Mari Petroleum Company limited

Mari Petroleum Company Limited

Daharki Field, Sindh

Internship Period
22-July-2019 to 30-August-2019

Submitted by:
Moosa Naseer
Registration# (2016-CH-17)
Chemical Engineering (VI Semester)
Session (2016-2020)
eng.moosanaseer@gmail.com

Department of Chemical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

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 Mari Petroleum Company limited

Table of Contents
1. Introduction to MPCL
• History of MPCL …………………………………………………………….. 5
• Mission ……………………………………………………………… 6
• Company Profile ……………………………………………………………… 6
• Achievements ………………………………………………………………. 7
• Internal Processes ……………………………………………………………. 8
2. Internship Plan …………………………………………………………………. 9
3. Feedback on internship Plan………………………………………………… 10
4. HSE Induction …………………………………………………………………….. 11
5. Mari deep central production faculty

• Automation control/SCADA system …………………………….. 12

• Dehydration plant background …………………………………… 14
• Mechanism of dehydration plant ……………………………….. 14
• Components of dehydration plant ……………………………… 15
• Gas regeneration system ………………………………………………. 18
• Gas metering skid …………………………………………………………. 21
• Barton chart recorder …………………………………………………… 22
6. Warehouse

• SOP software ……………………………………………………………… 23

• Data management in warehouse ……………………………….. 24
7. Field Maintenance

• Cathodic protection system ………………………………………… 26

• Solar system maintenance ………………………………………… 27
• Chemical injection inhibitor …………………………………………. 28
• Pipeline installation steps …………………………………………… 30
• Ultrasonic testing …………………………………………………….. 33
• Gas chromatography ……………………………………………………. 34

8. Services
• Electricity generation …………………………………………………… 37
• Design consideration and operation …………………………… 38
• RO plant ………………………………………………………………………. 39
• Increasing turbine efficiency ……………………………………….. 40
• Turbine features ………………………………………………………….. 41

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9. Production shallow department

• Fluid recorder calibration …………………………………. ………… 43

• Dump Valve ………………………………………………………………… 44
• Kncok out drums ……………………………………………………….. 44
• Central manifold facility …………………………………………….. 45
10. Values addition as an intern ……………………………………………. 45
11. Evaluation……………………………………………………………………… 45
12.Recommendation …………………………………………………………… 46
13. References …………………………………………………………………….. 47

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Mari Petroleum Company limited

List of Abbreviations
MPCL Mari Petroleum Company Limited
SNGPL Sui Northern Gas Pipeline Limited
SU Sui Upper Limestone
SM Sui Main limestone
PLC Programmable logic controller
PSV Pressure Safety Valve
RTU Remote Terminal Unit
PCV Pressure control valve
SSV Surface Safety Valve
SSSV Sub-surface Safety Valve
SCADA super visionary control and data
accusation
RO Reverse Osmosis
PR Purchase Reposition
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PO Purchase order
PM Preventive Maintenance
CM Corrective maintenance
TEG Tri-ethylene glycol
PK Peerkoh Limestone
RPM Revolution per minute
BHP Bottom hole pressure
O.P Operational parameter
MTU Master terminal unit
PFD Process flow diagram
P&ID Piping and instrumental diagram
KOD Knockout drum
HMI Human machine interface
ESD Emergency Shutdown Panel
MMSCFD Million standard cubic feet per day
IGP Instrumental gas package
SAS Seismic aquifer survey
TEG Thermo-electric generator

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Executive Summary
This report is generated after the Internship at MPCL Field Daharki in Batch-2 from 22th-July-2019 to
30th August 2019. This report account for all the activities being performed by the intern during their
internship at MPCL. A brief introduction of MPCL and Daharki Field is given in this report followed by
the internship plan executed during the internship. Afterward the department wise learning and
observations are mentioned in the report. HSE section contain some basic safety steps and
precautions ensured in the field which have prevented MPCL Daharki field from any major incident
since its operation.
Production deep section is divided into processing section, utilities section and Control Room. In the
processing section the process of the gathering of the gas at header, its separation at three phase
separator, its dehydration in dehydration pant and then sending it to the customer via metering skid.
The utilities section describe the working of workshop, generator, instrument air compressor, reverse
osmosis plant and the fire fighting system. The control room section contain different panels which
are present to monitor the output of plant and fire controlling system. Ware House section contain
the process of buying new asset and keeping its record and issuing to the relevant department. Field
maintenance section describe its three major sub-departments including corrosion protection,
Quality Control laboratory, Wireless Communication System. Corrosion protection includes the major
techniques such as chemical injection, cathodic protection and coating which prevent the pipeline
from corrosion. Quality Control Lab contain the detail of the equipement which are present in it to
ensure that the quality of product is maintained. Wireless System contain the process of working of
the wireless system installed at each well site. The Services section is divided into two main categories
Gas Turbine and Workshop.
Gas Turbine section contain the detail of the gas fuel station, gas turbine working and its auxiliaries
and supporting equipment. The Workshop section elaborate the task performed by its sub
departments including Maintenance Shed, Auto AC & Electric Shop, Tyre Shop, Maintenance Shed,
Washing Unit and Machine shop. Production Shallow department section contain the list of the
activities which were observed by me during the internship. The major jobs observed includes FR
Calibration, recoding of WHP and BHP Survey. After this a small section comprising of Value added
as an intern to MPCL is present. After ward the self evaluation section containing the grooming,
learning experience and suggestion is attached at the end.

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 Mari Petroleum Company limited

History of Mari Petroleum Company Limited

Mari Gas Field was originally owned by Pakistan Stanvac Petroleum Project, a joint venture formed
in 1954 between Government of Pakistan and M/s Esso Eastern Incorporated, having 49% and 51%
ownership interests, respectively. The first gas discovery was made by the Joint Venture in 1957 when
the first Well in lower Kirthar ‘Zone-B’ Limestone Formation was drilled. Production from the field
started in 1967. In 1983, M/s Esso Eastern sold its entire share to the Fauji Foundation. Consequently,
it was decided to set up a wholly owned Public Limited Company for the purpose of acquiring the
assets and liabilities of the Project.
In 1984, Mari Gas Company Limited (MGCL) was incorporated with Fauji Foundation, Government
of Pakistan and OGDCL as its shareholders having 40%, 40%, and 20% shareholding, respectively.
The Company took over the assets, liabilities and operational control of Mari Gas Field and
commenced business in its own name in 1985 under the Mari Gas Wellhead Price Agreement (Mari
GPA).
In 1994, the Government divested 50% of its share and the Company became listed on all the stock
exchanges of Pakistan.
The Company operated only as a gas production company and was engaged in developing the already
discovered Habib Rahi Reservoir in Mari Gas Field for supply of gas to new fertiliser plants. The
Company pursued appraisal activities within its Mari D&P Lease area by drilling step-out wells to
determine the extent of Habib Rahi Reservoir.
In 2001, the Company achieved a new milestone when it was granted a license for exploration of oil
and gas, in addition to the production activities. Since then, MPCL has emerged as a successful E&P
company with a proven track record in the field of exploration and production.
The Company has grown from the sale of natural gas from an inherited field, to the exploration,
production, and sale of gas, oil and other petroleum products from a number of fields in all the
provinces of Pakistan. The name of the Company was changed from “Mari Gas Company Limited” to
“Mari Petroleum Company Limited” (MPCL) in November 2012, to reflect its diversified business
operations and expanded activities.
The Company had been outsourcing seismic and drilling business like other E&P companies.
However, in 2013 the Company decided to set-up a services division comprising of a 2D/3D seismic
data acquisition unit, a 2D/3D seismic data processing centre and a fleet of three on-shore drilling rigs.
Thus, MPCL became a fully integrated E&P company in the Country.
In 2014, an extension of five years in Mari lease period was approved by the Government, extending
the development and production rights in the Lease Area till 2019. The extension has enabled MPCL
to enhance the recovery and produce more natural gas, which is critically needed in the Country.
Since its inception, the Company had been operating on a cost-plus fixed-return formula under Mari
GPA 1985. Pursuant to consistent efforts by MPCL Management, a major milestone was achieved in
November 2014, when Economic Coordination Committee of the Cabinet approved dismantling of
Mari GPA and its replacement with an international crude oil price linked market-oriented formula.
Dismantling of Mari GPA has allowed the Company to operate on commercial terms and become
competitive to realise its full potential.

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In October 2015, the Company opted for conversion of Mari D&P lease to 2012 Petroleum Policy to
avail the price incentives offered by the Government on production enhancement initiatives.
In February 2016, MPCL became the first Pakistani E&P Company to implement its incremental gas
production project (Mari Field) and avail gas price incentive on incremental field production offered
in 2012 Petroleum Policy.
Mari Field marked its Golden Jubilee on December 22, 2017. These were 50 years of meticulous
operations and true professionalism as evidenced by uninterrupted supply of hydrocarbons to the
Company’s downstream customers.

Mission
• To enhance Exploration & Production capability by exploiting breakthroughs in knowledge
and innovations in technology and by adopting competitive industrial practices of optimal and
cost-effective operations to replenish the produced reserves by at least 50% and to enhance
production for maximizing revenues and return to the stakeholders and to maintain highest
standards of HSE and environmental protection.
• Providing uninterrupted petroleum products supply to customers.
• Maintaining best and safe operational practices.
• Adopting advanced technology, cost effective/efficient operations, increasing operating
efficiency and adherence to high environmental standards.
• Exploring and enhancing the potential of our human resources.
• Aligning the interests of our shareholders, human resources, customers and other stakeholders
to create significant business value characterized by excellent financial results, outstanding
professional accomplishments and superior performance.

