha
.

The cl a use-connecti ve is
2
3
Th
Th
.

. j a
e c on

d
e h w wh
c on wh
.

.
.

v .
c

o
,

,
t,

y,
et c .

en ,

wh ere, et c.

4 h bT j a wh h
e su c on th t or et e r

l i a
aa d a
. . . .

55 6 . In s t u dy in g sele c t ions for n y s s n p r s ing, o bserve

t he followin g dir e c t ion s :
1 a a
Cons ult t h e dict ion ry for t h e me ni ng of unf mili r wor ds aa
a
. .

2 Tr ns pose t h e wor ds int o t h eir c ommon prose order , u nless t he

a
.

cons t ru ct i on seem s cle r t o you.

 2 26 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

a a3 a
Select t h e c l uses , n d sh owhowe c h is used
a aaa a a
. .

4 Cl ssi fy t he sent e n ce , nd n ly ze e ch p rt of it
. .

a a a ah w
a
i Cl s sify t h e cl u s e s

w a
() Exe r ci s e 23 3 . n t hese se nte nces , nd s o ,

c c or d in g m t o t he pre ced i ng for ho e ch is use d

() a
s,

a
.

b P rs e t he cl use conn ect iv e s

-

W a aw c m
.

d w c qu ire t he s t re ngt h th t 2 O Solit u h ere

aa a
!
a a
1
a wa w ma
. e e ov e r o e . . e

m t h e ch th t h in t h y f ce ? 3 Life is h t ke
W a a
re r s s ge s v e se e n . e

it m
4 L ov e slee p, le s t t h ou 5 h t ple se s
a a a ad m
n ot t o pove r t y
am
. . co e . .

w ill ple 6 Th e f is t h t h e h s be t r y e fid
a aa
y ou se e . . ct y c on e n c e .

7 H w kn e n ot t h t t he c hi e ft in l y u n con scious of hi s 8 I t is
a a a
. e son . .

in v in t h t y ou see k to esc pe

a W a a
.

W 9 m m hile h e slept t he 10 h t he ke , t h ough it

a m a wa ma a
. en e y c e . . sp

l c ke d for A lit t le , d n e ss 11 ll t h t he -does is t o di s

a ad
s n ot

wa a
wama
. .

t r ib u t e d H h t ot h er s 12 t h t fight s
a a wa aa
pr o u c e . . e n ru n s y y
live t o figh t d yw 1 3 Th e n ot h er be s t of h t do nd is poor
a a ad ama a wa
. . e re

e n ough 1 4 I t h nk God t h t I n ev e r h t e be c he
a wa a A ama m
. . ny n u se s

b h i t 1 5 t if pu t in t o
a a
p oo r or e c us e e s gn o r n gr e . . ny en ,

w d m
t h e r igh t po s it ion , w
oul b e Colu b u se s 1 6 No ond e r y ou r e d e f
a a H w a w wa
. .

ll I 17 hi s t led he for of t h ou gh t
aa aa
to e nt ,

wa
s y . . e s nt .

Not hi n g W xe t h old soon e r th d f h en

a
18 19
a
t urn
fa ma
. n goo or v or . .

w
i t h i s los t , h e n h onor d ie s , t h e is de d Be
a
20 s ile nt , or s

a a
n . .
y
m e t hi n g be t t e r t h n sile n ce 21 P t i en ce is like Fort it u d e , th t
a
so . . so

m
sh e see s e i t h e r h er s is t e r or h er d ugh t e r

wa a a m
.

H m 22 d is i se r y s s u ch th t n one of his fri e n s c ould r e fr in fr o

W a a a aa a a d
.

w p ing 23 h t br e s t pl th he i nt e ?
aj a
s t r on ge r

a
te rt unt

a a
ee . . n

m w
2 4 Th ri c e is be
. r ed h o h t h h is qu rr el ust ; nd b e b u t n ke d ,
t h ou gh loc ke dw w j in st ee l, h ose c on sc ie n c e it h i n u st ice is c orr upt e d

w a ma a d a a
up .

25 w St ill t h ed w on d e r th t ll h e c oul ll h e kn e
ad a ab
.
gr e on e s c rr y .

W w w St r e n gt h J us t ice t r u e y oke fello he r e

w aa
he n
aa
26
a a
. n re -
s, c n e

m
fou n d Y
igh t i er p ir t h n t h ey ? 2 7 i ll g in d i
a a H ma a
p t t
a wa
ou goo r e u o n ,
.

if y ou e n de v or t o be h t y ou de s ir e t o ppe r 28 d e i t cle r
a awam a
e . .

t h t t h e pl n H
s i ib l m2 w
9 f lt t h h hi lf h
a
p o s s e e e s o u g s e e r e e o n . .

wh ose sole mh r u n g v i c t or y .

aa
a
Wh oe v er t hinks f ult less piece t o see
a a
30 .
,

Thi nks wh t ne e r w s , nor is , nor e er sh ll be

’ ’
.
 V A R I E T Y O F E X P RES S I O N 229

Exe r ci s e 2 3 5 Ch a a t h e it li ci z ed e xpr es si on me of t he
in
a
1
a a
. . ng e so

w y s me n t ione d i n t h e pre ced in g se c t i on w it h ou t ch n gi ng t h e me ning

a ama
.

D e s cri b e t h e ch n ge y ou h v e de
Th a i pa a
.

1 f b i E Th ut hor the ook is t 2 e n ot e bl

ma H al d i a ha
s on
.
ype o n g . .
y e

de nd b i 4 3 l h li i li t I l m r etu rn

a h b a m
. . e c nce e s es . . s s ee y o u on y .

5 Th h m ou gh t hon es t 6 I g ook th t y ou i ght

a
t t
a a a
. ey e . . ve y ou e

d f l it w i ll hi m 7 M I l y ou 8 or n i ng wi dll
f aw a ma a h
re . .
y u
o c se e . . n ng,

di ll d m N 9 I nt e r u ins t 10
la li k h m a l ai am w i h
e rs e re spe e . .
pe r n ce ny y ou . . 0

i b
is 11 It r e fu th t 12
Sh a a k w a f d wa
p ce e o e . . s y c s v ng en gr o r c . .

m b l ll i l W dd e in g 13 i n ot th t r i en

ma
os t , os t

a
e s . . e no ou r s

il l 4 Th m 1 f A i se r i s u nh 15 No is pe r ect 16 the
wa a d a ea a h
. . e ppy . . n . . s

ki ng d de i Th li h ispu t to t 17 t s t r ug

aa Ma
s ,
r os e s e s u cc e ss on . e g
l d iml h h wi d w w d t he hi ch d r kened by 18
w h a ma
t us t

h a di d
g es y r ou g n o s re . . ny

m d w d li
ho Af e r fu n v e n t i on s 19
a C a
ter
h b ll wa
en ve e on ve e po or . .

s s i ng b h d h t i s si gn ed y t Pr e s i en t 20 T t re t y
Ja a waa b S na
p on gr ess e e . . e

w hi ch y n egoti ted s ppr oved y t h e e te .

2 Comb in e t h e followin g gr oups

. of s i mple se nt e n ce s in t o co mpoun d
or complex s e n t e n ce s

a Ra Ei ab h a ha
.

1 l l h i d f m Q
Si r W t er e ig lz et rt er It
ahim a la Am i aH a l
. re ce v e ro ue en c .

i t err t or y i n e s e n t ou t n e xp or i n g e xpo

ai d a ha
g ve r ge er c .

d it io n
i 4 7 h hi 158 d l l 2 In 160 ou t fu of

h U i d S a T a
t
b ah wa
n . . r ee s ps c rr e n p p
e o e .

T h lm of h e l rge s t on e
a
t e se t t e e nt te t t es
m d S a
t
a O
ey eg n e n . s

C m d m h 3 of t he os t in us t r io u s en i n t

wa a ma H ha d ma a
on s t n t

H wa
n e us n . . ne e

l J h Smi d th
H wa b a
a
c o o ny s o n . e s y o u n g n . e ny ve n

t ur es f d h m Th E li h m of s t i n g of 4
A m a
t
aT
. e s on o e . . e ng s gov e r n ent

B m w h n y of fift y t h re it i n t o t he
m ha
se nt te to os t on

ada al R waaa
. co p en e se .

d di i d h m l In i 5 P
ai Th B i i h a
t c ti v e

ad f H wa
en s gu s e e se v e s s ns . . u ev ere s n

d i ll sh Le x
w i ha w
t ot t st rt e n gt on se n t

Ada
to te
m a d Ha k
p r . e r or . e s

hi
t s to Th G f 6 e of r e y

H wah a
t t to
Ch a wah fi aE li h
s n n c oc . ey er e n n . .

h f h
Ca b Ta
t r st gr e t t t ut t
H wa
u c er s e ng s poe . e s e or o e

l b i 0 H d d i 40
”
13 4 ie
ah a ad m h la i
n t er 1 0
Pa
ur y es . e s or n n . e n .

3 . r p i 4
r se or e xp n so e of t e c u se s n Exerc se s 23 3 , 2 3 .

5 58 . S E L E CTI O N S F OR ANAL Y S I S AN D PARSI N G

1 At t e nt ion is t h e st u ff th t am m i s m de a f ad m m is
am lad
. e or y o ,
n e or y

i
Wi a a a a
ccu u te ge n u s .

i 2 n gs oft en f ll on b nd ; bu t ki n d word is
th w awa
. se s y rr en grou n e ver

yro n .
23 0 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

3 awi haa A gre t

d a a b a ai aat er i t h t gr is in I h
i a
. r s s ce e ut y c t on : s y t t
ju s t ice i s t ru t h c t i on

H w ai aad
n .

4 b b d t is for e nev ole n t e ing iffu se ple

m a a d aa a a ma
. o e sy on e to sur e r ou n

hi d w
; n ho t r uly is kin he rt fou nt in of gl d n e ss , ki ng ev er y

t hi n g in it s m v i c i nit y fr e she n int o i le s

a w w a
s .

5w d If wll d l kn o le d ge he n y ou ng, it i i us n o S h

w a d
e o n ot p nt
.
g ev e

w he n r e ol

a wa
e .

6 w To kn o w by r ot e is kn o led ge ; it i s only r e t e nt ion of h t is

W a a ma w mab d
. no

d
i nt r u st e m m t o t he d h t t r uly kn o is pose of

a a a
e or y . n s y e

w it h ou td reg r w
t o t he
d u t h or , or r e fe r e n c e t o t h e b ook h e n ce h e h it
A a a a
.

7 d le x d d t h e Gr e t , r e fle c t i ng on hi s fr ie n t i ng i nt o
a
’

m a wa a a a
. n er s e ge n er

S lot h nd m
luxu r y , t old t h e t h t it ost sl vi sh t hi ng t o luxuri t e ,
ad a a a
s

m b l t hi n g t o l
wa a
os t r oy

w a
n or .

8 Oh , w d h t mw l d h h is or l for hi h o, it h fe r
a ad
.
g or y o t t pu t on

ve n t he rt , fort h u nd e r t he bri ght l i k !

ah
goe s ng or ou s s y
wm Fe A le hi gh e st u se o f bo oks ft e r life lon g st udy

maa
9 t
ma a a aa
. en rn e .
-

d is c ov e r s t oo l t e t h t t o h v e h
d t h e philosoph er
’
s s t one

aa
ny n

w
iled n ot hi ng it h ou t t h e ph ilo soph e r t o u se it
a mb aw ma a m
v .

10 I f t h e poor n d h u le t oil t h t h food , u s t n ot

ad a a da
. e y ve

t he m
hi gh n glor ious t oil for h i i n r e t u r n , t h t h e h ligh t , gui
a
ve n ce ,

d m mm
fr ee i or t lit y ?
W d a a
o ,

11 w w mt h e le ves of t h e t r ee of kn o le d ge , of h i ch , if
aawaaw a a
. or s re so e

f ll y, ne s u c c e ss ion t ke s t h e ir pl ce

a ad
.

12 b w d h Th e or l n gri ly si

ma ad w a m a
. u sy s ov e s e

w m
Th e ho it h ki bo se t ,

a mwa d
n st n s r s

U n t il t h e oc c s i on t ells hi h t to
w wa ah amad
o;

A nd he ho it s t o h is t sk r ke

S a a d a
ou t

a
ve

d
h ll die n le ve his e rr n d u n fulfille .

a a
13 F ilur e a m a a
ft e r lon g per se v er n c e i s u ch gr n d e r t h to
aa a aa
. n n ev e r

h v e s t r iv ing goo e n ough t o be c lle d

d f ilur e
a a a K m m
.

14 W h en t h e Br e t on s ilor pu t s t o se , his pr y e r i s ,
m b a ma ad a w
. ee p e, y
Th y is id e
”
God , for y o t is so s ll n oc e n so .

a w aw a ’
Ti s gr e t ly i se t o t lk it h our p s t h our s ,
A a mwa b a
nd s k t h e h t r epor t t h e y ore t o h e v e n

a ma w b a
.

Th e h ppie s t b w h is h e h o, e i ng b ov e t h e t r ou les hi c
ha h a
16 . n

m b i
one y r n gs, s hi s w nd s t h e fulle st of or k .
 EX ERC I S ES 23 3

Th e br ee zy a ll of i n ce nse—br e t h in g mor n , a
waw w a
c

The llo t it t er in g fr om t h e st r wb u ilt Sh e d ,

ll a
S -

The c oc k s sh r i cl r i on , or t he e c h oi ng h or n ,
’

No m a or e sh ll r ou se t h e m fr om t h eir lowly be d .

For t h e m mor e t h e bl zing h e a ah a

ll b Sh

a
no rt ur n ,

Or b u sy h ouse wi fe ply h e r e v e ni ng c r e ;
No c hi ldr e n r u n t o lis p t h eir sir e s r et u r n ,
’

Or cli mb hi s k nee s t h e d a
e nv i e kiss t o sh re .

a
Oft d id t h e h rve s t t o t h eir Sic kle y i eld ,
Their fu rr ow oft t h e st ubb or n glebe h ab r oke

a
m ad
s ;
Howj ocund did t h ey d r ive t h eir t e fiel !
Howbowed t h e wood s be ne t h t h eir a s t ur dy s t r oke !

Le t amb
n ot m i t i on ock t h eir u se ful t oil,
Th h me ir j ad d e ly b e st i n y o

ad b awi h a d da
o oy s , n s cu r e ;

N m is in ful s ile
ad m l aa h
or gr n e ur e r t
Th h e s or t n Si p e nn ls of t e poo r .

Th b a f h a ld h m w of

ll t h a a a a a
t
A d a
o st o

wa
e er ry , e po p po er ,

t be ll t h t lt h
’

Awa a i a
n ut y , e e er g ve ,

l
it b h
i ke t h e i n e v t le
a la a
our

T h e p t h s d b of glor y e ut t o t h e gr ve .

N d im a t t o t h ese t h e f u lt ,

a
or y ou , ye pr ou , pu e

If Mm h mb ’
h e ir t r op ie s i se ,
w aa
to
d a
t
d a
e or y o e r no r

Wh
a ah m w
h h d t h e long
l isle fr e t t e
a
e re , t r ou g -
r n n v u t,
Th e pe li ng nt e s e lls t he not e o f pr i se .

Ca i d amad b ni

ma
n s t or e te u st

Ba a b a
ur n or

k t o it s n s ion c
h ll t h e fle e t ing t ?
Ca
c re

H on or s v oi ce
’
h d k e S ile n t

d a d a
t u st ,

a
n pr o vo e

O r Fl t t e ry h d ll s oot h e t e u col e r of e th ?

P ha d
i n t hi s aid n egle c t e is l
aw
s pot

a a
er ps

S m he r t o n ce lfi nt it h c e les t i

Ha a d m i m g a wad
o e p g
r e n re ;
d t h t t he of e i ht h
O wa a h li i
n s ro p re ve s ye ,

rk d e to e c st sy t e v ng ly re .

a a a
9

From Gr y s Elegy i n
’
C ountry Churchy d
r ,
 A P P EN D I X I

I CASE AS A REL ATI O N

a md a m
.

1 It h w t o t he u t h ors con s is te n t it h t he
ad
. s s ee e or e

d i t ion of t he En glis h t on gue , less con fus ing

a
t
aaaa
to
a a
pr e s e n c on n

t he le f mt o t re t i S in ce t he re l is n e r ly

wa mad wa b
t
a
rn er , c se s or ,
on

l r ke in ot her i t i in t he sen te n ce ,

a aa
y s y s y pos on

by t he M
us e of i t i h is
m a aa a
to t t
a
or r
p pe os on s . or e ove r , s y n oun

in t he bj in t ive e c t i ve c s e is on ly to t h t i t h
wa
no or o y s s

on e of five , or on e of se ven , us es in t he se n t en ce J us t h t
a m b d aa
.

t he s pe c i l us e is , us t t ol in ot he r l
a d a aa a a
e n gu ge .

Hw is h er e pr esen t e r el t ion t h t te c h e rs

ma
o e v er , c se s

y m d
us e t he e t ho t he y pre fer .

2 ma a a In ad l a aa h lc
a a
. ny ngu ge s n oun s n pr on oun s ve sever se

f m d d en ot e t heir iffer en t us es , or r e l t ion s , in s en t en ce

a m
to
a a
or s .

I n En glis h , n ouns , d fi long h for to s ui t t he

a a w
ve c g ,
o se s
-

d iff er en t uses , u t t pr esen t n oun s h ve

b m on ly o su c h for
a af m
t s .

E w
igh t pr on oun s , h o ev e r , h v e thr ee c s e -
or s .

3 m amma
By a a a ri n s t he se of in
a w ad
. so e gr c n oun or pr on oun

En glish is d d d er s t oo to e n ot e t he r el ti on in h ic h i t st n

a a d
un s

w d
ot h e r in t he f m s en t en ce r t he r t h to en ot e t he
ama a
to or s n or

th t r ks t h ose r el t ion s .

4 W ai ad aaa a aa m i
h en r el ti on t he r t h for
a a
t re t e t
ma aa
. c se s s r n ,

is to t h t in English h thr ee
ad j
c us t o

aa m d N m a
ry S y n oun s ve c ses .

The se m in ti ve, P os sess i ve, Ob ecti ve, fr o

a a a a a a
re n e o n

t h p
e i p t
r in ch m
l rel t ions
y t t w d t n oun s us in o ot h er or s .
23 6 L ES S O N S IN EN GL IS H

t o de not e wner ship or i As An hour

a
’
o posse ss on . s

a
l
w a
p e s ur e .

2 in pposi t i on it h n ot h er in t he posse ss iv e
aA H
. n oun

c se . w s is brot h er J ohn
’
s ife

a j a A Wa a
t he ob e c t of v e rb hou r
a A H a
s t e n ot

a
s . s n .

s j
t h e in dir e c t ob e ct of v er b . s e g ve t he
hou r t h ought
a j a m a a
no .

t he A
ob e c t of i t i Co t
a
s p p
r e os o n . s e n

a a m a a
l h
a
e r
y ou r .

d verb i lly t o dj d odi fy v e rb , e c t iv e , v e rb

H wad a
or .

A it e hou r
a j a A a
s e n

s t he m m ob e c t i ve c o l
pe en t o f v e rb . s C ll
md
a
i n i gh t t he hou r
a j Ha
.

s t he A
s ub e ct of n in fi ni t i v e . s e r t h e hou r

a
st ri ke

a wd
.

w j i n t he ob ect iv e

aA
in i i it h n ot h e r

a
ppos t on or

c se . m s Spe nd sixt y in u t e s , full hour .

 I R R EG U L A R V E R BS 23 7

II . L I ST OF I RREGU L AR VE RBS

Forms w out aaaal mi d O h wi h

of u se or r tte t t
a a j a a
no re re s ru e o er se e

b f m f h
.

li st i ll ld i i d i b l
d
t f d t
a a
t
ad a
c on t

a
ns ve r -
or s o e o c on u g on pr n e n o -
ce

m f h w j i d
ly pa f h f m ai
ll i l f i i l i
a
t
a
t r nt e

a
t y pe , n g rr e u r or p s o e ne c on u g on n p n

t y pe . Wh er e on g l
rt oh gt l f
e m or s re rr e u r, t e re u r or s re

giv en t oo .

P RE S EN T PA ST

Ab i d e ab od e

a a
w
wad
ok e
Aw k e
wad
a ke a ke

W ES

b orn e
[c ai d]rr e

b orn
[br ought

f or th ]
be t ena
b e g un
be n t
be r e ft
be re ad
ve 0 11 0 0 8 6
be sou ght
be tt e d
Cle ave

[Spli t]
b ”
f
b rdd e n
Olin s

bi d Clot h e
b oun d
bi t t e n
bi t
ble d
ble nde d
ble n t
c r ow
cr o wed j cr o wed

ad
cut c ut

ad
blesse d
blest d re d re

b low dur st [
venture d]
am aa
n

0 Cle n. e ning dhere. is result :

 S U BJ U N C T I V E MO D E 241

III Tl S UBJ U N CTI V E M O D E

aa b m m a
a a a
.

It to i i b l t o fr c on ci se n d e x ct d e fi nit ion of

ab
ppe rs e po ss e e

t he S j m
u b u n ct iv e od e , d e scr ipt ion s of it s fu n ct ion s It h
a ad a a a a
or . s e en

t re t ed m w
i s t in g uish e d fr o t h e I n d i c t iv e only h e r e it h
a aaaa
s s se p r te
m
for for in s u ch c se s only d oe s it h l b l d i i i f
amd a d a a
t t
a
s, ve p p y s n c v e or c e .

Th e I nd i c t iv e h b e en des cr ibe t h e on e t h t i s u se d i n s t t i ng
aa a am aw
o e s s

f c t , or in s ki ng j l Si t i f f t h il h e Su b u n c t iv e is
'

t
a
p q e u e s o n o c , e

d w
t h ou gh t i nvolv i ng d oub t , c on ce ssion , or i sh
Y t he
m a
to
a aa a
u se e xpr e ss . et

m d
fee li ng d of ou b t or S in in t e n e s s t h t ch c t e r i ze s t he ub

aa wa d
s e et e r r

ju n ct i v e is d oft e n m by t h e for th t s sign e t o t he

a a
co n v e y e s r e no

I nd i c t iv e m . For ex l
p ,
e i n t h e se n t e n c e ,

fa w e
Ev en if h e i ls i n t hi s , h e ill s t ill p r se v e r e ,

t he a
c ond it io n d a fa a al for ce dof t h e I n i c t iv e i ls , t o diff e r i n
m a a
ppe r s e gr e e ,

n ot i n kin d , fr o S j f th t of t he u b u n c t iv e i l in
a
Ev e n if h e
f w A a
il in t hi s , he ill s t ill pe r se ve r e i i
h ma a m a
.
g n n

Th ou gh b t lli d
t h t t h n n ot t r u s t hi

a a
e y e e n g e r u , y
ou c ,
n

Th ou gh h e be telli ng t h e t ru t h , e t c , t h e I nd i c t ive of t h e Pot e nt i l

ama
.

h b llim d ijff f t h S b t i b ll i l i
am wa a H a aa
p r se , y e te ng, e r s r o e u u n c v e e te ng, o n y n pre
se n t i n g t h e t h ough t e h t le ss u n ce r t i n is t or i c lly , it ppe r s
a am a w m
s so .

t h t t h e I nd i c t iv e od e h s b or ro e d s o e t h ing of t h e for c e of t h e

j a a a a
S ub u n c t iv e ; n d i n p r s i n g t h e v e r b
f a
ils , or t h e Pot e n t i l v e r b phr s e
ma b lliw maa a a h h am a i n t h e I ndi c t i v e od e , nd

a
t t t
( a
y e te ng ,
e y s y e y re

j w
h ve t he for c e of t h e S ub u n ct iv e or j ) r e u se d i t h Sub u n c t iv e for c e
aa a a S
.

Th e r e i s , m
of c ou rse , w t he lt e r n t iv e t r e t e nt , hi c h r eg r d s t he ub

j aa f m
un ct i v e s sh a a a
r ing t he a s of t h e I n di c t i v e , t h er t h t h e I n di c t iv e
aa f d aa
or r n

s Sh r i ng j
t he or ce ofm t h e Su b u n c t iv e Th e s e c ond e t ho

a m aa a a
.
ppe rs to
bem sy of c o m w h i nd it le d s t o t h e e r e s ult s he n
a aa ab a d
or e e pr e e n s o n ; s s

ppli e d i n t h e n ly sis of t h ough t , it h s ee n d opt e h er e

a all w d a
.

Ot h e r w
con s t r u c t ions m in hi ch c h oi c e of ode s is o e re

TE MP O RAL C L AU S E

a a a
.

S u bju nc ti ve W it t ill t hi s t y r n ny be ov e rp st
a a a a
. .

I ndi c t i ve . W i t t ill t hi s t y r n ny i s overp st .

PU RP O S E C L A U S E

a a
.

S u bju nc ti ve Le t hi m t ke heed le st he f ll
a a a a
. .

I ndi c ti ve . Let him t ke heed t h t he does not

f l
l .
 L ES S O N S I N E N G L IS H

RES U LT C L A U SE
a
.

S ubju ncti ve So live t h t t h ou go not

a a
.

I ndic t i ve . So live t h t y ou do n ot go .

IN DI RE CT Q UE STI O N .

S ubju ncti ve Which were t h e be tt e r cour se n one could t ell

a a
. .

I ndi c t i ve . Wh ich w s (or would be) t he be t t e r course none c ould t e ll .

N O UN C L A U S E

a a a
.

S ubju nct i ve The fir st re qui r e me nt is t h t m be in his pl

a a d
. eve r y n ce

t t he i h o ur
ma a
t
a ha
ppo n e .

I ndic t i ve Th e firs t r e qui re me nt is n sh ll be i n hi s

aa a
. t t e v e ry

pl ce t t he ppoi n t e d h ou r

a wi a
lwa
.

One for m of c on dit ion , h owe ver , n d one form of i sh

a
y s r e qu r e

t h e v erb t o be dis t in c t ively i n t h e Su bj u n c t iv e m d mo e . Ex i ne t he

followi n g se nt e n ce s . In
“
I f t he wner wer e here h e would not r e fuse mi ssion , it is dis
a
o pe r

t in c t ly implie d t h t t h e wner is h er e S u ch c ondit i on s , where t he

aa a
n ot

a
o .

s uppos it i on is t h e ll d di i oppos it e of t he f ct , re oft e n c t ons cont r r y

a
e con

h w i h In t
a
f
0 h ahi a l im li d h ah
to ct

la
. e s

l w t t i i t l i t rue , t t t t t s n ot

ma aaa
t s e ere s c e r y p e e e

S h wi h b m d l w tt i n b e i s hes
a fa f aa i a
t r ue t er
d a f
. uc s es y e e un .

Wh h t d ic t es bl it io ns c ont r to ct or o tt
a h w d b ad wh a
en e pr e o c on ry un n e

wi h l
in t d f lfillm t hey
a h S bj
s es c ont e or e, n en so e n ot e n o n - u ent

i h m t m d
ti Wh h w t hey in t u n c t iv e

ad wi h la a im
t
a
n e pr e se n e, re e u o e . en, o ev e r ,

t h di i t b k h te t o p st t t he ir t t
I di a f m a
ese con on s n s es re e ve r s e e

n i c t ve or s, s

ha
If y ou
d hi w ld h ah a d
been here, t n ot

0 a al
s ou ve ppe n e .

h h d m been or e c r efu

ha ad wi h la
e

S a
.

l d h b b i h
o ot d i i t it
aa
o so er v e r s n e n su c co n ons n s e s re t ng

to t im t st ,

al b a ( f h ha
pr ese n or p s

a
e

If h w h h w ld d ) c er t in y I
0 ha f a
e s y ou er e , e ou e n gry or e s een .

d h wi dI t w ld I fly
W h a a i a al a
e n gs o ov e ou .

ll i e r occ s on h h i n c re e ss spee c su c expr e ss on s s

wa
e y
h w ld h l
“
If he
”

a hl a
h
wa
s ere e ou e p .

“
w ld I d i i h f I T
a a a
th
i la
ou n ot o s s y ou . ey r e n e ve rt e e ss s t r ue
H k w
a
d
“
i hi g
a
’
v o t ons of g ypr e se n t c orr ect us e s to s , e oesn t no not n

bou t t he m tt er
”
.
 CA PI T A L S 245

6 . The prin cip l wor ds in t itles a . Thus

The President of t h e Uni t ed St t es a

a
.

Th e L nd of t h e Midni gh t Sun
“ ”

ad 0 ai a
.

7 . Th e wor ds I n S h ould a
lwab l y s e c p t s .

[See Appe n dix I I .

]

Copy t he followi ng p ss ge s , u sing c pit l le t t er s aa aa where

a a a a a
Exe rci s e 1
aa
'

t h ey re nee ded Give re son for e ch ch nge t h t y ou m ke

a aw d a
. .

( ) t hus t hey h oping, fe ri ng,

aa
ns e re

me in f i t h , nd d oubt ing some ,

a a
so

t ill t r umpe t voice , pr ocl iming,

a
-

s id , my ch ose n people come ! ,

t he n t he d r um,
a 10 ! w s d umb ;
f or ah a f h a
t h e gr e t aw d l d w m
e rt o t e n t ion , t h r obbing, ns e re
“
or e co e!

a a a
, ,

() w b h m
h e rew d m olf hi n n ie !

am w lf ha d di h d a h
o n ot

ad
e se e t e v ery s e go n e r ,

h t e se lf s
d d e o t t evour e lit t le re ri n g oo nd er gr n

m h ot er

a a a a a a
.

() Wh d d j m h d h r e ol er , i
’
f t t
a
c en y ou s es s e r, y ou c n r e e

ili d
‘

ww aha d ja a a a
.

i kn o m h t tb h t is, r eplie it i s i
wa a a
st ory ou t t
b a a
o es , e gr e c n

w m d
r it t e nm h d m k ho te e of

a da
r y gree poe t n e er . our c er r e so

i
t to us l s t fri y .

hi k
Exer ci s e 2 h m i ab Taama l of i n t e re s t ni

a h a
t os t ng st or y out

ha a
. n e n

d W w w d
aa
t y ou h v e ev er red b r it e it r i efly i n y our
ai a aa i
t or e r . o n or s,

p y gp
n r t i c ul r t t e n t l on t o t he u se of c pi t s .

