DISKUSI E-4

B.INGGRIS

Passage 1
By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and
soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion
in the textile industry during this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased
dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the
cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber
or lint from the seed was a laborious process. Sea Island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand,
because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long
growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much
shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker
could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with
revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could
produce up to '50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or
steam, multiplied productivity further.
The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation
of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802,
cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and
over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by
cotton.
In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in
that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and
other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly
in the eastern half of the United States - west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi
River.
1. The main point of the passage is that the 3. All of the following are mentioned in the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a passage as reasons for the increased demand
time when ___ for cotton Except ____
(A) The European textile industry increased (A) cotton’s softness
its demand for American export products. (B) cotton’s ease of processing
(B) Mechanization of spinning and weaving (C) a shortage of flax and wool
dramatically changed in the textile (D) the growth that occurred in the textile
industry industry
(C) Cotton became profitable crop but was (E) none of the above
still time consuming to process
4. The word “laborious” underlined in
(D) Cotton became the most important
paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ____
American export product
(A) Contrived
(E) America’s top 10 imported from China
(B) Unfamiliar
2. The word “favored” underlined in paragraph (C) Primitive
1 is closest in meaning to____ (D) Skilled
(A) Preferred (E) Difficult
(B) Recommended
(C) Imported
(D) Included
(E) Unpopular
5. Which of the following can be inferred from (E) a main source of power for most
the passage about cotton production in the agricultural machinery.
United States after the introduction of
8. The word “unprecedented” underlined in
Whitney’s cotton gin?
paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___
(A) More cotton came from Sea Island cotton
(A) Slow
plants than before
(B) Profitable
(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton
(C) not seen before
plants than before
(D) never explained
(C) Most cotton produced was sold
(E) succeeding
domestically
(D) Most cotton produced was exported to 9. The author mentions “wheat and wheat flour”
England underlined in paragraph 3 in order to ____
(E) Most cotton produced was imported from (A) show that American exported more
China agricultural products than they imported
(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat
6. The word “surge” underlined in paragraph 2
products exported
is closest in meaning to ___
(C) comprise the vast majority of the
(A) sharp increase
population in these nation
(B) sudden stop
(D) demonstrate the importance of cotton
(C) importance change
among American export products
(D) excess amount
(E) demonstrate that wheat farming was
(E) decline
becoming more profitable
7. According to the passage, the Mississippi
10. Based on the passage, one advantage of sea
River was ___
island cotton was its ___
(A) unique racial, cultural and economic
(A) abundance of seeds
history
(B) long fibers
(B) one of the boundaries of a region where
(C) long growing season
new agricultural settlements took place.
(D) adaptability to a different climates
(C) major source of water for agricultural
(E) shifting river delta at the mount of
cops.
Mississippi
(D) the primary route by which agricultural
crops were transported.

Directions: in the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. Against each, five
words are suggested one of which fits the blank properly. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

There is already an extensive ___11___ literature - often using growth accounts - that ___12___
these and other aspects of India’s economic growth. Many of the studies ___13__ one or more of the
following topics. First, a number of analyst ___14__ focused on characterizing India’s economic
performance at the most aggregate level. While there is agreement that growth did indeed improve during
the past quarter century, researchers __15__ varying conclusions on some issues such as the timing and
precise magnitude of this ___16___, and the relative importance of changes in domestic policy. There are
on-going discussions over the extent ___17___ the current growth can be maintained and various means
by which it might be increased.
Second, analysts have examined the behavior of particular output sectors. A number of
authors___18___ productivity in manufacturing - reaching a wide range of conflicting conclusions.
____19___, as explained in detail by Goldar and Mitra (2002), differences in the findings can be attributed
to a variety of measurement issues, such as the use of single versus double ___20___ to construct estimates
of real growth in manufacturing value added.
11. ___ 16. ___
(A) Empire (A) Accelerate
(B) Empirical (B) Accelerating
(C) Empirically (C) Accelerated
(D) Empiricism (D) Acceleration
(E) Empiricist (E) Accelerator
12. ____ 17. ___
(A) Examine (A) to which
(B) Examines (B) whom
(C) Forecast (C) whose
(D) Forecasts (D) that
(E) Augur (E) who
13. ____ 18. ____
(A) address (A) have studied
(B) denote (B) has studied
(C) addressee (C) was studying
(D) facilitate (D) was studied
(E) evolve (E) is studying
14. ____ 19. ___
(A) Has (A) However
(B) Will (B) In order to
(C) should have (C) Despite
(D) have (D) Instead of
(E) had (E) Due to
15. ___ 20. ____
(A) have reached (A) Deflate
(B) has reached (B) Deflated
(C) will reach (C) Deflating
(D) reached (D) Deflation
(E) will have reached (E) deflationary