Company Profile
Mari Petroleum is an integrated exploration and production company, currently managing and
operating Pakistan’s largest gas reservoir at Mari Gas Field, Daharki, Sindh.
With 18% market share, Mari Petroleum is the second largest gas producer in the Country with
cumulative daily production of 100,000 barrels of oil equivalent.
The Company’s exploration and production assets are spread across all the four provinces of Pakistan.
The Company enjoys the highest exploration success rate of 70%, much higher than industry average
of 33% (national) and 14% (international). At the same time, it is the most cost efficient E&P Company
in the Country with lowest operational cost of only 10% of the gross sales.
To its credit, Mari Petroleum has the unique record of maintaining uninterrupted gas supply to its
customers from Mari Field for the last fifty years without availing even the permitted outages.
Mari Petroleum is an ISO certified Company for Quality, Environment, Information Security,
Occupational Health & Safety and has achieved Advanced Level in ISO Certification for Social
Responsibility.
MPCL has emerged as a blue-chip company at the stock exchange. During the last two years, the
Company also won a number of awards from various independent bodies not only for its financial and
operational performance and reporting but also for its management, HR, HSE, and CSR practices.

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Principal Business Activities

MPCL is primarily an exploration and production company in the upstream segment of the petroleum
industry. Its principal business activities include oil and gas exploration, drilling, field development,
production and distribution of hydrocarbons (including natural gas, crude oil, condensate and LPG) as
well as provision of E&P related services on commercial basis.

Major Brands, Products and Services

MPCL is a major producer of natural gas. It also produces crude oil, condensate and LPG. All the
products of the Company are generic and are supplied to midstream and downstream customers
without any specific brand name. The Company also provides 2D/3D seismic data acquisition, seismic
data processing, drilling rigs and allied services.

Corporate Culture & Core Values:

Values are deeply ingrained principles that guide organizational actions. The Core values are central
and enduring tenets of a successful organization.
MPCL is governed by its core values which distinguish us and guide our actions while shaping our
corporate culture and reflecting the behaviour essential to our relationship with all stakeholders.

Major Customers/Markets
The gas produced by the Company is supplied to fertiliser manufacturers, power generation and gas
distribution companies, while crude oil and condensate are supplied to the refineries for further
processing. The Company only caters to local customers with no activity in the export market.

Ownership, Operating Structure and relationship with Group Companies

Mari Petroleum is a Public Limited Company operating in the Private Sector. The Management of the
Company is vested in Fauji Foundation. The Company is listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange with
current market capitalisation of around Rs. 170 billion. Major Shareholders of the Company include
Fauji Foundation (40%), Government of Pakistan (18.39%), OGDCL (20%), and General Public
(21.61%). All Fauji Foundation group companies as well as OGDCL are the associated companies of
MPCL.

Achievements
MPCL was awarded 2nd Position in recognition of “Best Practices in HRD/IR/Working Condition &
Safety/CSR and Training” in the category of Large National Companies at the 4th Employer of the
Year Awards 2015 by the Employers’ Federation of Pakistan. This mark yet another great achievement
for MPCL which could only be possible through dedicated teamwork, devoted leadership and effective
participation of workforce.

Diversification
Work on setting-up of MPCL’s pilot Power Project is in progress. An LOI of Owners Engineer has
been issued to M/s Fichtner in March 2018. A Kick-off meeting was formally held with the OE and a
site visit was jointly conducted on May 31, 2018. The Company hopes to complete the feasibility study
by September 2018.

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In view of technical and commercial viability, carbon dioxide will be separated from the produced
HRL gas through a new processing plant and then purified to good grade for sale to beverages industry.
After inhouse evaluations, an independent third-party consultant was hired to conduct the technical
and commercial feasibility of the project. Consultant’s Report concluded that the project was
technically and commercially viable. Final Investment Decision has been made and FEED study is in
progress to commission the plant in the next fiscal year.

Financial
During the year, gross sales exceeded Rs. 100 billion for the first time in the history of MPCL. Gross
sales surged to Rs. 100.04 billion from 96.78 billion in the last year. Similarly, net sales reached an
unprecedented level of Rs. 40.68 billion from Rs. 28.18 billion in the last year. The impact of increase
in net sales was reflected in net profit, which jumped by 68% to reach a whopping Rs. 15.37 billion
compared with Rs. 9.14 billion of the last year. Earnings per share also increased from Rs. 82.87 to
Rs. 139.45 and after payment of final dividend, total dividend to the shareholders will amount to 60%
(Rs. 6.0 per share) for the year besides announcement of 10% bonus shares. As a result of prudent
strategies stemming from cost consciousness, MPCL has emerged as the most cost -effective E&P
company in the Country with operating expenses at only 9.98% of the gross sales.

Market Share Information

Product Total Output MPCL’s Output MPCL’s Share

Gas (MMCSF) 723,329 132,320 18.3%

Oil & Condensate 16,286,766 399,023 2.4%

Source: Pakistan Petroleum Information Service by LMKR on behalf of DGPC. Based on the data
for Jan-Jun, 2018.

Internal Processes
The Company continuously improved its internal business processes and was able to successfully
implement SAP Plant Maintenance System at MPCL operated fields. Moreover, 872 Management
System Procedures (MSPs) pertaining to all departments were revised and updated. In order to enhance
overall competency level of 70-80% of technical workforce, the Company has successfully
implemented Competency Management System whereby gaps between competency levels will be
identified and rectified to ensure that competent personnel are in place to operate and maintain facilities
efficiently and effectively.
Stakeholders: The Company managed to bring down Total Recordable Case Frequency (TRCF) to
0.11 against the target of 0.45. It was the lowest-ever TRCF in the history of the MPCL. The Company
spent Rs. 221.4 million on CSR Projects in Mari and other operated Fields/Blocks.

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INTERNSHIP PLAN

Department Time Span Case Study

0.HSE/Administration 22-July-2019 • HSE/PPEs Awareness

• Working of Dehydration plant

23-July-2019 • Working of SADA
1. Production to • Handling of Condensate
Operations Deep 30-July-2019 • Introduction to deep surface
production facility

• Introduction and function of

2. Warehouse 31-July-2019 warehouse
• Material Identification

• Introduction to field laboratory

01-Aug-2019 • Cathodic protection system
to • Gas and Water Analysis
3. Field Maintenance 10-Aug-2019

• Functions of services
11-Aug-2019 department
4. Services to • Maintenance and up keeping of
vehicles
18-Aug-2019
• Operation and maintenance of
gas turbines

• Introduction to MPCL and

19-Aug-2019 functions of production
5. Production to department
• Gas compressor,
Operations Shallow 29-Aug-2019 operation/maintenance
• Water dumping system,
surface/sub-surface safety
system, BHP Survey
• Principle of orifice meter and
gas calculations as per AGA

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Feedback on internship plan/schedule:

It is obvious that an internship plan is used for general training and assessment of all interns for their
individual performances in all departments of an industry. However, most part of the plan worked in
an irrefutable manner. It has to be advocated on the pinnacle of some complementary discussion that
how serene the work environment was and how the events have occurred in above specified frame of
adjustment. The plan is discussed in tabulated form to ease out the reading:

Department Plan execution details Logical/deductive reason

The plan was executed
HSE Induction (Field perfectly and an initial test was
Office) taken before a presentation on …………………
rules/precautions of safety in
an industrial work
environment.
The plan was executed
Production deep perfectly and each group was
divided in two shifts. Shift ..……………….
engineers were cooperative
and learning was thoughtful.
The plan was executed
Ware House perfectly and ware house was
visited by our group with …………………
comprehension of how things
came here and move from
here.
The plan was executed in poor The technicians have different
Field Maintenance manner and everyone have to routine as compared with the
meditate over where we will be one we were assigned. And
adjusted. there was nothing to learn as
few technicians were
cooperative and most of them
have surface knowledge.
Services Plan not followed Eid holidays and some other
reasons

Production Shallow
……………………….

• It should be noted that above specified information is unbiased and no conspiracies and indirect
involvements/purposes lie inside the premises of above elaboration.

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Erudition during internship duration

HSE (Health, Safety and Environment) Induction:
Contraction for wellbeing, security and natural. These three issues are of central significance to the
penetrating and boring liquids network, as they are to the whole oil industry. Wellbeing Safety ought
to be the most noteworthy need in well arranging. Faculty contemplations must be put over every
single other part of the arrangement. At times, the arrangement must be modified over the span of
penetrating the well when unanticipated boring issues imperil the team.
As indicated by the guidelines allocated by HSE, PPE's (Personal Protective Equipment's) are given
to each guest and all representatives. Without PPE nobody is permitted to enter in the working zone.
These are:
• Hard cap/Helmet
• Wellbeing shoes
• Wellbeing glasses
• Proper attire (Coverall)
• Hand gloves
• Ear Muffs\Ear plugs
• Head protector Safety shoes
• Glasses
• MPCL Coverall

Muster points:
A summon point is an assigned spot or a zone where all representatives, visitors or guests to the
work site, or a huge group can gather in the event of a crisis.
The summon point guarantees that everybody realizes where to accumulate even in the frenzy of a
crisis. The area ought to be a sheltered good way from the work site and clear of extra dangers.
Summon focuses additionally encourages head tallies and different estimates that expect everybody
to be accumulated in one spot.
Wellbeing PRECUTIONS:
• Guests are told how and which sort of flame quencher must be utilized for the specific kind
of flame.
• Try not to remain under the fork lifter when overwhelming weight is being lifted.
• Never begin or attempt to get in some sort of fight.
• Internee Engineers are approached to be careful good ways from hard core work.
There is an extremely enormous limit putting out fire’s hardware is available close to the mud siphons
and VFD.
There are alerts present in the event of crisis like flame and Hydrogen Sulfide gas H2S spillage.
Continuously utilize the flame dousers toward wind stream as coordinated by the breeze markers.