L E SSON II

S O ME RU L E S FO R P U N C T U AT I O N

Writ ing is much a ad a d ad wh i i cle r er e s ie r

ad a ma
n to un ers t n en t s

l k h w wh for pun c t u t ion t he

d a
t
d h w h y adi id d S m
te
f h ma
p p y
r o er pu n c u ,
-
r s s o er e

sen t en ces en n k o t e re v e . o e o t e r s
25 0 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

ad aa Over
N ma whi
i
wa
n ov er g n ,

ch

a wa d
o t t er y I t ur n ,
b I l fin i n t he ook of li fe
a a
y s

S m lesson I h t o le
a a m
o e ve rn .

m k m I t t he ill;
a
ust t e y t ur n

m d I i out t h e golde n gr n ;

m aw a l
i ust

w a
gr n

m I will or k k i th
ad aa
ust t y t s r eso u t e ,

O ver n ov e r g i n

W a ad Ba a
.

2m H M
illi Prescot t , J ohn L ot le y , George n cr oft

a a
. . . n re

Am
dis t in guishe d w eri c n hi st ori Pre s c ot t “
The Con que st of

a
ns . r ot e

M M
e xi c o w h R
”
ot leyR b rot e
“
T i se of t h e Du t ch li c B n cr oft

a
. e epu .

w H
r ot e t he U d ist ory of t he ni t e St t e s ”

K w d Ca
.

m d H
a wa
no ol b ri ge ? ope y ou d o .

Bor n t h er e ? D on t s y I
’
so !

a w aa
s t oo

m Born i n h ou se it h brel r oof,

a a
g
O m St ndin g st ill, if y u ust h ve pr oof .

Y am in t h e
d ki old g br el r oofe ho use loo ng out t h e College
a
es, -
on

R
Gree n, live d A H m b i el ol of t he Fir st Ch ur ch i n
m a a
Dr
a
st or

Ma a a
ev . . es p
C m bri dge , w Am
ch u se t t s , bu t of i d er f t he u t h or of t he
“
eri

aA a a wa
ss e s

ls m W ndll w t h er e b or n t o hi t he Oliv e r e nd e ho
wa a am a b a
c n nn s s on , ,

w to m
sh e d n e Am
lust er the f i ly t he righ t e s t of e ri c

a a H a A
s on n e s n

poe t s n d ess y i s t s . is birt h d t e i s ugus t 2 9 , 1 80 9 .

H 4 Wa d w w m a Am a or t h L ongfello t he l of er i c n

a
ost

wa a Ma H a wa
. e nr y s , p p
o u r

bor n in Port l nd , i ne , Feb 2 7 , 1 80 7 is f t h e r

a
t
a wa d d m A
poe s ,
s . . s

w w j
e ll- k n o u ri st , nd , like Br y nt , he des cen fr o J oh n ld en,
Ma
n s e

fl w
t he y ou nge st of t h e m ’
Pilgr i
a m a
y o er s s .

m
Fr o m
1 83 5 , t he t i e M of his i Pr ofe ss or of oder n

a Ma
t
a a a a HaaU
ppo n e nt s

L nd Lit er t ure in rd niv er sit y , t ill his de t h , r ch

a Ca ma
n gu ges rv

w
2 4, 1 882 , L on gfello m liv e d i n t he s t t ely old bridge ns ion oc c u pie d

by Wa shi ngt on d uri ng t h e s iege of Bos t on, 1 775 76 -

a aaT
.

O5 m ab md S a ie s e for e e xc l i t he her
m wa a
rt t
a
aA d w a
. ur e ne re us , e p ns

m be for e t he
m aa
t he cool r e ply of Le onid
”
opy l

a a m a mX
. n e re , s s .

“
m
Deliv e r y our rm ”
t he fr o Co nd t ke
wa a a a A a a
s, c e e ss ge e rxe s . e

m
th e ,
”
w
s t he d Le oni d b ck Pe r si so ld ie r i
j a a aw
se nt

a
ns er s . n s :

d a
w
La
“
Y ill be ble t o t he for fly i ng v e li n s nd
”

a dmm ia
ou n ot see sun rro s .

w w fig
Then h d e ill ht in t e sh e,
”
re
pli e ce on n .
25 2 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

2 .
aa
Give m a ah f one or t wo words th t re opposi t e in e ni ng to e c o

t he f ore goin g

Rad a a
.

Exe rci s e m 3 ch h s ub s t i t u t i n g for t h e

i a
. e e p r s e, sy n ony s

d w d
G a a R Ca
t li ci ze or s .

n r led o ks
'
1 .
i
I ns p d fru t
i i 2 3 elentles s foes 4 h plet. . . . . .

w S l Ah m f ki 6 i i 7 D b
’

am a
f fl 5
Ma
t
a
o o e rs ep u c er s o n
.gs us p c ous
. o e n s e or s . . . .

us ic A9 Volu nt ry offer ing

a
8 r ti l 10 glutt onous
Wa
s s ets . .
. . . .

w w
n i ng po er mp
1 2 Obs equ ies of ruler 13 I r u den t

a
fello 11 . .
. . . .

m f m
1 4 I n llible signs i M 1 5 I ndeli ble i pre ss ons
Ra a aha
d
et ho s 16
a a
. . er . . . .

leigh
’
F b 17 explor t i ons 18 it s
la
li bilit i es l
’
ch

B a
nt s . . s . . r ug .

19 .
B r ut ct ions . 20 . enevolent feelings .

L E S S ON V I

S YN O N YM S

b e rei s e 1 S ub s t i t u t e word s or expr e ssi on s a ms for t h e

a wd
. s sy n ony

a hi f wa
it li ciz ed
a l
or s .

H Th 2 r ents 3
P a
1 P
wa hild
onor y ur t
ah 4 H p k i dl
. r ep r e y ou r e sson s . . o p . . e e s

f ll l h 5
l waa
te s ept t
a A f w ila i da
c ug t . . e s o e exc y . . e ce u y e e ry c r en .

A f i i d ld ildi ill 7 d te bu
d a
6 g ng e p ngs st

ad i h
. u r ous g e s r . . o

ml 8 W d hi i T Nil he
aa M h fa
des er te h et 9
ah d h d f j
st n n t e . . e urge s go ng . . e over .

fl w i d w
a a
10 t gue t
i al a a ad
uc e re c e e en

Fa
o s onc e y e r . . o our ou rney .

mi T i t i on 12 h e re
a a
nt

a
11 . r ng s p e s occu p . . s no c u se s cr e

W m

a
j fi i l i f h l d k h t t tr ut h 13 to
am i i f a
enough to us t y v o on o e . . e r eso ve e t e

ll di ffi l i 4 Th i w d m d t 1
5 H a
te
6 Sh wa
t
ad
tte p n sp o cu es . . e pr s on er s e r e con e ne

d h m i h wh d r es s ed t 1
wa
d 1
7 W a wk a ah
n execut e . . e e r n er s . . e s t e on e o

lh
’
i h i d h l t 1
Wha h I
t
ha
n er te er unc e s e . e o e s soon s e su n r os e .

18 d Af h w wt m d to o? 19 t er t d gon e do
ha
. t oug . e s un n, e resu e

th j e m f
ou r ne y m d wi h t d t to so e o u s see e t out en

i a m a
.

Exe r ci s e 2 f l i g S ub s t i t u t e s e n t e n ce s o e nt

a a a
. e qu v e n n .

Th f d i b l opposi ng Th l 2
al i a 3 Pla a h a
1 s t oo tt
bi a
or ces n e y con
. e p rr . . e sup y
i f i 4 Th h
ha
nt s t t t n se ct s

adh f m a d hi b a
s t nt y ncr e s es . . re e ons o . . ey

i if l
lo ty i Th
a a
t ount t t t e ut 5
a
tr
ma a
ver s e e ns su rr ou n s u r eg on . . e

j i f m ki d h i li i h d b h d w k h m vel 6 T
7 Sa
t
aimad b h i i f i l a
ty
wa a
or o n n e rn e r oo y r or . . e y r

h by a i
d il
wa
s n te y t e sp r t o ts e er . . or s encou n ter c on s t n t

a
peril Th i s lli
. b
8 . 9 Oe lib ti
n te genc e s r oug t cour er . . ur er es

were not secured Without stru

ggle .
 SYN O N YMS 25 3

L E SS ON VII

V ARI E T Y O F E X P RE S S I O N

Exerci s e 1 Th e a a
Wide Aw ke De b t ing Club is t o disc uss t hi s
a aa
-
.

i Res olved , Th t li fe in t h e c ou nt r y is mor e ple s n t for y o ung

wh a a
t
ali
que s on :

l th fe in t h e c it y
”
Writ e t y ou would s y on eit h er sid e
a
p p
e o e n .

of t h e que s t ion , if y ou wer e m mb h l b e e r of t e c u

wh ami h b a
.

Exer ci s e 2 . Writ e id bt g t e s y y our oppon e n t on t he

ot h e r sid e of t h e que s t i on

a
.

Exer ci s e 3 Rewr ite one of t h e pr e c e d i ng e xe r c is e s , t ry i n g t o m ke

aad i a a
.

it c le r n t er e st i ng chi ld i n t h e fou r t h gr d e Use t h e s imple s t

a a a
to
d a
n .

wor ds n e xpr e ssi ons y ou c n t hi n k of, bu t d o not c h nge t h e me nin g

ve r y mu ch .

L E SS ON V I I I

S Y N O N YM S D I S C RI M I N AT E D

a al h a
V ery fews y n on y ms h m m a i g S m ve ex c t t
ha l
y e s e e n n . o e

tim h diff b w
t w w d i ligh et t t t t
af l d will h w whai i S m im i i a
es e e r en ce een o or s s so S on y

i a
st u t t et t t
ha w d a b a
c re u y S o s . o es s so gr e

t t on e f l d f
or h h c nn ot e s e y us e or t e ot er n n y sen

t en ce E wh wi h w d l m b to s c or re c t us t

h wa
. v er y on e o s es us e or y e

t h f h diff tc I i h h t n o t en oug t o us e t e
ah a i h
t
a
on e or es e er en c es . s

lm i h w d w m
os t r t if w us t c n , t e ex ctly r g t

w d If w m a a aa
g or ; e us e , e

mi hi b w m us t n o t s y

a
k f a la
or . e e n sc evou s oy , e

wi k d b I f w wi h
”
m fm to
”

a aimm
c e oy . e s s pe o r ge s u o oney ,

w m e us t n ot s m fm y n en se s u o on e y .
”

Exe rci s e 1 a
Wh t i s t h e diff ere n ce be t wee n

aa ad aidl b
.

l zy b oy
aa ma ad a ama
n n e oy ;
l rge
aa
t
ad a
n n gr e n ;
l r ge gift if t
w a wa ad wha d
n gen erous g ;
h t on e nts t
ad h
n on e n ee s ;

aa aa a
he hopes n e expects ;

tr de nd n occu
p ti on;
25 4 L ESSO N S IN EN GL I S H

ad a i f i li fru it
a
t;
ad aa
pee ng n p r ng ru

d;
ad
s tr eet

aa ad a l d
n ro

ai d i amaad aa ma
s v ge og n su r y og ;

n n gn n t n n n ngr y n .

Exerci s e 2 w i ah h ll wi a iSt u d y t h e
ill or d s of fo
ad h m ai f h m Th
t t
ha a h
. n e c e o ng p rs y ou
hi nk d c h of t e

a h w ha adi imi ab w h m
t t t y ou u n er st n t e e n ng o t e . en u s e e

w d or s so s to S o t t y ou c n s cr n te et ee n t e

Th a a whi h h a ha a whi h ha
.

i
1 t lh h e lt hf ul i t ; t t i s h e lt h y
h a
. s c g ves e c s

lh t
a a a
e .

2 m m i To ll mi d dl b er
i ll to to i y ; to r e c olle c t

wh a
to
W a m m
. re e s c n re s rec

wi h ff ll w d m mb et i

Ha i h
t or t ec t t o n ot r e

m Wh a ma
e . e c n so es r ec o e e er .

3 l bit i t w t of cu s t o t to
bi a
s cus to

b ha
. s e r e su . r y s oo n gr o s

a d d whah a a b hi a
tu l
4 A ma
e .

’
t i on s ch

a i whah a
. n s r e pu t e pe n s on t e ppe r s to e ; r

ll i
a ad a m d h i d
c t or s t e re y s .

5 Br h ff t u t y , eve n t h ou g e r i ng

f m f a di a a ad a a
. ve n c our g e ou s en o e r su

l m b l d r e ckle s s e n n e it h e r fe
m a ff aa la a ff aa h i h
ro e r or s ppr ov ; o n r n or c re .

w
a him b a
6 Cri i t si n s i
amab a m w
. es re o e n se s g n s ; re o e n se s g n s t t e r g t .

7 W c on vi n ce d i per su d e
ad a
. e n y r gu en t ; e y v ce

n e nt r e ty .

E la
Exer ci s e 3 i h m a b w h w d t diff er e n ce in e ni ng et t
f a h a Th
. xp n e e en e or s

o e c p i r us :

a ad l d a ma ad aa
.

M ins ll hi gh ; t
h a
oun t st s t r ee s
a
n c ou s re n re .

k w b bj t he
”
I gu es s if y ou
“
Do ou t ect to
a
n ot s y so no e n ou g su

I thi n k
“
s y so

hi h a a
.

ll 4 l i 7 d f i S i e nt ,

m a
1 t t
la l
.
g , ; .
q u e ; .
p r on , or g v e ;
2 l ll m dook 5 ic s t i n gy 8 ki
h a d ad
.
g nce , ; . e c on o , ; .
,
ur er ;
h k
3 .
gu ess ,
t in b ; 6 . e r , un er s t n ; 9 . se e , n ot i c e , o se rv e .

Exerc i s e 4 m ab w h w d i . ah a i a
Di s cri d in t e et een t e or s n e c p r, n use

t h e m in se n t e n c e s .

1 lov e , li ke ; 4 bri ng, fet ch ; 7 be li e v e , t hi nk ;

a aa a a
. . .

a a
2 . e xpor t , tr n spor t ; 5 . be r, c rry ; 8 . le r n , t e ch
3 . follow, pur sue ; 6 . di scov er , invent ; 9 . educ t ion , le rni n
g .
256 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

L E SS ON X
R I G HT W O RD S AN D W RO N G W O R D S

H aw ad ph a Th h lfof words t t
aw d b aid d Th aw d haa
e re re t o lis t s n r s es . ose on e e

d t t r e n ot

a a
re or s to e vo e . ey re or s us e

b p pl w h k w h w k d w i l Th to n r te c orre c ty os e

i h a
y eo e o no o s pe .

h d w d whi h b d h t t
af ll ad l hah a
t t
R a
re o or s c ever y o y ou g o us e
on e r g go .

wh
ba
d h li f t er
a
t s ts c re u t t en e v er y ou

a
e e y n r es o v e er e

sp k e w i orwi ll h h r d w d
t e y ou d h h d c oose t e goo or s n s un t e .

To be Avoided . To be Used .

dr own de d dr own ed
y our n

wons t on ce
 W O RD S : RI G HT AN D WR O N G 257

Exe r ci s e . a
Re d t h e followi n g se n t e n ce s , filling t h e bl ak w h
n s it t he
r ight wor ds
1 My kit t en fell in t o t h e brook ad wad 2 I do n ot li ke
a a
. n s r .

th s or t of l 3 H k wh e r e t h e d ogw s befor e h e
a d i ba a
ll d ah h a
pp e s e n . .

he k 4 W t b t t ut n obod y w s h ome
Ja k a a1 aa a
r r . . e c e e ou se .

5 id h w ld j ust st 6 W h m f t he r
a h li d h lah d a d a
. c s e ou s go s y . e n y .

k d h i m wh id Nowh 7 A
m h a ff 8
s e e re e ve ,
e ug e ,
n s ,
.

dd f wi d bl l h i t In t t t
l aa h l d a h a ha
gu st
Wh a lwa a
‘

en n y o rep y u n
su o . . o e q e s o

di d id N hi
”
“ “
?
i la h a
t t to ot t t
am a Wh a a
y ou e rn sc oo y e y s s ,
ng

I 9 M i h m 10
H ha
re .
y c er s r ger t n y . t s t e n e

f h thi i h wi d w t d d f d h i m lf wh t ? 11 to
a him ha a
o n gs n e n o . e e en se en

th b Whi h w ld
tt 12
aam bil 3 Whil w w m h a
e oy s . . c ou y o u r v e, on
p y or

ut o f h e? 1 j m d e r e ou t o t t t
bl a
a h m a 4 G a
n o . e e e r oo e c u pe on

W
a aa aR
th e d t e n g hi g t h
up t e e t . 1 . eo r e s n t on once r

silver d oll r cr oss t h e Pot om c iver .

25 8 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

L E S S ON XI

E XP RE S S I O N S T o B E AV O I DE D

St udy t he following ad n ot e t he express ions

ad d
s en t en ces

a
n

which s hould be voi You will prob bl n ee d to r efer to

a im
e .
y
t h em m ny t es .

To be Avoid ed . To be Us ed .

1 . wish everybody would mind

I 1 . I wish ever y body would
thei r ow n bu sin ess . mind hi s own bu sin e ss .

2 I expect y ou got wet y e st e r 2 I t wet

a a
. . s uppos e y ou go y es
d y t er d y
aa a
. .

I f I h d h ve know n y ou w I f I h d knoum y ou wer e

a aa
3
a aa
. ere 3 .

comi ng, I s h ou ld h v e s t y ed t c oming, I Sh ould h ve s t y ed t

home h m
a a 4 H f l a al a
. o e .

4 . He felt k nd i f o sorry t le v . h e e t r t er sorr y t e v

i ng i
ah fa w a Thi i a a a a
us . ng u s .

5 . Thi s i s ll t e r ther e h ve 5 .
f w h s s s r s e ve

m ma
a Willi a
m ma
gon e .
gon e .

6 Willi R j ke s hi s
’
6 k hi R j
’
ust

aI d
. s us t . es s s

li ke I d o
a
. s o .

7 Are n t y ou most t hr ough ? 7 A lm h h?

’ ’
r en t y ou ost t roug

a
. .

1 Thei r S h ou ld be used whe n t he n t ece de n t a

is plur l, his
a a
.

when t he
is s ingu l r See p 1 2 3 ,
n t e ceden t 29 8
W aa ha
. . .

2 E xpect r efers t o t h e fu t u re I e xpe ct t

a a
. e c n s y . t
he wi ll c ome t omorrow, bu t n ot I expe c t t h t he c m
a
e

d
”

a
t
Ha
y e s e r y .

3 . d k no wn is t he p s t per fec t t en se of t he v erb know .

ah
See p 2 3 8 . .

4 Ki nd f S h ould be us e d on ly in s uch e xpress ion s t is

a
. o s

Av oid lso ki nd sen se of ki nd

’
of ki nder (in t he
”
kind d
ad
goo s . o ,

afaa a
f)
’
sor ter

h fa
o ,
s or t o ,
n .

5 . All t e h rt er , in t he s en se of s r s, is si mply b d
26 0 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

a a a a
R is e is verb Ris e in t his c s e , is noun
a aa
3 . .
,
.

4 Rode is t he p s t t ense ri dden t he p s t p rt iciple, of t he

.
,

d
ri e

a
v er b

R aa aa
.

dj b l isd b d d ect iv e , is
Sa
5 ut

m aaj S m wa aa
. e n n v er n ee e .

e is d b d ec t iv e h t is
W maa
6
wa
a awa
. n . o e n v er .

7 b t n ot
”

e y s y y u y s .

ak i
.

Exerci s e . Use t he right words t o fill t he bl n s n t he following

a Thi h k i w hl
se nt e n ce s :

a hi
Che st nu t s 2
Th fi m h a mi d m a
t
a
1 re v ery s y e r . . s c ec s or t ess

i m i i to t 3
ala h fi 4 N b d ha a
y ou s gn y our n e . . e r s pr o se e n

N mb r st of hi m t us t

a
s ry t e o ve er . . o o y s eve r s ng .

5 J d H li li l b d h h lh Th 6
ha da 7 I f
tt t e st on e sc

i wa
. u ge e n son ve s e e y on oo ouse . . e

h m m i hi h will b t t t
I will a
e t er

a
t er o s g er n s y e s e r y . .
y ou e

i qude t re y ou s t or y .

L E S SON XI I I
W O RD S S I M I L A R I N F O RM

Words n e rly aa like in form i ai ma ha t

ai a ia
l a
or pr on un c on y v e v ery

diff eren t me Su ch p irs of wor d i

a
t
a
n ngs . s re qu re s pec

t en t ion . S t u dy c refully t he followin g li nd sth dif n ote t e

fe ren ces
a a
.

Exce pt , to le ve ou t, Acc ept , to r ecei ve, to to ;

a am
gr ee
A fl
fi e c t , to to i n Effect , to pr oduce, to cco pli s h ;
a
ct u pon ,

aw a
u ence,

L ik e , to be ple s ed w
a a[
L ov e , to ff r eg r d i th ecti on , it h, to enjoy
a
L y , r ec li n ed, L id , pl ced 43 8]
a aa a
se e

S e t , pl ced ;
a
S t , took s e t ,
aa a m a
a ma
C pt i v t e , to ch C pt ur e , to tch ;
a
r ,
c

S t op, to h lt , S t y , to r e in

aw a aw d
.

Exerci s e . Fill t h e b l nk s it h t he pp p
r o r i te or s se le ct e d from
di
t he pr e c e li st
a m ha a
ng .

1 Ple t nks for y our kin dne ss 2 Howw s he by

a a
. se y . .

t he w ms? 3 I d us i c 4 H v e y ou ev er up ll ni ght ?

a
wa a
ne .
goo . .

H i ithi f He i n be d
ha
5 . e y n s s e . 6 . u nt il n oon . 7 . I
my ne ighb ors , bu t I do not t he m . 8 . His t roubles ve
 W O R D S S O M EW HA T A L I K E 26 1

hi s min d 9 I a n not in v it t i on a 10 Sh e d own t o

Jaa a
. . c y our . .

The h of t he Russ i n c r u iser s 1 2 How

aa
t
i SaF a
rest . 11 .
p n ese ree . .

will y ou i 13 Alt h ough h e w s gre t ly

il h h a
n c sc o ?

aw
long n n r .

by t h e loss of hi s frie nd , he did n ot ce se or ki n g u nt d e

p p
ur ose .

L ES S ON XI V
W O RD S S O ME W H A T A L I K E

Exerci s e 1 (a
) F m t h e di ct ion a a di le the ffe r en ce in me a
a a
. ro ry rn n

Ing be t wee n t he wor ds in e c h of t he f ll wi

o i o ng p rs

Pre s c ribe , pr os cr ibe ; 2 pr oc ee d , pr e c ed e ; 3 imput e , impugn

1
a a
. . .

4 st t u e , s t t u t e
. 5 spe c ie s , spec ie 6 r e spe c t iv e ly , re s pe c t fully . .

7 e xpe c t , s u spe c t 8 c o nv i n c e , c on v i c t 9 ligh t n i n g, ligh t e ni ng 10

a
. . . .

fly , flee 11 li n ime n t , li n e me nt 12 i n ge ni o u s , in ge n u ou s 13
a aa
. . . .

st t i on e r y , st t ion ry

a
.

(b) Use wor ds fr o m t he

a fi thi ec p i r s t o mple t e t h e se s e n t e n c e s
r st co

1 Wh adid t he ph y s i c i In wh ad did t h e y
a
. t n t or er

t h e t e mple ? 3 Th e b nd t he r e gi me nt 4 You sh ou ld n ot

a
. . .

wr on g mot ives to me 5 Th e l w y r t h e h on e s t y of t he wit n e ss

a a
e

a a
. . .

(c) Use ch of t he m ining wor d s in h t o Sh ow

a ad a
e re se nt e n c e o r p r se ,

t h t y ou c n isc r imi n t e be t we e n t h e m .

Exe rci s e 2 Tell t h e diff er en ce in me a ni ng s of t h e se word s ad

ah w d i a
.
,
n u se

se nt e n c e

a immi a
e c or n

Mi i mi l
1 ss i e s 2 mi gr 3
4 di a ad
. s s v es , ; . e nt s , gr nt s ; .
pour ,
or
p e ;
d d i i l l i u xu r i

a7 i i i
; 5 pr ospe c t v e , 6
a
r e t r os pe c t ve

lia a a
. se se , e ce s e .
; u xu r ou s , .

nt ; . e qu ty , n q u it y ; 8 r e t t e ,
. r e ci pr o c t e ; 9 pr i n c ip , pr n c iple ;
l i .

10 1
r ou t , r ou t e1 1m ibl
2 m t t t t
4 h mah ma
.
; p p
r o ose ,
.
p p
ur o s e ; c on e p . e ,
c on e p u ou s ;
13 . comple me nt , c ompli me n t ; 1 . u n, u ne .

L E S SON XV

U N N E CE S S A RY W O RD S

Do not u se words th taa r e n ot n eeded to the thought

a
expres s

cle r ly

a a a a
.

For l i m li m i d sh ould n ot be us ed wit h h

a
t t
a
p e ; go ex p e s c on ,
n ve

to Sh owsimple posse ss i on , s in We h ve got t e n fi nge r s .

26 2 L E S S O N S I N E N GL I S H

Exer ci s e 1 . Reli e v e t he followrng se nt e n c e s of a ll n ee d le ss wor ds

or expr e ss i on s

1 a
I h am My a
da 3
n ot t le ft 2 fri e n d got b dly h u r t
aa
. ve go ny one y . .

t ll d A wid ow wom m w
a
to 4 F h
Ta
y e s e r y . . n c e se e y o u r o . e n c e .

m h Sm ll
t h ey ? w 5 h 7 Y of flo s t e of t i s fr uit
ha a
t 6
I a ha
c e . e ese e rs . . . . ou

d h d m t to fi d im Y 8 9
ha
t
i d w a H ha
ou g re or e . . c n n ev e r n no e . . ou ve

d
s t oo l whi lt oo l l hi t 10 f of

a
up o ng : s o n e . . e s os t on e -
s

m P h 11 h h l F mh
ut t w f f in
a
12
Pa
to t
Thi ai a ll k w b a
o n ey . . e v se u p on e s e . . ro e nce e er

hi in
bil it y 13 ll m f s u ni v e r s

b ma
ct 14 e nt

h la ha
s s no n
. .
y y . .
y
m d b d m h Y d of t he
’
ou gh t

a
us t y t t t er 15
aw d
on t t
ha 7 Ha
e e e en . . ou n

to W b d 16 here to? 1
I h ak w i I h ld a a d wa d a d Ja
u se n y u nn e c e ss r y or s . . ve y ou een .

l t, m h h 18 E
a
ve no n s ou ve g e
o n so . . r n es t ey

b h w
ot A e nt . m h
19 . st r it c onn e c t s t he t oge t er .

Exe rc i se 2 w ad h w w h
P oin t ou t th e supe rfl u ou s or d s , hy t
a a
. n S o ey

r e u n n e c e ss ry

all a ai a la
.

H 1 is C h I 2 3
hall alwa d
t nt s ov e r

a
. e e qu y s n x ou s s y ou . . ov e r e p . .

h m wh h k 4 Th j
ist r us t will i
a Thi id
s y s e n e v er e spe s . . e ou r n e y

i h w k im K ff h
’
5 of 6
i w d f l a
t t t
a i am w hi
r e qu re r ee ee s e . . ee p o e gr ss . . s ev e nce

d Y s ur pri s i n g 7
H ma ba
n n ot to or t

a
s on er u n . . ou c g ve or e er

Obj ect bl b
8 h bl d H ut n n ot i 9
wall d wi h b d d admi a a
. . e y pr o y go , e c poss y s u cc ee . . e

fi i t ll fi b b h w t 10 I sh r st e gin

ad h a wa ha
s e un ou n e r on . .
y S o

i h d f d ll h b h wi h l ft e r I fi ni s
H a
t e ect s , t t
d a d h id a
ng e n en r s S y s o ng e e xce

l f h m bh d d f b 11 e ing

a
t e sy s t e e t est e t
w lal a d d I wa
e nce s o . . e or re n e e o

i d b Th f
t l b i 12 t ten 13
w ll f a w b i
n e . . e u ne r o se qu e s ere r ge y e . . s

jus t i Y d 14 Th 15
Wh a
t o go
wa m l l a
go ng ou . . o ve r y e or ne eg n n e r . . e

for t d d ll id b h m 16
ai
t y t t
7 Th a wh a w k
s co p e e y s urr ou n e on S es e e ne y . .

y ou s y k h
s ve r y t r ue h
. 1 . n t ose o re c o or er s t oge t er .

L E S S ON XV I
I N A P P RO P RI A T E W O RD S

Avoid a
ll u n su i t a
bl e , or ex a ad gger te or s l ng a expr ess i ons

a a
.
,

I t is u se le ss t o t r y t o d e sc r ibe ll ki nd s of t hi ngs b y su c h wor ds s

n i ce ,
” “
a
w l
love ly , l dd
” “
fu
” “
i
“
f t l i mm ”
fi d
a ha ai al ad
, Sp en ,
or pe r e c y e n se ; n

me ot er h dj i will me
a a
e ct ve t t
ha
so e xpr e ss y o ur n ng e x ct y, n re

membe r t t t s no i sgr i i d ce to s pe k good Engli sh eve r v where .

26 4 L ES SO N S IN EN GL I S H

a Di ves t your s elf f a h bi li ments , nd st y wit h us a a

aa
10
a
r ce . . o y ou r outer .

were some m m
a a a
11 Th ere g g
or eous ly pp r el ed e ber s of the gent ler s e :

pr e se nt . 12 . I mmedi te ly upon our es t bli s hment i n the hostelry w e p rtook

L E S S ON XV I I I
AMBI GUO U S E X P RE S S I O N S

f am
Try to n i h aw a ha h a b t t t
whi h am a i h
r y e y ou r s en e ces n su c y t e c nnot e

mi d od E i
su n ers t o f w t t
aa b a
. xpr e ss ons c c n e n e er o o

thi id m to bigu ou s
h ld d i k hi wa wi h
n gs re s e .

