Mod 2 - 3 - 4

Sometimes when you are simplifying a resistor network, you get stuck.
Some resistor networks cannot

be simplified using the usual series and parallel combinations. This situation can often be handled by
trying the 'Delta-Wye' transformation.
The names Delta and Wye come from the shape of the schematics, which resemble letters. The
transformation allows you to replace three resistors in a Delta configuration by three resistors in a Y
configuration, and the other way around.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electrical-engineering/ee-circuit-analysis-topic/ee-resistor-
circuits/a/ee-delta-wye-resistor-networks#:~:text=The%20Delta%2DWye%20transformation
%20is,resistor%20network%2C%20you%20get%20stuck
https://youtu.be/h9coEnV6J_E?list=PLy8CVak7-Br6atMM75FWTjb9zDSzIEi16
Superposition Theorem states that in any linear, active, bilateral network hav
source, the response across any element is the sum of the responses obtained fro
considered separately and all other sources are replaced by their internal resistan
It also states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear ci
algebraic sum of the voltages across (or current through) that element due to each
source acting alone.
Remember when applying superposition theorem:
1. We consider one independent source at a time while all other independent sourc
This implies that we replace every voltage source by 0 V ( or a short circuit ) and e
source by 0 A ( or an open circuit). This way we obtain a simpler and more manage
2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled by circuit v
STEPS TO APPLY SUPERPOSITION PRINC

1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output (volta
to that active source using circuit analysis techniques like KVL, KCL, volt
divider, nodal analysis, mesh analysis, etc.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions du
independent sources.
Thevenin’s theorem is an analytical method used to change a complex circuit into a simple equivalent
circuit consisting of a single resistance in series with a source voltage
It also states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a
voltage source V_TH in series with a resistor R_TH, where V_TH is the open-circuit voltage at the
terminals and R_TH is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent sources
are turned off.
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_7.html
As far as the load resistor RL is concerned, any complex “one-port” network consisting of multiple
resistive circuit elements and energy sources can be replaced by one single equivalent resistance Rs and
one single equivalent voltage Vs. Rs is the source resistance value looking back into the circuit and Vs is
the open-circuit voltage at the terminals.
2.2 Superposition
 Superposition theorem states that in any linear, active,

bilateral network having more than one source, the response
across any element is the sum of the responses obtained from
each source considered separately and all other sources are
replaced by their internal resistance.
 STEPS TO APPLY SUPERPOSITION

PRINCIPLE
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source.
Find the output (voltage or current) due to that active
source using circuit analysis techniques like KVL,
KCL, voltage or current divider, nodal analysis, mesh
analysis, etc.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent
sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all
the contributions due to the independent sources.
2.3 Thevenin's and Norton's Theorem
 Thevenin’s theorem is an analytical method used to change a

complex circuit into a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a
single resistance in series with a source voltage
 Norton's theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can
be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current
source I(N,) in parallel with a resistor Rn, where In is the
short-circuit current through the terminals and Rn, is the input
or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off.
3.1 Capacitors and Inductors

The capacitor is another example of a passive element just like resistors. It has many uses. It is defined
as two conducting plates separated by an insulator and it's an element that stores energy in its electric
field.
https://www.electronicshub.org/applications-of-capacitors/#Filter_Applications
The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected capacitors is the

sum of the individual capacitances.
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + ... + Cn
An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its
magnetic field. Inductors find numerous applications in electronic and
power systems. They are used in power supplies, transformers, radios,
TVs, radars, and electric motors. Any conductor of electric current has
inductive properties and may be regarded as an inductor. But in order
to enhance the inductive effect, a practical inductor is usually formed
into a cylindrical coil with many turns of conducting wire. An inductor
consists of a coil of conducting wire.
https://youtu.be/VfzUVYgF8-A?list=PLy8CVak7-Br6atMM75FWTjb9zDSzIEi16
This video discusses the concepts of capacitors. Basically, a capacitor

