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    Partial Fractions

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    Shri shakthi Kailaas W
    The document provides examples of partial fraction expansions and inverse Laplace transforms. It begins by expanding rational functions using partial fractions. It then provides the inverse Laplace transforms of various functions obtained from partial fraction expansions. These include exponential, trigonometric, and polynomial functions of time derived from the inverse Laplace transforms of the original rational functions of the complex variable s.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Partial Fractions

    Uploaded by

    Shri shakthi Kailaas W
    13 views7 pages
    The document provides examples of partial fraction expansions and inverse Laplace transforms. It begins by expanding rational functions using partial fractions. It then provides the inverse Laplace transforms of various functions obtained from partial fraction expansions. These include exponential, trigonometric, and polynomial functions of time derived from the inverse Laplace transforms of the original rational functions of the complex variable s.

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    Process dynamics control

    Original Title

    Partial fractions

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    The document provides examples of partial fraction expansions and inverse Laplace transforms. It begins by expanding rational functions using partial fractions. It then provides the inverse Laplace transforms of various functions obtained from partial fraction expansions. These include exponential, trigonometric, and polynomial functions of time derived from the inverse Laplace transforms of the original rational functions of the complex variable s.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views7 pages

    Partial Fractions

    Uploaded by

    Shri shakthi Kailaas W
    The document provides examples of partial fraction expansions and inverse Laplace transforms. It begins by expanding rational functions using partial fractions. It then provides the inverse Laplace transforms of various functions obtained from partial fraction expansions. These include exponential, trigonometric, and polynomial functions of time derived from the inverse Laplace transforms of the original rational functions of the complex variable s.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    3s 3s  1 1 

    3.3 a) =  2 − 2
    ( s + 1)( s + 4) 3  s + 1 s + 4 
    2 2

     1 1 
    = 2 2 − 2
    s +1 s + 2 2 

     1 1 
    L−1  2 2 − 2 = Cost − Cos 2t
    s +1 s + 2 2 

    1 1 A B+C
    = = + 2
    b) 2
    [
    s ( s − 2 s + 5) s ( s − 1) + 2
    2 2
    ]
    s s − 2s + 5

    A+B=0
    -2A+C=0
    5A=1
    A=1/5 ;B=-1/5;C=2/5

    1 1 2−s 
    We get X ( s) = + 2
    5  s s − 2 s + 5 

    Inverting,we get

    1 1 t 
    1 + e Sin 2 t − e t
    Cos 2 t
    5  
    =
    2
    1 1 
    = 1 + e t  Sin 2t − Cos 2t 
    5 2 

    3s 2 − s 2 − 3s + 2 A B C D
    c) = + 2+ +
    s ( s − 1)
    2 2
    s s s − 1 ( s − 1)2
    As( s − 1) 2 + B( s − 1) 2 + Cs 2 ( s − 1) + Ds 2 = 3s 3 − s 2 − 3s + 2

    A( s 3 − 2 s + s ) + B ( s 2 − 2 s + 1) + C ( s 3 − s 2 ) + Ds 2 = 3s 3 − s 2 − 3s + 2

    A+C=3
    -2A+B-C+D=-1
    A-2B=-3
    B=2;
    A=2(2)-3=1
    C=3-1=2
    D=2(1)-2+2-1=1

    1 2 2 1
    We get X ( s ) = + 2+ +
    s s s + 1 ( s − 1) 2
    By inverse L.T

    L−1 [X (t )] = 1 + 2t + 2e t + te t
    L−1 [X (t )] = 1 + 2t + e t ( 2 + t )

    3.4 Expand the following function by partial fraction expansion. Do not evaluate
    co-efficient or invert expressions

    2
    X ( s) =
    ( s + 1)( s + 1) 2 ( s + 3)
    2

    A Bs + C Ds + E F
    X ( s) = + 2 + 2 +
    s + 1 s + 1 ( s + 1) 2
    s+3

    = A( s 2 + 1) 2 ( s + 3) + ( Bs + C )( s + 1)( s + 3)( s 2 + 1) + ( Ds + E )( s + 1)( s + 3) + F ( s + 1)( s 2 + 1) 2

    = A( s 4 + 2 s 2 + 1)( s + 3) + ( Bs + C )( s 2 + 4 s + 3)( s 2 + 1) + ( Ds + E )( s 2 + 4 s + 3) + F ( s + 1)( s 2 + 4 s + 1)


    = s 5 ( A + B + F ) + s 4 (3 A + C + 4 B + F ) + s 3 ( 2 A + B + 4C + 3B ) + s 2 (6 A + C + 4 B + 3C ) + s( A + 4C + 3B
    + 4 E + F ) + 3 A + 3 AC + 3E + F = 2
    A+B+F=0
    -3A+C+4B+F=0
    2A+B+4C+3B=0
    6A+C+4B+3C=0
    A+4C+3B+3D+4E+F=0
    3A+3C+3E+F=2

    by solving above 6 equations, we can get the values of A,B,C,D,E and


    1
    X ( s) = 3 .
    s ( s + 1)( s + 1) ( s + 3) 3

    A B C D E F G H
    X ( s) = + 2 + 3+ + + + +
    s s s s +1 s + 2 s + 3 ( s + 3) 2
    ( s + 3) 3

    by comparing powers of s we can evaluate A,B,C,D,E,F,G and H.