Th h N t e se n t en c e t t er
m ai h ( ) E
t out

a
us o on e s ou r n s

b i g b il d mi h b k t t to t 1
h d i k hi wa o ( ) N
e n o e p g e en e n e er v e ry er

h ld b b il d b f t t er , 2
h ld d i k hi wa wi h
s on s ou e o e e or e e r n s s r 0

on e s ou fi b ili i r n t s t er t ou t rs t o ng t
”

ai
.

t h e t wo me whi ch
aa a aa l
Point t he se
a
Exe r ci s e 1 . ou t n n gs se nt e n ces

m y h Th e n h t h t it sh ll h
m a
ve r ec on s t r u c t e c se n t e n c e so ve on
.
y
e ni n g

W a wa
on e

Ask h ow old Mr s J one s i s mm

a
h t I n t i s co

a wa aa
2
a
1 . on se nse
. . . .

3 Th e j u dge t old t h e l wy e r t h t he u t h or it y

a m m ha
4 I h ve
a
. s n ot n . .

n ot h e r d fr om o n e o f my fr ie nd s 5 Sh e h s gi v en
a wa
e or e t n y ou . . .

6 My fri e n d s f t h er died whi le h e s in Eu r ope m d h

aw l a
7 I pr o i se
’

a a
. er . .

m d j m m
a
ot he r th t I d ll u pon h er si s t er 8 I h
a d ma W m a
ou c us t . . et
y p r t n er

r ui ne n . 9 . e et t he s e h or se t r i
p g t
n m m h h w r ou gh t e s no

in our r u bbe r boot s

a a i a
.

Th e mos t fre qu en t mb w d f c u se of igu it y

aa h a f a ha a
s ron g or er o

t he w d T i m to t r ts o sentenc e so

al a a bl j h m ai i d d
or s . ry rr nge e p t t t y
con vey s c e r ly s pos s i e u st t e e n ng n ten e

aa m
.

w d Try t o i mmove t h e of t he i n t he
a aw ha a d
Exe rci s e 2 . rr n g e en t or s

w
follo i ng e xpr e ss ion s , nd e xpl in h y c n ge s r e n e ede
a m a aa ad i
.

1 For s le : soft e n s h t s , b l c k l d ie s l l
’ ’
f
W a a
.
g ove s ,
n e n
gg g s o r

w w m d m
it h or it h out fee t 2 e v e r y n e r be i n g kille

aw a
c hild r e n

a Ca a
e c or e . .

H e bou gh t
d i f l 4 l
a
ot h es

d wa
3
b a a
t h n on ce . ne p .r o g o v e s r pe t s n c . .

A wi sh e d ll r ive r s r e n ot so s ft
5 6 S olv e t h e n ext
a
e t en n . . . .

m m
aa a
ex p le t o tih e e nd bu t one 7 I s h ould like t o v sit y ou v er y
. . uch .

aa aa
m
a
a
8 . d
I o nly r e c it e in t he or n i n g 9 I h e r d ll y ou s i ve r y d is t inct ly
. . .

10 A . fine Vie wws obt ined from t he u

pper st or
y of Ni g ll r F s.
 V A R I E T Y IN EX P RES S IO N 65

11 a l ha hild
Mrs J me s I ha b 12 t r y ing t o h a
m wa a d ahi w k b a
. . on y s one c . . ve e en ve

a a
h i d I
I a h i pa
13
a
y t
ha lwap
y tc re p re e v er y s ee . . ne ve r e xpe ct to e ny

ll m w 14 T d b in t
a
t er t n no . . ry to y s ut ver s pe r er

pl ce .

L E SSON XI X

V ARI E T Y I N E X P RE S S I O N

a
Exerci s e a
Re d t h e following se le ct ion , sub st it ut ing for t he it li cize d
w d a a aa a a
‘

nd phr s e s ot h er s t h t re sy n on y mou s or n e r ly so H v e y ou
aa awa G a
or s .

im h d t iv e i n iv e y our
da
y?
a aa ai A i i
t
ha
pr ov e e n rr ny r e s on .

m I f t t y ou h v e r e c count s o voy ges n t he r ct c r e g ons

ab
s ur e .

Y h f wd i w
told of t he su fi e r ings o t he cr e s ur ng t
h l ’

ha ma
i nte r s ,
a ad w a ha a
ou ve ee n e ong

m id t h e i ce d wd i nd he ho t t di s l
ada f h w k a
n sn o ; y ou ve r ,
ur ng

r i od , i t h e re tot l d r kne ss , t e su n n eve r ri ses for

a
pe s or ee s n

m ont h s O h t oget her i t he h nd , t h ese n or t h er n r eg ons oft e n

a a
. n ot er r
pe
se n tm f i m d
or e che er u lmm d i t D i t h e lon g r kne ss of

a f a hi A m d i h h
p c u r e ur n g . su er ,

wi is toned ll by perpetu l su ns i is st i

d aa ha
nt e r t t t
ia
or ne . n g er e

h full br i ll d w
nce of d t he t h ough lo o ub t ,

ad w
t n ot

a w a
e y, n s u n, ,
no s

belo the hor i zon Even in t he nort h er ly rt s of Eur ope

aa a
p sse .
p e c n

m the d D idni ght hi d Lor u fi eri n ,

’
in eli gh t ful t ive of

a a
s ee su n . s n rr

cru i s e, e n t it le
d mH i Le t t e r s fr o i gh L t tu des ,
”
i i nter es ti ng illus
a a m da I aa a
g ve s n

t r t i on of
t he perplexi ti es ri si ng fr o endles s li h th t
a a a
t t
a
y g .
ppe rs

w
e v er y t hi n g m m w
e n t on h ppi ly u n t il t h e
f d t l he n t h e y c h t c r osse

wa a aa a
o ent

A
t he l rc t ic Cir c m Then it t h t di r e tri bu l t i on t he
wa a h
‘

e . s r ose ong

l A fi K w
n e c oc k t he c u s e of tr ou ble i ng hi s duty ,
h a wali d a aa f m
t t
aa
pou ry . s e . no

l b ke m r ticu l r b ou t per or i ng t he i por t nt t s k of

w a
to
la a a
e y s e p
i ng d d sunri se Thi s h e c oul o r egu rly , so long s t he y cht

aa a w b ha
t
mad
cro .

i ne in
w a
d ble l t i tudes , h ere t h e l Bu t
wa f
re r e s on s un e ve p p y
r o er .

w h e n t h ey d A C t he r ct i c ir cle , t he c oc k con ronted it h

ad a
c r osse s

w w
holly e xperie n c e Th e in t he e ve ni n g,

a
s et

W a wa a
ne . s u n n ev e r n c n se

l d m h r i se in t he or ni n g h t t h e di s tr c ted bir d
aa
qu ent y n e v e r to . s

d H did o? H eve r y t hi ng
fi b ur s t i n t o o c c s i on l fit s of terri
a w a
to
w a a
e . e c

i ng ll of h ours , t he n h e g ve u p cr o ing lt oge t h e r , b u t

ad d m ma
t s or ts

a
cr o

fi nd in g t h t w
'

i end t t e r s , h e t ook t o cr o i ng i nces s ntly Ex

a wa d
n ot

m a d a a a a
.

h u s t ion s succeede by deliri u t her t h live lon ger in

waa a a a a
,
n r n ny

la
w
u n i verse b h er e t h e le of n ks so he r tles s , t h e i ndi gn
O a
s un s c p pr nt

f wl fl g him lf f m th
a
o un d p i hd i t se A ro e vesse n er s e n he r c t ic ce n .

R 8 B ll. . .
26 6 L ES S O N S IN EN GL I S H

C HAPTE R I I I

L E TTE R -
W RI T I N G

L E S S ON XX

T HE HE AD I N G

a aa
.

The mos t gener l u se of wr itt en l n gu ge is for Le tte r s

a
which we sen d d dres se d t o bsent pers ons , t o a whom we h a
a
ve

so me t hing to s y .

a a
Le t t e rs m y , of c ou r se , be writ t en upon ny sub j e c t
Kin d s
a aa a a
. .

Th e y m y se r ve in t r n s c t i ng b usin ess ; t h e y m y giv e or sk for in

a a aa a a a
for m t ion or dv ice ; or t h ey m y t ke t h e pl ce of or di n r y c onv er s
a a aa
t ion b e t wee n fr ie nd s nd a a
c qu i nt n c es Somet imes t h e y r e for m l,
m im fam ia
.

so et es il r

m a ma ma
.

2 m B l l
F or d i f i cu s t o for is to c on s s t

a
. .
y et t er e o s x

Th R a
p rt s

a
1 . 4 Th e e di n g . . e Bod y of t h e L e t t er ,
Th A Th m m En ding ,
aa
d d r e ss , pli
a
2 . e 5 . e Co e nt ry

Th Th W S lu t t i on , ri t e r s Sign t ur e
’
3 . e 6 . e .

3 a f a h d i h aad da f
The He di n g le t t er ou l t l te
f a l i a wi h
. o s g ve e p ce n o

wi i b h I to s en t t o t l c e of t in g, t
a
t
a wh d i b ma
r ng . rep y s e e p r e

h
le tt erd h w ou l e x c t ly to t il If
ha la f w i i
s s o ere sen y .

r e ply b l wh h
is t o h e sen t e se t to t t t
a h ld b d ad a h a (F m
e re n e p ce o r n g, e

f ct s ou e in ic t e ft e r t e s ign t ure or

a
.

1 Pl ai
I f in in an y ot h e r l awh h d t t o be
ad h a
ty
a a
. ce . c or p ce e re e y ne e

kn own , gi v e t e n () h m e or n u mbe r of t h e h ou s e , m f n t e n e o t he
I nn , Gr ee n St ;
’
s t r e e t (or e lse t h e post o tfi c e b ox) Th u s : Tu r n e r
a
-
. s . or

P rk Sq (F m 1
a
t
a
or .s o

(b) Alw y s i t he me of the ci t y , w

t o n , or post - o moe to
a
g v e n

whi ch r ep e s li re t o be se nt .
 L ET T ER -
WRIT I N G 26 9

L E SSON XXI

T H E A D D RE S S A N D T H E S A L U T AT I O N

THE ADDRE SS

The Addre ss of a lett er consis t s of t he a

m ad t it le of t he
a
n e n

firm t o wh om it is writt en Somet imes , e s peci lly

a a
pe rs on or .

in bus in ess le t t ers , t he r esiden ce or pl ce of bus in ess is dd d e

am a a a
.

m e Ti t le To t h e of t he p d dresse d it i s
aaa a
1 . N e nd . n e r son

lit to dd n pp p r i t e t it le

a
r

a
po e o

a
.

() m w
Befor e t h em w n e e y r it e

M a a maddr e ssing
in
a a a a
r . n .

M [M ] m w m
ist r ess in d dr e ssin g rr ied

a
rs . o n .

M [M ] w m m
e ss ie urs in ddr essing t o or
a a a aa
e s sr s . or e en .

M ( M m w m
i ss e s in ddr e ssing n u n
Ma ( Ma )
i s s pl
) rr ied i l
a a
. o n or g r .

l in ddr essing boy

a
st er p . s t er s .

Re v m m Th e Re v be for e t h e full n e ot h e r t it le i n
a a maa R
. or . e or so

d dressing H w R M cler gy n ; s, Th e ev . C F . . o e; ev . r .

H w R H w
o e ; Th e R Hw Dr
a
n ot

a aw
ev . . o e ; ev . o e .

H mm in ddr e ssing b er s of Congre ss , nd fe ot h er high

a
on . e

offi c i ls
a a a a a
.

Dr . ddr e ssing
in phwy s i c i n ; or n y pe r son ho h s on e of

M t h e t it les D , Ph D , D D , LL D , e t c
a a
. . . . . . . . .

()
b A m w m
ft e r t h e w n r it e :

a
e e y
Es q .aw ma
in m a
d dr e ssing l y er s , ny gove r n ent offi c er s , nd

s ome t i me s ot h er gent leme n , t h ough it i s n ow u se d le s s oft e n

a t h n for mer ly

a d S a
.

() I dd i h P id f h U i t h e Gov
f m ma
e nt

fa
t t te t t es ,
S a h f ll wi
c n re ss ng e re s o e n or

c ru or o t t e, t b d e o o ng or s y e u se

T h Pt id T Hi E ll e nt ,

Mai f h S af
o e re s o s xce e n c y ,

E i
xe cu t ve G
Wa
n s on , ov er n or o t e t te o

hi D Cs Si ( Y
ngt on , E ll ) . . r: or our xce en cy .

Si ( M P
r: or id ) r re s e nt

a a h a
. .

a
m which
a
()
d Th ere h i l re G C l Sny ot er t t es , su c s en .
, o .
, upt ,

m y be used in ddressing t he per sons t o Whomt hey right fully belong .

27 2 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

2 P osi t i on , F orm, The Body be gin s un de r t h e e nd of t h e in

a
et c

a aa
. .

t r od u c t ion , or if t h t is long, on t he s me li n e wi t h t he s lut t ion

aa a a
The re .

sh o uld be n rr ow m rgin t t h e left ext e n di ng t h e wh ole le ngt h of

a
t h e p ge ; we sho uld w ri te legibly , w it hout cr owding, nd nev e r di vide a a
sy ll aa d a ble t t he en of line .

II THE EN DIN G

a a aa
.

The Complimen t Ending is s sur n ce of d

a w a a
c our t eous

a a
ry oo
g
f it h , r es pe c t , or ff ec t ion , hic h is dde d t t he en d of le t t e r
am a
.

On e should s w e t hing t h t is in kee ping i t h t he s t y le of

aw a w a a
y so

le t t er he h ri t t en , nd it h his rel t ion s t o t he person d

ad ah a
s

dressed ; n he sh o uld mt t e s e t ime e xpr ess his feelings

t r u t h fully .

1 . F orm . a
( ) I n busine ss or a
for m l le t t ers t h e co mmon for ms a re

Your s t r uly ; (V er y ) t r u ly y our s ;

Your s r e s pe ct fully ; V
( y)
e r r es pe c t fully y our s

a aa
.

An d in e xt remely form l le t t er s , such s re some t ime s writ t e n t o high

a aa
offi c i ls For m 1 1 , or some t hi n g s imi l r , m y be use d (Forms 1 t o
a
m a a aa
.

()
b F f i l f i li d l h i ri e t y of ot h er

a
t
a
t t t
a
or r e n y or r e e r s e r e s g e
r v

w
for ms , s ome of hi ch re giv e n in t h e m d o e ls
O m t he r ex ple s re

a a
.

F it h fully y our s ; W d Y it h high e s t r eg r s; our s ever ;

Mos t t r uly y our s ; Y Y our s s in c e r e ly ; lov i n g s ist e r ;
a
our

You r de vot e d m ( m Ev e r te q For 3 , 6,

a
s on ; os t gr y y o u r s . s

You rs , is vulg r
“
et c .

b The wi b d
conclus ion e gin s on t h e li ne follo t he
a f
2 P osi t i on
a d da
. . ng o y
th e le t te r , d wd o e t hir t he i th of t h e p ge I
a
of nd is in e nt e b ou t
d b aad w
n -
.

it i s long, it s h ou l li di in t t h r ee li nes , ke t h e h e
a a
e rr n ge o or ng

dd
nd t he re ss .
(For ms pp ,
.
—
2 74 2 77

II I THE S I GN ATU RE

a a
.

a w i aaffi f a
The Si gn t ure s h ows t he m f h wh wi t t es
a
n e o e pe r s on o r or

dic t te s t he le t t er When t es
a ffi iaa ad wh h
.
pe r s on r s n o cer o ny

he dd h i m (F m l
a
sor t , s h ould

ah
s o c n e or n en e

signs for n ot er pe rs on ,
he should give bot h n m es .
(Form
274 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

[ Fo rm 5]

[ Fo rm 6 ]

[ Form 8]

Exerci se s a a a
Upon properly sh pe d p ge , writ e t h e v ery b e st lett e r
a a a
.

w w
a a a
h b j R f r t o t he

a
y o u c n ,
h e t h e r lon g o r s h o r t ,
n d h t e v e r t e s u e.c t e e

m di l i i
a
p rec e d in g for s n d r e c t i on
. s O n y c o n s t n t p r c t ce c n g ve y o u
f cilit y .
2 80 L ES S O N S I N EN GL IS H

Exer c i se s a a a 1 FO R SALE A f rm of t hir t y fiv e cr es , ll under

li a aa bl a a a a
-
. . .

i i Pr nd t e rms e sy For full p rt icul rs ,

S a Ma
t t
a
cu v on . ce re son e, .

dd M L EMUE L h
a Hi a
A SO N .

Ed wa maa
r e ss r on , ss .

d w r h d i m Poor dd i n ns er s t is ver t se e nt . s re ss s

P 0 B id R
ox W i hi l 3 1 5 , Pr ov e n ce , I r te s et t er

M Ma af ll d i i f h fa a
. . . . .

2 l i i m i
so n r e p ie s , t st t
a f lli ad h fa whi h a ha mi h wi h
. r .
g v ng u es c r pt on o e r ,
ng

pr i
c e ,
r e so n s or se n g, n ot er ct s c pu r c se r g t s

to k w W i hi l
no r te s et t er

A ma al a a i d a
. .

TO LE
3 ll h T i F in s it u

C i a ll
nt , r e t re t
a laa
. . s ou se , p e s on . or

rt i c u
dd A 0 B 4 J0 B P 1 92 , h I
a
RN O L D ,

Alla w
8

a Ma
p rs, r e ss . .
. . ox c g ,
o .

Dr wh l di S Do m i ive s t 3 96 i n t he
aw hi a
t ty ,
a i f ma W hi l
. n ns, o son .
,
s e c

ns der s m t v er t ise e nt , s kin g n or t i on ri t e s e t t er

ad i i i l a
s . .

4 M A . ld li d ibi
r . h h r no i r ep e s , es cr ng t e ouse n g v ng ts oc t on ,

te lli W i hi l
n g re nt , e t c . te et t er

la h b i
r s

aha dwa
.

WANT
5 A b i ED s t or e to t
ad a ba
. . oy n r re e rn e us ne ss .

M b h willi w d i h f or k ,

a
to
ad f
ust t t
lifi a
to
a a id
e on e s t , ng n re y o g ve up e u se o c co

if d d Ad d
e sir e i t i ng t
la
. r e ss , st g ,
e res en ce , qu c on s , n re er

GFR AN K P URI N 4E ld A Cl d Oh i TO N CO 29 i
hi a
c h ee s , uc ve e ve n o

i Sa d k Ohi a
.
, ,
.

G Wh l wh li
uy w
ee er , d i o ve s n n us y , o, ns ers t s vert se

ment . Writ e hi s le tt e r .

L E S S ON XXV

N O TE S OF I N V I T AT I O N , ETCX

a a ad li aw
F or m l inv it t ion s r it t e n i n t he t hir d per son upon
a a a ad a a a
n r ep e s re

rd s Th ey d te t t he b ot t om, nd no sign t ure

a
n ot e - p

w m d ma
pe r or c . re

is dd d e d . Th e follo i ng o e ls y b e u se .

[ Fo rm 2 I .
] FO RMAL I NVITATIO N
282 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

Exerci s e s 1 Writ e
for y ou r mot h e r t o h er fr ie nds , Mr nd Mrs a
a a a aa
. . . .

J ohn F Ay er , . form l i nvit t ion t o din n er next We d ne sd y t six -

o clock
’

d a ma la a
.

Th2 R d O for c ce pt n ce it
am
e y se n epr o u ce r

ma d li a a
. . .

3 The y for lly of i

d li a
. ec ne on c cou nt pre v ou s e ng ge e nt .

Wi h
r te t e ir ec n t ion

Ha MaSa
.

a C ma aad
A 4 li ce d d rr i son Doe inv it e s h er c ou si n , t he
ad ll m
to
awi
. ry n s, spe n

h olid t h her , e of h e r pl ns for hr ist D y, n

a a
te
a Am
ys n s so s

w
t he w Ali
eek H m
follo ing
d live s t t he i ngt on Phi l elphi
ad a M aA Hai b R a
. ce r o e, ,

n her c ous i n t 2 13 urr y ve .

,
rr s ur g . efer to pr e v i ous

i
v sit(U m For 9,
a
se s

M Ma m ad
.

iss b m Wi h ’
ot h e r i s ill, s he is le t o
ll w a
5 te t
a
. ry s n un co e . r e

r eplywhi h h in b c s e te s h t sh e is b u sy ou t .

L E S S ON XXV I
T HE E NV E L O P E , E TC .

F old a le t t er by t u rning u p t he lower e dge t o mee t t h e upper

sh e e t

a
-

e v e nly The n fold t wi c e t h e ot h e r w y fi r s t t he le ft e dge , t he n t he

ma ab a ah
.

r igh t , ki ng t he dist nce et ween t he fold s li l tt e le ss t h n t e widt h

of t he e nv elope

a a
.

F old t h e lowe s t t h ir d of n ot e - sh e e t t ow r d t he t op, t h e n fold t h e

u ppe r e nd a
t ow r d t h e bot t om If t h e s h ee t i s wid e r t h n t h e len gt h a
a
.

of t he fold it in t h e mi ddle fr om t h e bot t om t o t h e t op, nd

e n v e lope ,

t he n fr om left t o right I f t he e nvelope is n e r ly squ r e , fold t he p per

. a a a
o n ce in t h e mi ddle .

a
The Super s cri pti on , or ddress upon t he en velope , is chie fly
aa
for t he bene fit of pos t offi ce offi c i ls , n d should be wr it ten s o
f ll a l a i awah
-

u d
y di i hi d
n d so st n ct y s n ot to n er n ny y t e spe e y
d f h l
e liv er y o t e e t te r

aa w
.

1 Con t en t s a Be side s t h e me nd t it le i t h t h e post offi c e n d

a a m
. . n -

must be somet imes t h e s t ree t

a
st t e , t he re nd n u be r ; somet ime s t he
a a w n d some t ime s t h e n me o f t h e pe r s on t o

aaa a w m 3
c o u nt y ; h ose c re t he let t er
i
s sent ll rr n ge d s sho n in For s 27 0 -
.
 T E L E G R A MS 2 85

L E S S ON XXV I I
T E L E G RA M S

The p rt s of a a aa a aa
t elegr m re (1 ) t he n me n d d dress of t he

pe r s on t o wh om i t is s e n t , (2a) t h e body ,
an d (3 ) t h e s ign t ur e

f h d
a
t
T l a m a ha a a
o e se n er .

h i d f h n m d d d o n ot c t
ig a a ma
e egr g p co p n es r e or e e n r ess

f h d h
t h b i i f l F t ur e , t ul

ah w h i a fi d ha f
or or e s n n en ce e se y e g v en n . or

h b d
t f h m t t
ad a aha f a
e o y o e e ss g ,
e o e ve r , er e s xe c r ge or

t enw d l h w d n e xt r t en
ah f d a
or s or e ss , n c rge or e c or ov er .

Th m ll d w d
al a
t oes n ot us u t en
Th a f w i i ai l a l wh a
e ess g ,
e e r e ore , y e xcee or s .

m
rt o i i t e egr st s

ha
t t
a h f w w d ibl Th f m f
e r ng c on s n s y ng c e r y
to i t es t

a a
y ou ve s y n e e or s poss e . e or s o

d i l
cour t es y us e ll m d it t e
ad d llai a d a
n e t t e rs

d ima
re ge n e r y o .

Figur es ,
l i t re coun t e

aaw d ad m d w d a w d N mb
ec po n s ,
n o r s gns s se p

te
i a
r or s, n co po un or s s on e or . u ers

h ld b ld h e s pe l e h w h w d out If t i
a
t t
a la
s ou . er e s ny qu e s on o e or s

of m h d b t elegr
d i i ou l e c oun t e t t he l t ele
ah fii
y our s ,
nq u re oc

ad l a
gr
p o cc .

Th f ll wi e o m o ng is go o te egr

a
C HI CAGO , Oct 2 8 , .

GE ORGE R TI C K ER , Ev . n svi lle , Ind

a a
.

Conve nt i on t Au dit o rium, Chi c go, Th ursd y aa aw

a
ft e rn oon t t o .

Br ing c r e de nt i ls
F RAN K S m on s
.

Exe r ci se s a aa l i ai h
You wer e j oin f t h er
aa a h ami
1 h to t
a
. .
y our ot e n ne g
b i i i h b
a
ty t d h
aha d ad wh
ce r t
i T l ut

a
t tr
will a
or ng c n our , y ou ve sse e n . e e
h h i m lli hi m wh h te i t
f h m a
gr p ,
ng s ppe n e n en y ou rr v e .

U se w d l
t en i h b d
or s or n t t

l ah C
e ss o y o

ai a
e e e ss ge
a m Chi a
.

O 2 lH
ba
D
a mi i Y l ah a
t t e nt r fro
a
n

h ba
.
y our rr v e ouse , e nv er , c go, y ou
fi d
ma ah a i Ch i a ma
n y our gg ge ss ng . ou te e gr p t on ce to t e gg ge

ad i i d U t m thafift w d i th b dy f th
st er i t t e st t ki i i i d ibi on k n c go ng n qu r e s , e s cr n g t r un ,

a
n g v ng or ers se no or e n een or s n
.
e o o e
mess ge .
 2 86 L ES S O N S IN E NG L I S H

3 Yeste r d y y ou a ad to S am uel a
M a a
se nt Pe Co St L ou is ,
a
. n or er se ,
. .

Mo for four on r ch r efr i si ze No 4 You find now t h t y ou

a
t or s ,
a ad
.
, ge r . .

sh ould h v e se nt for t hr ee of siz e No 4 one of s iz e No 5

a
. n S en d . .

t e le grm c orr e ct i ng t he
wa a a a a
err or .

4 W m
h e n Ed rd Bir ney r e c hes t h e fi hing c
a m ah a s p on C rp L ke ,
.

Mi Pr ove ch h e find s t h t e h s left his

m a m
st ee l fis hi n g r o

a
d ont , in
a a
ne r . -

H t ho
a d a ma a a
t he c los et ofhi s roo e t elegr ph s t o hi s f t h er
. e t 6 24
Ch e rr y St ki m dElkh rt , I n e xpl ini ng t he tt er n d s ng hi
a
.
,
.
, t o se n
t he W
r od m by rit e t h e t e le gr
a C
expre ss . .

W b w
h e n y ou ough t y our t i c ke t t Fore st it y , y ou
a a
5 h e r e in su c

a a
.

h s t e t o c t ch t h e t r i n t h t y ou le ft y our poc ke t ook ly i ng on t he

b
w w Y a w aS ma a
-

t icke t se lle r s i nd o
’
ch J un ct i on Telegr ph
a a
-
ou re no t u . .

t o t h e t ic ket d t Fore st Cit y , es cribing t h e pocke t b ook , t elli ng

a ad a m d
g t
e n
- -

him wm m ho u ch one y it c ont ins , s ki ng h i t o sen it b y t he c on

a
n

d u c t or of t he t r in
a a
ne xt .

R 6 w m w d
e d u ce e l c h of t he follo i ng t e legr
ad ad a
. s t o t en or s or e ss , n ot

c oun t i n g t he d r ess n s ign t ure :

N E W YO RK , S eptember 2 ,

O LI V E R PO ST , 6 26 O r aA n
ge ve n u e , T mpa a
a Fl

ab a a
, .

Your le t t e r h e en r e ce iv ed , a
m
but I
d h t he of

a a mi P a a i
nn ot t
a
s c re n e e

st e m whi ch f t h er i s le t ele gr ph t
m a
e r on y ou s y y our co ng . se

to e t on ce .

F . P . S TA NTO N .

C HI C AGO , J u ne 5 , 1 9 0 7 .

MI S S C HARL O TTE FRI EDMAN L i t tle Rock Ar k , .

aaFé baa
,

Th e re ah t t runks in t h e S nt m one of wh ich

a d m a
re r ee gg ge roo

m y be y our s . You must se n f ll d

e ip i u er e sc r t on .

T . C . J O HN SO N .

C O L O RAD O S P RI N GS , CO L M a r ch 24

a
. .
,

S AM U EL P MARS H L wr en c e vi lle M inn .

ha d aa a
.
, ,

ha w d nger ously a
a a a
Your Fre de rick d r el is ill
a
son s pse n no .

You h d bet ter come on t once nd bri ng Mr s . M r sh wit h y ou .

STE PHEN L ANGDON .

 88 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

2
I t is in t h e a a j ust a
a
. right or de r bec use t he eve nt s re t old s t hey
h ppe ne d

1 . See ing t h e b ig d og t t h e door a .

2 L ooki ng for he lp
a a a
. .

3 Tr y in g t o m ke Miss Ev rt s h e
h m a
. r .

4 Bu y ing t e
wa
t
a
. e .

5 Te mpt in g t
. h d e og y .

6 . Get t in g t he le t t er .

7 . Going h ome .

3 . a It wi h la hi
e n d s ri gh t ha w wa
be c use it close s t t he st t ng t t e nt to
k w T he r e is n ot h ing e lse t o t e ll
aa ll a w wa aah i im a F a
no

k a
. .

4 I
ad i a hi m
. t c on t in s
b d th t e nt t o he r t t s t e ou t r n n

th d e og, n t c ont in s n ot ng or e .

h aiTr y h d f h a ad wh h h t t h ppe nin gs et t e s t or y

i ma
c ng ng e or er o e n se e er

sd b w e e t t e r or or s e .

A d f
Ex e r ci s e i ah h i a
lw h a b k al
fr ie n t t t it nk e

T a him a d ah i m d a h im a a
. o y ou r s s e os p ro en .

m i wi f t ke
b in off his p
ha d
te s t or y

ha a
o use n s n, r or ou t

m i et h ng h h l t h Ch h i n y our ool si n c e e ft

ahi k f B f
so t s ppe n e sc e . oose t e

m id i n t e r e s t in g i n cwi id
wh a d
ost e nt t te
wll d a
y o u c n n o . e ore y ou r c on s er

h w o wll b i h w
y ou d i e g n, will ll o y o u i en ,
n in t or er y ou te
t he s t or y .