is a passive electronic component that stores electric charge. It
resists the change in voltage with respect to time. we have different
types of capacitors depending on the applications. We give the
different formulas that will be used when analyzing circuits involving
capacitors such as charge, capacitance, voltage, current, power,
energy, etc. We will also state the important characteristics of
capacitors where we can apply in every circuit. Finally, we solve
examples of computations involving capacitors.
https://youtu.be/_b2fzfgKHvk?list=PLy8CVak7-Br6atMM75FWTjb9zDSzIEi16
This video discusses the concepts and formula used when analyzing circuits
with series and parallel capacitors. The same concepts are applied for series
capacitors that are current is constant and the total voltage is the sum of
each voltage drop across each capacitor while the total capacitance is the
reciprocal of the sum of reciprocal of each capacitance. Likewise for parallel
capacitors, the voltage is constant while the total current is the sum of each
branch current for each capacitor and the total capacitance is the sum of the
individual capacitance. The current-voltage relationship formula is also
applicable as well as the charging formula for capacitors. We solve different
examples on how to analyze series-parallel capacitor circuits.
https://youtu.be/Kw3vnXXtf2Y?list=PLy8CVak7-Br6atMM75FWTjb9zDSzIEi16
This video discusses the concepts of inductors. Basically, an inductor is a

passive electronic component that stores energy through current in its
magnetic field. It resists the change in current with respect to time. we have
different types of inductors depending on the applications. We give the
different formulas that will be used when analyzing circuits involving
inductors such as inductance, voltage, current, power, energy, etc. We will
also state the important characteristics of inductors where we can apply in
every circuit. Finally, we solve examples of computations involving
inductors.
https://youtu.be/taetkzyTb2I?list=PLy8CVak7-Br6atMM75FWTjb9zDSzIEi16
This video discusses the concepts and formula used when analyzing circuits
with series and parallel inductors. The same concepts are applied for series
inductors that are current is constant and the total voltage is the sum of
each voltage drop across each inductor while the total inductance is the sum
of individual inductances. Likewise for parallel inductors, the voltage is
constant while the total current is the sum of each branch current for each
inductor and the total inductance is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocal of individual inductances. The current-voltage relationship formula
is also applicable. We solve different examples of how to analyze series-
parallel inductor circuits.
🥇Module 4 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
This module aims to give the essential knowledge and apply it in a circuit.
The intended learning outcomes are as follows:
 to define electrical transients

 to analyze and solve problems in electrical transients in RL and RC DC
circuits.
 create circuits using Multisim simulator.
The topics involve the wye-delta transformation, superposition theorem,

Thevenin's and Norton's theorem,
4.1 Transients Fundamentals
When a circuit is to be switched on, it will not directly attain its steady state
response but instead passes through a transition period wherein the currents
or voltages adjust themselves to their steady state response. This transition
period is called the transient period.
Electrical transients are momentary bursts of energy induced upon power,

data, or communication lines. They are characterized by extremely high
voltages that drive tremendous amounts of current into an electrical circuit
for a few millionths, up to a few thousandths, of a second. Large transients
on the power system originating outside of a facility are best initially
diverted at the service entrance of a facility. Transients generated within the
premises are best diverted by SPDs located close to the internal source of
the transients or close to the electronic load equipment if this is not
possible. Best results are obtained if both locations are protected
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electrical-engineering/ee-circuit-analysis-topic/ee-resistor-
circuits/a/ee-delta-wye-resistor-networks#:~:text=The%20Delta%2DWye%20transformation
%20is,resistor%20network%2C%20you%20get%20stuck
https://youtu.be/KPOQ-cdGbjQ
4.2 First Order Circuit: RL and RC

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Sometimes when you are simplifying a resistor network, you get stuck.

Some resistor networks cannot

Remember when applying superposition theorem:

STEPS TO APPLY SUPERPOSITION PRINC

 Superposition theorem states that in any linear, active,

 STEPS TO APPLY SUPERPOSITION

2.3 Thevenin's and Norton's Theorem

 Thevenin’s theorem is an analytical method used to change a

3.1 Capacitors and Inductors

The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected capacitors is the

This video discusses the concepts of capacitors. Basically, a capacitor

This video discusses the concepts of inductors. Basically, an inductor is a

 to define electrical transients

The topics involve the wye-delta transformation, superposition theorem,

4.1 Transients Fundamentals

Electrical transients are momentary bursts of energy induced upon power,

4.2 First Order Circuit: RL and RC

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