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Security rules:
• Housekeeping.
• No Smoking close to the Accommodations.
• Squander the executive’s duty.
• Crisis circumstances and contact.
• Assigned smoking zones.
• No Alcohol and other precluded drugs.
• Cell phone isn't permitted on the apparatus floor and during work.
• Over speeding is disallowed and Speed limit hogs are available at an acceptable threshold of
30 km/hr..
• What’s more, seat straps in the vehicles and on the derrick are vital

Mari Deep Central Production Faculty:

What is SCADA System?
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition and is a system for monitoring and
controlling and as the name implies, data acquisition. It is widely used in factories to monitor and
control production lines and machines. A good way to make an understanding, of what a SCADA
system is and where it can be used, is to see it in relation to the automation pyramid.
SCADA systems are located at the monitoring and supervising level in the automation pyramid. The
automation pyramid is a concept published in ISA-95 and IEC 62264-3, in an attempt to describe how
different systems work together. At the top you have all the information systems for handling business,
planning and logistics. And at the bottom you have all the operational systems. SCADA systems are
placed right in the middle of the automation pyramid. Right where IT (information technology) meets
OT (operational technology).

Automation Pyramid of MPCL Control system:

Starting on the base of the pyramid is the thing that we will allude to as the "field" level. These are the
gadgets, actuators, and sensors that you find in the field or on the generation floor.
In the event that you consider it along these lines, the field level is the generation floor that does the
physical work and observing. Electric engines, water powered and pneumatic actuators to move
hardware, vicinity changes used to recognize that development or certain materials, photoelectric
switches that identify comparable things will all have an impact in the field level.

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The next level is referred to as the control level. This is where the PLC’s and PID’s come in to play.
The control level uses these devices to control and “run” the devices in the field level that actually do
the physical work. They take in information from all of the sensors, switches, and other input devices
to make decisions on what outputs to turn on to complete the programmed task.
A PID is usually integrated in to the PLC and stands for proportional–integral–derivative. That is what
can keep a variable within a set of parameters. A common example that you probably use every day is
your cruise control. You set your cruise control to whatever speed you want, then a set of sensors and
the computer in the car will tell it when to accelerate or decelerate according to the set speed.
The third level of the automation pyramid is known as the supervisory level. Where the previous level
utilizes PLCs, this level utilizes SCADA. SCADA is short for supervisory control and data acquisition.
SCADA is essentially the combination of the previous levels used to access data and control systems
from a single location. Plus it usually adds a graphical user interface, or an HMI, to control functions
remotely. Water plants will often employ this technology to control remote water pumps in their
systems.
The important thing to remember about SCADA is that it can monitor and control multiple systems
from a single location. It isn’t limited to a single machine like HMI’s that we have discussed in
previous posts.

The fourth level of the automation pyramid is called the planning level. This level utilizes a computer
management system known as MES or manufacturing execution system.
MES monitors the entire manufacturing process in a plant or factory from the raw materials to the
finished product. This allows management to see exactly what is happening and allows them to make
decisions based on that information. They can adjust raw material orders or shipment plans based on
real data received from the systems we talked about earlier.
The top of the pyramid is what is called the management level. This level uses the companies integrated
management system which is known as the ERP or enterprise resource planning.
This is where a company’s top management can see and control their operations. ERP is usually a suite
of different computer applications that can see everything going on inside a company. It utilizes all of
the previous levels technology plus some more software to accomplish this level of integration. This
allows the business to be able to monitor all levels of the business from manufacturing, to sales, to
purchasing, to finance and payroll, plus many others. The integration of the ERP promotes efficiency
and transparency within a company by keeping everyone in the same page.

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Dehydration Plant Layout:

@Made in Microsoft Visio 2D design approach

Background information:
Most natural gas producers use Triethylene glycol (TEG) to remove water from the natural gas stream
in order to meet the pipeline quality standards. This process is required to prevent hydrates formation
at low temperatures or corrosion problems due to the presence of carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide
(regularly found in natural gas).
Dehydration, or water vapor removal, is accomplished by reducing the inlet water dew point
(temperature at which vapor begins to condense into a liquid) to the outlet dew point temperature which
will contain a specified amount of water.
Absorption of water vapor in the TEG is the common method. The wet gas is brought into contact with
dry glycol in an absorber. Water vapor is absorbed in the glycol and consequently, its dew point
reduces. The wet rich glycol then flows from the absorber to a regeneration system in which the
entrained gas is separated and fractionated in a column and reboiler. The heating allows boiling off the
absorbed water vapor and the water dry lean glycol is cooled (via heat exchange) and pumped back to
the absorber.

Mechanism of MCDPF Gas Dehydration plant:

The wet gas first enters a two-phase separator (not shown in Figure 4-11), so that the liquid can be
removed from the gas mixture. If free water is present, a three-phase separator must be used. The gas
leaving the separator from the top contains a small amount of water vapor despite the mist eliminator
on top of the separator. This still “wet” gas then enters the bottom of the glycol gas absorber, flows
upwards through the trayed or packed tower with mist eliminator to remove any entrained glycol
droplets from the gas stream, and exits on the top of the absorber as dry gas. The dry gas then flows
through a glycol cooler to cool the hot regenerated glycol before the glycol enters the absorber.The
dry glycol, on the other hand, flows down the tower, absorbs water from the up flowing gas mixture,

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and exits at the bottom of the absorber as rich glycol. The rich glycol then flows through a reflux
condenser at the top of the still column, and enters a flash tank where most of the entrained, soluble,
and volatile components are vaporized. After leaving the flash tank, the rich glycol flows through the
glycol filters and the rich-lean glycol exchanger, where it exchanges heat with the hot lean glycol. The
rich glycol then enters the glycol regenerator that contains the still column and reboiler, where the
water is removed by distillation, and the glycol concentration is increased to meet the lean glycol
requirement. For processes requiring gas with very low water dew points, a stripping vapor will most
likely be needed to aid the regeneration process (Hernandez-Valencia et al., 1992).
In some operating situations, a high glycol purity is required that cannot be achieved by the temperature
in the glycol reboiler alone. There are several ways of enhancing the purity of the glycol beyond what
is achieved in the reboiler. One such method is the application of a small amount of stripping gas in
the regenerating section.
There are a couple of ways of flowing this gas into the hot glycol. One way is simply to flow the gas
into the glycol below the overflow line from the reboiler to the surge drum or directly into the glycol
in the reboiler vessel through a perforated pipe below the fire tube. The other way is to install a small
packed column between the reboiler and the surge drum and admit the gas at the base of this column.
By contacting the hot glycol with natural gas, an additional small amount of water is “stripped” from
the glycol into the gas, increasing the purity of the lean glycol. If a packed column is used as a
contacting means between the glycol and the stripping gas, the stripping efficiency is considerably
improved.
The stripping gas that is added to the glycol in the regeneration section is emitted into the atmosphere
with the released water vapor, unless the vapours from the still columns are routed to a heater or an
incinerator or are captured by a compressor and recompressed.

Function of the inlet three phase separator:

The first and foremost piece of equipment that the gas flows through is the inlet separator. This vessel
can be either a separate, detached vessel, or on smaller units, built in to the bottom of the contactor. Its
function is to separate any condensed liquid from the gas before the gas enters the contactor. If the gas
does not contain condensate (liquid hydrocarbon), the vessel is a two-phase separator. If the gas is a

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rich gas, with some condensate as well as liquid water forming at the inlet conditions of pressure and
temperature in the separator, then a three-phase separator is installed. It is absolutely essential that
none of the following enters the absorber section:
• Liquid
• Condensate
• Water
The separator is usually equipped with a mist eliminator section in the top of the vessel. As the gas
moves through the mist eliminator section, small droplets that might be in the gas will coalesce on the
fine wire mesh and form larger droplets that drop down through the gas into the liquid section below.
The inlet separator is equipped with liquid level controls, allowing the accumulated liquids to exit the
vessel through a level control valve. If for some reason the liquid level in the vessel should rise above
a certain limit, a high-level alarm or shutdown automatically occurs.