L E S S ON XX I X
A S T O RY T O BE S TU D I E D

AN U N W E L CO ME V I S I TOR

a aa wh m
M lad wa ll d wi h u c h of ou r s st i

d ah a la
t
w d a a
ny y e r s g ,
o en n c ov er e

t hi ck l l m l dit t fr e s c h oo h ou se s t oo t t f
h ah
oo s, e e e ge O r ge

f Of h ld l w d
t en t mbl chi in sc h oo oul t re
ab ad m m ala id h h
or es t . e ren e to e r t e

wl h wli et i t p y ou t s t e s ig

f a
t
a w ld ma m a
o ve s o ng n e r y, n so es, e,

i h d b
r of fie r y k m in t r u sh t he
a w d w ad
o p ey es e un er ou e sc pe r

h h l h l d lh ou se ; y e t t c ol e c t t t he
a
f in
a
t to
wa h a
or e sc oo ey ov e o s n

t ch t y h ew h p d
t r oops of g
h i w y h un t er s o ss e on t e r to t e

forest .
 A S T O RY T O B E S T U D I E D 289

aw
One fine sprin g mor ni ng whe n ever y one w s or ki ng bu sily , t he
l i f h
’
h dad b a
b k h i l
l efor e

wa ma a
t
wa
t t
am
y p g
e n o u n e r s ou n s r o e e s n e ss ,
n ny one

h d ti w d w r u sh t o t he in h t t he fox
w a
to t t er,
a
to
a a
e o s see s

d s h ed mdin t t he d ope n s c h oolr oo it h ck of h oun s close

a wa a a
p oor

it In se cond eve ry t hi n g in Th e fox,

a a wad a
upon . s n upr o r . on c e

in t hem t u r ne d b out if it nt e t o go b c k, bu t t he h oun d s

wa w w a a a
r oo ,
s

i d
t he d oor bloc ke t he it h gro ls nd sn rls it le ped ov e r
a a al a
n y, so

t h e be n ch e s , m t t e r in g t h e i ng ch ild re n r igh t nd e ft , nd

a a aa a ad
sc scre

kn ockin g w lit t le gir l ho st ill s t in h er t if p ly z e

a
ov er se s r

b y fe
a
r .

m So m d
e of d b t he c hi ld re n s cr ble e n ch es out of t he
a aw a
t o ge t
wa
un er

d ot h er s h u ddle t oge t he r in nd fe n e r e st t h e d oor

a w ma m a
y, cor ner s ,

w
r ush e d ou t ,
h h ile t
d te c he r , h o t r ie d t o ke h i s elf he in
a
e r

t he co nf u s i on , s h ou t e d , Out t t h e d oor , e v e r y b od y Th e fox

ma
!
a
de for t h e f m aa r t h e r c or ne r of
d t he nd t h e h oun d s c lose in
a a a
r oo ,
s

w
it , i n t h e ge n e r l h ubb ub , t h e l s t of t h e c h ildr e n er e fin lly
a d wa a a m a
u pon

hd t t t h b t m
h t h d f h
ad
t
a
pu s e o u e oo r y y e e c e r ,
n r o e s c r e s

Of t h e fox m d t hebli n g bod ie s t h e y c oul t ell t h t t h e

n oi se of

d a waa
tu
a d
n

t h st r uggle s t ki ng pl c e i n s i e

a a a d
e .

A m d f h i i d l h i i h
d a a
t
a w aa
gr o u p O u n e rs c e r n g u p,
n s e v e r u r r e n t o t e

m
s c h oolr oo t o t h e h oun
d
’
ss i st The y h d gue sse d h t h
a aw a
s n ce .

t k e n pl d w
h e n t he y h e r t h e s h o u t s of t h e c h ild r e n , b ut

aa wa a
e r e t oo

a
ce

f m c ll o ff t h e h ou n d s The y ed he rt i ly

aad a a
y to
w a
r . se e s orry to
t hi n k t h e y h d su ch d i s t ur b Th e c hild r e n n o h d
a a
c u se n ce .

t spor t w t lki ng t h eir u n e xpe c t e d visit or it h t he h u nt er s

a a a
gr e ove r

nd t h e ir t e che r , m nd i n put t i ng t hi ngs i n or d e r in t he sc h oolr oo

aw adawa
Ka
b ut ll or k for t h t y s ov e r .
K ther in e li ngel .

a
Re d the fir st p aa
a ph
r f gr o thi s s tory .

Wh ai aa
a a at old in t h is p r gr ph ? Doe s nyt hi ng h ppen in t hi s
a
t
af h a a aa
s us

rt O ? t e st or y I f n ot , wh t i s t h is p r gr ph for ? Wh y n ot le v e
Whai
p
i
t out ? t t he u se of t e lli ng us wh e r e t he sc h oolh ou se s t ood ?
ad ad j h
s

D w d k w hi i d d
aahi i hi pa
to f t to e r st

aa
t
a
e r e st

a
o e n ee no s n or er un n n e n oy o

? Wh
a
t h e s t or y ph b h f f y y s ny t ng n t s r gr ou t t e e rs o

t he c hildr e n ? About t he h unt ers ? Why not le ve t h ose t hin gs unt il

t he end ?
 290 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

a
Re d the second p r gr ph aa
a
a a
.

Why doe s t he writ e r t ell u s t t he be ginni ng t h t t he children were

working busily ? Do we nee d t o kn ow t h t right here ? Why not w it a a
a
unt il t h e fox h s c ome in be fore t e lli ng u s t h e c hi ldre n we r e b us y ? Why
a
not w it u nt il t h e e nd of t h e s t ory be for e s y i ng t hi s ? Why t ell bout a a
t h e y elpin g of t h e h ou nds be for e te lli ng a bout t he d a
hi in of t he
aa a
s ng

fox ? N me ll t he h ppe ni ngs in t he or de r in whi ch t he y c ome in t his

p a
aa
r w gr ph Do y ou see hy t hey sh ould come in t his or der ?

a a
.

aah
Re d the thi rd p r gr p .

Could y ou put t he se c ond se n t e n ce fir s t ? Wh y n ot ?

R ah a a
aa
e d t e l st p r gr ph
a a a a
.

Wh t d oe s it t ell firs t ? Wh ? Wh t is t he l st
a
t n ext

a a
se nt e n ce

b ou t ? Could t he l s t se nt e n ce be put ny whe re else in t he s t or y ?

Wh y n ot ?

Ex erc i s e M aa ke all h
li st of t hi ngs t h t a t old in t he
aw
t s t or y

wa
. e .

You m y r it e it in t hi s
a
aah
y:
P I 1 W a h t is t old fir st
ai ld
r gr p . . .

Wh
Pa
aah
2 t to n ext

aha fir
. s .

II 1 Wh
aha
r gr p . . t ppe ns st .

Wh
aha hi d
2 . t ppe n s n e xt .

Wh
a
aa
3 t t
aha fi
.
ppe ns r .

P h I I I Wh
aha
r gr p . 1 . t ppe ns rs t .

Wh
aa
2
a
t t
aha fi
.
ppe ns n e x .

P h IV 1 Wh t rst

ai ld
r gr p . .
ppe ns .

2 Wh
aha la
. t s to n e xt .

3 Wh t ppe ns st

a
. .

I n line 1 1 wh y d oe s t h wi te r
“
r us h t o t he windows ”
Wh y
w a a a
e r s y
t h e wi ndows
“
I li
”
? 12 t old t h t t h e fox
a
n ot to “
d s hed

ahah a
go n ne e re

in t t he m d oor Wh y n ot s y t t t e
s c h oolr oo f m “

a
O pe n ox c e

in t t h e ope n s ch oolr oom d o or

a
Wh y use t h e word s cr e mi ng in li ne 1 6 ? Would it not b j a
a S a i h hild a
e us t s
well t o “
t t er t r e n r igh t nd le ft ”

a
?
aw ll a
s y c ng e c

Not ice t h w d mbl d i li 19 Would it be

a
e or s cr e n ne .
s e to s y
Some f h h ild wd le u nd e r be n ch es Wh y Wh y
aO
o t e c re n cr n ot ?
use huddled in li n e 20 ? Wh y n ot s y
“
t he rs stood t oget her in
 29 2 L ES S O N S I N EN GL IS H

L E SS ON XXX I
A L E T TE R A N D A S T O RY

Th e following le t t e r a
w s wri t t en a
by Gen er l Rober t E L e e
a ma h haaw
.

t o h is It i ough t s or t h n ot in g

ad
son . con t ns ny t t t re

n re membe r ing .

ARL I N GTO N HO U S E Ap r i l 5 1 8 5 2 , ,

a f l ai h m f N w a
.

MY S ON I m j in t he
ha ha di a
D EAR us t ct o e v ng o e or e

M i M fi ld im b d d i
ad I m ha h ah a p l ad f I ha
ex co .
y ne o r eg e nt s e e n or er e to t t st nt r e g on ,

a 7 a
s t e n on to t t t
f Ma
n u st se e ey re pr o ery c re or . ve

b li l dd i l l h d 8 Y 26 , 2 2
h a f f a ha i lf a
to t t t
b a
ut tt e n rep y o y o u r e e r s O rc ,
n . ou r

i i h m d
al a Y m
l r n k n e ss ; t

b f a
et t ers re t e t r ue sp r t O ey ve g ve n y se n

m h d k wi h h
w ld f a ad a Saj wha
y o u r ot er gr e t pe s ur e . ou us t st u y t o e r n t t e

k i h hild f h
m a d a ad a i f ad ha
or ; r n ne ss s t e c o on e s t y n c ou r ge .
y us t t
i t ke
If a f i d a a ai if i i
t nt e t t y ou
fa
to
m a d i h
y ou e n o on e v e r y o c c s on , n or gr

h ld sks

aa llh im la a h im a
e n to o r g t . r en v or y o u s ou gr nt t t s
bl i f i l wh will w d
a f a ki d d a ma
re s on e ; n ot , t e p n y y y ou c n n ot ; y ou r ong n

lf b i i N w hi k t to
h mawh i d a
t
a
y ou r se y e qu v oc on o ny n . eve r o r on g ng e

f i d k i d l
d a h a aifi D a fi ml wi h a la
; t to
ha
r en or ee p on e e n o r e qu r e s y o u o SO s e r y pu r

l ki dl b ll
whi h w ab a
t ut

ma
c se suc s cr ce . e n y r y t y ou r c ss

will fi d i h li Ab ll d
a a h wha a I f haa fal fi d wi h
t e s ; y ou n t t e po cy c e rs e st . ove ,
o n ot

a f wh a m la
ppe r t o o t er s t y ou r e n ot .
y ou ve ny u t to n t
ll him h i h i m
h a h af
te n ot o t e r s , t y ou c o p ; t
da ai b
ny on e , ,
o n ere s no or e

im d hi b f u n e r t k ng t o

ma faa
e nt t t t
d ah
t
a b hi d h i ba
n ge r ou s e xpe r n o e on e ng e or e

k
f a
’
n ot

a ad a hi
n s ce n er e n s c .

W h ld li h i j
aa ma f p i i l b a
I
h f p aa
e s ou ve , ct , n s y n ot ng to t e n u ry O ny one . t
i l b
s n ot on y est s i i h t t er d
o r nc p e, ut t s t e p t o e ce n

h
a f hi h a l
on or .

I d d l m i l i i f m
ha a l a aa h waada f ma
to ut y , et t st y e tt er ,

ka
n reg r e, n c on c u s on O s n or

h d d bl
d da ill k w ah d a k da a
t t
l m a
t
d awh
y o u ne r y un re y e r s go ere s y o re r e

k h
wal wl i h d a
st t
if b a lip
g oo n r n e ss no n s e r y y en t e

li h f h i Th l
ad ai m mb a
t e xt n gu s

i la
t
wai
g O e su n s s o y e s y n ec se . e eg

f C i w h n s e ss i on ,

ha
on n e c t c u t

d a a a bl d a
s t ur e O s n s ts e ers s t e un

d mi h d i r kne ss

la I wa
h
w a d b ma h ah lad a
cc ou n t

a
e xpe ct e n un e co ng on t ey s re n t e

d
ha
t e rr or t
h da f j d m
t t
a f
ge n e r e n . s su ppos e y ny t e st y,
d m S m i h
d aa
t i on
a a ld P i a
t e y O u g ent , co e . o e on e , n t e c on s t e r n o

m dj m
f S a mf d a a
Th
d a
h h h
l gi la Da p
e nt

i d if h lad a
t e ou r , ov e n ou r n . en t ere r ose n O ur t n

e s t or , ven or t , o y h d t m or ,
n s t e st co e
 A S T O RY F R O M A P O EM 93

ahi lad i hi d ad h f m d
h e d e sire d t o be found t ut y , t
h aa
s p ce o ng s n er e or e ov e

dl b b h i h h ld d wi h i d
f h al
t t t t t ts uty

wa i h ama mi d
c n es e r oug n so e ou se c ou pr oc ee .

h
’
Th i t i t t t t
wi d m a
er e s qu e n e ss n n s n , e qu e n e ss o e ve n y
d i fl ibl willi b d D h to
la a D
t ut y uty , t
i a
s o n n ex e n gn e ss o ey pr e s e n . en ,

i h bl m w d i d ll hi g in
a d m
e st ut y

ld P i a Y
s t e su or o ur n gu ge . o y ou r n t n s,

lik h h ld wi h
aha a
t c n n ot

m a
t to
wa
e e o ur n . ou o or e ; y ou s ou ne v e r s

d l N l d m h i f
a Y a i aa
et ot

la
o e ss . ever e n y our er e r one gr y r or ny

k fd u t y on h y our p rt our ffe c t on te f t er

f Th Da k Da
c o . .

R ll i
Exe rci s e w w d h
. et e n y ou r o n or s t e st ory o e r y .

L E S S ON XXXI I
A S T O RY F RO M A P O E M

t h e followin g s t ory a
c r e fu lly .

THE OYS TE R AN D I TS CL AI MANTS

al di
Two t r h b a h
ai d h h b h a
d v e er s s c ove r e on t e e c

A
Twa d w a
t it
a
n oy s t e r , c rr e er y t e se .

wa b
b
’

a
l
s ey e di h it h e qu gr ee ne ss y e c ;
Th m h en c i wh e t e q u e s t on ose s it t o e .

O d w d
awa ah i ;
ne , s t oopin g h i
Wah h ha
o n t o po n c e upon t e pr z e ,

d
m a
s b t r u st ld y e fore is n c ou sn tc t
N
“

aa
k n on cr ie s

ma i
i hi i i l
”

aa
ot qu t e s o qu c y, s co p ;
m im
aa
If y ou
“
cl i h e r e , I ve cl t ch t ;
’ ’

w ha b
ve to
Th fi th t
ad
e r st h s it s t he e tt e r r ig t
m
W l a
To it s pos s e ss ion ; c o
b a
it
’
e, y o u c n t e ny .

el ,
d hi m b h
”
s i d
m lif wa
s fr ie n , r ig
“
t t t,
‘

y or s re pr e y
A d I
aa
n ,
fi u pon y e, s r st to s py it .

Y N ou ? l i i i i l; f y ou d d pe r c e
i wa
ot t or , ve t,
I ml i l i w
la l ai
b f i
a
s e t t on g e or e t s n v e ;
B h w mi
a
’

b ab w
ut e re s l y e r c o ng e t us e ve t
T h m i w ”

Th la
h
i t r t e e t ee n t e t o
w h a l d fa
O to r .

w li
ah d i a
e y e r s t e ns it st o i ce ,

A i mi
A d ah h
t i s e c i s i on n
wa a
rr v es nut e ;

h ll a d a h fi h wi i i
n ,
s t d h e s or t e s t y t o e n t e c se ,
h
i a m wi d ma
O pe n s t e S e ,
n e ts t e s th n t .

ah a
Th l k
h a
loo
wa a
e r v s upon hi th is y
Th C
”
is d
“

a
h ll
“

a
our t , s y s e, r s y ou e c s e ;

b ha a
Y i h
a
f
’
ou v e ne t er O y ou ny c os t s to p y,
A d G i F w ll !
”

La a
n ppy so p e . o n e ce . re e

F i ont ne .
294 L E S S O N S I N EN GL I S H

Exerci s e Tell i n y our own wor d s a like t hi s , of t wo chipmun ks

a a amab a
s t ory

a
.

fi n d in g n ut . Th e l wy er in t hi s c se y e s qui rr el . You m y
u se t he followin g ou t line :

1 The dis covery 4 Th e l a

w ad hi s fee
l la
a
. . .
y e r n .

2 . Th e r iv im
c s . 5 . Th e v er d i c t r e n d e r e d .

3 . Th e d i sput e .

L E S SON XXX I I I

A S T O RY F RO M A P I C T U RE
.

THE HU NTERS

a a
In t his pic t u re we see t wo h un t ers nxiously w t ching t h e
aa h f m e w aa a aa
ild n im l Wh t is t he n im l? How
aaa a a
pp r o c o s o .

f r w y is it ? Wh t is it doin g ? H s i t s een t he h un t e r s

y e t ? St u dy t he f a
ces Wh b a
of t he h un t ers . ic h is t h e r v er
 96 L ES S O N S I N E N GL I S H

a a a a i
4 S y most bou t wh t is mos t impor t nt n t eres t in g ,

a a
. or

n d omit us eles s de t ils

Ma aa a d w b d
.

5 ke t he t iv e conn e c t e hole , ut o n o t s t rin g

h wi h a
. n rr
“
d
”
s en t e n c e s t oge t t
aa a w d a ad
er n s .

Wi 6 w d te t u r lly , ou l t lk,
m a
. r n s y ou n us e no or s

w d
hose k w e n ing o n ot

A a ad ma a a
a
y ou no .

7 h b t h ou g t s i ke
aah ad
t te
a
. rr n ge y o u r y op ,cs n se p r

f ch is t in c t t opic
a a a w
p r gr p or e .

t 8 . Try o pu n c t u t e c r e fu lly s y ou rit e .

Exe rci s e 1 aa aa Obse r v e a

c r efully t h e e v en t s of d y h lf d y i n
h l ma f wh a ha da a
. or -

k d b N i ng if
a
n ot e s o t e xt

ah a f ll wi
y ou r sc oo , ppe n s nee e .
y n r

r te t i h f m l
e se e v e nt s l n t e or of et t e r t o y our u n c e or u nt , o o ng

h d i whi h h d t
Sa a wh ai m
t
a b mi hi ha
e or er n c e y occ urr e .

m b im
ma
o ut t
h a
os t ost t nt , ut t n ot

l aa
t t
ma
y s por o ng

i d d
s nee k e m l T
to k i d e t e c count co p et e . ry to e t c e r n

i
a
i nt er e s t n g

Ma a ad h k i i w ll
.

il h i l if t h s et t e r h y our te c er r
pp ove s n t in s t s e e n ou g

writ t e n .

Ex e r ci s e 2aa N t e y our expe ri e n ce wi t h me pe t ama a

ni l
aaa a a ad ma
. rr so

d og, h bi d bb i
t, k t s, et c O bse rv e t h is ord e r ,

a d wh l
e or se , r ,
or r . n e

c onne c t e o e

Wh a ki d b d am Si l a a l 2
F d wha
1 3
b a
t pe t ;
H wa
. n or r ee ,
n e . . ze , c o or , ge , v ue . .

d wh i d 4 Wh wh k t 5
Ha
e pt

ad i h 7 F i d ad
t,
da
o n en o ne . . en or er e . . oo ;
h w f b wh m bi
t en , 6 ts , t
lik a i k ad 9 Wh a
o O y o . .
y n n g . . r en s n e ne

mi d di lik I lli 8
wh i wa
nt e t
b a f i h wm h a
ot e s t
haf
e s , or es n s es . .
ge n c e ; r c s, ne c . .

m ec ff
e O i i
t, o w h uc e c t on y ou ve or t, or y t s ort

pe t t i n g .

Ex e r ci s e 3 Te ll h ow y ou spe n t a a a a Th
l s t ple nt h oli d y
a
.
y o u r s . e

followin g ou t li ne m y h elp y ou
a
a a wha a a ma
.

Your s u bj e ct
1 2 Ple s n t e xpe c t t i on s ; t pr e p r t i on d
a a
. . .
e ;

wh t h ope d for 3 Th e n ight be fore 4 Th m i fi

a
r st occ up

a a a
. e or n ng ;
. . .

t ion ; pl n s for t h e d y ; c omp ny wh wi h wh m

aa
5 The ft e r n oon ; er e ; t o . .
.

6 The d in ner 7 The e v e ni ng; ll det ils 8 Feelings ; surprises ;

a
. . . . .

di s ppoint ment s ; enjoy ment .

 BI O G R A P H I C A L S K E T C HE S 297

aaa
followin g m y be t he subj ect a
h f h a of

a a a
Exercis e 4 E t
a
. c o e n rr

t ive b ou t y our pe r s on l experi e n ce s Begin b y m king out li ne

a
. n

s imil r t o t h ose pr ov id ed in pre v iou s e xer c ise s

ma Sada
.

h CThe Four t A of J uly 2 hr is t 3 ft e r n oon 4

a a AS
1 t ur
A a
. . . s . .
y . .

eC
D y In t h A ou n t r y . 5 . n Ev e n ing t t he F i r . 6 . h opping
d
Expe it io n A V
7 M m Hw Hl d isit t o t he 8 I t he
a aa a a
. . use u . . o pee on

F m A 9 S D y A t t h e Se side 10 The u rpr i se P rt y 11

Ba aMa aS d A a
r . . . . . .

b ll t ch 1 2 Th e Tob ogg li 13 C n d y - pull 14

A a A Ra a
se -
. . n e . . . .

K
D y i n t he A
it ch e n A 15 J ou r n e y 16 iny D y 17
aL Ca Ra
. . . . . . n

O d G
ut O f e ogr ph y A i 18 F 19 ught i n t h e in
a l a
oor
- -
e sson . . re . .
.

20M E w i Ai h t h T t h h 2 1 Eve nt fu D y
A a m B
.
y x p e r e n ce t e oo c e n . .
. 22 .

M y Fir b
s t D is o e d i e n c e 2 3 D y o n y i c y e
c l . . .

Exe r ci s e 5
U a w am nd e r t h e d i r e c t io n of te c h er , v is it it h
a m
.
y ou r co

w
ad w aa
ni on s o b d
e on e of l t h e follo in g in t h e nei gh or h oo Of h
maa
p y our s c oo

Th e n ke n ou t li ne , n ri t e n c c oun t of y our vi s i t .

AC M ha ill Th e Tele ph one Exc

a
ot t o n

Ya
. nge .

AS S h oe F
d c t or y Th e hip
AN w a
. r .

AG M ris t R m ill . e sp pe r Pr ess oo .

C mH Th eAC m us t o

A Ma
ouse . e et e r y .

O c h ine Sh op . Th e ld For t .

A b d Book in
’
Th e L ight h ou se
a
er s . .

H Th e Po or Th e F lls
Ya
o u se . .

C H Th eA Br ic k
ad R a
d ou r t ou s e . r .

O M The AW ld
d ill . ood l n o .

L E S S ON XXXV I
B IO G RA P H I C A L S KE T C H E S

aa a
Ex e rci s e 1 1 Wh t is bi ogr ph y ?
ab a a b m aa
. .

W 2 ri t e iogr ph y of f t her ,
a
.
i y ou r or r ot h e r , or s o e c qu nt
nce

W aa a a W
.

3 h t is n u t ob i ogr ph y ? ri t e on e , u s in g t h ese sugges t ions

a aad a a m a a a
.

Y m bir t h pl d te
a d
nd t i on of

a
ou r n

a
e ce n n es occ u p r
p
e nt s l c e of r e s i e v e nt s i n y our li fe t r v e ls sc h ools

am
p e n ce t
d d ed i fl er e n t
'
—
d
a
t en ie s f
a
.
st u o t o s c h ool les son s , s u c h
u —
-
s u s ic or

l i
e ocut on h p i p i h bi f i i g w ot
k t er occu t on or ursu ts ts o r s n or o
298 L ES S O N S I N EN G L IS H

do fond ne ss for wor k Spor t s books ad kin d of re a

d ing pre
aa la d a
re

ferre d frie n ds n l di
t ur sposit ion p ns for fut ure e uc t ion

for b usiness j
Ob e c t in life

aah ma aa
.

In c ollec t in g m t er i ls t is y se r ve s n

O U TL I N E FO R A BI O GRAPHI C AL S K ETC H

I a ad wb
I n t r od u ct i on w N me , n ho e st kn o
a a
n

aa
. . .

II Birt h m Ti l nd lly n ce s t r y

a
e, p ce , ge n r

a ad a
e

d a a
. . .

III Child h ood i i nd You t h E t i on ; pr ep r t i on tr for

a a
. . uc n n ng

w
life b or k
d e r ly pu r s u i t s h it s , ispos it ion
bli a a
-
.
,

IV Chi e f Eve n t s d of Life , pu c nd pr i v t e , in t h eir or er

a m a m a
. .

V D e th Ti l ce , c ir c u st

a a a b a m aad
p n c es

a
e,

aa a
. . .

VI Ch r c t e ri s t i c s Pe r s on l nd ri n g ; l
m aa
ent

a a a
. .
ppe r n ce e n

or l qu lit ie s ; li ke s nd d i slike s , bilit y n d c ult ur e

a
.

VII R e s ult s of m m i
Lif e Dev e lop e nt of se lf ; e x l t ot her s ; se rv c e

di id a
. .
p e o

t o inl w v u s, t o t he c ou n t r y , t o t he orld .

L E S S ON XXXV I I
T HE S T O RY O F C O L U M B U S

aw a aa
Exe r ci s e 1 ad a a Le h t y ou c n b ou t t h e life n ch r ct er of
a w a aa
. rn

C mb
olu Y w nd t h en r it e biogr ph i c l s ke t ch ill fin d I rvi n g s
’

a
us, ou .

C
L ife mb of olull wi d b k f h i Th f
”
t
wa a
us g o o oo or s p p
u r o se e o o n g q u es .

w
t ions ill s ugges t h t y ou re t o look for

Wh a w wa W a w a
.

1 C m nd h e re olu b us b or n ? 2 h t is k no b ou t
a li m a a W ad m
. en s . n

hi s W
e r ly fe ? 3 h y d id h e b e c o ilor ? 4 h t le hi to
aa a W
. e s .

t hin k Wof W t o t he es t ? 5 h er e d id h e se e k id ? 6 he re
d a W aa a W
v oy ge . .

d id h e fi n id ? 7 h t h ppe n ed on hi s fir s t ? 8 h en
aw d a H w wa
. v oy ge .

nd h er e id h e l nd ? 9 s h e r e c eiv e d hi s r e t ur n ? 10
W a a ma Wh a
o . on .

h t ot h e r v oy m m d id h e ke ? 11 t le d t o h is i i e nt ?

W aa a a aw d
ge .
pr son

W
h t h ppe n e d on hi s l s t v oy ge ? 1 3 h e r e nd h en id h e
W a a ab a a a
.

die ? w 14 h t e r e t h e gr e t e s t nd e st t r it s of hi s ch cte r ? 15
W awa m a ma m
. r .

h t s it in hi th t de h i su cc e s sful?

a w
aa mam ha a a p h
A
Exer ci s e 2 m . ft e r re d ing t h e follo i n g poe t e ll t h e s t or y of t he
fir st v oy ge s t he te igh t v e t old it t o not her s ilor u on is
ret urn .
3 00 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

Exe rci s e 3 A frie nd of a a wh o h Columb u s

a
d t h e life of

ad wh aa d amawa
s n ot r e

a
.
y ou r s

c nnot u nd e r s t nd i ch i n s

aa C l mb l W
n y so gr e t goo n s pu t n .

T ll him h f h t of i fe h ere will y o u

’
s t or y

Wi h wha
e e o t t p rt o u us s .

b i eg n ? will t t y ou e nd ?

a
J o qu in Mille r , t he u t hor O f t he poe m a
in t his less on , w s born in W b s h Dis a aa
aaN mb 0 4 Hi
t r iet , I n di 1 18 1
l a
a m i Ci i a Hi
n ,
ov e er ,
. s

Mill t us
f h lif ha
re n e s n c nn ner er .

M os t b h is e e n s pe n t u t
Pa fi C aa m a
o p e s on e

ci d hi d ho s t, ot

am l a ha
c n s poe s n er

wi i r t bn gslif i re os t y ou t e n t t re

i H i fi l m f m b rs t

waa
g on . s vo u e O poe s, pu

li h d i 8 l d S g f h 1 71, le t
a
s e n s c on s O e

a
J o q u in Mille r Si e rr s .
”

L E S S ON XXXV I I I

T HE S T O RY O F G E O RG E W A S H I N GT O N

Us e t he follo wing ou t lin e ad n n ot e s for a s ke t c h O f t he life Of

GEO RG E W AS HI N GTO N
I I ntr oduc ti on The F t h e r a Of h is Cou nt r y fir s t Pr e sident of

a
. .

t h e Un it e d St t e s
V i i ia E li h a fa
.
0

II B F b i r th
7 h di d 22 , 1 3 2 ; t
ama ka
n c e s t or s

wa i b l w mahi d
. . rg n , e . ng s ; er e

wh h en m h
is s on s qu t e y ou n g ; ot er re r e o n ; s ev o

i h
ai a
t to
ad Y h Pla i a l d a
on er .

I II C ldh hid ood i i fl ct c t

aa h f ha a a
ou t

La ha
. n . n n pr e uc on ; n ue n ce

f b h w
r ot hl bi t ete ts ; s t r e ngt ct er

a
O er r e n ce ; n ; o c r ; sur

t s i xt e e n

a a a
ve y or .

I V Chi f f f
L i M i h m M
E ven tsV m i t ou n t

V a hi fi am a ai B a
. e o e . rr ge ; o e e r n on ; s

i hi dd k E di
’
i rst rt

hi f a d B
to
mma
s on en n go ; s c p g n ; s p n r oc s xpe

i h R i d e v o lu t i N w in ost on

d l h ia
t t
Y k a f P ila Va
on ; e on ; co n er - -
c e ; r oun ; n e

d N w J d f ll F M h
i a
or n e e r se y ; e e nc e o e p ; ey or ge ; on

m Y k w
a a aw a
h
ou t i ; l or i ; h
to p
n id ;t ; n c o n s t it u t o n c on v e n t on c osen r es en

event s of his dminist r t ion : f re ell ddress ,

 S T O RY OF W A S HI N G T O N 3 01

aA V D e th Mou nt Ver n on De c 1 4, 1 799 ; mour ned ah m

ad a
b a
. . t ,
. t o e

d
C a a
n ro .