    1
    c) X ( s ) =
    s ( s + 2)( s + 3) ( s + 4)

    A B C D
    X ( s) = + + +
    s +1 s + 2 s+3 s+4
    by comparing powers of s we can evaluate A,B,C,D

    1
    3.5 a) X ( s ) =
    s ( s + 1)(0.5s + 1)

    1 A B C
    Let = + +
    s ( s + 1)(0.5s + 1) s s + 1 (0.5s + 1)

     s 2 3s   s2 
    = A + + 1 + B  + s  + C ( s 2 + s ) = 1
    2 2  2 
    A=1

    A B B 1
    + + C = 0= +C = −
    2 2 2 2

    3A 3
    + B + C = 0= B + C = −
    2 2
    B/2=1/2 *-3/2=-1;

    B=-2;
    C= -3/2+2=1/2

    1 2 1 1 
    X ( s) = − +  
    s s + 1 2  0.5s + 1 

    = L − 1 ( X ( s )) = x ( t ) = 1 − 2 e − t + e − 2 t

    dx
    b) + 2 x = 2; x (0) = 0
    dt

    Applying laplace trafsorms

    sX ( s ) − x (0) + 2 X ( s ) = 2 / s

    2
    L−1 ( X ( s )) =
    s ( s + 2)

     2 
    L−1 ( X ( s )) = 2 L−1  
     s ( s + 2) 

    1 / 2 1 / 2 
    = L−1 ( X ( s )) = 2 L−1  −
     s s + 2 

    −2 t
    = 1 − e
    s +1
    3.6 a) Y ( s ) =
    s + 2s + 5
    2
    s +1
    = Y ( s) =
    s + 2s + 5
    2

    s +1
    =
    ( s + 1) 2 + 4

     s +1 
    = L−1 (Y ( s )) = L−1  
     ( s + 1) + 4 
    2

    using the table,we get

    Y (t ) = e − t Cos2t

    s 2 + 2s
    b) Y ( s ) =
    s4

    1 2
    Y ( s) = 2
    + 3
    s s

    Y(t)= L−1 (Y ( s )) = t + t 2

    2s
    c) Y ( s ) =
    ( s − 1) 3

    2s − 2 + 2
    =
    ( s − 1) 3

    2 2
    = +
    ( s − 1) 2
    ( s − 1) 3

     2   2 
    Y (t ) = L−1  2 
    + L−1  
    3 
     ( s − 1)   ( s − 1) 

    t2 t
    = 2(te + e = e t (t 2 + 2t )
    t

    2
    1 As + B Cs + D
    3.7a) Y ( s) = = +
    ( s 2 + 1) ( s 2 + 1) ( s 2 + 1)

    thus ( As + B ) + (Cs + D )( s 2 + 1) = 1

    = Cs 3 + Ds 2 + ( A + C ) s + ( B + D ) = 1

    C=0,D=0
    Also A=0;B=1
    1 1 A B C D
    Y ( s) = 2 = = + + +
    ( s + 1) 2
    (s + i) (s − i)
    2 2
    (s + i) (s + i) 2
    (s − i) (s − i)2

    A( s + i )( s − i ) 2 + B( s − i ) 2 + C ( s − i )( s + i ) 2 + D( s + i ) 2 = 1

    ( A + C ) s 3 + ( − Ai + B + Ci + D ) s 2 + ( A − 2 Bi + C + 2 Di ) + ( − Ai − B + Ci − D ) = 1

    Thus,A+C=0
    -Ai+B+Ci+2Di=0 ; B=D
    A-2Bi+C+2Di=0
    -Ai-B+Ci-D=1 Also D=-Ci;B=-Ci,
    A=-C,C=-i/4

    A=i/4 ; B=-1/4; D=-1/4

    i/4 − 1/ 4 −i/4 − 1/ 4
    Y ( s) = + + +
    (s + i) (s + i) 2
    (s − i) (s − i)2

    i/4 − 1/ 4 −i/4 −1/ 4


    Y (t ) = + + +
    (s + i) (s + i) 2
    ( s − i) ( s − i) 2

    i/4 −1/ 4 −i/4 −1/ 4


    Y (t ) = + + +
    (s + i) (s + i) 2
    (s − i) (s − i)2
    Y (t ) = i / 4e −it − 1 / 4e −it −1 / 4e it − 1 / 4te it

    Y (t ) = 1 / 4(ie − it − te −it − ie it − te it )
    Y (t ) = 1 / 4(i (Cost − iSin t ) − t (Cost − i Sin t ) − i(Cos t + iSin t ) − t (Cos t + i Sin t ) )

    Y (t ) = 1 / 4( 2 Sin t − 2t Cos t )

    Y ( t ) = 1 / 2 ( Sin t − t Cos t)

    1
    3.8 f ( s) =
    s ( s + 1)
    2

    A B C
    = f ( s) = + +
    s 2
    s s +1

    = A( s + 1) + Bs( s + 1) + Cs 2 = 1

    Let s=0 ; A=1


    s=1; 2A+B+C=1
    s=-1: C=1
    B=-1
    1 1 1
    f ( s) = 2 + +
    s s s +1

    f (t ) = (t − 1) + e − t

    PROPERTIES OF TRANSFORMS

    4.1 If a forcing function f(t) has the laplace transforms

    1 e − s − e −2 s e −3s
    f ( s) = + −
    s s2 s
    1 − e −3s e − s − e −2 s
    = +
    s s2

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