Absorber tower:
The absorber tower is another key component of Exterran’s dehydration unit. The tower is a pressure
vessel with an integral scrubber and an absorber section.
The scrubber removes free liquids from the gas and the absorber section is used to contact the gas with
glycol to remove remaining water vapor. Absorbers contain either bubble cap trays or stainless-steel
structured packing for glycol/gas contact

Standard Features
Absorber (Both Types)
• Glycol distributor
• 1440 psig design pressure
• Stainless steel mist extractor
• External glycol/gas heat exchanger
• 0-200 °F dial thermometer with thermowell
• Pressure gauge with isolating valve
• Pneumatic liquid level controller
• Thermal relief valve
• Drain valve
• Dump valve
• Reflex gauge glass assembly with gauge cocks
• Lifting lugs
Trayed Absorber

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• 8 bubble cap trays

• 5:1 turndown
• Diameter sizes from 16 to 72 inches
Random Packed Absorber
• 7:1 turndown
• 8 tray capacity equivalence
• Diameter sizes from 6 to 16 inches
Structured Packed Absorber
• Hotter gas handling capability
• 10:1 turndown
• 10 tray capacity equivalence
• Diameter sizes from 24 to 60 inches

Ethylene Glycol Specifications:

Ethylene Glycol Diethylene Glycol Triethylene Glycol

Chemical formula C2H6O2 C4H10O3 C6H14O4

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Acronym molar MEG DEG 106.12 g/mol TEG 150.17 g mol− 1

mass 62.07 g mol− 1
Appearance Clear, colorless Colorless liquid Colorless liquid
liquid
Density 1.1132 g/cm3 1.118 g/cm3 1.1255 g/cm3
Melting point − 12.9 C (8.8 F) − 10.45 C (13.19 F) − 7 C (19 F)

Boiling point 197.3 C (387.1 F) 244 C (471 F) 285 C (545 F)

Solubility in water Miscible Miscible Miscible

Bubble Cap Trays:

In bubble cap trays, vapor flowing up through the tower contacts the liquid by passing through bubble
caps (Figure 6.7a). Each bubble cap assembly consists of a riser and a cap. The vapor rising through
the column passes up through the riser in the tray floor and then is turned downward to bubble into the
liquid surrounding the cap. Because of their design, bubble cap trays cannot weep. However, bubble
cap trays are also more expensive and have a lower capacity/higher pressure drop than valve trays or
sieve trays.

Glycol Regenerator System:

The circulation of glycol is done with a reciprocating pump. The pump is driven by:
• An electric motor
• Natural gas pressure
• High-pressure, rich glycol returning from the contactor
Electric-motor-driven pumps are usually employed in central dehydration facilities where electric
power is available. In field installations, a natural gas powered pump or a glycol powered pump can
be used. In the latter case, the high pressure, rich glycol, with the assistance of a small amount of high
pressure gas, flowing out of the contactor, is used to provide the power needed to stroke the pump.
The required pump rate in field dehydration units is usually small. Therefore, a single plunger pump
is normally used. When the gas rate is large, duplex or triplex pumps are used. The main problems
with glycol pumps are leaks through the packing around the plunger, as well as sticking check valves.

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If the packing gland nut is tightened too much, the rod may get scored. Usually, a small pan is placed
under the pump or the plunger portion of the pump to contain the leaked glycol.

Heat exchange:
Because glycol must be relatively cool when entering the absorber and is heated to near its boiling
temperature for regeneration, the liquid is continuously subjected to heating and cooling. To minimize
the use of energy in the regeneration of the glycol at high temperature, several heat-exchange
opportunities are built into most glycol circulating systems. Heat exchange usually occurs in certain
locations:
• Coil in the top of the reboiler still
• Coil in the surge tank or separate heat exchanger between rich and lean glycol
• Pipe-in-pipe heat exchanger ahead of the glycol absorber or a coil in the top of the absorber
In some cases, an additional heat exchanger is necessary to exchange heat with air, to cool the lean
glycol ahead of the contactor. It is necessary to limit the temperature of the lean glycol to only a few
degrees above the temperature of the gas to increase the absorption of the water by glycol. Too high a
glycol temperature reduces the transfer of water from the gas to the glycol, and the water dewpoint
may not be met. This is frequently the problem in summer operations, in which the gas is dehydrated
after compression. On hot days, the glycol, as well as the gas, might be above normal temperatures.
Usually, by exchanging heat with the dried gas through a double pipe exchanger or through a coil in
the top of the contactor in small units, the temperature of the glycol is adjusted to a few degrees above
the temperature of the gas leaving the contactor.

Filters:
It is very important to maintain the glycol in as clean a condition as possible. For this reason, filters
are always incorporated in a glycol circulating system. These filters are usually particulate filters and
carbon filters.
The particulate filters are intended to remove solids down to a 5-μm diameter. Solids can occur from
corrosion in the glycol system. Carbon filters are designed to remove dissolved impurities, such as
compressor oil or condensate from the glycol solution. Particulate filters are usually installed on the
rich glycol side and are in operation all the time. Carbon filters may be bypassed most of the time, if
there is no dissolved hydrocarbon in the glycol. Impurities in the glycol solution might promote
foaming in the contactor or still.

Surge drum:
Because the glycol that is being circulated might not always flow evenly at the same rate throughout
the system, a vessel, the surge drum, is required that can handle any surges in the circulation rate. The
reboiler always contains a liquid level above the fire tube. Glycol levels in the absorber or flash tank
are essentially constant but might fluctuate slightly. Thus, there is a need for a vessel that can absorb
slight temporary differences in circulation flow between the various vessels, as well as the thermal
expansion of the glycol upon startup.
The surge drum is usually located below the reboiler or at least at a level below the glycol in the
reboiler. The glycol level in the surge drum is important because in some instances there is a heat

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exchange coil in the surge drum, as explained earlier. The level of glycol in the surge drum should be
about at the two-thirds full level. The liquid level in the surge drum is an item that is usually checked
by the operators. If the level is lower than normal, this might be the first indication of trouble, such as:
• High glycol losses with the treated gas
• Losses with the vapours leaving the reboiler still
• Holdup in one of the vessels
• Leaks in the piping

Strainer:
A strainer should always be installed upstream of the suction of the glycol pump. The glycol strainer
ensures that no solid particles enter into the glycol pump. The main problem with solids entering the
pump is that they might lodge in the suction or discharge valves and prevent the pump from pumping
at maximum efficiency.

Glycol flash tank:

Whenever gas is in contact with a liquid at elevated pressures, such as natural gas and glycol in the
contactor, some of the gas physically dissolves in the liquid. The greater the contacting pressure, the
more gas dissolves in the liquid. Thus, some natural gas dissolves in the glycol in the absorber in
addition to the water vapor. When the glycol reaches the flash tank, its temperature has been raised
through the coil in the reboiler still, and the pressure in the flash tank is at a much lower level, generally
between 15 to 50 psig, than the pressure in the contactor. In light of these changed conditions of
pressure and temperature between the absorber and flash tank, most of the dissolved gases evolve from
the glycol in the flash tank.
On larger systems, the glycol flash tank can be designed as a three-phase separator to help remove any
condensate that becomes entrained in the glycol. This bulk separator increases the operating life of the
downstream filters.

Glycol piping:
All the vessels through which glycol is circulated are interconnected with steel piping. Glycol is a
substance that is prone to leak through threaded connections in piping, as well as through the packing
on glycol pump plungers. For this reason, some operators prefer welded piping rather than threaded
piping for the glycol system. There are, however, many threaded glycol systems that have provided
leak-free service.
Because the pump rate is usually small, the piping in most field installations is of small diameter. It is
important to check the piping for leaks and to repair them as soon as possible.

Environmental concerns:
Upon the regeneration of the rich glycol to lean glycol, the water that was absorbed in the contactor is
released in the regenerator, and in the past was vented into the atmosphere. Unfortunately, the glycol
not only absorbs water in the contactor, it also physically absorbs hydrocarbons and acid gas. The
absorptivity of paraffinic hydrocarbons, such as methane, ethane, etc. is not great. However, the
aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) are more easily

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absorbed. The problem with these vapors is that they are considered carcinogenic, and all contribute
to atmospheric pollution

Regenerator Specifications:

Gas Metering skid:

A metering skid is a part of plant, pre-assembled on a steel support, dedicated to the measurement of
gas or liquid products. In particular, the main variable to be measured is the flowrate. Depending on
the selected technology and on the Client Specifications, the measured flowrate can be a mass flowrate
or a volumetric flowrate. The metering skid often performs additional treatments, such as pressure-
reduction by means of valves, filtration (depending on fluid cleanliness requirements for
measurement), and flow control by means of flow control valves. Fiscal metering skids often include
a calibration system (Prover) as well.
The main components of metering skid are:
• The structural frame and supports
• The pipework
• The process equipment
• The electrical power feed, including the MCC, the earthing system, all cabling and trays
• The instrumentation including control valves, actuators, instrument primary elements and
transmitters
• The local control system including PLC, flow computer, local interface DCS for Barton chart.

@Designed using AutoCAD 2019

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Barton chart recorder:

It is a circular chart that records the routine supply of gas in terms of its differential head and static
head. The pressure heads that are plotted by pointers of blue and red markers are thus used in
determining flow rate of gas in supply pipeline.

How to convert differential pressure into flow rate?

The field of fluid mechanics is concerned with studying the movement of fluids. One of the
cornerstones of this field is Bernoulli's equation, named for the eighteenth-century scientist, Daniel
Bernoulli. This equation relates many physical quantities in fluid mechanics into an elegant and
simple-to-understand equation. For example, using Bernoulli's equation, it is possible to relate the
differential pressure of a fluid (i.e., the difference in pressure of the fluid between two different points)
with the flow of the fluid, which is important if you would like to measure how much fluid flows over
a given amount of time.
• To find the velocity of the fluid flow, multiply the differential pressure by two and divide this
number by the density of the flowing material. As an example, assuming a differential pressure
of 25 Pascals (or Pa, the unit of measurement of pressure) and the material is water, which has
a density of 1 kilogram per meter cubed (kg/m^3), the resulting number will be 50 meters
squared per seconds squared (m^2/s^2). Call this result A.
• Find the square root of result A. Using our example, the square root of 50 m^2/s^2 is 7.07 m/s.
This is the velocity of the fluid.
• Determine the area of the pipe the fluid is moving through. For example, if the pipe has a radius
of 0.5 meters (m), the area is found by squaring the radius (i.e. multiplying the area by itself)
and multiplying by the constant pi (keeping as many decimal places as possible; the value of
pi stored in your calculator will suffice). In our example, this gives 0.7854 meters squared
(m^2).
• Calculate the flow rate by multiplying the fluid velocity by the area of the pipe. Concluding
our example, multiplying 7.07 m/s by 0.7854 m^2 gives 5.55 meters cubed per second (m^3/s).
This is the fluid flow rate.