V I h c ter is ti cs Sou nd j udgme nt se lf c on t r ol, d ign it y , fir m

ai a a
. r .
,
-

ne ss , u n se lfi sh ne ss , p t r o t is m, se lf -
s cr ifi ce ; one of t he wor ld ’
s gr e t
me n
a
.

Res u lts Rev olut ion

a
VI I f Li fe Br ough t to li s u cce ss fu

a b a
l Am i a Hi
. o . ss ue .

Est blish e d t h e gov e r n me nt He ld in ff e c t ion l

a a aa a wafi afi
.
y er c ns . s

life n e x mple nd n i n s pir t ion Fir s t in

i
“
rst rs t

h h a f hi
. r, n pe ce ,

i
n t e m e rt s o s c ou n t r y en
”

k a dy f h Wa a fid
.

E Ma
xe r ci s e st u t L if e of s hi n g t on

i b k a wi a ahi a
. e o e s y o u n

i
t g i d h bi l k h U h t te et c t
ad f ll w h di i i i L
ven n oo s, n en r o gr p c s . se e pr e

di r e c t on s 36
w la a wi h
ng n ot e s , t
h fa i
ce n o o e g ven n e ss on .

T to d d t cts t ou t

a a a a
ry e x pr e ss e n y o ur o n n gu ge e pe n e nc e

h w d f h b k h m l d m mb h
h q a
t t y ou t,
a hah ai
t t
f wh a
u p on e or s o t e oo s y con s u n re e er t
t e li u wi i f m im
ty o t y ou r te s o or e por t nce t n t e q u nt ty .

L E S S ON XXXI X

L IV E S OF NO T E D M E N AN D W O MEN

Exer ci s e 1 . Pr e p a r e n ot e s ad c c or ing t o t h e pl ai n g ve n , ad w n ri t e

s k e t c h e s of o n e or mor e of t hese

S TAT ES M EN AN D IN V EN TO RS

a J oh n Ad ms Robe r t Fu lt on
a ali
. .

Be n j mi n Fr nk Eli Whit n ey
Al a Ha a a
n . .

d mil J me s W t t
Th ma
ex n er t on . .

J ff Geor ge St eph e ns on
A d wJ a
o s e e r s on . .

k S F B Mor se
Da aG d a
n re c s on . . . . .

i lW b s t er Ch r le s

Cla aH w
n e e . oo ye r .

H Eli
J h Ha ma
e nr y y . s o e .

o n y . Th o A s . Edi son .

Wi a
Exe r ci s e 2 k h te et c of t h e Life of L ongf e llow, u s in g a
a ha a m mb m a
. r s ny

f ct s t t y ou c n re e er f ro y ou r r e d i ng . Th ose s ugge s t ed here

will b h
Wa
n ot

a
e e n ou g .

H d w h f ll w
aM a aa
e nr y s or t L ong e o ,
t h e be st be lov ed of Amer ic n poe t s

Feb 27, 1807, Portl nd,

. e . Bowdoin College, t 14, gr du t ed
3 04 L ES S O N S IN EN G L I S H

Exe r ci s e 2 Pre p ah t e ou t lin es ad w a r it e h i s t or i c l sk e t cha

a
. re n on

Burgoy n e ’
s I nv i s on ,
”
o r o n one of t h ese sub ec t s :j
Th e Dis c ove r y of Amer ic a aaa a
B t t le i n M nil B y
adi f h Pil a
. .

The L ms The Bur ni ng of t h e C pit ol

a a
t
Th Ba
n ng o e gr i . .

l fQ b Le wis n d Cl r ke s Exped it ion

’
tt
T a a
e e o ue ec . .

Th B An I nc ide nt O f t he Revolut ion

i a Fla
os t on rt y

Ba Na
e p e -
. .

l f L i g O l
a iad C ba
tt t
Ba Na
t on
l Ba l a Sa
e o ex n . ur on g .

l f B k Hill
a S a
tt e o un er . v tt e t nt go e u .

Ar nold ’
s Tr e s on . h h N
e rc h P l i ng for t e or t o e .

Exe r ci s e 3 Writ e ali l tt e hi s t ory of t he St t e in a whi ch y ou li v e

a
.

aa ad w i
.

Exe r ci s e 4 . Pre p re n out line , n r te b ri e f hi s t ory of

Your n a
i t ve t own .

The c it y in whic h y ou li v e
a
.

The cit y of W shin gt on .

L E SSON XL I

I N C HC A P E RO C K

List en t o t he a
d in g of Robe r t Sou t hey
’
s t or y of Th e
a a
re s

I n chc pe Roc k T he n re t ell it t o t he

.
”
cl ss in y our own wor d s
wit h t he he lp of t he following ou t lin e :
I ntr oduction a
Cond it ion i aad hi of

la d a
. r , se ,
n s p .

Wh h h l Abb b ll h ot t -r
oc k

aa i da
y t
a
e o y p ce e on e .

H w h l k d
t c er t

S Ral h wa
o e se oo e on n y .

ir lk h d k pm m d s t e ec in e rr y oo .

Pr opose s t o h Abb t ot

h b ll f m h fl a
v ex e .

C t t
a ad
ut s t e e ro e o .

H is v oy g ,
e s u cc e ss ,
n r e t urn .

A m d
h a
s t or e n c ou n t e r e

a
.

A i b h
nx et y R k ou t t I nc
af h h
p e c e oc .

ip
a
F te o t e s .

Conclus i on . Effe ct on Sir R lph .

 S T O R I ES FRO M P O EM S 3 05

L E S S ON XL I I
T HE AF RI C A N C HI E F

a
Re d t he s t or y of Th e Afr ic aCh ie f by W C Br y a
nt

a
n . .

The n t e ll it t o t he cl s s , us in g t he followin g ou t lin e .

I n tr odu ct ion a A a a
De s cr ipt ion of c t i Hi st ory
a
.
p ve .
ppe r n ce . .

R m m for fr ee d o Offe r s
aad
e q u e st e nt s

a
. or n .

Th e r e fu s l i nt e n t i on of c

ai a
n pt or s .

Dis c los ur e of ld le d h ir
w a a
go c o n c e n .

R ed , nd re i
a
e qu es t r e ne

A a
son s g v e n .

d
i d i b t ld t k
a
g n e n e ,
u go e n .

Conc lus i on . Eff ec t on t h e ch ie ft i n .

L E S S ON XL I I I
THE W HIT E -
FOOTED D E ER

Re d aW C Br y a nt s
’
s t or y Of The Whit e Foot e d Deer
a ai l
-
. . .

The n wri te it s if y ou we re t ellin g it t o l tt c hild The

a
e .

followin g ou t lin e will be he lp .

1 Th e t ime ad la A a a f d ad h ha b it 2 3
ad a T a f h I di a
n p ce n ce o ee r n er s
. . .
ppe r . .

Th e prot e c t io n O t e f h m d i 4 it t 5
6 Hi fa
cot t

a
ge e . . r on O e n ns . .

Th e h u nt e r s s u c c es s d m
’
l h 7 Th
’

a
. . s t s ot . . e re -
en s r e v e nge .

8 . De sol t i on .

L E S S ON XL I V
PA U L RE V E RE S ’
RI D E

aa
Re d n d r e t ell Longfe llows s t or y of P ul Re vere
’
a ’
Ride
a a aa aad
s .

I m gin e t h t y ou re P u l Re v e re t e lling t he s t or y t o
a
gr n

child You m y use t he followi n g out line

. .

1 . Th e t ime
Th e sign l ligh t
. 3 Th e Ob j e c t of t he ri de
2 . 4 a . . . .

Your lis t e n ing fr ie nd s disc ov e r t h e mov e me nt s of t h e Bri t ish 5 You r

a a aaa aa
. .

imp t ient w t chin g 6 The sign l t l s t ! You mou nt nd re off !

. .
3 06 L Es s O N S I N EN G L I S H

7 . Th e r id e to Med ford . 8 . Le xi ngt o n v ill a aa

ag ,
e it s ppe r nce . 9 . Th e
r id e e nd e d . 10 . The r e su lt .

L E S S ON XL V
N A U H A U G HT , T H E D RA GO N

Re d aad s t u dy a c r e fully Wh itt ie r s ’

s t or y of N aa u h ugh t ,

a Ma
n

The De
”
Th wi t e i t fr om t he following ou t lin e ke
ad a
con . en r .

s e ve r l ire c t qu ot t i ons .

aa ad h 1 N uh u gh t is c ir c u mst a 2 His dr e m a 3 He vis its

a H ad
. n n ce s . . . .

h is t r ps 4 is 5 Th ou gh t s of h ome of his need s 6

a H d a
. . s u cce ss . . n . .

H is pr y er 7 fin t h e pur se 8 Th e c o nfli ct wit h t empt t ion

Ra
. . e s . . .

9 for kee ping t h e mone y ; for n ot kee pi n g it 10 The n o bl

a wa
. e son s . . e

r esolv e 1 1 He v is it s t he inn n d fi n d s t h e owne r 1 2 The re d

ah al
. . r . . .

13 . Hi s fe elin gs s e goe s h ome . 1 4 The

. n ge .

L E S S ON XLV I
Pr e p aa re n
”
o ut lin e ad n r e pr o d u c e fr om it t he s t or y Of

The Fr os t .

THE FRO ST
THE Fros t looked for t h o n e s t ill, c le a r n igh t ,

a
An d he s id , Now I sh ll be ou t of
i h a t
a ad
g ;
S

S h h h ll h h t e igh t

ll am wa
o t r oug t e v ey n ov e r e

t ke
’
I n s ile n c e I
ha a
y y .

wll bl like t u s t e r i n g t r in ,

la
i
a
I t
a
n ot

h wi d a
go

w d h i t he b i
a
d the
W ma m h b l a
T e n n s no ,
n t e r n,

ho d i ke us t e in in
ll b a a
so uc n n o se v
”
B b t he y
’
ut I e s us y s .

Th h w m aad wd d e nt t o t he ou n t in it s c re s t ,

ad h b h d
en e n po e re

H l mb d e ir be r e ss e d

b a
h i t r e es , t
m d a
t
W hda a l a
e c e up e n oug s

it d d i the st

lab a
on n e r s n ove r re
s p ,

h l mm d i e ri ng ke
a
O f t
a ma ha
e g e spre

A i d of l, t t it n ot fe
ma a a
t
h d w wa
co n ee r

T d i f
aad a
t
ha ma
n n o ny s pe r
e o r po

r gi n , f
a k w ld ai h a
T h h t e u n g on it s r n ne r ,

Wh d ere r oc ou re r ts e .
3 08 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

C HAP TER V

D E S C RI PT I O N S

L E S S ON XL V I I I
P I CT URE S I N A PO E M

MID S UMME R “

Thr ough a ll t he long mi d s umme r d y a

a m a a
-

Th e dow sid e s r e swee t wi t h h y

d a
e -
.

I see k l t he c oole st sh e t ere t,

ld a
se

J w d m
h e r e t h e fie fore st
d ba
ee t ,

ll a
ust

a
n

Wh wh i d l
aa a ad
t t t
h a
e re p n
g o
r e r ee s n e n ,

T e n c ie n t o ks us te r e nd gr n
a bl
,

An d fri ngy r oot s n d peb es fr e t

T h e ripple s of the riv ule t

wa a
.

I m w t ch t h e t h ey go
all aa
o er s , s

T h r oughw d w
t he t gr ss , h it e sleeve -
ro .

Wit h e v e n s t r oke t h e ir sc y t he s t hey s wing ,

I n t u ne t h eir mer r y wh e t s t one s ri ng .

Behin d t h e n imb le y ou ngs t e r s r un ,

a
An d t os s t h e t h ic k sw t h s in t he s un
a a aa
.

Th e c t t le gr ze , whi le , w r m nd st ill,
aa a
Slope s t h e b r o d p s t ure , b sk s t he hill,
a
And b r ight , wh er e summe r b r ee ze s br e k,
wh a i kl lik a la
‘

Th e gr ee n e t cr n es e ke

fl a
.

Th b d b mbl b
la aw d wi h m
e ut t e r y n u e ee

C m h
a
o e to t e p e s n t oo s t e ;
Q i l b
u ck m h il e for e

a
y e ru n s t e qu ,

H hi k
er c k k b hi d hc l e ns s ul e n t e r i ;
Hi h h l w d i i
ad fli
g up t e one oo p
-
ge on s ts,
A d h w d
n tk e oo pe c er pe ek s n ts .

Cop y r i gh t e d by Ho u gh t on , M ifli in 8c 0 0 . Bos t on.

 D ES C R I P T I O N S 3 09

Swee t woodl ad m n u si c s i n ks ad w
n s e lls ,

Th e br ooklet it s t i n klin g e lls ,

r i n gs b
Th e a
sw rmi n g in se ct s d r one nd h u a m
a a
,

The t i d b t i t t h bb i d m
aa
p r r ge e s s r o n g r u .

Th e squi rr el le ps m on g t h e b ough s ,

a a
An d ch t t e r s i n h is le fy h ou se
a ad
.

The ori ole fl sh e s by ; n ,

look !
I nt o t h e m b irr or of t h e r ook ,

Wh ere a b m
t he a i n blue ir d t ri hi s t,
a aad a
v s co

Two t in y fe t h er s f ll n flo t .

J . T Tr owbridge
. .

Exe r ci s e 1 — Thi s poe m i s full of be u t iful pict u re s a a

M r k t he lines
a a a
. .

t h t ple se b d m m i h m m m Th e n , c losin g

a a
t
a
y o u e st ,
n co t t e o e o r y .

t h e b ook , wr it e m d e s cr ipt ion of t h e pi ct u r e t h t y ou see os t cle r ly

a
.

A w
Exe r ci s e 2m t h e se i bout t h e poe ot h e r

a a maa
. ns er q u e s t on s , or

qu e s t i on s t h t y our t e c he r y sk :

W a
1 m a ba d W a
h t is t h e d i e n in g of l hy h t h e poe t u se t in
a k w wa a m a
. n s

kin g of i ? 2 D o y ou h t us t e re ns ?

A a a w
t
a
spe p n e r ee s . no e

W
ll t ree s b ust ere ? 3 h y is
“
fr e t
”
d or d t o d e s cr i t he
aa a W a
re .
goo e

w m Ofb t he r iv u le t ? h t ot h e r or d s igh t e u s e d i n it s

a Wa aw
ppe r nce

l ce ? m 4 h t d oe s “
ni ble
”
t e ll y ou t h t ould n o t b e t old b y

a W a awa
p
i k b u sy ,
”
b r i sk ,
” “
c t iv e h t is th? 6 Is
“ ”
5
aa a aw a
qu c , or . s .

w
c r i n k le s t h e be s t or d t o d e s c r ib e t h e of h e t fie ld
aaw a
ppe r nce

l ke w W
hen s u dd e n ff f ind s t r ikes it ? hy i
a w
n ot u s e

W ad
or pu O q u v e r s ,
“
w
r ipple s ,
” “
b illo
“ ”
? 7 h t ils d o he n
ad H w a
s, or t os se s . o y o u n g q u

t hey w “
s ku lk
”
? I s t he or d li ? 8
W a a
t
a
ev e r pp e o pe r s on s o c . n

b r ookle t r in gm t in kli ng bells

”
? 9 h t is
“
t h r obb in g
”
dru
ad w ma a
.
,

n w
h y i s t h is t h e
d b r igh t or d to e sc r i e t he s ou nd de by t h e p r

t r id ge ?
W a
10 d b w d ad mm W a
h t is t h e i ff ere nc e r oni ng hu in g ? h t
W a
et

maa a mm
. ee n n

ki n d s O f i n se c t s ke d r oni n g s oun d ? hu ing sou n d ! 11 h t is

m a a w a dt
.

t he n in g O f W ch t t er h e n it is li ? h y i s it
ma a
e pp e o pe r so n s

l u se d W he r e of t he n oi se de by squ ir r e l? h y is
a
12
a da
p p y
r o e r .

fl sh e s Wu se d i n d e s cr ib in g t he ori ole ? hy rt s

W a
n ot s y or

a
dli d bi h t t hi n k is t he poe t in d e scri
”

ad li i hi
13 s
’
g es . o y ou s p p
u r o e ng

ll bj
of t he s e o? e ct s n v ng t n gs ? I s be su c ce ssful
3 10 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

L E S S ON XL I X
S TU D Y O F A PO E M

MI D W I NT E R

Th e spe ckle d sky i s d im wit h sn ow,

a aaa
The ligh t fl ke s f lt e r nd f ll slow;
a aa a
At h w r t t h e hill t op, r pt nd p le ,
ail
-

S ile nt y
l d il
A d a ai h
r ops s v er y v e ;
l hl t lle y ut in
a aad hi
n e v s s

B fly i c ke r i ng c ur t in s gr y n t n .

B h
ut c il h h a d ic k
ad
ee r y t e C ee

Si h
nge t m f to t r ee ;
w a il a d h m a
e on e nc e n

Th h i i
Whi ah d w a l wi
e sn o s s r ou n s e s n gs ,

n of
’
te s t e o nge s ngs .

I wa h h l w fla ah fa ll ke s
ad b k wa
tc t t
O ba a
e s o s ey

d bnk ll
r ie r

ha d wa a
n n n ro en ;
O ve rh t e or c d b w r ,
st e n ro n,

All i l l h l d w t e y se t t e

h al b h a d a
n o se e s s y o n,

Ti i h
w f lma a
pp ng t e pp e ou g s , n e c
-

Li h g t qu ivie r ng t ig o p u d h n pe c

O fa d b a d b w f
a
n t ur n c ur n o e r oo
r -

Th w m d i w f it s
a wi h a a
s t or

wa
e sno -
spre s v or y oo ;
I l h d l k;
d a d a
t p ve s t pe r t g
e r en

A d l l ov i ng lk t t t e re st

m i ma w a
n y r ou n

A d i sh v e r n g s t e
i ts i
A ma aa ll l a
n g c e v es

n t le f ir s iy -
e ve s .

Th h d d b h ma ll a d lw iv e ,
S a a ma
e oo e ee -
s n o ,

d like
d w i in t h e
ha
t
la
n s en sno ;
A d h d d b
ol f hi d is l
la
t
U d a a ba l d
n e oor s -

n er n st er i .

0 Copyr igh t ed b y Hough t on , Mi fli i n Co .

, B os t on .
312 L ES S O N S IN EN G L I SH

SUMMER WI NDS
aad d w
Up t h e d le t h e b ourne ,
m a
n o n

O d w w w t he ift fly ;
’

ad ww m
er e o s e

No ww e si n g , n no e ourn ,

Nowwe wh ist le ,
no wwe sigh .

a
By t h e gr ss y fri n ged riv e r , -

Thr ough t h e r e e ds w weep

aw i
e s ,

Mid t he lily le
aw
-
ves e qu ve r ,

To t h e ir v er y he rt s e c r ee p .

Exe r ci s e 2 a
d h f ll w
As y ou
d ing e s c r ipt ion t ry t o pic t ur e
d a a a ah a
t
aa
. re e o o

i n y our mi n s y ou c n t e l k e , t he
c le r ly mou nt in s, n d t h e
a ak
s

ro d The n c h oose fr om t he followin g j u s t t h e r igh t wor d s t o fill t h e bl n s :

a
.

b r u pt lyl i i l l
s t eep t s h ee r soft

aidl
y pr e c p o u s y y
el
g tn lw y wi l f i s o ly s ft y ur ously r p y

h la k i a
b fif mil l ad h a d f i fa
a Th m a a daad mb ad
T out i ty t s t er n e n t
a
e e s e s on g, n e e o ru ns r n

m h m t ou n t in s oun t in s rk

ma wa hai ma a
on g e . e se r e v er y n so er , n

d
t h e ir i f m
si t he rgi n O f t he l
al m aa
t er t t
d a
so n ny
e s r se ro p ce s

h i l h d d for t e sh or e In
k i aa d a h m
t
a ha d h a ad a a
e re s sc r ce y r oo ro on g . ee , y ou go ge n e r

ll t t tm of t l st e t
a m m l l a h la B
y o en e e n er ; n s y o u v n ce , e ou n

t in to d sh u t wh in et e t t he of t ke ut

a h d aaw a
se e s y ou co p y en e . en

ge t llto t b ope n i n g efore

a ha d a
y ou ne r e en , y o u see n rr o v ey y ou ,
wh i hm
it ih g d h R R fl wi
n s o n e it h e r ive r h on e
ad b aif l bak i h middl f i
ou nt n ,
n t e o ng v e r y

b w et een gr ee n n e ut u n s n t e e o t .

L E S S ON LI

RE A D I N G F AC E S

Exe r ci s e 1 a h d Wh a Not ic e t h e e xpr e ssi on t he f c e of t t

i m a Ca awi l d b i Wha
. on e og .

d d m w d n? fin th t l es c r i t?
w ld h ai h
t
a Wh ha h a
oe s e n y ou so e or e t
ld wf h li l k? h e pu t is p on t e

a l a D
tt e
a
ou e s y e c ou spe y s

l
i k n ee ? hL ook t t h e gir f h k
’ ’
t i s e i s t r y i n g t o t e se

Ca d aw d h a a fa
g r s s ce . O y ou n

t hed og ? will d
n ib h
y o u fin ny or or p r se th t es c r e er ce ?

h i 7 F d a w d— h a
Tu r n t o t 3 in
a fa S gg t w d why d y
Ex e r c i s e 2 c t u r e s on 1
ha a
. e p p . . or or p r se

t wi l
t d b l ex —c t ly e s cri e e ch ce . u es or s o ou

choose Wh y d o y ou r e e c t
j ?
3 14 L ES SO N S IN EN G L I S H

a a d ma a
me mbe r it dist inc t ly ‘
3 Aft e r h v in g h
aa
t he
a di
t t e ri l for y o ur
a l
re . .
g er e

d e sc r ipt ion , d rr h n ge it i n or er c cor ng t o on e of t e

pl n s or o ut i n e s

gi v e n

a
.

T 4 h in k b w
e v e r y s e n t e n ce
b r e fu lly t h rough e for e e gi n ni ng

A a wa a a aa a a
rit e

aa
. c to
it h t y ou i h
a
te p c c or di ng it pe r
a ba
rr n ge s y n se p r r
.
gr p ,s s

t ins t o on e or j n ot h e r r n ch Of y ou r s ub e ct

m a aa
.

U 5 w w or d or e xpr e ss ion of hich t h e ni n g or t he li i

a a aad b
. se n o e pp c t on

is n ot c le w t o y ou 6 Le to se le c t or d s th t ex ct ly e s cr i e

a w
th e
a
r . . rn

w
lit y t o hic h y ou
d i sh t o r e fe r Do n ot be t oo pr ou t oo l
a a
q u .
n or zy to
u se d i c t ion ry

a a aw a
.

A d7 v oi in w ll y our l h e t h er s poke n or r it t e n , e v e r y s l n

b a a ab a b a a
n gu g ,
e
.
g
e xpr e s si on — n ot o nly us e s l n g is v ulg r , ut lso it is
a a a b a
ec ec use

gr e w
t hin d r nc e t o t h e gr o th o f on e s v o c
’
ul r y .

W a a w aa a ad a
Exe r ci s e 1 r it e if for fr ie n d h o is t dist h
a aad a
. s n ce n s

n e ve r vi s it e d y ou c le r n v iv id d e scr i pt i on of y o u r schoolho us e nd

m
s choolr oo

(a a w aa
.

1 De sc ribe t h e bu i ldi ng :
) it s loc t i on ; h e t h e r ple n t , c onv e n

a a a
. s

ien t , () nd () b It s s u rr ou n d i ngs ; y r d , t r ee s , et c It s
a ma aa a a a( )
so on . . c g ,
e

s iz e , sh w m
t er i l; r c h it e c t ur e , h e t h er pl i n or l d
aa m
e nt

a awa
pe , or n .

Th e e nt r n ce s , m d st ir s
y , c orr i d or s , rr n ge e nt of r oo s, r e ss i n g

r oom s , et c

m (a a a
.

2 b w
De sc r i
) b () S In h t p rt Of t he u ildi n g b i ze ,
a a m aa m
. e y ou r r oo : .

sh w w () d i do Fu r n it u r e ; ts, be r ,
a
e nt

a a a a a
pe ; o or s ,
n s . c se nu rr nge .

( )
d W d m m
lls , bl c kb o r ( ) S m m e nt s uch i en t s

a
s, p ,
s or n . e p ov e
r s

y ou c n s u gge s t .

a
Exe r ci s e 2m awa I n t he s e ge ne r l y d e s c ri b e

ad a
.

Th e ch u r c h b w 10 Th e l r ge s t pu blic u ild i ng i n to
waa
t t en
A a
y o u . . n .

Th e h ou se y ou liv e i n 11 r il

a m
. .
y c r .

Y m
ou r s it t i n g r oo A d 12 c hil r e n s
’
l
aa m A a
-
. .
p y r o o -
.

Y ou r gr m n df t her
’
s ho e . 13 . f r er s
’
kit c he n .

Am ill A 14 c ou n t r y s t ore

a aa d a a
. . .

Th e A ilr o t i on 15 n O ld

a
re s t r st r re t

A la m
ne . .
g .

a
b ck s it h
’
s s h op 16 Th e pu bli c lib r r y
m am A da a
. . .

1 8 A am bil
Th e gy n siu 17 i t ll
ba
. .
y n r o e y
-
c r .

T fi d
he ll el -
. . n ut o o e .
3 18 L ES S O N S I N EN GL IS H

L E S SON LV
‘

GE O G RA P H I C A L D E S C R I PT I O N S

The des cri pt ion of co un t r ies , c it ies , r iv e r s , moun t ins a ad

aa li i a af l b
,
n

of o t herl l di i i t re quir es

aa
t ur
aw ll a a ad d
n or po c v s on s c re u o s er

t ion
d i i di st u The or d e r

ma ad i h w b
v n n qu r y , s e s re ng n y .

in whi h h bj b c su c su ect s y e t re t e s s o n y t h e follo w

O U TL IN E S

I . A CI T Y OR TO W N

a Iad a wa
I i t u t i on Cou nt y st t h e like ; in s igh t of h t
a m a aa
te
a
. . n or on or

sh or e , d m
r i ve r , i l ke , ou n t in , ilro i p t nt c it y vi ng

a ad d
r ,
or or g
d ist i r e c t i on
A a a a maw m
n ce n .

II I iz e nd l t i on , red it h ot h e r c it y

a i a b a
. . re p p
o u co p so e

w V r ie t y of nh it
a R a Q a ad d
to nt s

am a
or n . .

II I ire c t ion Pr in cip l

a aad a a
. I tr e et s nd o ds . u li t y n . e ns

of ch t i on
a
tr n spor t

a a a ba
ppr o n .

IV W m Buildi n g s nd Pu b li c ork s Nu be r nd ch ct er Li
ab d m
. . r . r ry ,

t ffi c ou r t h ou s e , c h u r ch e s , sch oolh ou se s , r ks , ri

aa a
po s o-
c e ,
-
p g ,
e s on u

m If l c e of n ot e t he
a
e nt s , e t c

Maa wa d
.
p re s on .

V mm
L e ding in d u s t r y n uf c t u re s h t ki n Co
w w aa A wa d
. . . er c e

it h h t pl ce s i l h
aa
t t uct s

C a a
g r c u u r e pr o. .

V I Surr ou n di n g sb h r c t e r of t h e su bu r t ur l
a
. . s; n s ce n e r y ;
l c e s of hi s t or i c i n t e re st
a
p .

H VII B m i s t ory r ie f e n t ion of s pe c i lly i nt e r e s t ing e v en t s , of

maa wh a d a
. .

re rk ble gr o t nd pr o s pe r i t y, o r of is st e r s .

II . A CO U N TRY OR S TATE

I a
S i tu t i on In r e fe r e n c e t o t he wh ole re gion ; t o ot h er st t e s et c a
a ad a a a
. . .
,

II I iz e Are le n gt h br e d t h s sh ow n b y c omp r i so n

a
. .
, or n , .

Po pu l t io n
aa a a a
.

I II P h y si c l F e t ure s Th mou nt in s , r iv e r s ,

a
su r f c e ,

C maa
. . e co s t ,

a
l ke s Th e li n d s oil

a a a
te

(a
. .

IV . Pr oduct s : ) m () ni l; b v e et
g ble ; (c) mi ner l .
3 20 L E S S O NS I N EN G L I S H

Exe r ci s e aaabj s w i a
aa li ad wi a
T ke h h c h ev e r of

fa
t
milia
. s su e t e se pr o c e sse s y ou re

wi h
r t , p ep re
r fi n out ne , n r te d e s cript i on o t .

S i a Tabl
e t t ng La aBaba ll G d i ou t

Ma a Mafa
e .
y gn se- r oun .

ki B d f P Th e c t u re o

Ha i a a
ot t er y

N w a
ng e . nu .

H P i i
Ca Pla
r nt n g

Ma a a
r nes s n g or se sp
. e pe r .

ki Ki ki T r e of

m Fa i Ga
te nt s

Ma aA H w Pla
ng . ng .

ki m to
H wa
te
B a B ild
ng n pr on . o y y v or e .

G i S p
e t t ng H hi s
a Ca f aCa a
u pe r . o e ve r u s ou s e .

S i
h oe H T he
a La a
ng orse . re o n ry .

B ld i
ui H T i i
T a
ou t

a D lla
c ourt

Ma
ng ou se .
y gn e n n s -
.

ki C Sil Th e oi ni ng of

Ma Ma
ng r ps . v er o r .

k Bi k
i ng r c ki sC i. Cl h ng ot t on nt o ot .

L E S SON LV I I

A P I C T U RE AN D A P O E M

Exe r ci s e 1 Aft er a
d h f l w
ing t t ol o i ng find in t he pi c t u r e ,
a a
. re e s or y

of De scribe h i m
”
Th e Congre ss Dogs , d like D Fin d ot h e r
ad Swall w a
rt

a
og . .

d ogs t h t migh t be Pr in c e n d l l o n it t e Music . How d o y o u

kn owwhich d ogs t o ch oose ?

a
On hi s mor ni n g r ou n d s t h e M s t e r
a a a
Goe s t o le r n h ow ll t hi ngs f re ;
a a a a
Se r c h e s p s t ur e ft e r p st u re ,
aa a
Sh ee p n d c t t le e y es wit h c re ;
a
An d , for s ile n ce or for t lk ,
a a a
He h t h comr de s in hi s w lk ;
aa
Four d ogs , e ch p ir of d i ffe r e n t br ee d ,
a
Dis t i ngu i sh ed t wo for sc e n t , nd t wo for spee d .