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Warehouse
Data Allocation and Record maintenance
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) Software:
Standard operating procedures (SOPs) are most effective when they can easily be located, updated,
and tracked. Traditional paper SOPs lack this capability. By using standard operating procedure
software, companies reduce the amount of time they have to spend creating and tracking down SOPs.
The best SOP software systems give companies complete control over their SOPs and increase
compliance.

Finding an SOP Program

A good SOP management program will be an investment, so it’s important to do plenty of research
beforehand. Some points to consider are whether an SOP program exists that is designed specifically
for your industry. Also determine if the solution you’re considering is just an SOP program or if it can
be used for other business processes. If you’re going to invest in a solution, it should solve more than
just one problem.

Benefits of SOP Management Software

 Staying up to date: One of the hassles of printed SOPs is trying to figure out if you’re dealing
with the most recent version. This usually means looking through every different version you
can find to make sure different employees aren’t using different versions.
 Traceability: While an up-to-date SOP is important, it’s also important to see changes that an
SOP has undergone, who authorized those changes, and why those changes were made. It’s
rare to find a paper-based or hybrid system that offers this information.
 Avoiding bottlenecks: Keeping track of revised or new SOPs and making sure that the correct
people sign them is a fulltime job without a software solution. When this process is automated,
documents are routed for approval and escalated if not approved in a timely manner.
 Training employees: SOPs do not exist in a vacuum. Once they have been approved, they
need to be disseminated to employees for training purposes. An ideal SOP management
software solution should have functionality that initiates training and monitors whether it has
been completed.

SOP Builder/SOP Creation Software

Some companies offer an SOP builder or some sort of SOP creation software. While these can be
useful tools, not all of these are designed to be compliant in complex regulatory environments. Before
using a tool of this kind, be sure to see how the tool has performed for other companies. It is also
helpful to go with a tool from a company that has a history of helping businesses with regulatory
compliance.

Features of SOP Software

 Templates for writing a new SOP.
 The ability to control who can edit the SOP.

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 Web-based, so the SOP program can be accessed anywhere.

 Automatic routing to avoid bottlenecks.

Master-Control SOP Document Software:

The SOP software from Master-Control features a central and secure document repository that allows
users to easily search for, track, and retrieve documents. This SOP document software provides
automatic routing and electronic distribution of all regulatory documents. Master-Control can be used
to manage all documents, regardless of the software used to create them, in a secure, centralized web-
based environment that meets all quality and regulatory requirements.

FDA and Master-Control SOPs

Organizations all over the world use Master-Control software solutions to ensure compliance –
including organizations that enforce compliance. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
became a Master-Control customer in 2009. Since then, the FDA has expanded its use; the agency uses
Master-Control software solutions.

Data management in MPCL warehouse

The warehouse of field office has two parts:
• Warehouse office
• Storage and modifier workspace

Warehouse office:
The warehouse is equipped with an officer’s rooms, inventory and record room (where old handwritten
records are also stored). The warehouse office management team uses a SOP interface as discussed in
many aspects above. However, the specific use in warehouse for recording the inventory and direct-
supply tools/equipment for all/various purposes. The materials being in a diverse classification are
grouped in the different hierarchies of material codes and storage directories. The process of make an
inlet and an outlet entry follow this scheme charted below in form of a flowsheet:

Understanding the policies

Finding out what Understanding the different accompanied as the necessity
is bought
We need
locations from which necessities
can be brought

Making the voucher for Procurement

Making the purchase
further delivery to place of entry in SOP database
application

@Standard flowsheet of ware house inventory management

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Warehouse storage:
There are two general types of locations in warehouse storage:
• Room with major tools/equipment as it includes chris-mastree, pipes, slick lines, tyres etc.
• Room with air conditioners as it contains paints, varnishes, dyes and other temperature
sensitive components.
• Open storage space for large pipes, auxiliary tools, newly brought equipment and corrosion
inhibitor EC1391 tanks.

Fig 2.1

General types of Warehouses:

Retail warehouses:
These displayed goods for the home trade. This would be finished goods- such as the latest cotton
blouses or fashion items. Their street frontage was impressive, so they took the styles of
Italianate Palazzi.
Richard Cobden’s construction in Manchester's Mosley street was the first palazzo warehouse. There
were already seven warehouses on Portland Street when they commenced building the elaborate Watt
Warehouse of 1855, but four more were opened before it was finished.

Cool warehouses and cold storage:

Cold storage preserves agricultural products. Refrigerated storage helps in
eliminating sprouting, rotting and insect damage. Edible products are generally not stored for more
than one year. Several perishable products require a storage temperature as low as −25 °C.
Cold storage helps stabilize market prices and evenly distribute goods both on demand and timely
basis. The farmers get the opportunity of producing cash crops to get remunerative prices. The
consumers get the supply of perishable commodities with lower fluctuation of prices.

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Field Maintenance
Petroleum industry production systems are highly automatized. Maintenance of such systems is vital,
not only to maintain production efficiency but also to ensure minimal safety levels. Maintenance task
scheduling is difficult since some tasks are already identified because they must be done repeatedly,
and other tasks need to be identified dynamically.

Maintenance of cathodic protection system

Sustainability is the capacity to endure. The root purpose of any cathodic protection (CP) system is to
mitigate corrosion. Preserving a pipe or other metallic structure by preventing corrosion damage allows
it to endure. Therefore, corrosion mitigation leads to sustainability.
CP is most commonly achieved by means of a galvanic (sacrificial) or impressed current system. A
galvanic CP system is comprised of sacrificial anodes typically made of active metals (aluminum,
magnesium, or zinc) that corrode in order to provide protective currents for a less active metal, such
as pipeline steel. An impressed current CP (ICCP) system utilizes external power in the form of a
rectifier or other voltage source that drives impressed current anodes (e.g., cast iron, graphite, and
mixed metal oxide) to corrode in order to distribute protective current to the structure (cathode).

Operation of CP system:
There are three major components in a rectifier: transformer, stack, and cabinet. The purpose of the
transformer is to safely separate the incoming AC voltage (primary side) from the secondary side,
which is adjusted to control the output voltage of the rectifier. Typically, these adjustments are made
with tap bars connected to the secondary side windings at intervals that offer several setting options.
The stack is the actual rectifier and is comprised of a set of silicon diodes or selenium plates that
function as unidirectional current valves. The diodes or plates are configured so that cycling AC flows
in one direction and is blocked in the other, resulting in both directions of the AC wave flowing in the
same direction. The cabinet, which includes the test panel, safely houses these components, and allows
for monitoring and other advanced operations.

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Monitoring
Routine monitoring is recommended for all rectifier installations. The main purpose of monitoring is
to ensure the rectifier is still operating and that a power surge hasn’t tripped the breaker. Some facilities
require certain inspections at particular intervals. For example, natural gas and petroleum pipeline
operators are required to inspect their rectifiers six times per year in intervals that don’t exceed 21
months. Also, company policy may dictate an even stricter inspection interval.

Maintenance
The major causes of rectifier failure are neglect, age, and lightning. Before performing any
troubleshooting of a non-functioning rectifier, be sure to turn it off, both at the circuit breaker and at
the panel disconnect. The most common rectifier problems include faulty meters, loose terminals,
blown fuses, open structure/ground-bed leads, and lightning damage (even where lightning arresters
are present). The purpose of troubleshooting is to systematically isolate the rectifier components until
the defective part is found, and following the rectifier manufacturer’s recommendations for
maintenance and troubleshooting is recommended.
Test the circuit breaker, transformer, rectifier stack, meters, fuses, choke, capacitors, and lightning
arrestors separately. Keep an eye out for loose connections, signs of arcing, and strange odours.
Additional testing may be required to verify the integrity of the structure and ground-bed lead wires.

Solar System Maintenance

Solar panels generally require very little maintenance. They are very durable and should last around
25-30 years with no maintenance. The only maintenance you should need to perform is to wash them
clean of dirt and dust two to four times a year, which you can easily do with a garden hose. This basic
cleaning routine ensures that the sun can shine brightly on the panel, maximizing the amount of light
available to turn into electrical power. Watch out for leaves or snow falling on the panels so you can
clear them away as quickly as possible
Solar panels can help you save money on your energy bills, but you must maintain them well and
ensure you get a good warranty.

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Chemical Injection
(Corrosion Inhibitor)
Chemical injection systems are commonly used in production facilities in the oil and gas industry.
They prevent or mitigate a wide range of problems that might negatively affect the production flow.
Frames designs, manufactures and supplies custom-built injection systems for a wide range of process
applications, including production processes, (produced) water treatment, and hydrate control in
pipelines and wells.
• Wellhead Control
Hydrate control in pipelines and wells
Chemical-injection package with multicompartment tanks
Chemical Injection Package with pressure vessels

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Multilayer Chemical Injection package

Chemical injection systems typically consist of multiple chemical services with associated single or
multi-compartment storage tanks or pressure vessels. The chemicals are transferred from the tank to
the injection point by means of chemical injection pumps, while flow rates can be adjusted locally or
remotely in order to ensure that the correct amount of chemicals is injected.

Frames chemical injection packages can be used for:

• production chemicals, such as wax inhibitors, asphaltene inhibitors or scale inhibitors or pour-
point depressants;
• (produced) water treatment chemicals, such as corrosion or foam inhibitors, demulsifies or
biocides;
• hydrate control chemicals such as MEG, LDH/KHI or methanol.
Frames can advise optimized designs for a variety of applications, taking into account challenging plot
size and weight restrictions. Our systems can include flow, level and pressure instrumentation for local
and/or remote indication.

Chemical Injection Pumps:

Chemical injection pumps are used in the oilfield to deliver specialty chemicals into the production
system at specified rates. Reliably and accurately getting the chemicals into the well, the production
system, or the pipeline is an important part of any chemical treating program. No matter how great
your product is, if it’s not getting where it needs to be, it cannot be effective. Field operators must be
familiar with the types of pumps used to apply your treatment chemicals and how they operate.
Something as simple as a minor adjustment could mean the difference between a failure and success.

How do pumps get the right amount of chemical in the system?

Most pumps use either a positive displacement piston (plunger), or a diaphragm to meter the dosage
of chemical. The volume of chemical is controlled by adjusting the length of the plunger or diaphragm
stroke, the number of strokes per minute, and the diameter of the plunger. Some pumps may even be
equipped with dual heads to enable them to pump two chemicals simultaneously.

Is one particular type used more than others?

Positive displacement pumps are used to a much larger extent than diaphragm pumps. The plunger in
positive displacement pumps is connected to, and operated by, a ratchet mechanism powered by an
electric motor, gas or air pressure, or by mechanical force.

What determines which type of pump is used?

The location in the field, the power that’s available, and the required injection pressures normally
dictate the type of pump required. For example, beam operated pumps are normally used where small
volumes of chemical are required and where electricity or gas/air is not available.
Gas operated positive displacement diaphragm pumps can be found on flowing wells, pipeline, and in
some plant sites. The pumps are designed to operate at higher pressures and output levels than beam
operated pumps. Dual head pumps are used quite extensively in plant treating.

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Electric pumps are used where there’s no danger of contact with explosive vapours. In settings where
there may be intimate contact with explosive vapours the electric motors are housed in explosion-proof
housings.
Electrically operated diaphragm pumps are normally used where large volumes of chemical are to be
pumped into low pressure systems such as a cooling tower or water holding tank. They are not as
common in production treating operations, but this is changing daily.
With the exception of electric diaphragm pumps, these pumps can be equipped with a self-contained
reservoir for storing treating chemicals, or they can be connected directly to the drum or bulk storage
tank.

How do I know the volume and injection rate of the chemical being pumped into
the system?
Many chemical drums are equipped with sight glass gauges. These instruments allow you to visually
check the level of fluid remaining in the drum. Sight glass gauges allow you to determine the rate at
which chemical is used. By closing the tank outlet valve, chemical is pumped only from the sight glass
(i.e., "a drawdown" flow measurement), where you can use the graduated markings on the glass to
measure the amount per hour being pumped into the system.
The drawdown process has even been automated. Other metering systems such as gear meters and
turbine meters have been attempted with limited success, because of fouling and changing viscosity
with temperature. Remote monitoring of tank level and drawdown flow rate, along with remote pump
control greatly reduce the labour involved with maintaining chemical pumps, reduce over-injection
safety margins, and help manage inventory refills.

Pipeline Installation Steps

Step 1: Construction Staging Areas & Storage Yards
In order to construct a pipeline, staging areas and storage yards are cleared, strategically located along
the planned right-of-way. These areas are used to stockpile pipe and to store fuel tanks, sand bags, silt
fencing, stakes, and equipment parts. They provide parking for construction equipment, employee
trucks, and locations for office trailers.
Staging areas are cleared and covered in rough stone gravel, often reinforced with large wood timber
matting. These areas can be located in fields, pasture, or forested land and can impact streams and
wetlands. Often, these areas require the construction of access roads to and from paved roads, and to
and from the areas to the pipeline ROW.

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Step 2: Clear Cutting the ROW

After the equipment is accessible in the staging area, work will begin to clear cut the pipeline right-of-
way. Landowners have the option of selling the timber themselves, or allowing the company
responsibility for its sale or disposal. Large trees are stockpiled or hauled off, while the branches and
tree tops are placed into piles and burned. A stump grinder then removes the remaining tree stumps in
the ROW.

Step 3: Excavating the Trench

The trench for the pipeline is dug after the ROW is cleared of trees. As seen in several of the photos
below, the hillsides are so steep that trench diggers are lowered and secured to larger bulldozers with
a tether line. If rocks ledges are encountered, track hoes with jack hammers are brought in to create
the trench. Sandbags are placed within the trench to restrict water flow and to support the pipe.

Step 4: Pipe Transport, Stringing, & Assembly

When the trench is completed, pre-coated segments of pipe, usually 40 ft in length, are transported
from stockpiles in the staging area to the right-of-way. Pipes are laid above ground beside the trench,
or within the trench on top of supportive sandbags in steep terrain. Certain pipe sections are bent using
a pipe bending tool to allow the pipeline to follow the planned route and the terrain. The pipe sections
will then be welded together, sand blasted, and the weld joints coated with epoxy to prevent corrosion.
Finally, the weld joints are inspected with x-ray to ensure their quality. Connected lengths of pipe can
then be lowered into the trench.

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Step 5: Obstacles: Roads & Streams

Pipelines cross existing roads, highways, streams, rivers and wetlands. Typically, pipelines are
constructed underneath these obstacles by either boring for shallow depth or using horizontal
directional drilling (HDD) for deeper placement. Other obstacles include abandoned mines, karst
topography, and densely populated areas. Each obstacle requires a unique method and order of
operations.

Step 6: Testing & Restoration

After the pipe is inspected, the trench is filled in. Before completing the project, the pipeline integrity
must be verified using hydrostatic testing. Pipeline companies receive permits to withdraw millions of
gallons of water from streams and rivers along the pipeline path. This water is sent through the pipeline
and the pressure is increased to above the maximum operational level. If the pipeline remains intact
during this test, it is deemed operational. After this, the surface of the ROW is seeded and fertilized,
and above-ground markers are placed along the pipeline path.

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Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a non-destructive test method that utilizes sound waves to detect cracks and
defects in parts and materials. It can also be used to determine a material’s thickness, such as measuring
the wall thickness of a pipe.
Because this method has higher power potential than other non-destructive test types, ultrasonic testing
can produce images that are more clearly defined than other methods and indicate characteristics
deeper than surface level. We offer ultrasonic testing services for a variety of industries, including
Aerospace, Oil & Gas, Power Generation and more.

Ultrasonic inspection methods

Depending upon the test requirements, parts are evaluated using contact or immersion ultrasonic
testing. Ultrasonic inspection relies on electronic transducers that transmit high-frequency sound
waves to a material. These sound waves bounce back images, which reveal key characteristics of a
material’s properties. The images created by ultrasonic testing can indicate cracks, weld grooves and
fractures, as well as indicate material thickness and moving components.

• Contact Ultrasonic Inspection

Contact ultrasonic testing is often used in situations where radiographic
inspection is not possible because it requires access to only one side of the test specimen. Because of
the portability of the equipment and variety of methods available, ultrasonic testing allows for the
inspection of parts that are large, irregularly shaped, or unable to be transported.

• Immersion Ultrasonic Inspection (IUT)

Immersion ultrasonic testing is a laboratory-based inspection, useful for the
detection of smaller defects, from cracking to porosity. Submersing a component or material allows
for better sound travel from the transducer, and provides accurate reporting of sub-surface irregularities
and flaws. IUT supports a broad range of requirements as it applies to any wall thickness, as well as
any material. The mechanism of UV testing is demonstrated below:

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Field Maintenance laboratory

Gas Chromatography:
Introduction
Gas chromatography - specifically gas-liquid chromatography - involves a sample being vaporised and
injected onto the head of the chromatographic column. The sample is transported through the column
by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile phase. The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which
is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid.
Have a look at this schematic diagram of a gas chromatograph:

Instrumental components
Carrier gas
The carrier gas must be chemically inert. Commonly used gases include nitrogen, helium, argon, and
carbon dioxide. The choice of carrier gas is often dependant upon the type of detector which is used.
The carrier gas system also contains a molecular sieve to remove water and other impurities.

Sample injection port

For optimum column efficiency, the sample should not be too large, and should be introduced onto the
column as a "plug" of vapour - slow injection of large samples causes band broadening and loss of
resolution. The most common injection method is where a micro syringe is used to inject sample
through a rubber septum into a flash vaporiser port at the head of the column. The temperature of the
sample port is usually about 50°C higher than the boiling point of the least volatile component of the
sample. For packed columns, sample size ranges from tenths of a microliter up to 20 microliters.
Capillary columns, on the other hand, need much less sample, typically around 10-3 mL. For capillary
GC, split/spitless injection is used. Have a look at this diagram of a split/spitless injector;
The injector can be used in one of two modes; split or spitless. The injector contains a heated chamber
containing a glass liner into which the sample is injected through the septum. The carrier gas enters
the chamber and can leave by three routes (when the injector is in split mode). The sample vaporises
to form a mixture of carrier gas, vaporised solvent and vaporised solutes. A proportion of this mixture

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passes onto the column, but most exits through the split outlet. The septum purge outlet prevents
septum bleed components from entering the column.