S a h ab h m ad e for e i st rte !
a a
ee re

O ff h fl i r n es t c h

a ad
t ey y n e se ;
E d i h
ai a
v ery og s e ge r -
e rte ,

All t h e fou r t he
h aw m
re n r ce

A d t he re ho t h e y pu r su e ,
wh a d
n

K w m i
h ma
fr o i n s t n ct
a
no s t to o;
H h i k
lik a aw h i a
er ope s ne r : no t u rn s e es ;

B ut , e k n rr o , to t e r ve r t es .
3 26 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

L E S S ON LX

L I S T E N I N G DO GS

Exe r ci s e 1 — Th e t wo
a a b li
.

d ogs ppe r t o e s

i m
t e n n g t o so e
ha m
d so u n

t f m w h
t c o es r o it in
t h h Wh a h t is t
d ad wh aa
e o use .
e

s ou n n t c u se s

it ? I f t h e r e is so me pe r
in t he h ou se , t e ll
ad whah
so n

wh o it is t
a
n e

( h )i d i
or s e s o n g or s y
i D ib hi t
a aa
ng e sc r e
. s pe r

If h t
wh awill h
s on . e ppe rs

t h d t
aad whawill h
e oor e

s y, n t t e

d ogs d o ?
Ex e r c i s e 2 De
ai
.

s c r ib e b r ie fl y t h e tt
t u de s of t h e t wo d ogs .

Ex e r c i s e 3 .
— Fin d
in t h e pi c t u r e on p 3 2 1 .

t wo d ogs whi c h close ly

mble t h e se Poin t
a
r e se .

ou t t he mbl
ad diff
r e se n ce s

n e r e n ce s .

S pp
Exe r ci s e 4
ha ha a a
. u os e

t t y ou k t
ah f h d
ve en

t t
am aI
e se o gs
sn p s o o
-

wi h t
a
y ou r c er . n

t ki h pi t c t ur e

dali l wa
ng e y o u

s t oo b hi d tt e y e n

t h e m, but j u st be for e
d t h e bu t t on
al
y ou pr e s se

y ou wh is t led sh rp y .

De s c r ibe t h e pic t ur e t h u s
a
t ke n .
3 28 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

CHAPTER V I

E X P L A N AT I O N S

L E S SON L XI I

A N E X A M P L E O F E X P L A N AT I O N

a af ll
Re d t h f ll w i e xpl n aa
i ad b t p p ed a
aw h
c re u y e o o n g on n e re r

to ns er t e qu e s t i on s be low :

You will oft e n a a

d i a books , me sur in g t h e h eigh t of
of

a la a a
re ,
n

m i
ou n t h lf n , or ot ty p by t h e b rome t e r ; n d t o mos t people
am la a
er o ce ,

hi i i Th te i f i i th w t
ah i
t t
a
s s q u y s e r y . e e xp n on o s, o ev er , v e ry

im l I i hi Th d d
t ll id b h e rt

a a
t
a ha
y t
wi h a
s p e . s s: e s s ur r ou n e on s es e

m t h wh i h h h li h i t d t ce rt t
id a d a
o s p er e , c ou g v e ry g , s n e g , n

wi h bl f t h d p upon t

ha
c on s er e or ce gr u n n on ev e ry
pr e s se s e o ,
u

hi i d it If h w f m h to t d
af i a wh ada
t t t
a
ng s e xpose .
,
o e v er , y ou go u p ro e gr ou n ,

n st m i h hi h ou nt t
aa
s, or n ce , en y o u s ce n n, e g er y o u go ,
h l h i t Th i i ll b d f h y to
ah l a
t ur e xpe c t e

i a
t t e
h a
e e ss e pr e ss u r e s . s s n e , or

hi h i i h b t t t o pre ss
N w a ba i a m a h
g er y o u go n su c c se , e ess r e re s ove y ou .

m i m e t er f h n st ru ent to t
aah m m m a h h a ld f i A
t
a
s n e s ur e ur
o ,
ro e pr e ss e o e

i j e t er t
a id bam i aki d i whi h h a
us t t t t
ai
r, s er o e s u re s e e or co n e ss o . n

i
eter

d f b aa
t
ba d a di ai p
ne r o ro s n n c e r pr e s ses on c ur

l i d i
ai d l k h had f a
c ont r v e t
wa
ou s y r n g or n o r ss , n cc or ng s r e sse s

m l i m t h whi h i i t tc
la h fa f
or e or e ss , ov e s n n ex e e n o ,
c s

d it
h a
t
Th wai wh i h m a h
p ce on e ce o .

i m n st r u to
l k ah
e nt t
f a a
e y n c y ou u se s u c n e su re e

h i h t m i i hi Y ou n t i m wh t t t nst r u e nt

a ah b m f h m a
e g o n s s: ou oo e en

i b f b i
a ad h w ad Th i a
y o u re t t e ot t o o t e ou nt n, e or e y ou eg n y o u r

m a
li l i d lik
it h h
ad f a a
st tt t
wa w
s c en t , n see o n s . ere s e n ex e e ou r

h i s y ou set t t h e poi n t wh er e
a
b T t ch , h i ch i s le
ad w aah
h n o ov .

a am
t he h i d ot er n ex s t n s h en y ou re t t e foot of t he mount i n .

Then you begin your scent . You shut u

p y ur
o b ro eter if you
 EX P L A N A T I O N S 3 29

a ad
2 4 ple se , i aa i a b awh l it kn ps ck , or n
awill fi d
t
aW
n pu n y our ox, or ny er e e s e

2 5 y ou ple f he re ve r i h h i
ad a ad a aa
se .
y ou pu t t t e pr e ss ur.e o t e r n

it m h t e t o it , d u lly r ise fr o
fa
26 out ,

a
n pe n e t r n s y ou gr t e sur

27 d
ce of w t hed w e rt h , t he in hi ch i s it h t h e
b a awa d a
i e x, c onn e ct e c u r ou s

28 m w r i n g, m slo ly b c k s t h e pr ess ur e d i i ni she s

a a a
r ss ov e s r .

29 m Thi s ot ion c ont i n ues s lon g s y ou c ont in u e sce ndin g I f y ou

al l la ma a a al a l l
.

30 m to it r e in s st t ion r y s ong s t h e eve

wa d a ad b
co e e ve p ce ,

31 c on t in ue s
d d I f y ou t hen
aaaa a
it goe s for lit t le , e gi n s

ad
. e sce n ,
r n

32 t o go mb c k g in s
b e gin Th e n ,
a
to
a ad
soon s y ou o n c e or e sc e n .

33 w m
h e n y ou get t o t h e t op of t he in , y ou look t it ,
a wm
ou nt

aam d
n y ou

b a a aa
3 4 see t on ce h o u ch t h e pr e ssur e m of t he ir h s d i ini sh e Fr o
la a
.

35 t hi s , y w n e sy c lc ul t ion , y ou t e l t on c e ho high y ou h ve

36 m co e

Wh a a w a w aw d
.

1 t is it t h t t h e r it er is t r y in g t o e xpl in ? I n h t
W a
. or s

d w
h e t e ll t his ? W h t d oe s t he r it er t e ll u s in lin e s 4 1 0 ?
— hy
a a b
2
a a Wa
oe s .

d he hi d i h h t he e nd ? 3 h t
ba
h i
a
t t t t t
wa m a
oe s sy s n n n g r e r n oe s
e e g .

h e t e ll
b l m W
ou t in i ne s 1 1 1 6 ? To
— h t is t h e et er co r ed ? hy ?
W a H wa
ro p
4 b w
h t is t h e w m in s t r u
a
d iffer e n c e t h e se t e nt s ?

w a
et

W a d
. ee n o o re

t h eyli ke ? C 5 h t is t ol in li ne s 1 7 3 6 ?
— ould h v e u nd er s t ood

af a aa d A
. e

thi d m rt i it h w fir s t ? 6 Not ic e t h e or d s th t
a a d a
s p co e . r e use . re

t h er e d
ny t h t y ou o n ot u n er s t nd ?

a m w
Exe r ci s e 1 a a w
— Expl in t o h o is y ou nge r t h n y ou r e h o
am a a w
. so e on e

m t h e h e igh t of it h ou t cli bin g t o t h e t op of it

a a w a will aa
y ou c n e sur e t r ee .

B e for e
l w t d ki n g r it in g con s i c r e fully h t y ou nd in
wad wl a
or er s y
h t or er y ou il s i
y t .

ai
Exe r ci s e 2 w a aa i al w Expl ho fish nd it self in t h e
wa
. n c n r se o er

te r .

ai
Exe r ci s e 3 wa b aaa la a wi d
. Expl n ho o t c n s i g in s t t h e n .

L E S S ON L XI I I

D I RE C T IO N S FO R E X P L AI N I N G

In or der to e xpl a
i a hi ny t we mus t fi rs t a am ke th t
ai w aa
n ng su r e

aa
we well w
a la
un de rs t n d t v ery ou r s elv es , for ho c n ri t er

hope to m ke cle r to others Wh t is not c e r t him lf? o se

330 L ES S O N S IN EN GL I S H

When we a haw d ad h bj w h ld t t e rs t t ect ,

hi k f a w wa aa i a
re s ure e un n e su e s ou

t n ll h diff o hi b t e d e ren t t n gs e nt to s y ou t t n

se th md w it h i d t
d wa b i a la a a al wha
e o n n e r ro
p p e r or er .

A i i t t to st te ex c t t
i i w m a lai a la
goo y o e g n n e xp n on s y
t d h ww d i i
n t o e xp Th in t en to t
aw w i i i w ll b ai
s e e n n o e e xp n . en

s e r hte t s e to o se rv e t e se pr e c u t on s :

U 1 h im l sela a tibl e S p e s t n gu ge po s s e

aaim
. .

T ll
2 hi e on e t ng t t e

F ll w a la
. .

3 d fi i o o e n te p n

whi h h a d d
. .

4 T ll h i he d t ings n t e or er in c t ey r e n ee e

C m a h la
. .

5 hi b i d wi h m hi l t t to t et

ad a l a d k w a af a m l a ba
. o p re e ng e e xp ne so ng e s e

whi h h t b m ou t

wi h a
c e re er re y no s s, or e x p ,
e ro

e t er h m m t t er o e t er .

Exe rc i s e 1 An old f a
h i one d me d y for blee d is t o pu t l r ge aa
a a h a
.
-
s re n o se -

br d oor key o n t he b c k of t ne ck An ot h e r r e me d y is t o t ke
a a h a
ss -
e .

seve r l lo ng br e t h s on e r ig t ft e r t he ot h e r . Fin d wh y e it h e r of

h
t m d b h m ie s , ot h of t s h ou ld c he c k t h e ble e ding The n
ma a a l laa ad
e se re e or e ,
.

ke i f m c r efu e xp n t on or s o eo ne wh o d oe s n ot u n de r s t n .

S m
Exe r c i s e 2 a ft e r se e i n g a
fla f sh o li gh t n i a ll
ad la
te
al l w l h w a a wa wa
. o e pe r s o n s ng c n

in it t hi f i t Fin d h owt h is i s d on e , i
ad i
e e o r y s . n e xp n

it t o so me o ne wh o d oe s n ot u n de r s t n t .

Exe rc i s e 3 . Expl in t o a a y ou n g fr ie n d of y ou r s h ow t he gr ph o a
ph o n e r e pr od u c e s t he s ou nd of t he v oi c e .

Exer ci s e 4 Wh ich is t h e br igh t e s t s t r in t h e h e a av e ns ? Le a

a
. rn

wh e re it is . Expl i n t o some on e h ow t o fi n d it .

Ex erc i se 5 a
Expl in h ow t h e Nor t h St ama b f d b o
a
. r y e oun y n e

Who is lost on t he pl i i ns or n t h e deser t .

33 2 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

a
() Tw m a a m i li a h
t in bli s t eni n g

wa a
ee t ng

Wh a
o en on c e s pu c to s peec .

Wh h m i t ee t ng di y k id t o t h e ot her , t d t hin
f h ap a a
en e s ove r , one s ou

h? H m d d m
is fr ie nd re plie d , It in e of popl
a a waaad b a b
t t
a
o s ee c re e r t ree
t h t gre w i n my f t her rd
’
s or ch . It s t ll n e ut iful, ut it
”
bor e n o fr uit .

()
b aAmf am a b i la w i a to n e igh

aaid whi h h a d ha ha d
r er on ce c e o r ng y ,
e r e xpr e ss n g gre t
for d j O i
a
e nt f u st

a a a
con ce r n n cc c e s ppe n e . ne o

id h h m
“
b d b l b
”
k ll f i d
la k wh w a ma a a
y ou r oxe n , s e, s e en gor e y y u n un uc o ne , n

I h ld b d m ito I to ke y ou re p r t on ”

aa h li d h la ad will
s ou e g no o .

Y “
ll w w v ery on e s t fe
”
t e
aa bl h a
ou re o ,
r ep e y ,
e r n n ot

hi nk it I f i
a
t t t e xpe ct on e o n r e t urn

h aj a
u nre son e y our oxe n .

I i
“
m t i b id h m t B us t c e , to
”
t f
ha
ut

wh ad d I a I mi b ll h a
s no or e n e s u re , s e r er .

t i k m lf I i
s y ? kill dss po e y se . t s you r u t t s e

a
one of m ”

id h la ha a aIm i i
y oxe n .

I d d w l h
aa
“ ”
t t t t er s t e ust

h a
n ee ,
s e y ,
e r c se . n qu re

i d if ff ir ,
la I fi d w ld h a
nt o t
a
e n

A d im d h m h b i f
”
if !
a ha aa
n e xc e t e r er ; t e u s n ess , n , ou ve

b l d d wi h d b d t d j i
ou t y to us t ce to
a ai f m h m
een c on c u e n y o u een s re o
”
ot h er s s to ex ct t ro t e .

L E S S ON L XV I

SOME P AS S AGE S TO BE E X P L AI N E D

A y oun g fr ien d of in his a am

ding h t he
a
y ou r s re s co e u pon

followin g lin es of t He doe s n ot kn ow pr e c isely wh t

a
poe r y .

t he y me
la a ah a fa
n .

Exp i h m t t o hi m so c le l il t h t e c nn ot to u n der

ahm
n e r y
st n d t e .

a awa
The ke y of y e st e rd y I t hr ew
a
y ,

An d nowt o d y ,
w fa l d a
-

B f m to
’
s t c ose t
H l I wa
e or e -
or r o s g e

i
a
t,
ai a
ope ess

w
al
In vi i n t o pr y , n v n to sorr o ;
Only the key of yesterd y un ocks t o morrow .
 A PO EM T O L EA RN 333

(b) We kn ownot fully wh aw a t

wh a
e re

S ill l
t w mi h b t t
h aa a
e ss e g e ;
B ut i f m h f n t v oi ce s t f
Dim la a
e r ro e r

d b d h n s ey on t e se .

() Y a wa ’
d l to e t ect

A ha a
0 ou r e y s s u r e

mi h hi l m t t fo ks os t ffect
B a d a i i
s n e n gs

wh d r e n o s e st

alwawi k wi h wa
e n - po s en ry ,

A d n y ou k y s n t y our e e st e y e .

L E S S ON L XV I I

A PO E M T O L E AR N

a
J mes Whit comb Riley l l a
a wa
,
o
p pu r y
known The Hoosie r Poe t
aa
s , s

born Gr e en fie ld , I n di in 1 853
ai h H i
In n ,
.

Mos t of his t
di a ad a di i i h d b h i
v e rs e s re n e oos e r

l ect , s t n gu s t
ad a ad h i
n re e y e r

h m l h m h t t
m i a
o y u or n os , n e r
e p
l h hm Hi fi b k tf rst

wa
us c r y . s oo o

m Th Old Swimmi Hl ’ ”
o n o e, s
p e s e

pu blis h e d in 1 883 .

J AMES W HITC O MB RIL EY

THE P RAYE R P E RFE C T

De aL d ! kin d L or d !
G a a
r or

i L or d ! I pr y
a
r c ou s

Th wilt look on ll I love ,

da
ou

T d l t !
W d h i h a f wa
en er y o -
y
i t rt s o

S a a
ee e r e e r ne ss

wa
a aW
c t t er e v er y c re

Down
a
'

k e of ngel -
ings
Winnowing the ir .
334 L ES S O N S IN EN GL I S H

Bring t he wing
a m a
u nt o sorr o

All r ele i fr o
a
p n ; se

Le t t he li ps of l ught e r
Over flo i waa
w a
g n ;
And d
it h ll t h e
a
nee y
O div i d I pr y ,
a a
e,

This sur e of cont e nt

am a
v st t re
Th t is i n e t o—d y !

a— A chi ld t o wh om t h is poem h s bee n re d wishes t o kn ow a

aa a
Exe r ci s e
a a a
.

wh t is me nt by t he l st t h re e line s of t he fir st st n z Expl i n t h em
aa a a a a a
.

t o h im s c re fu lly s y ou c n Use s imple wor d s nd m ke t h e me n

a aa a a
.

lso wh t is me nt by wee d t h e ir
a
in g per fe c t ly pl in Expl i n
a a a a
.

he r t s , nd Le t t he lips of l ugh t e r ov e r flow g in

”
.

L E S S ON L XV I I I

S TU D Y O F A POE M

ABO U BE N AD HE M

a a
Abou Be n Adh e m (m y h is t r ibe incre se 1)
a a a
Awoke one n igh t fr om dee p dr e m of pe ce ,
a
And s wwit hi n t h e moonli ght of hi s r oom,
Maki i i h a d lik a lil i bl m
A al w i i g i a
ng t r c ,
n e y n oo ,

b k f g ld
a a
t
a
n nge r n n oo o o .

E di h d m d B A d h m b ld
m h a
xce e p ng e ce e en e o ,

A d h id
i d i h a
h p i
a
t
Wha
n , to t e r e se n ce n e r oo ,
e s ,
“
wi h Th i i d
ou ? ts
A d wi h a a
t es t t
a
t
a
r e v s on r se e ,

l k m
t d f ll w d ee t

a
n ,
oo e o s ccor ,

A w d Th m f h
“
wh l h L d! t
Na
t
a
-

ns e re e n es o ose o ov e e or
,

A d i mi k d Ab
“
not so ,
”
ne on e ?
“

R li d h al Ab a
n s s e ou .
y,
k m lw
ill a d a ah h
ep e t e nge . ou s p e ore o ,

B h l id I t t
W i m a ha
ut c eer y st ; n s , pr y ee , en ,

r te el h i f ll wm
s one t t ove s s e o -
en .

a
a a
Merr i ll
a
Rh y mes o f Ch ildh oo d
F ro m c o py r i gh t e d , nd pub lish ed by t he B bbs
o -

om
C p y.
n I ndi n polis By perm is
. s ion .
3 40 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

aaa
Not ice t h t t he
b a sen t en ces ll ou t one t hi ng
wma
re .

S h w
en t en c e 1 t ells ho n y v esse ls t
wa w ma
us er e e re .

S e n t e n ce 2 t e lls h t t he v e sse ls de of

a
us er e .

S w w 3 t ells ho t he v e ss e ls ile d
a
e n t en c e

ab b a
us e re s .

A of s en t en ces th t e lon g t oge t he r t hey

aa a a aa aa
gr o u p e c use re

ll bou t id e is lled h
aa aa b a
on e c p r gr p .

w d
The fir st of h i lit t le t o t he r igh t

ma a
or p p r
s e gu n
gr

of t he rgin Th is is c lle d t he i ndenti on

a aa
. .

w The firs t b or d of e v ery h h ld i d t d

d aaa a a a
p r gr p s ou e n e n e .

A j m h i id t o h v e u ni ty Th is is us t t he
aa aa aa
goo p r gr p s s . s e

i bt h t ll of t he s en t e n ces in it ou t on e t hin g
A a aa w a
s s n
y g re .

b w m hw hic h is ou t t t hings , hi c h
a a a a
p r g p
r o or or e or

c on t in s s en t en ce s t h t do not be long t oget her , Id to l ck

abaaaa
Is s

u n i ty I t is d p h
R a aaa a
. r gr p .

e d t h is p r gr ph c r e fully :

a waa a
1 At l Th f h c e t h er e ferr y l n d in g 2 to
a b ildi a a i wa h
.
p on e s -
. . e erry -
ou se ,

eh
t wit h t h e r i ou s in in g t o t ,
bab
t
h d k a
pp t t op
d ala i wi h a a
g er v u n gs e r s on e

of t i d h id f t sin y t
wa a f a
t t
la
e e, n r ge p er sn u g n pr e y e s e o

i b lw Th i di 3 f m h fligh t i
ad a
t, st t to
l a a aia 4 A h m
e o . . er e s o rs e ng u p ro p
e e r

t hef h w di d in for t t e ti e
h ah a la h b awa
e rr y -
ou se , n so ng r o c rr ge s . .

m wt t b hi e st e j mi i fe rr y u st co

wi h a
t t t
aia b a
er e nt y t s p ce , e -
o s ng n

t d f c rr ge o n o r o it

Wh a h aaah ll a
.

Exer ci s e 1 h h b t is t e on e t ing t e p r gr p te s ou t ?

k a
.

Ta l k f m h
Exe r ci s e 2 wi d w f h h l m t t
aa aah a a ha
. e oo ro e !
n o o e sc oo -
r oo .

Th e nw b m h
r it e B in g t h t y ou
h ah ll a
ou t s o et

aa
p r gr p v e se en . e sur e

t t t b j hi
e sen t e n ce s re ou t us t on e t ng .

L E S S ON L XXI V

P A RAG RA P H S TO BE S E P A RAT E D

I n t he following sele c t ion a

aa a b
t h r ee p r gr phs h
a a iw
ve e en ru n

t oge t he r The fir s t t ells bou t Mrs Gr y s

’
of th e
a a
. on e . v e

t he moun t in , t he second tells bout her vie wof t he cit

y, t h e
3 42 L ES S O N S I N EN G L I S H

L E S S ON L XXV

O RD E R O F S E N T E N O E S

In a a
a d aaa h h h h m h e d il f m
a
t t t t
a a
o on e
g oo p r gr p e ou g s r c s y r

s e n t e n ce to not he r un t il t h e en d is r e c he d Th is is be c
d ad a a
. use

t he s en t e n c es re in t he r igh t or er n r e c onn e c t e d t oge t h e r

l
aaa
p p y
ro e r .

N o t ic e t he or de r of t he se n t e n ces in t he p r gr ph on p .

3 40
w aw a aaa a a
.

First , le h t t h e p r gr ph is bou t , t h t is , t he fe rr y
a N w aw a a e a a
e rn

l n d in g m e xt , e le rn h t is t t h l n ding, n ely , t h e

a a w aa
.

fe rr y h ous e , t he b i d t h b i Th i d l t
aa a w aa
-
p ,
e r n e s n r , e e r n o u .

t he fligh t of s t irs nd t he d Fou r t h , le bou t t h e

aa a
ro . e rn

h f t he fe rr y bo t
a
ppro c o -
.

N w t t 3 in t he pl ce of s en t e n ce 2 The or de r
a a
o pu s e n en c e .

i w Y
t h en c n n ot un de r s t n d sen t en c e 3 u n t il y ou

ab a a a
s rong . ou

h b t old ou t t he l n ding n d t he fer ry house

aaa aa w
ve ee n -
.

I n e v e ry good p r gr
ph t h e r e is r e s on hy t h e s en t en ce s

co me in t he or de r in which y ou fin d t hem .

Exe r ci s e 1aa a aa S w Re d c r e fully t h e followi ng p r gr ph h et h e r

a aw
. . ee

l in hy t he se nt e n ce s c ome i n j u s t t h is or der Tr y pu t t i n g
a a
y ou c n e xp .

s e n t e n ce W
1 in t h e pl ce of b d W se nt e n ce 2 hy c n n ot t his on e ? hy
aa
. e

sh ould se n t e n ce 4 n ot s t
d b m t t he e gi nn i ng ? Could se nt en c e 6
ad a
n co e

b W
e for e se n t e n c e
d 5? hy ? Cou l t h e se c on d t h ir d se n t e n c e s c h

a A a a
n n ge

l ce s ? w m m
t fi r s t t h ou gh t it ould t h t t he l igh t
a
st se nt e n ce

a
p se e

com e B w d
d ire c t ly ft e r se n t e n c e 4 . ut oul t his giv e t r ue pict ur e of

t he W sce ne ? hy n ot ?

aa wa l
1 Th ead a a d rr i e n t ir e t h e p rt y , s t hey

a j a ad m
. c ge s y ope n , n r ov e

long, d w
e n oy e d n u ni nt e r r upt e v ie of ev e r y t h i ng t he 2
ad w b af aw a a
r ou n . .

Th e y p s se t h r ough one u t i ul bli it h p l c e s

aa
t
a aa
or o e pu c s q u re s ,

nd c h ur c h e s on e it h e r h
di b m nd , nd li n e s of efor e t h e

a
t r oops p
a a
r ng .

w
a
3 m
Th e n t h e y lo ng nd e x ce ed ingly busy it h t h e
a
to
a a
. c e s t r ee t ,

p d
or t d n t he l sh ippi ng on on e s i
d b e, n d s t o r e s , sh o s
p, h ote s
,
n est
 I T A L I C L E T T ER S 3 45

aa
Admir l S mpson , t h e Nort h , Hoosie r , t he B pt ist s , t h e Nor t h of a
a
Eur ope , Whigs nd Tor ie s , Come , ge nt le Spring, t he De cl r t i on of I n aa
d epende n ce , Pr e sc ot t s Con que st of Per u , Th e Au t ocr t o f t h e Bre k
’
a a
faa st T ble .

a
I t li c le tt e r s a r e us e d in pr in t ih g

To indi c t e ha m aw d
i
ad a
1 .
p t c oer s .

2 For m
sh or t t it le s of b ooks , pi c t ure s , e s of shi ps

a h
. et c .
,
n n .

3 For for e ign w d i

or d s int r od u ce Englis
m ah a
nt o

a
. n se nt e n ce .

4 For
. wor ds m d b
e n t i on e y n e ; s t e d v e rb qu i ckly .

One lin e u nd e r aw d ma w a in n u s c r ipt sh o t h t it is t o be print ed

a
or s

in i t lic s ; t wo li ne s , i n S MA L L C A PI T AL S ; t h r ee , i n CAPI TALS .

P U N C TU A TI ON

a b
we c
If ma b b wi a b
r e fu lly o t he r ks u se d h nd

a
t e st t er s
ha a a
se rv e y e r pu

li sh er s wefi d m m ll t h t t h e r e i s gr e t dive r sit y t he

S m d a Ma aw
,
s n ong .

d is c t he use of t he c olon e nt ir ely f fe

aa a a a ma a
o e r . ny pr e e r s

i l i li nd t ion r ks ib l
a a ad a
t
a
t t
d a
c p s ,
c s , pu n c u s po ss e .

S m b o e ooks h ve t h e per io ft e r t h e h e dings of ch t

p se r n p g ,
e s

ot h er s do
ama a a a
n ot .

Thi s i s m S m m w t ter of t st e nd ili n g c u st o et i ho

a mma a a ma
pr e v . o es ,

m m t he si l i ss ion of in l le t t e r y d ecid e
am a a a w aa Ma a a
ev e r , pe o co pe r s on

i b in l nd ill b e for e t h e ch us e t t s le gisl t ur e

wa w a
t nt c

a ma
n po r se ; ss

m
k no d t he Se i c olon Bill,
”
be c it s nin g d epe n d e
a am
s n s u se e

e nt ir e ly u pon t h e pl c in g of i colon
a a
se .

W w sh ll W wfin d good r it e r s c r ele ss i n c on sist e n t he n

w wa
n ot

a ha
e or . e

w rit e , m Wh w
n t t o le v e n o n ce of be in g is un d er s t ood
a a a ma
e c . en e

k , t h e t on e s of t he v oi c e n d e xpre s s ion of t he f h elp t o ke

m a a w aw w d a a
spe ce our

ni n g cle r If r it i n g t h e h e lp t h t pun c t u t ion

ma a
e . e re e n ee

r ks c i
a b w ab a d
ng v e u s .

Th e w ru le s for t h e ir hi c h i e lo h
ma a w ma a ama
u se re g ve n ,
ve ee n gr e e upon

b jh m orit y of ou r os t c r e fu l rit er s In ch rk

a aw
t
ha a aaw
y e . n y c ses e

w
s it s n d n o ot h e r c fi ll it s pl ell; in ot h e r c ses

a
o n u se , n ce s e

w j
d a
m
a
h to udg en t

d ta ma
ve u se our o n .

w
aa
I t is ell for i us to u n er s n s er u ses of unct u t on
y p p p n ro

m rks s
p ossible.
3 46 L ES S O N S I N EN GL I S H

m m on Hill s Gener l R a Bigelows a

a
FO R s ules for Punct u t i on ,

a a
“

a
’ ” ’

a
u .

H ndbook of Punct u t ion, nd Wilson s Tre t ise on Punct u t ion

’
.

I The P eri od is used a

ft er

a a aa
.

1 . A co mplet e expressi on t h t is not int err og t ive or e xpl n

WW ;
2 a Abbrevi t ions , ini t i l let t ers , a a R ma nd le t t ers
a
. o n

mer ls ;
a W B R a
nu

m S Ex ple : ept i ch rd s, VI I

A a a w aa
, . . .

he ding, t it le , or sign t ure , he n it s t n ds lone

mma
.

Co

aa m Sep r t es fr o t he r e st of t he se nt en ce

1 am Th e n e of a
dd
t he pe rsond or t hi ng r e ss e ;

a R a h ah ala
.

m Ex p els : i h d did c m? r , y ou e r t e r

My i
c ount r y , h ’
t s of t ee

S m im w fi d a la ma
.

N OTE i
a
.
o et i es e n n e xc t on po nt
ex m ple s .

See 23 8

a a
.