Columns
There are two general types of column, packed and capillary (also known as open tubular). Packed
columns contain a finely divided, inert, solid support material (commonly based on diatomaceous
earth) coated with liquid stationary phase. Most packed columns are 1.5 - 10m in length and have an
internal diameter of 2 - 4mm.
Capillary columns have an internal diameter of a few tenths of a milli meter. They can be one of two
types; wall-coated open tubular (WCOT) or support-coated open tubular (SCOT). Wall-coated
columns consist of a capillary tube whose walls are coated with liquid stationary phase. In support-
coated columns, the inner wall of the capillary is lined with a thin layer of support material such as
diatomaceous earth, onto which the stationary phase has been adsorbed. SCOT columns are generally
less efficient than WCOT columns. Both types of capillary column are more efficient than packed
columns.
In 1979, a new type of WCOT column was devised - the Fused Silica Open Tubular (FSOT) column;

These have much thinner walls than the glass capillary columns, and are given strength by the
polyimide coating. These columns are flexible and can be wound into coils. They have the advantages
of physical strength, flexibility and low reactivity.

Column temperature
For precise work, column temperature must be controlled to within tenths of a degree. The optimum
column temperature is dependant upon the boiling point of the sample. As a rule of thumb, a
temperature slightly above the average boiling point of the sample results in an elution time of 2 - 30

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minutes. Minimal temperatures give good resolution, but increase elution times. If a sample has a wide
boiling range, then temperature programming can be useful. The column temperature is increased
(either continuously or in steps) as separation proceeds.

Detectors
There are many detectors which can be used in gas chromatography. Different detectors will give
different types of selectivity. A non-selective detector responds to all compounds except the carrier
gas, a selective detector responds to a range of compounds with a common physical or chemical
property and a specific detector responds to a single chemical compound. Detectors can also be
grouped into concentration dependant detectors and mass flow dependant detectors. The signal from
a concentration dependant detector is related to the concentration of solute in the detector, and does
not usually destroy the sample Dilution of with make-up gas will lower the detectors response. Mass
flow dependant detectors usually destroy the sample, and the signal is related to the rate at which solute
molecules enter the detector. The response of a mass flow dependant detector is unaffected by make-
up gas. Have a look at this tabular summary of common GC detectors:

Support Dynamic
Detector Type Selectivity Detectability
gases range

Flame
Hydrogen
ionization Mass flow Most organic cpds. 100 pg 107
and air
(FID)

Thermal
conductivity Concentration Reference Universal 1 ng 107
(TCD)

Electron Halides, nitrates, nitriles,

capture Concentration Make-up peroxides, anhydrides, 50 fg 105
(ECD) organometallics

Nitrogen- Hydrogen
Mass flow Nitrogen, phosphorus 10 pg 106
phosphorus and air

Hydrogen Sulphur, phosphorus, tin,

Flame
and air boron, arsenic,
photometric Mass flow 100 pg 103
possibly germanium, selenium,
(FPD)
oxygen chromium

Aliphatics, aromatics,
ketones, esters,
Photo-
aldehydes, amines,
ionization Concentration Make-up 2 pg 107
heterocyclics,
(PID)
organosulphurs, some
organometallics

Table 2.1

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Services
Electricity generation and distribution:
Gas Turbine:
Process:
As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, the “open” Brayton cycle is the thermodynamic cycle for all gas
turbines. This cycle consists of:
• Adiabatic compression
• Constant pressure heating
• Adiabatic expansion
The gas turbine is made up of the following components:
• An air compressor
• A combustor
• A power turbine, which produces the power to drive the air compressor and the output shaft

Fig. 1—Simplified simple-cycle gas turbine diagram.

Fig. 2—Typical “open” Brayton cycle for gas turbines.

Air enters the compressor inlet at ambient conditions (Point 1), is compressed (Point 2), and passes
through the combustion system, where it is combined with fuel and “fired” to the maximum cycle
temperature (Point 3). The heated air is expanded through the gas producer turbine section (between
Points 3 and 5), where the energy of the working fluid is extracted to generate power for driving the
compressor, and expanded through the power turbine to drive the load (Point 7). The air is then

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exhausted to the atmosphere. A starting system is used to get the air compressor up to sufficient speed
to supply air for combustion with the fuel injected into the combustor. A turbine’s continuous-burning
combustion cycle, combined with continuous rotation of the turbine rotor, allows virtually vibration-
free operation, as well as fewer moving parts and wear points than other prime movers.

Design consideration and operation

Maximum cycle temperature, TRIT:
The output power of a gas turbine may be increased by increasing the maximum cycle temperature.
The maximum cycle temperature is designated TRIT, which stands for turbine rotor inlet temperature.
API 616 defines rated firing temperature as the vendor’s calculated turbine inlet temperature (TIT)
immediately upstream of the first-stage turbine rotor for continuous service at rated power output.
TRIT is calculated immediately upstream of the first-stage turbine rotor and includes the calculated
effects of cooling air and temperature drop across the first-stage stator vanes.

Airflow:
The output power of a gas turbine may also be increased by increasing the mass flow of air through
the gas turbine. The geometry of the gas turbine, particularly the compressor, and the speed of the
compressor dictate basic air mass flow. An increase in flow requires an increase in speed, which is
limited to the maximum continuous running speed of any particular design. At a given speed, an
increase in inlet air density increases air mass flow. Inlet air density increases directly with barometric
pressure and inversely with ambient temperature.
The main parameters affecting output power are speed and TRIT for any given
mechanical/aerodynamic design. Increasing any one of these parameters increases the output power
capacity of the gas turbine. Speed and temperature may be dictated by the output power and heat rate
desired within the constraints imposed by the following factors:
• Component life
• Cost
• Technical feasibility

Speed limitations:
As the speed of a gas turbine increases, the centrifugal forces on the rotating components increase.
These forces increase the stress on the rotating components, particularly the following:
• Disks
• Blades
• Blade attachment to the disk
Component materials have stress limits that are directly proportional to their speed limits and should
not be exceeded. Thus, the maximum continuous speed of the rotating element is a function of:
• Rotor geometry
• Component material properties

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• Safety design factors

It is the highest allowable speed for continuous operation.

Temperature limitations:
One way to increase output power is to increase the fuel flow and therefore TRIT. As TRIT increases,
hot section components operate at higher metal temperatures, which reduces the time between
inspection (TBI) of the gas turbine. Because the life of hot section materials is limited by stress at high
temperature, there are limitations on the maximum temperatures for a given TBI. Material life
decreases rapidly at higher temperatures. TBI is a function of time at TRIT and the rate of TRIT change
during transients such as start-up. The creep or stress rupture limit is established by the material
properties as a function of their stress level and operating temperature.

Rating point:
A rating point can be established for determining gas turbine performance for specified ambient
conditions, duct losses, fuel, etc.
The International Standards Organization defines its standard conditions as:
• 59°F
• 1.013 bar
• 60% relative humidity with no losses
This has become a standard rating point for comparing turbines of various manufacturers and designs.

RO PLANT
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a partially permeable membrane to
remove unwanted molecules and larger particles from drinking water, while the ions are removed by
cation and anion filter. In MDCPF this clean water is used for the cooling purpose of the generators.
The reason for cleaning the water is the amount TDS in the ground water. The amount of TDS is
around ~1000, if use in the generator can causes wear and tear in the generator.

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Increasing turbine efficiency

Simple cycle
Most of the mechanical energy extracted from the gas stream by the turbine is required to drive the air
compressor, with the remainder available to drive a mechanical load. The gas stream energy not
extracted by the turbine is rejected to the atmosphere as heat.
Recuperative cycle
In the recuperative cycle, also called a regenerative cycle, the compressor discharge air is preheated in
a heat exchanger or recuperator, the heat source of which is the gas turbine exhaust. The energy
transferred from the exhaust reduces the amount of energy that must be added by the fuel. In Fig. 4,
the fuel savings is represented by the shaded area under 2 to 2′. The three primary designs used in
stationary recuperators are the:
• Plate fin
• Shell and tube
• Primary surface

Fig. 4—Recuperated cycle.

Combined Cycle
Adding a steam bottoming cycle to the Brayton cycle uses the exhaust heat to produce additional
horsepower, which can be used in a common load, as shown in Fig. 5, or for a separate load. The
shaded area represents the additional energy input.

Fig. 5—Combined cycle.

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The CX501 generator packages combine high levels of operational

flexibility with low weights for their power output, making them ideal for a
range of settings.
Incorporating high-performance Siemens gas turbine engines, the CX501 generator set delivers versatile
and efficient energy solutions.

CX501-KB5
CX501-KB7
Power
3.9 MW
5.6 MW
Efficiency
29.10 %
32.4 %
Heat Rate
12,391 kJ/kWh
11,130 kJ/kWh
Exhaust Flow
15.8 kg/s
21.3 kg/s
Exhaust Gas Temp
555 °C
521 °C
Notes: Liquid fuel is also an option.
Steam and water injection engines are also available for enhanced power and emissions control.

PACKAGE FEATURES:
• Power generation in the range of 3.9 to 5.6 MW
• Aeroderivative Siemens SGT-A05 gas turbine engine (Industrial 501-K)
• Compact design and high power-to-weight ratio – generator set load of only 40 tonnes means
lower foundation costs than for non-aeroderivative gas turbines
• CHP, flexible and standby power applications
• Can run on a wide range of fuel gases, including natural and landfill
• Able to operate in extreme climates, withstanding temperatures from -60°C to +55°C
• Fully integrated controls, motor control centre and batteries – allowing for a fast installation
and minimal site area
• Package fully tested prior to dispatch, reducing the commissioning period and usage of site
utilities
• Close-coupled generator/gearbox
• Packages not bolted down

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Note:
that potential difference of large GT-03 of 3.8 MW capacity is 11 KV which is needed to be step down
to meet the requirements of running electrical appliances. So, this 11 KV is stepped down to 400 V
using a transformer control system present in control room of electricity services department,
designated as GT-03 Panel room.