2 . A d ir e ct qu ot t ion , or t he p r t s of one if it is divided ;

Ex mple :a Sir , replied I , do not kn ew t h e

a
y ou

c use of my grie f .

Se t s 03

3 Apposit ive words ad an ph r ses ;

a a
.

Ex mple : Robinson , t he b est pl y er of t he elev e n ,

a
h s b r oke n hi s leg . S ee Exe r cise 1 00 .

4 Adj e ct i la wh en n on- r e st ric t i ve aa

expl n

aa ad
a a
t or y ;
aa a
. ve c use s , or

d v erb phr ses n d cl u se s whi ch re sep r te

a
ls o
from t he words t h e y modify ; n d , oft e n , c ondit ion l a
a nd c on c e ss iv e cl u s e s a
a a t a
.

a
NO TE . Sin gle n ou n lly
cl uses re no usu set off by
co mm s .
 PUN C T U AT I O N 3 49

N OTE am w
Ev ery int er j e ct ion ws for er ly follo ed by t he e xcl ma
a
a
i
a ama
.
t on

i No w d it i s only t t he en d of e xc l

a aw d
po n t . use n t or y expr e s s ion ,

Th e i nt e r j e ct ion
a
u nle ss t h er e in di st i n ct ly r e quiri ng it
a a w
re c e rt or s .

0 ne v e r h s it wu nless st
0 ndi ng lone , h e n it is ri tt e n h!

VI I The D a i sh l u s d
add a
. s p p y
r o e r e

1 . W h e n t he r e i s su en br e k i n t h e se nt e n ce .

2 . To sh owomi ss ions ,

As , vs 3 2 —40 b 1 840 , d

a a h w da
. . . .

3 I ns t e d h i l mof
i w h t et h ng h ic is
m a
re n t

a a
.
p e se s o s es n c ose so

t o t he ni n g, is int e r r upt ion

a
t
ma
n e c e ss r y e y e n .

4 A ft er dd ot h er r ks , t o t h e ir for c e , t o i nt r od u c e illu s
ad d
to
a la
. or

t r t ion s l e xpr ess i on s I n t he

ai w a
or se v er epe n ent . t
m
t er c se t follo s colon or se i c olon

Th d a am a d ha
.

N h is per h ps c r ele ssly

a ma h m w a
t
a
OTE .
e s ore u se n

ny ot h e r h rk T e c losely kee p
ma a a
. or e e c n e c

d b h d rk to efinit e u se t he e t t er for t e re er .

VI I I The Hy ph e n

a
.

1 J oi ns t h e p rt s of s o me co mpou nd words
a a
a adfa
. .

Ex mple : An glo S xon , gre t gr h t oliv e gre e n , b u t n ot

a
- -
n er, -

New Yor k , fi sh e r m n , e t c

a w a wh
.

N O TE — Ob se rv t i on ill t e ch u s to t h e h y ph e n in
a a
.
en u se

mpou n d wor d s S ome of t h e e x mple s giv e n b ov e

a
co .

r e s ome t ime s wr it t e n wit h ou t t h e h y ph e n L ike ot h er

a
.

m r ks , it sh ould be u se d on ly wh e n n ee d e d

2 I t is u se d be t wee n t h e sy ll ble s a a
w of or d on d iff er e nt lin es

a Ma
. .

IX Q u ot t i on rk s

A wa a a a a
.

1 l in c lose d ir e ct qu ot t i o n , or t h e p r t s of su ch
a
.
y s

qw
u ot t i on if it i s d iv id e d b y ord s not be lon gin g t o it

w ad
.

amExY ad m ple : e s , s ir , s i t he e ss e n ge r ,
“
I ill t t en to
it
”

B a a ma
.

ut ind ir e c t quot t i on r e qu ir e s n o rks

d ha w d a d
n

a a
.

Ex mple ; The messenger s i t t he oul t t en t o it .

3 52 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

An gle s , S a a
a w da
xon s , wa l nd J ut e s Soon ft e r t h e it h of t he
R ma ad wa a d d awb a ad
. r

for ces t h e l m inv is t in c t fr o Bri t on s

ad R ma a wa a
o n n s e ne y r ce

m m d Th e y fr o t h e lo l s of Eu r ope t h t skir t the

G ma aad l w a ad aa a a
n o ns . c e n

Oce t he B lt ic , spoke l l l ki n
ha w a
er n n n o er n n gu ge c o se y
d in hi w t he r e Th ree ivi si on s of Te u t oni c
aa m
to t t t
a h la a
no u se . s ne r ce

m t h
r i ou s ti in t t t er p rt of t h e fift ce n t ur y

Sa a
c e ov e r v es, e

A ngles , d J u tes
a d d aad m ad b w
xon s , n .

For hun t he s t r u ggle l ste t h e Br it

a w
et

ad h ad a
re y e rs n or e ee n

t e ir foe sm Fi n lly , h o ev e r , t h e l n c
i i nt o t h e posse s s on
ad S a w aw a J ma
on s n . e

of A t he n gles t he d h o , s ell s t h e u t e s , ult i t ely u ni t e

ad w a a m a
n xon s ,

m
t o for A t he en gli sc or d
E n glis h people , n h o g v e it s n it s
a a aa
e n

ch t o t he w
En glish l n gu ge Th e y , i n t h e ir t ur n , it i s t r u e ,
aad
ct er

a ma a wa
r . er e

d
ile h b y in v m m d t fie r y Nor se fr o De n rk Nor
w a a h a m b d a a m a
ss e rs e en n y;
b ut d
t he w in v d e r e o rigi n lly of t loo in
a aa a
ne er s e s e ,
n e sure

m d wt
i n gle i h, w d t h er t h b s olu t e ly t h E li h
wa a d a
r n ov er -
po e re ,
e n g s r ce ,

f ir y e s t blish e i n Br it i n
l Th e in fl u en ce , N t h e r e for e , of t hi s
a h aa a
no . orse

b d di
in v s ion u pon t e l n gu ge i s n ot t o e r e ily d st i n gu ish e

Sa ha m a w a
.

A
I t i s t h is nglo xon t on gue , t h e n , t t for s , s it
f m ere , t h e

a aa d b A d G a
-
r e

w or k of t h e En gli sh l n gu ge lfre the t t en ce n t u r ie s

a ad aw da a a
s u se y re

m
e u se it t o d d For th fiv e h u n t h is
wa a
n ore n re y e r s
g ,
o s y .

t he s pe e c h of En gl nd

ma a h a a li
s .

Th e N or W h ile , like ot l En g sh su ff e r e d

a wa a d a l ha am aw
ns

ma m d
. ny er n gu g ,
e

i fi c t io n s , t h e r e ic t ill t h e re
ad A a a N ma d
ny o s no r c n ge c e ne

c o n que s t of t h e i sl in D 106 6 In th t ye t he
a aa a a d a
n . . r or n s cr osse

m
fr o Nor t h e r n Fr d nd , ft er y e r s of h r bit t e r fi gh t in g,
Sa ad a ad a d aw
n ce , n c on

d m d A t he in gle n gle s , D e s t bli sh e

w ma ad a aw la a ad hi w
u r x on s , n ne s , n ne
q e e

r ule , n e i in t he l T
a am d d m
t
aa ma wa
n n er s , n n ne n gu n s ne
, p r , ge .

l t h e N or Fre n c h , in lit y bu t ifie for of

a whi R ma Ca aa
ngu ge , n- s re o

t h e L t in , J ch d d
t he d i n s , un de r u li u s h in t r o nt o

a m aa ad a
o es r , u ce

Fr th w m t h ou s b e for e Th e c u st o br ough t
a ad aa m
nce or e n n e r s ne s
y .

ww d h in t
b aa
by t h e i nv d e r s pl n t e of c ou r se , l r ge ber of n e

la a mad
or s e

ad b
nu
,

n gu ge of E n l n l A it s in e st nt i ly n glo

a ab aa b m m
g ,
ut s t r u c t u re re su

S x on s e for em w w ho d u lly in g si l
w id a
For
ww d a
e re gr e co p e r

a
. s, ever , .

W hi le t h e for e ign e rs d t hey

ad
b d ily c on t r i u t ed n e e s,

m a
ne

a
re or s n

w i i m h of bj d opt in g t h e for of spe e c of t h e ir e ct s

aw ahaf h
ere t t su ; n

a
p e n s

t he w sh of the or d s of E n glish or igi n , e ll s t t o t e

m wa
v ery s
pe

wd
a a aa p p
m i d c e n t u ri e s r e qu re

a
b d i h e c ourse of t he to
ai
o rr o e t er s, s od ifi e n t
unite t he t wo r ces nt o one p p
e o le . P l ce, c s tle, l ngu ge, eo le,
3 54 L E S S O N S I N EN G L I S H

aO da A cle r k t her ws of

T a
l xe nf or

ba
s o,

dd h t t o logi k longe y go
wa a aa
un -
e -
.

A le n s his h or s is r ke ,
h wa a d a
s s s

A nd s not righ t f t, I
w a
e un e rt ke ;
B J d d h
ut oke
b h ol
d ba
so e r ly ,

wa
e, n t er -
to
Ful t hr e hi s
a hm
r s ove r e s t c our t e py ;
h For b h d ge t e n i y e t e ne fy ce ,

Ne wa w dl ha
e no

s so or l y for t o v e e ff y es .

A k h wa O d a
cle r
l s of xfor

a
t
a
er e s o,

Th t logi c h d long gone ,

awahi h a aa
unt o

A le or se s is r ke ,

wa h a a
s n s s

A nd he s n ot rig t f t, I un d er t ke ;
B wa wlooked h ollo nd li ke ise so e rly ,

a
ut b
aawa
,

m
Full t h r e db hi s
h ha
k re s u ppe r os t sh or t c lo ;
d hi m
For
N wa w
be ne fice ,
a
e got t e n y e t n o

or s so or ldly for t o h v e offi ce

mS a a
.

W f ff C Fr o ke t
’
s The or ks o Geo r ey h ucer .

Th E aa a n glish h h A l Sa a nglo - like t h e n c ie n t

a m a ma aa a
t t
aa
e n gu g ,
e or r er e xon ,

L t in nd Gr ee k, nd t he od e r n Fr e n ch nd Ge r h d
ma wa aw a m
n, gre t
d m Wh
infle c t e for
a
h for it
a aaj d aa
t
a m aaj
ny s . ere n o n ou n s o c se -
s, on c e

h d fiv e ; d e c t iv e h t le s t ni n e diff e re nt se- for for d

wa ma a w a a ad
n c s, n ec

t iv e de t o mb it h it s in ge n d e r , n d c se

aa a
s gr ee n oun nu er, ; n

m
t h e for w m
s of m
t he m
v e rb u ch th t pre se nt Th t
a wa
e re or e n u e r ou s n .

is , Englis h firs t m
spoke n , wi ri c h in i n fle c t e d for for sh o t he
a w a m a
s s s ng

re l t i ons of or d s to A n ot h e r in t h e se n t e n c e s su c h for
ma aa
o ne . s re

m os t oft e n de by h m c h i n g e n di ngs s of n ou ns ,

a b aa a
tt to t e s te

aj a ad
pr on ou n s ,

d e c t ives , b di
nd v e r l in in flect ion s lle
aa ( m a
s, n gu ge s ou n ng re c

s y nt het i c l ) Sy n t hes is i t oge t h er In t he

a
t t
a a a
n gu ge s . e ns pu n g .

En gli sh of t od y t h e se r el t ion s in t h e of n ou ns nd

a ma b a a ma
c se pr on ou n s

e xpr e s sed inly si

i nd in t h e se of v e r b s n y of

a ma a
t
aa
re y p p
r e o on s ,
c

m od i fi c t ion s i n n in g e xpr e sse d by t h e of uxi li ri es

a aa a (A a m a
t he
A aa a
e re u se .

l t h t is so cons t r u ct e d is lled lyt ic l ly sis

a aa a a)
ngu ge c n . n e ns

t ki ng t in g
ha a
r t , or se p r

Ha ad a
p .

w
a ad
on d er fu l, de v elop
aa
d r ly less pe r ps , th n t he e xt r or in ry

bul r y , is t he slowpr ocess by which

.

ment of it s v oc En gli sh h s ch nge

 3 56 L ES S O N S IN EN GL I S H

LI S T O F P RE FI XE S FO R RE FE RE N C E “

aa awaf m a w aa a
a
A b b, bs, hor D i s , di , i n t lso dif ; dis
a
or ; y ro ; p o, r t,

a( ) w a ;
b scond . b nd , div or ce , diff ere nt .

w
am
A, G m t heist
a( a
n not, i thout ; D u o, d u , t o; d uod e ci o, due t .

wa a a
nony ( ) ous . Epi G u pon , to; e pit ph upon
dm m )
aa a b
A d, dj to, to rd ; oin , ix, to b .

( )w
a a a
d pt , d v er Eu G el e ulogy

a
l;
a
. .

a a ma a
m
a a
For e s e of Spe ki ng, t h e d of d
f Ex , e, out , ro ,
lso of ; exh le ,

aa w a aaa
i s u su lly ch nged t o t ch fol e r se , e ff ce .

w
aw m m a af
a
lo in g c ons on nt , nd so e oft e n Ext r bey ond ; e xt r v g nt
H m a
. .

a aa
m
aaa a m
h v e it h t h e s e e ni ng c , o ,
f e i , h l ; h e i s ph e re .

a a a a m a
g, l, n , up, or , s , or t; ccos t , I n , i nto, u po n, lso il, i , i r , en ,
m
a a aa (
m
a a
ffi x , ggr e ss iv e , lluring, nn e x, e ; i n t r u de , illu in e , i pl n t ,
m m
a ( a m
h ) righ t s irrig t e , e nli gh t e n , e b l
) a a
ppr o c , r r n ge se t to ,
.

a
m
a am a
i
s s is t h l h I n , n ot, lso il, i , i r ; i nfir , ille
m a
g v e e p t o , tt c .

, m ll r ou nd ; biguous g , l i p ru d e n t ,
irr e g u l r .

( I n t er , betwee n ; i nt e rru pt
a a a
di e ct )

a
n ot r . .

Amphi (G) on both sid es ; mphi Oh , g i ns t , lso of , op ; obst ru ct ,

h a
A a a a a a
off e n d , oppone n t

a a a
t e t er .
.

P e n , lmos t; pe ni ns ul r
a
k l i
a
n G
( ) i u p, b c g n; n y s s .

P er , thr ou gh , thor ou ghly ; perfor te ,

a m
( kit ng ) to pi e c e s .

a (G) aa
f
a
A bf
nt e , e or e ; n t e r oo .
p e r e c t .

P os t , fter ; post sc ript

aid aa
A n ti , nt i g i n s t ,
oppos te ; .

a
nt r t i c P r e , befor e ; pr e di c t
a a a
nt ot e , . .

w m P r o (L G) befor e ; pr ogr m s
aaaa
A pe G
( ) f l ( y ro ; pos t e on e .

Re , b c k, g i n , ls o r e d ; re form,
w b fa
)
s e n t out .

r e dee m

a
fBe n e , ell; e ne ct or . .

wi w b d S e mi , h lf; se mi c ir cle
a a a a
ipe
a a aa
. Bi s , b i , t ce , t o; . .

w S ub , u nder , ls o for e se of spe k

a a
G do t ct
( )
m a
tC t n; c r .

m ls o ci r c u i ng s be for e , s u c , sut , sup, s ur ,

aa i
C ir c u , rou nd , ; Ci r c u

c irc u s ub sc r ibe , s u c c u mb ,

a
n v ig t es , t ou s .
su s , su ;

Con , wi th ,
m together ; l so 0 0 1, co , s uffix , s u ppor t , s urr e pt it ious

a
( i d ), d
a
c olli s ion ,

a
c or , co; c on v e nt i on , c r e e p g n u n e r s u s pe n .

lso s ur (F)
a
c orr e spo n d , c o bpe r Su per , bove , over ,
aaa a
co mb ine ,
te .

a aa a
(F) s u pe r i n t e n d , su r p ss

aa
i l c ou n t e r

a
C on t r , g n st, so .

a
c on t r di ct , c ou n t e r -
b l n ce . Tr ns , tr , cross , bey ond ; tr ns

D e , down , fr om; d l iv e r
a d ia
d t tr
a
e pre ss , e .
por ,
v er se .

D i (G) thr ou gh , m
cr os s ; e t er .

a vi a a a G
r e e k , (F ) f or F r en c h , (E) f or E n gli sh

a
f o r L t i n , (G) f or
aa
nds

a
Th e b br e ti on (L ) s t
ll lis t e d f o r ms L t in u n le s s o t h e r wi s e m r k ed
b ut re .
 WO R D BU I L DI N G
- 3 57

S UF FI XES

Wh aa
dd a
t is ed t t he en d of a
w d or to m ke aa a deriv t ive is

LI S T O F S U FFI X E S

a a ad ( ) ma m a a
a a
m
a aa ad
Ab le E
( ) n d i b le (E ) for d Er n est E ke co p r

m m
aa a a
je c t iv es e n i n g th t y b e ; ti ve n dj s uper l ti ve e c t iv es
;

a a a ( ) a
r e d ble , per ce pt ible .
gr e t e r , gre t est .

Ac eou s or ci ous me ns cont i n i ng

a a
Er E ( ) dn d or L e not e t h e on e

so me t hin g, or r the r so w
a a ( ) a ma
nd so ; ho does ; singe r , collect or .

j
a
h e rb ce ous , loqu cious . Ern E lso erly , for d e ct ive s
collecti on or s um

aa aa a
Ag e denot e s ,
d e not ing di r ecti on ; n ort h er n ,

a aa aa a a
tot l; lso s t t e or p r oces s ; sout h e rly ,

he rb ge , le k ge , m rri ge , t ill nd le t (E) m ke di mi nut i ves

a
Et
s omet hi n g sm ll or a ,

d a m aa a
l
A a a ;
y o u n g n

R ma
b l, c e t ; le fle t

a aa
l n n e n r el t i ng to; rut .

a ad a ma
Ful (E) nd le s s (E) m ke dje c
a
o n .

A t iv e s me ni ng fu ll of, or w
aa a
nc e , nc y , n en ce , n cy , ke i th

a
bril out ; h ope ful, h ope les s

a
bstr ct nou ns ; ut t e r n ce , .

Fy (L) n d iz e or i s e (G) form

a
li n cy , pe r sist e n ce , e ce n cy
d
w a a
v erb s me n in g to m ke s o

ad a da
An t or en t L de n ot e s t e one ho
a
( ) h nd

a a a
does so n so ; t t e n nt , st u s o; purify , cr y s t lli ze , fe rt ili ze .

l o nd i c l (C L ) me n belongi ng
a a
de nt .

m
aa a a aa
Ar y , or y , or r y for n ou n s t h t to ; he r oi c , logi c l
a
.
.

I le m ke s
la
dj e c t iv e me ni ng
aa m a a
d e n ot e l ll c t i on ;

a
p c e o r co e n

ad a l ma
g r n r y, d or i t o r y, p e s n t r y . e sy to , or belongi ng to; fr i
g ,le

a aa a
A k e des cr ipti ve il
aj a
ry n or y so p u e r e .

h
d ecti ves ; onor r y , e xpl n I n e me n s belongi ng to; c ry st l
line , fe mi ni ne
m (E) ma a aa a a
t ory . .

wi I n g (E) m kes
aw a
Do k es n ou n sh o ng
y er b l nou n or

w m i i h
a dm dm aa
h er e s o et hi ng h s po er or p r t c ple ; u n t i n g , se e i n g .

I on (L ) m ke s
( ) ma aa a l a a
pr e v ils ; king o , free o . n ou n d en ot in
g

aaj a a
Ed E k es p ss iv e p r ti c i p e c t ion ; c o nfu s i on , sser t i on .

w I s h (E) me ns s omew
ad
or n d ecti ve ; r o ed , four h t li ke, or

a aa a a
o re . belongi n g to; boy ish , bluish ,
m
aa a
( ) E ke s
ma
En p ss iv e p r ti ci pl
e Sp ni sh .

dj I s m or m (G) for ms n ouns Of

al b a a
ect ive d e n ot in g
a
or n te
ct i on or result ; de s pot ism

a
ke n
a aa
ri

a
; e t en, o . .

m m I s t (G) m ke s
ma a a
ni ng to nou n me ning
k a a
En ( ) E lso for s v e rb s e

e thi ng so nd s o st r e n gt h e n one w ho h s to do wit h; journ

widen . list .
3 58 L ESSO N S IN EN G L I S H

I v e giv e s t h e i d e a (E) wit h aa dj i ma k

a
i n cli n ed to; Ne s s
a a
re n e ct v e es

t h e n me of b i h
ad
s t or t iv e li the
aa
.
q u ty ; r g t
m ke
aa
L e nt dj
m a a ma
n ose , on e ec ne ss .

k dj i
a
i i f l f d Ple b le
m a
l f
fa
t v es e n ng u o ; r u u or es n e ct v e

l j m i f d l d b l
(E) a
ld
a a a
e nt , oc ose , ous . e n ng o ; qu r up e , ou e .

m d d h ood
ma
E
( ) d i l k sh

ma
Lik e ly , i Sh i p
a ad a
n e n ng e, n e n ot e pe

k dj i e d ec t ves n ver bs ; or di i c onf ll w hi t on ; e o s p, n

m (E ) a
dlik dl h l h d
(E) f m aa
go e, go y, o ne s t y . oo .

L in g m f m So d E
( ) f m d i
ma a
or s n e or so e e n y or es cr
p
hi d k dj i Wi m
aa
i
ma
ll
b a
t ng or o n uc t ve ect ves ; ns o e, r us t y
s y u g; .

li Ty k i ty ,
ma
ng . es n s tr ct nou n ; pu r

M
ai i d m am W a (E) ma
d h l
aa
e nt h e n ot e s t e e ns or t e cru e ty .

dj
aa
k i
aa b a
rd

ma
ct o n ; n u ce e nt , p y en t . es n e ct v e or

M d b h w di i
wa
k
a
on y es n str ct n ou n ; n v er to S o r ect on ;

t e s t imony . se d r .

STEM S

a
Oft en from m ma w w ab s ingle old for or ds h
ma a a
ny ne ve ee n

de by b mb r y in g t he pre fixe s nd s u ffi xes , in ing

w w a
v or y co

or d it h n o t he r

a wa a w a
on e .

W do w n ot l older or d in ch of t h es e
aw a b
e y s see n e ne

m B w m
for t he for of or d c h n ge s ut

a a Sm
on e s , y use . e co

m m
on ly fin d e sy ll ble , f l ll d t h te
wa ma
t t
mwa w
so or gr ou p o e e r s ,
c e e ,

w w
hic h s ho fro h t t he or d s fir s t de
a a
s .

W w m when t m m m or ds h the ste t he y us t

ab a a a
o or or e ve s e ,

h m m W de r iv e d fro t he or igin l sh ll,

m a a
ve e en s e sou r c e . e

m
t her e for e , fin d m m e c on ne c t ion in e n in g t he t hough
ma a
so on g ,

t he y y loo k n d s oun d v e r y un like .

L I ST OF S TE MS

Ag , do,a ail ai a a a a a aa
Ann , y e r ; nn u l, b ie nn i l,

aa a a
ct ; g e, g t t e, ge n t ,
n

a
n ls (ye r ly r e cor d s )

hi h a a
la a
tr ns ct . .

Ape r , open ; pe r t ur e , April

a aa
A lt , li d l d
hi h) a (ah h a
g ; t tu e, t r, ex te ,
.

( l Apt , fit ; pt , d pt
ah
) ig
amal ai ma
v er y to rt
g , p . .

Amm li f m Ar c h (G) be fir s t , ru le mon

aim maaim aaa a
d
'

, e, i nd ; ni ,
n te ,
rc ,

un n ou s , gn n ou s . r ch i c ( n c ie nt ), r chi t e ct .
3 60 L ES S O N S I N E N G L I S H

; fi nis h , fi n l, fi nit e (w it h a a
a
Fin , end L ec t , le g , pic k out , r e d ; sele c t ,
n end ) , infi ni t e , superfi n e (ov e r ele c t i o n , colle ct , le c t ur e , legib le ,

a a a a
fi ni sh ed ) le ge nd
a
. .

F orm, s h pe ; d e for m, r efor m, for L e g , l w; leg l, le gisl t e , le git im t e

a a a
.

m li t y . Lib e r , fr ee libe r l, libe r t e , lib

for t ify , for t it u d e , e r t y , d eliv e r (se t fr ee )

a
F or t , str ong; .

aa a a a
Lin , fl x; line n , lin i ng, lint , li nse e d
aa
for ce . .

Fr g , fr c , bre k; fr gile , fr gme n t , Ling u , tongu e ; l ngu ge , lingu is t ic

a a a
.

a a
fr c t ure , fr c t i on , i nfr i nge Li t e r , letter ; lit er l (letter for let
a
.

Fun , fu s , pou r , me lt ; fou nt , foundr y ,

a l a di l a l
ter ), lit e r ry , li t e r t u re , illite r t e .

fu n nel, fu se (t o me lt ) . L oc , pl ce ; oc te , s oc t e, oc o

m
Ge n , g e n e r , ki nd , bi r th ; ge n us , gen ot iv e

a (G) a a
.

a a dia
d er , ge nt ee l, n d ge ne rous (of l l L og t k, c co un t ; p o ogu e ,
r

l
a ai l a
g o od bi r th), d e ge n e r t e , ge n e r l ogue , ge o ogy .

i
a
L oqu , t lk; loqu c t y , oqu c ou s ,
ia
t i on .

a aa a
Ge s t , c rr y ; dige st , ge st ure l l lil . c ol o qu , e lo qu e n c e , so o q y,
u

Gr d , gr e s s , s tep; gr d u l, gr de , v e nt rilo quis t

a
.

a a aa al
p g
r o r e ss ,
c on gr e ss l di . l L u d , pl y , d ecei ve ; u cr ou s , pr e

a M ama amaif ma
Gr n, i gr n d d gi
r n r y, gr n u e ,
u e, e lus on .

a a a ah aim mai fi ma
gr nit e .
j g, , g e
r t; gn y, g
m (G) wi
d ma ama
i
ah h ma
Gr ph , gr
ah
r te ; u t ogr p ,
n n ous , gn c e nt , gn

j j
a a a a
b i
a
i ogr p y ,
ah dia a a ge ogr p y, p ono tu e, g st r te, e st y , or .

M
a a fa a l ai ma Cf ma
gr p , g m m m j r m ,
j gri m j r .
, l rge ; or ty , est y ,

a ai Maa d maa ama

t , th n ks , te fu
l ma
Gr vor ; gr , gr t s, y or . .
g .

a
i h
a a
gr t fy , gr t u t y . n, n ; nu ,
n g ,
e n

w
Ma a
m
ma
( i i u f c t ur e,

ma
Gr os s , l rge ; gr oss , te t
a)
e ngross r nu s cr p .

n si o n ,

a ma
l r ge , gr oc er . n, st y; pe r ne nt ,

H
M a ama ma ma
e r , s hudd er ;h id h
or r h i , orrify , re n .

i a
i
i a m m ma
h or . i i r, se ; r ne , r ne r , r

H
Ma m ma a l ma
ospi t , h l h li d ti i
a gues t ; osp t ,
os p t ty, e, er .

a m d a
h bl
ospit e . t er , othe r ; t ern ,
t r on .

w
I n t e gr ,
'

i i i
hole ; M l m di i
n t e ge r , n t e gr ty . ed, he ; e c ne , e ic t e ,
w j
a
J c e t , thr o ; j j m d
e ect , r e e ct , pr o e c re e y .

M middl m di m M d
a m diaa
j i
mm d ia
i i e di , it e rr
j d ia
t on , nt e r e c t on . e; e u ,
e

J u di e , l j di
r ig ht ; u lic ,
l pr e u ce , ne n, e ev ,
i e te y
m
a
j d m f hi )
a
u g C j ent .
( i f .
i ur . ri gh t n t he ds t o t n gs .

j j M m m m
u n c t i on , c on u n c t ion , te,
a
j
J un e t , oi n ;

a
e ns , e s u r e; co e ns ur

d j dj i j m imm
a
is i u n c t on , i o n, oi n t . e n su r t on , e n se .

J ur ,j i ud , j j i rM m
ght ; m l
in d m d
ur y , ust c e , ent , i nd ; e nt ,
e e nt e ,

a a l i la d la lla M
j d m m m
m ha m a
u ge . e ent o , e n t ion .

L t , be r; eg s te, il
i te, co e re , goods ; e rc nt , e rc nt e,

t ion . co mme r ce .
 I N D EX

[ The nu mber s f
r e er a]
t o p ges .

a
A or n , 1 3 3 Co mp a
a a
i r so n , 204
a
.
.

A fe w bb re v i te d e xpre ss ion s , 220 Co n st r u ct io n , 2 0 5 ; mod ify wh

a
.
t,
Ab ou Be n Ad he m, st ud y of, 3 3 4 2 0 4; in d e pe n d e n t , 2 2 0 ;
a
.
s co n

Ab so lut e c on st ru ct ion , 1 00 , 1 9 7 j un ct ion s 20 1 ; s m od ifie rs , 5 9 ;

a a
.
,

Ab st r ct n oun s , 8 1 ; pe rson ifie d , 89 , mod ifie rs of, 22 3 ; p r s in g, 20 4;

1 17 po s it ion , 206 ; e rro r s in u se , 20 5 ;
a 5
.

Act i v e v o ice , 1 6 9 mm 20
a b la 6
. su ry , .

Act iv e p rt i c iple , 1 9 6 Ad ve r c u se , 2 ; c on st r u ct o n , 2 2 5
i
b h a am d ifi
-
. .

Ad j e ct iv e s , 24—2 7, 1 3 2 —1 43 ; k in d s , Ad ve r p r se , 6 1 ; s
b ia
o e r, 6 0
-
.

13 2 ; j
co n un ct i v e , 1 3 4; de s c r ip Ad v e r ll d 97
a
n
y , ou n s use , .

t i v e , 1 3 3 ; in t e rr og t iv e , 1 3 4; lim Ad v e rt ise me n t s , 2 79
a a a
.

it in g, 1 3 3 n ume r l, 1 3 4 p r t i Ag ree me n t , 1 23 ; dj
a d a
pro n o un s , ec

c ipi
l 1 3 3 ; pre i c t e , 2 5 , 45 ; t i v e s , 1 40 ; v e rb s , 1 82
ba
, .