Centrax-GT 300:
This package is the class leader in engine power and efficiency in the 7-9 MW range of gas turbines.
Featuring our most efficient Siemens core engine, the CX300 is highly flexible, making it an excellent
choice for an array of power generation applications.

Package Features:
• Outputs in the range of 7.9-8.5 MW and is industry-leading for engine power and
electrical efficiency in this bracket
• The package incorporates the Siemens SGT-300 core engine
• Suitable for multiple applications, including simple cycle, base load, standby
power and peak demand power plants
• Offers cogeneration option for industrial plants with high heat load and for district
heating schemes
• Low gas pressure requirements
• Factory-tested package designed for quick, cost-efficient installation and
commissioning

Note:
Small units are designed on same parameter like two that are present in electricity generation service
of Mari housing colony. Each one has 0.8 MW power capacity and 400 V potential difference.

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Production Shallow Department

Fluid Recorder Calibration:
A manufacturer’s reference accuracy is based upon tightly controlled environmental conditions that
are seldom, if ever, duplicated in a plant environment. Using that reference accuracy for a calibration
target also fails to take into account the long-term stability of the instrument.
Over time, all instruments experience slight accuracy degradation due to aging and simple wear and
tear on mechanical components. This needs to be considered when establishing the MPE. In general,
unless there are mitigating circumstances, it is better to set a reasonable MPE that is achievable with
standard field and lab test equipment.
Test equipment starts with an accurate pressure source to simulate the transmitter input. The
corresponding output is measured with a multimeter for a 4–20 mA transmitter, or with a specialized
device for smart transmitters with digital outputs, such as HART, FOUNDATION Fieldbus, Profibus,
or EtherNet/IP.

Performing the calibration:

Once you have established the calibration interval and MPE, you are ready to perform the actual
calibration procedure on your pressure transmitter. The best-practice recommendation is:
1. Mount the transmitter in a stable fixture free from vibration or movement.
2. Exercise the sensor or membrane before performing the calibration. This means applying
pressure and raising the level to approximately 90 percent of the maximum range. For a 150
psi cell that means pressurizing it to 130–135 psig. Hold this pressure for 30 seconds, and then
vent. Your overall results will be much better than if you calibrate “cold.”
3. Perform a position zero adjustment (zero the transmitter). This is important because the
orientation of the fixture used for calibration may be different than the way the transmitter is
mounted in the process. Failing to correct for this by skipping this step can result in
nonconformance.
4. Begin the calibration procedure. Typically, this means three points up (0 percent/50
percent/100 percent) and then three points down. The 4–20 mA output should be 4 mA, 12 mA,
and 20 mA at the three points (or the correct digital values for a smart transmitter). Each test
point should be held and allowed to stabilize before proceeding to the next. Normally that
should take no more than 30 seconds. You can use more points if you require a higher
confidence in the performance of the instrument.
5. Compare the results of your pressure transmitter to your reference device.
6. Document the results for your records.
The calibration should be performed in as stable an environment as possible, because temperature and
humidity can influence the pressure transmitter being tested as well as the pressure reference. If the
results of your calibration are within the MPE, do not attempt to improve the performance of the
transmitter.

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One mistake many end users make is to regularly perform a sensor trim adjustment of their pressure
transmitter—even on new units. A sensor trim corrects the digital reading from the sensor after the
analog/digital conversion. Performing a sensor trim on a new transmitter is essentially a single-point
calibration under the current plant environment conditions, as opposed to sticking with the original
factory calibration.

Dump Valve
The Kimray Lever-Operated Mechanical Dump Valve is a reliable, emissions-free product designed
to dump liquid from oil and gas production vessels such as separators, treaters, and free water
knockouts. Here’s how it works.
How the Mechanical Dump Valve Works??
A float inside a production vessel moves up and down based on the liquid level inside. This moves the
lever on the Trunnion Assembly. This lever is mechanically linked to a lever on the Dump Valve by a
linkage rod.
As the liquid level in the production vessel begins to rise, the float moves upward. This forces the
trunnion lever downward. This pushes the valve lever down and opens the valve.
As the liquid level in the vessel begins to fall, the float moves downward, forcing the trunnion lever
upward. This pulls the valve lever up and closes the valve.
There are two versions of this product. These are the Diaphragm Balanced and Piston Balanced
Throttling. The illustration in the video shows the action of the Diaphragm Balanced version. This is
a cost-effective version ideal for use in normal conditions.
The Piston Balanced Throttling version of the Dump Valve is an ideal option if your production
conditions are more erosive. In this valve, the trim raises up out of the flow path when it opens. This
limits its contact with the process fluid, thereby mitigating deterioration due to erosion.

Knock Out Drums

Knock out drums are used to drop out and collect the liquid before the vapor is sent to the flare. They
can be either horizontal or vertical and in a variety of configurations and arrangements.
The flare can handle small sized liquid droplets, making it only necessary for the drum to separate
droplets above the 300 to 600 microns range (typically above 400 microns). Generally, the drums are
designed and built with the same design pressure as the flare header or with 50 PSI to resist explosions,
see Eq. (12.20). A minimum corrosion allowance of 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) should be used with carbon
steel vessels. Typically, a storage capacity plus a liquid hold up capacity of 20 – 30 minutes release
should be provided in any drum. There should be a dual drain system in case of plugging.

Horizontal Drums:
Horizontal drums must be of sufficient diameter to affect the desired liquid-vapor separation, see Eq.
(12.24). On a horizontal drum, a split entry or exit is used and reduces the size of the drum for large
flows (see Figure 12-9).

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CENTRAL MANIFOLD FACILITY

The central manifold facility is the area where gas from all the wells gather at a common place and is
then distributed among the customers. There are two CMF areas CMF-I and CMF-II. Both have
headers which are large pipes collecting gas from multiple wells and direct them towards KODs at
CMF area to further remove water from gas. There are 6 KODs at CMF facility. The produced water
is taken from all the wells and is then injected in to the sub-surface using a well with depth up to 1000
ft.
At CMF, there are multiple lines going to the customers. At each line, a PCV (pressure control valve)
and an orifice plate is installed to measure the flowrate to each customer. Live data is monitored on
the screens of control room at CMF via digital sensors installed in pipelines. Calibration of each chart
is done monthly in the presence of the customer representative.
VALUE ADDITION AS AN INTERN TO MPCL
During my internship I was given multiple assignments which boosted my knowledge and help me to
understand the operation being carried out at the field effectively. Trainee Engr Raza Mehdi gave me
assignment on working and application of Valves, Pumps, Compressors, Bearings. Engr Syed Sohail
Ahmed gave me the assignment on Gas kit and Examining the force acting on the piston head during
power stroke. Engr Syed Junaid Ullah gave me the assignment on the working cycle of gas turbine.
Along with it I also did assignment in collaboration with Trainee Engr Anwar Ali on determining
Hydrotesting Pressure of 10inch Schedule 80 pipeline from Tipu-1 to Tipu-2 and 14inch pipeline
Schedule 80 from Tipu-2 to CMF-2. As an intern, I believe that I am the representative of MPCL at
my institution. I will share this pleasant experience and knowledge with my fellows and will guide
them of the recent trend in technology.
EVALUATION
Internship at MPCL is the memorable experience of my life and I am proud to be the intern of this
organization. During my internship, I interact with Engr. Saqib Abbas, Engr Syed Sohail Ahmed, Engr
Junaid Ullah, Engr Omer Ahsan, Engr Tumbail, Engr Ali Usman, Engr Safiullah Sheikh, Engr

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Kaleemullah Kasi, Trainee Engr Raza Mehdi and I believe that these interaction will have fruitful
effect on my career. I observed following things and improvement with in me:
• I got the overview of MPCL Field and give me an insight to the culture of MPCL and how the
operation is performed in the practical life.
• Understood how to use theoretical knowledge and relate it to the practical process being carried out.
• I realized the importance of basic concept and how to use different sources to get the required
information.
• I learnt how to interact with the operator and staff on duty and extract information of the job they
perform.
• I improved my questioning and observation skills regarding the job being performed and overcome
the barrier which I faced in asking question.
• Along with it I interacted with the fellow interns of different department and boosted by interpersonal
communication skills and improved my teaching skills by conveying the knowledge with the help of
daily life example.
RECOMMENDATION
I think that the internship plan was well organized and there was plenty to learn from the field.
However, I observed that following improvement can be made:
• During my internship I was given five assignments and these assignments were helpful for me to
understand the function and working of department more effectively. I believe that every intern should
be given at least 3 assignment per department so that he/she can have well understanding of the work
being carried out.
• In the shallow and field maintenance department the intern has plenty of time after 14hrs. This time
can be made fruitful if presentation session presided by respective engineer is done. And each group
made according to the internship plan give a presentation on any topic related to the field.

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References
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve
• https://www.rodelta.com/explanation-pump-configurations-api/
• https://www.waterworld.com/industrial/article/16192812/centrifugal-pump-bearings-tips-for-
improving-reliability-and-reducing-failure
• https://pfcequip.com/index.php/our-products/pumps/type/air-operated-diaphragm/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressor
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqWKNuTppmU
• https://youtu.be/wgLc-WnwBMk
• Training Manual of GT-3.
• Training Manual of GT-1 and GT-2
• Introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics 8th edition by Ness and Abbot
• Unit operations of chemical engineering by McCabe and Smith, 7th edition
• Separation Processes by Seader and Erness, 3rd edition
• Petroleum production engineering by Boyun Guo
• Well completion design by Jonathan Bellarby

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