1 3 3 ; v e r l, 1 5 1 Ambigu ou s e xpre ss ion s , 2 6 4

C m a ad a a
p p ,
r o e r . .

w
r i son , 13 5 ; it h An ly s is , 72 ; ge n e r l d ire ct ion s , 7 2
a
es t,

ad m aj a
o p er n .

m o st , 13 7 d e ct i v e s , An ly s is , m rk in g, 5 8, 73 , 2 2 5 mod
m a a
o re n

n ot d coi p re , 1 3 7, rre gul r , e ls , 72 ; co mple x se n t e n ce , 1 19 .

mb
13 6 ; nu e r, 1 3 7 And fo r to, 1 9 5
a am
. .

C o n st r u ct i on , 1 3 8 ; it i 1 38; An t e ced e n t s , 20 , 1 0 9 ent , 1 23 ;

ab i
ppo s v e , gr ee

t t ri m
ut v e , 5 7, 13 8; l colle ct iv e , j
1 26 ; oin e d , 1 9 5
a
’
p e co .

m e n t , s u b e ct i v e ,
j j 1 3 8 o b e ct i v e , An t i c ip t iv e j
su b e ct , 1 1 9 , 1 88

am d
.

1 3 8 in
d d 220 ; s
e nt , i Apo st ro phe , 9 1
a a a
e pe n o .

fi e rs , 5 7 ; s m d o i ou n s , 1 1 2 ; Apposit i ve , 6 6 ; dj e c t i ve , 13 8;
a a
pr o n c se

fie rs of, 60 ; p rs in g, 1 3 8 ; po s i of , 1 28 ; cl u se s , 6 8 ; m od ifi e rs ,
m
t ion , 1 0 ; e rr o rs in fo r , 1 41 ;
4 6 6 ; n ou n or pr on o u n , 6 6 a
mma a
p r

in u se , 1 40 ; s u ry , 1 3 9 t i c iple , 1 9 7 phr se s , 6 7
la a
.

Ad j e ct i v e 6 1 , 1 0 8, 2 2 5 ; Arr n ge me n t , see O rd e r
ad
c u se , c on .

st r u ct ion , 225 Art icle s , 1 3 3 ; fo rm, 1 3 3 ; te

a am d
. re pe ,

Adj i h ifie r , 6 0 1 40
a
e ct v e p r se , s o . .

Ad j e ct i v e pr on o u n s 1 12 As , j
con u n ct io n , 215 ; j
co n u n c t i v e d
a
, .

Ad v e r bs 2 7 ; kin d s 20 0 ; j
c o n u n ct iv e , ve r b, 2 2 5 ; re l t i v e pron ou n , 1 09
a a
.
, ,

a
2 0 1 ; in t e rr og t i v e , 20 3 ; mod l, As se rt i ve se n t e n ce , 3 .

203 ; re spon si ve , 20 3 ; simple , 2 0 0 . At t r ib ut iv e j d i

e ct v e , 1 3 8.
3 64
 IN D EX 3 65

Au xili ai b 1 6 8 ; d o, 16 7 ; of ai n sit v e v e rb s , 1 45 5 wit h

a ma a
160 ; tr
ai p a
r es, e,
.

h 1 6 2 m t 1 6 3 hr 1 70
ha
ve , y, ; u
c s , n, ; p s s ve se s , .

ll w ill 1 6 1 h i b t w Co mple t e v e rb s , 44, 5 2- 5 4

a aai
s , , ; c o ce e ee n , .

1 79 ; s h ould , 1 6 4; me n in g of, 1 80 . Co m ple x se n t e n c e , 69 ; n ly s s, 73 ,

1 19
la
.

Be, mple t e t iv e , 1 46 ; Co mple x m po un d se n t e n ce , 1 1 9

j uga
co o r c opu co n co .

t ion o f, 16 6 Co mpo u n d e le me n t , 2 2 3
aa a
. .

Bio gr ph i c l s ke t c he s , 29 7 . Co m po un d wo rd s , ge n d e r , 90 ; plu r l,
Bus in e ss le t te rs , 2 75 87 ; posse ss iv e , 9 1
aa
. .

Co m po un d se n t e n ce , 3 8 ; l i 1 9
1
aa
n y s s , .

C pit ls , 2 44, 3 44 Con c o rd Hy mn , st u d y of, 1 0 5 , 3 43

aaa aalai a
. .

C s e , s fo rm, 90 ; 23 5 ; Con j u g t ion , 1 5 4, 1 6 4— 1 6 7 ; be , 1 6 6 ;

a a
s re t on ,

9 1 , 2 3 5 ; po sse ss iv e , 9 1 ; i 1 6 4 i n d pro gre s

ai a
n ou n s , g v e , ; p s s ve

p r on o u n s ,
1 1 5 ; pp o s t i v e pr o s i ve h
p r se s , 1 7 2 ; s- fo r ms , 1 8 2 ;
i d
n o u n , 1 2 8 ; n e pe n e n t o r d w
it h sole mn fo rms , 1 73

a l d a bj aa
.

r t ic ip e , 1 28 ; e ct Con j u n ct ion s , 3 6 —3 9 ; ux ili ry , 2 1 3 ;

ad m l m a a
p u se s su

e n t o f in d i re c t d c o o rd in t in g, 2 1 3 ; cl sse s of cc

a a a
n co p e pre -

ic t e , 1 2 8, wr on g fo rms , 1 2 6 o rd in t in g, 2 1 3 ; co rre l t i ve , 2 1 3 ;

b di a
.

Ch oi ce of word s ,
—
2 5 1 26 5 ; of pro su ori n t n g, 2 14 .

1 29 m d lm
U se , 2 1 ; co po un e e e n t s , 22 4;
7
a ail T a a
n o un s , .

Ch mbe re d N dut he , st u o f, i f 2 1 6 h 2 1 6
mma 7
us , p r s n g o ; p r se ; e r
y , ,

335 ro rs , 2 1 7 ry , 2 1

Cla d f a a a
. su .

i d dj i
62 ; k 62 ; e ct v e , Co n j un ct i dj i di e ct v e , 13 4 b,
a i i ad
use , e . n s, ve re r
,

6 1 , 2 2 5 ; ppo s t re st r i c 20 1 ; pro n o u n s , —
108 1 1 1
a
ve n .

t ive , 1 3 0 ;
d b 6 2 , 2 1 5 , 225 ; Con n e ct ive s , 22 5
b d a a a
ve r ,
.

d d en t o r in t e , 62 Con st r u ct io n , b l so u t e , 99 , 197 ; d
i i a a
e pe n or su

i d d e ntl 62 ; j e ct ive s , 13 8 d v e rb s , 2 0 4,
a
n e pe n or pr n c p ,

225 c l u se s , 22 5 ; j
co n un c t ion s , 216 ;
am d i
n ou n , .

C i fie rs , in d e pe n d e n t , 9 9 ; in fi n it i v e , 1 88 ;
8 a
on st ru ct on , 225 ;
a ia
s o

l —
1 10 1 1 2 j
in t e r e c t ion , 2 1 9 ; n ou n s , 92 ;
a
10 n e s se n t

Cla ai
; s ,
.

i
u se , c onn e ct v e , 29 6 rt c i ple s , 1 9 6 ; ph r se s , 60 ;
aa d
.
p
C ll i 8 1; s n t e ce e n t s, it i 2 1 0 ; pron o un s , 1 1 7
a bj
o e c t v e n o un s , p p
re o s o n s ,

v e rb s , 17
a
1 23 ; 8 e ct s , 1 3

C m a a
s su .
.

Co pu l t iv e v e rb s , —
44 47
i dj i 1 3 4; e ct v e s , 13 5
C m a a
o p r so n , .
.

r i son ,
d b 4 20 in , Co py in g, e xe r c ises , 2 49
la a
o p ve r s, ; e rr ors .

i
1 41 ; 13 6 Co r re l t i 213
ad
r re gu r, . v es, .

C m lm en t , i fi i i50 ; of t
ai i l 8 bj i a
o p e n n ve n

rt c 1 8 t 5 1 D 1 50
abj
p p ,
e ; o e c ve , ; re , .

bj i 4 5
e ct v e , 6 , 0 ; s o e c t s , 50 ; De c le n s ion , 1 1 6
a a8 f b ai a
su .

c se o f , 1 2 7
i nf s , 1 8 ; o ve r s , D m on s t r dj ti
t 1 3 4; pro
a
e ve ec ve
.
,

43— f l i b
5 2 o co u t ve ver s, 1 45 ; n ou n , ll3
; p .
366 IN DEX

a
De ri v t ion , —
3 5 5 3 63 E x plet ive , 20 4
a a ad d
. .

De s c r ipt i ve dj e ct ives (or q u l ify E x pre ss ion s t o b e v oi e 2 58

a a
.
,

in g), —
24 2 7
F lse E rr ors
.

sy n t x, see
wr it in g —

a a
De s cr ipt ive
.

3 0 8 3 29 ; d i re rr
,
Fe m in in e 89
a
n ou n s ,
mp rison
.

t ion s , 3 1 3 n d co n

a a aw
co

3 1 5 ; ge ogr ph i c l r it in g,
Fo r ms of n oun s , c h n ge s in , —
82 9 2 .

ma a
tr st ,
Fu t u re t e n se , 1 6 1 .

3 1 8 ; o f pro ce sse s of n u f ct u re ,

ama
3 19 ;l ni s , 3 22 ; b ird s , 3 23 ;
Fu t u re pe rfe ct t e n se , 1 6 2 .

a
l n t s, 3 2 5 ; pe rson s, 3 2 7 sl n g a Ge n de r , 88 ; mmon 89 ; 88 ;
b aid d
co n ou n s ,
p ,

to e , 3 14 pr on ou n s, 117
a
e vo .
.

i
D i c t t io n E x e r c se s, 2 50 Ge r un d , in f in in g, 1 5 2

a
. .
.

Dist rib u t i ve s , 1 1 3 Hist or ic l ske t che s out lin es 3 0 3 —3 0 5

aa
.
.
, ,

Hist ory of L ngu ge 3 50 , .

Ele me n t s , mpo u n d , 224; in d e pe n

a
co

d e n t , 2 2 3 ; orde r , 1 2 I mpe r t ive se n te n ce s ,1 3 ; 3 mod e ,

a
. ,

1 57 su b je ct o mit t e d , 1 3

a
Ele gy , Gr y s , st u d y of, 1 43 , 23 3
’

a
.
.

Ellipt i c l i 4
con st ru ct on , 22 I m pe rfe ct p rt ic iple , 1 9 6
ai a
.
.

E mph t m
c u se of c o
d po un pe r son l I n co mple t e v e rb s , 43 —5 6 .

7 10 I n de pe n d e n t c on st ru ct ion , n ou n s , 98 ;
a b h a a
pro n o u n ,
.

E mph t i c ve r p
-
r se , 16 7 ot h e rp rt s of s pe e c h , 22 0 .

E n ve lo pe s , 4 2 82—28 I n d e pe n d en t xpre ssion s 2 23

a a a
. e , .

E rr o rs , dj i de ct ve s , 1 40 ; ve r b s , 20 5 ; I n d i c t i ve , 15 7 .

in fin it ive s , 1 9 4; con j u n ct io n s , I n d ire ct j

ob e ct , 96 .

2 1 7 po sse ss i v e s , 9 5 ; pre pos it io n s , I n fin it i ve s , —

1 5 2 1 87 k in d s , 152 ;
;
2 1 0 ; pro n ou n s , 1 22 ; v e r b s , 1 7 6 ; wit h out to, 1 9 1
aa
.

in wo rds fo r ms o f, Co n st ru ct ion , b 1 88 —1 9 2

a aa
25 6 26 1 ; u n
a
,
-
; s

n e ce ss r y , 2 6 1 ; c on fo un d ed , 2 6 1 ; st r ct dj i 19 2 ; e ct v e ,

aa ai d i
n o un s , s

in c h oi ce of, 2 60 ; in o rd e r of, 1 90 ;d b 1 90 ; re ct

ai f di a a bj
s ve r ,
s n

2 6 4; d oub le me 26 4 t e, 19 1 ; e ct , 1 88 ;
a j ad di a abj f a
n ng o , .
pre c s o

E sse n t i l su b e ct te , 9 e ct it i 1 89 ;
ia a a j a j
n re s on
pe
r c . s o o p p o ,

E l
ss e n t s of 4 s e n t e n ce , 5 su b e ct , 1 88 ; su b e ct i v e

aa
. s s

E x gge r t i 26 2 m lm m en t , 1 88 ; ge ru n d so e
E lama d a
on s , . co p e

i t d i d m
ti wi s n ou n , 1 9 2 ; th
a a
xc on , n o un s u se n e pe n es u se

i w j i t, 1 88 ; it h ob e ct ,
a
d e n t ly 99 n t i c ip
i t
E la ma w d
n, . ve

t o ry 2 20 , 2 23 m dfi f i e rs o , 223 p r s in g,
mma
151 ;
a fw d f h a
xc or s, . o

E x p n s ion o 229 ; 19 4; 19 2
a a
or s, o p r se s , 19 2 ; e rro rs , su ry , .

2 29 dj
I n fle ct ion , 82 ; d
e ct i ve s , 1 3 5 ;

E la ai a
.

t m l f di 3 28 —
v e rb s , 20 4; n ou n s , 82 88 ; pro

f a
xp n on s , ex pe o ,

i f l k —
n o un s , 1 1 4 1 1 7 ; ve rb s , 1 47 1 7 4
—

f a
re c t o n s30 or, 3 ; o oo ,
3 3 1 ; .

j
aa
t he i po n t 3 ; o st o ry
,
31 of I n t e r e ct ions 3 9 ; ki n d s , 2 19 u ses ,
,
some p g ss es
, 3 3 2. 219 .
368 I N D EX

Obj e ct of ve r bs, —
47 5 1 , 1 45 ; d e fin it ion , 1 70 ; from in t r ai ins t ve s , 1 47
ob e ct j of in fin it ive , 1 5 1 ; wit h mple men t ,
a
50 ; of 1 71 ; co 1 70 ;
r t iciple , pre pos it ion ,
151 ; of whe n u sed , 1 70
a
p .

3 4; d ire c t , in d ire ct , 96 ; in fi n it iv e P f
a a
16 2
a j
st ct ,

a
pe r e .

ob e ct , 1 88 ; in p ss iv e , P t e n se , 1 49 ; form t ion , 1 49 ; m is
af a
s st

w
171 ; m, 1 27 u se d , 1 78 ; p st su b u n ct i ve , 1 8 1 j
a m d
r on g c se -
or . .

On e n ot he r , is u se 130 Pe rfe ct in finit i v e for pre se n t , 1 9 5

a
, . .

Ot he r , misu se d , 1 41 Pe rf e ct p rt i ciple , 1 9 6 ; misu se d , 1 78

a
. .

O rd e r of word s i t d 1 3 w Pe rfe ct t e n se ph r se s , 1 6 2
a a
,
n v e r e , ; r o n g, .

2 6 4; d ve rb i l e xpress ion s , 20 6 ; Pe rson , of pron oun s , 1 0 7 of ve r b s ,

i ad t io n j
o b e ct , 20 8 ; 1 49
a
p p s
re o n .

i 13 ; of se n t e n ce s , 3 42 Pe rson ifi c t i on , 1 1 7
a
t
a
q u e s on s, . .

Phr 2 3 ; e mph t i c , 1 6 7 ; in fin i
aa
a a a
ses ,

t ive , 1 87 ; p rt i c iple , 1 9 6 ; p s
aj
P h 3 3 9
Pa
r gr p s , .

i n g, 1 0 1 , 1 2 1 , 1 3 8, 1 74; d s i ve , 1 68 1 7 1 ; pe rfe ct 1 6 2 ; po s
a a
rs ec -
.

t iv e s , 13 8 ; d b ve r s, 20 5 ; co n se ss i v e , 93 ; p p
re o s it i on ,
6 3 ; l
j un ct ion s i fi i i e s, 1 9 2 ; i —
1 68 ; ve b , 1 60 1 6 4
aa a
2 1 6
a
t
a
, ; n n v progr e ss v e ,
r .

1 0 2 ; ord e r , 1 0 2 t i As dj i e ct v e s nd d v e rb s , 3 1 ; s
a ii a
n o un s , p r

c iple , 19 7 ; it i 2 10 ; 7 tl 6 e qu i v e nt to
la
p p
re o s on s, pp s
o ve s , ;
1 2 1 ; v e rb s , 1 74 7 i d d
aa ia
19 ; ent , 223 ;
a aaj a j i
r n u n s c u se , n e pe n
p o o , .

P rt ic ipi l d e ct ive , 1 3 3 l n e sse n t 63 ; su b e ct v e

a a
. s ,
s

P rt ic i ple s , 1 9 6 ; impe rfe ct , 1 9 6 ; p st , m lm e nt , 63

a aai
co p e .

1 5 3 , 1 9 6 ; pe rfe ct , 1 9 6 ; pre se n t , Ph r ly s 63
aa
se s , n s, .

Phr d b 4 20
a
153 , 19 6
a j
. se - ve r s, .

Con st ru ct ion , 196 ; b solu te ly , 19 7 ; P hr s e - c on u n ct ion s , 216

aaj aa a
.

i
s e - pre pos it o n s ,

ad T a
d
d e ct i ve s , 133 ; ve r b , Phr 209
aa a
s s .

i i 197 e qu iv b
Pict u re s t o di d d e st u Bo y
a
196 ; s t
a
ppo s ve ; e ,
n o ,

l c l u se , 1 9 7 ; in f T Dh ree F 3 17 ; onke y ,

a aj
en t t o pe r e ct 2 56 ; ce s ,

m o b e ct i v e 4 D i 3 2 1 ; D ogs L ist e n n g ,
Gi l a Wa
'

h 16 2 ; 32 ;
a j
r se , s co ogs ,
p
m l m
1 9 6 ; s sub e c t iv e c o 3 26 ; d D og , 3 3 1
ad l
ent ,
‘

r n e pon s
p e

m l m dit 1 9 6 fi 223 O M
Too 337; ld ill, 3 3 8 ;
a
n ; o e r s ; n s,
p e e , ,

d w i t h , 1 0 0 ; p r s in g , Th e Hu nt e rs 29 4; D iv ided
mma
n oun s u se ,

s u ffi x , Afi e ct ion , 3 13
aa
1 53 , 1 9 2 ;
a
19 2 ;
a
su ry , .

dj
19 7 ; v e rb l e ct i ve s , 1 53 Plu r l, 84; of m wi t h t it le ,
a
n e

Pa
.

rt i c i ple ph r se , 1 9 6 86
a
-
. .

P rt s of spe e c h , 1 5 — 42 7 8—2 2 1 d Poe ms t o be Co lu mb us , 299 ;

st u d ie d ,

mma
, ; e

Mid summe r , 3 0 8 ; Mid win t e r ,

a
d c id e by u s e, 2 4; su ry , 40
3 1 0 ; St o ry of D rt , 3 20 ; The
a
42
a a
.

W Fowl, 1 42 , 3 43 ; The
P a a
P ss iv e r t i c iple , 19 6 ter
Pa a j a
p .

3 3 3 ; Ch mbe re d
a
Pe rfe ct ,
a
ss iv e h
p r se , 16 9 ; con u g t ion o f, r y e r

1 72 exercise s, 1 71 ; form t ion , N ut ilus, 335; Abou Ben Ad

 I N D EX 69

h e m, 3 3 4; Con cord Hy mn 105 , 1 1 3 ; d i st r ibu t i ve , 1 1 3 ; in de fi n it e

a
,

3 43 j
c on un ct i v e , 1 1 1 ; in t e rrog t i ve ,

a
.

Pos it ion of wo rd s O rd e r 107 e l 1 0 7 ; posse ss iv e ,

ad aw wa aa
, se e .
p r s on ,

Possess iv e , 9 1 ; d v oi k 1 1 8 ; re c ipro c l d j e ct i v e , 1 1 3 ;
a(aa a ) a a
r use

of , 9 5 ; re l t ion re fle xi v e , 1 0 7 ; re l t i ve , 1 09

a m an
c se s , ; n
23 5 ; se - fo r 90 ; d of, 20 ; n e ct iv e ,

ma
t e ce en t

m a
c ,
c on s co

n e ct e d 9 4; fo r t ion o f, 1 08 ; n in g , 1 06
m a a
n ou n s , e .

n in g, 91 ; For m s o r in fle ct ion , 1 1 4— 1 1 7
a
91 ; 92
a a
e n ou n s ,
gree
h d 67 ph r f m w
ent , 1 23 ; it h c o lle ct i ve

d a
p r s es , se pre e rre , nt e

9 5 ; pro n o un s , 1 1 6 ; d ou ble fo r m, d w
e nt , 1 2 6 it h
a a
ce co nn e ct e n

1 1 8 ; r ule s fo r u se of 93 ; d
t e ce e nt s , 1 24; c se , 1 26 ; of p
wit h mod ifie rs 6 4; wit h ou t pos it i v e , 1 28 ; in e pe n e n t o r
d d
a mi a
,
n o un ,

w
a
1 18 it h p r t i c iple , 1 28 ; n o n t ve
i
a
.

Pot e n t i l fo rms , 1 6 3 bj
di a a
1 1 5 ; o e c t i ve c s e , 1 1 5 ;
a d l
.

Pre c te , 6 ; e sse n t i l,
1 0 ; in d ire c t , posse ss iv e c se , 1 1 5 e c e n sion

m di
1 90 ; fie d , 8 ; s imple , 9
d i aa
o .
1 16 g e n d e r ,
1 1 7; nu mbe r ,
Pre djte e ct i v e , 25, 45 ;
a
1 14
aa
c -
con .

st m i c t on , 1 3 8 ; in fin it iv e 1 88 Co n st ru ct ion , 1 1 7 ; d j e ct i v e s ,
d a a
s, .
s
Pre ic t e 45 ; con s t r u ct io n , 45 1 1 8 ; wit h p rt i c iple , 1 0 0 ; c h oi ce
m a
-
n ou n , .

Pre fix e s , 3 5 6 of , m d
a
1 29 ; n in g , 109 ;
a
.
e o
Pre po s it ion , 3 0 3 5 20 8 f t e r it s
aa
ifie rs , 222 ; rs in g,

a
us e , 121 ;
-

p
j
o b e ct , 208 ; d s v e rb , 2 09 ; s e rr o rs in u se o f, 1 22 ; re

j
con u n ct ion , 2 09 m bin e d wi t h fle x ive of mpo un d pe r
a a
co use co
ve rb , 1 7 1 ; in d e pe n d e n t , 2 20 ; ru le

a
l 107 ; for
af m
so n s
wit h in fin it i ve , 1 89 ; j
o b e ct , 1 27 ; wr on g
a a bj
p r s c se or s,
in g , 2 1 0 ; e r ro rs , 2 1 0 j
a a
.
1 26 ; s sub e ct , 1 26 ; s o e ct ,
P re pos it io n l ph r s e , 3 4, 6 3 , 6 6 ; u se wr on g mbe r fo rms , 1 2 2
aaj aa
1 27
a
nu

3 1 ; s d e ct iv e , 3 1 ; s d ve r b , 2 6 ; su mm 1 22 ; t e st
ry , q s
u e

3 1 fo r po sse ss iv e , 9 5 ; wi t h m od i t ion s , 1 3 1
a
.

fie r s , 6 4
a
Pro pe r dj e c t iv e , 13 3 ; 79
ai
.
n o un , .

Pre se n t p r t i c iple , 1 5 3 , 1 9 6 .
Pu n c t u t on , 2 43 , 3 45 .

Pre se n t pe rfe ct , 1 6 2
a
.

Pre se n t
j
1 48 ; pot e n t i l,
t e n se ,
s u b u n ct iv e , 1 8 1
'
16 3 ;
Q u ot ai
t on , 248, 3 49 .

aa
Pr in c ip l p rt s , 1 5 6 ; list , 23 7 ; of
aau x ili r ie s , 1 6 1 like , 1 5 5 c on a a
Re gul r v e rb s , 1 5 6
a
.

fu se d , 1 7 6 Re l t ive pron oun , 1 0 8 ; con st ru ct ion ,

a
.

Progre ssi v e v e r b- ph r s e , 168 1 17

a
. .

Pr on oun s , 1 0 6 ; k in d s , 1 0 6 ; d j e ct iv e , Re prod u ct ion of st o rie s , 29 1 , 29 2 ,

1 1 2 ; con j un ct iv e , 1 0 8 co mpo u n d — —
3 00 3 0 2 , 3 0 5 3 0 7 , 3 20 , 3 3 4
a a
.

pe r son l ,
107 ; d m
e i on st r t ve
,
Re spon s iv e s, 2 0 3 .
3 70 I N D EX

Se n t e n c e s , 1— 1 3 ; d e fi n it ion of 2; 1 83 ; conn e c t e d , 1 84; in de fin it e ,

a a
,

k in d s , —
1 4, e sse n t i ls of , 54; 1 1 9 ; in fi n it iv e s , 1 88 ; in v e rt e d

a s s e rt i v e , mple x , 6 9 ; c om3 ; o rd e r , 1 3 ; mod ifi e d , 1 0 ; n o u n s

a a
co

l m d 1 19 m d, 22 1 1 26 ; r ule s

a aa a m
p e x c o p o u n ; co po u n ,
s, pr o n o u n s s,

3 8 ; e llipt i c l 2 24; e x c l m t ion s for pro n ou n s 1 2 6 ; si ple , 9 ;

a a a
, , s,

4; i mpe r t i v e 3 ; in t e r r og t i v e , t h ird , sin g ul r , 1 8 2 ; t h ou , 1 7 3 ;

a
,

3 ; s im ple , 38 st r u ct u re , 1; wr on g c s e- fo rm, 1 26 .

sub e ct j 5; mple t e j
s u b e ct , 6; Sub j e ct i v e m lm 46 5 0 ; in
a
ent

a a
,
co , co p e , ,

si mple ,
9; 6 ; co m
pr e d i c te , fin it i ve s, 1 88 ; ph r se , 22 2 .

l 10 ; s imple , 9 ; m od ifie r , 1 1 S ub j u n ct i v e 1 5 8 ; fo rm s , 2 41 ;
aa
p e t e ,
.
, u se ,

Se n t e n ce —
n ly s is , 7 2 77 1 81
a a
-
. .

Se n t e n ce b u ild i n g ,
-
43 —7 1 . S u b st it u t e fo r co mp r ison of d
S for m
-
o f v e rb s , 1 50 ; d i re c t io n s fo r je ct i v e s , 1 3 6 , 1 41 .

u sin g, 1 82 1 85 ; e xe r c ise s , 1 85 ; S uffi xe s , 3 5 7

aa a
-

s pe llin g o f, 154 S u mm dj e ct i v e , 13 9 ; d ve rb ,

awill 7 la
. ry

S h ll, f 1 9 —
1 79 1 80 20 5 ; 225 j
co n u n c t io n s ,

aa
,
u se o ,
. c u se s ,

S m l
i l i
e se n t e n ce s , 3 8; 72 217 i fi i t i ve s , 1 9 2 ; 1 0 4;
la m b ai i l
p n y s s ,
. n n n ou n s ,

Si ( ) 4—
8 88 rt c p e s , 1 9 7 ; pron o u n s , 1 2 2 ;
Sla
n gu r nu er n o un s ,
.
p
3 14 se n t e n ce s , 2 2 1 ; v e r b s , 1 7 5

a
n g, . .

S i
l l mb fo r 84 S yn on y ms , 25 1—
5 4; e xe r c i se s in ,
l a a
pe c ru e s nu er, .

S lli l b 84; 1 54 2 5 1— 5 4 d is c r imin t e d , 2 5 3

a C
n g, ver s,
pe p ur s, . .

St e m s , 3 58 . i S yn t x , see o n st r u c t o n .

S i
t or e s,w ll
ho
l a
to te
m
to
Te eg r 2 85
b d d st u

al
m ie 2 88 ;
a to
.
,
e ,
co
4 7 m Te n se s , 1 8 ; 1 6; n 16 2
ia lm a
e rr o rs , e s,
l p et e , 29 1 ; nd et t e r, 29 2 ;
i n g, 1 49

a
s pe c e n
m m fr of m 29 3 ;
.

ro
poe ,
f f Te n se ph r
-
se s , u t u re , 1 6 1 ; pe r e ct ,
i ct u re , d 29 4; s u gges t e

f Wa
p ,
162
f C l mb
29 5 ;
aR k a 2 99 ; sh
.

o o u u s, o
T l l l it o f, 86
a
e s, p ur
i n gt o n , 3 00 ; I n c h c pe
a
oc
.

,
i b 47 d i Tr n s it v e —
52
W hi
a
ve r s, use n
A
3 0 4; fr i c n Chie f , 3 0 5 ; te
fo o t e
d R Rd i
D ee r , 3 0 5 ; l 4 w b j i ’
i tr ns t iv e y , 1 7 it h o e ct v e

aah
e v e re s e,

3 05 ; N uh
m m 5 w
t,
i h w3 06 ; h of Th e co p le e n t 0 ; t t o o

f m a
ug ,

j 4 e ct s , 1 5
Fr o st , 3 0 6 i
a i r ou s sou r c e s ,
.
ro v
4 Tr n s pos t ion , 7
3 07
a Ab B Ad U
.

S d f i L t e r t u re ,
3
tu y
C a d Na
o ou en
C i se , se e o n st r u ct on .

m
he mb il
3 3 4;
U
h e re ut us ,
,
f se s o n o un s , 9 2 — 1 00
d H m
.

335C 1 0 5 , 3 43 ;
a Wa V a
on cor y n,

l E Th e , 1 43 ,
f i 23 3 To r ie t y o

la
8 ter 22 2 53
V ba
e gy , e xpre ss on , , .

F wl 1 42 , 3 43 dj i 4 —
151 15
V ba
e ct v e s ,

a ffi ma a a
o , . er .

S bj
a a
u e ct , 5; d i l r t iv e 4 i fi i i n neg t ve , er n oun s , 151 15 -
n n t ve s ,

186 ; nt i ci p t i ve , 1 1 9 ; c olle ct i ve , 1 87 .