Supplemental Material

S1. Product List

Straws
 Bamboo Straw: Jungle Straws – Organic 8” Reusable Bamboo Drinking Straws
 Glass Straw: One Ocean Straw Kit – 9” Regular Glass Straw
 Metal Straw: Manna Stainless Steel Straw – 9.5”
 Paper Straw
 Plastic Straw
 Silicone Straw: 8.25” Softy Silicone Straw – Slender Size BPA Free Non-Rubber
Silicon Reusable
Sandwich Bags
 Beeswax Wrap: Chef Sous Chef Homemade Reusable Beeswax Wraps (14” x 14”)
 Plastic Wrap:
 Plastic Bag: Ziploc Brand Sandwich Bags – Easy Open Tabs
 Silicone Bag: Stasher reusable silicone sandwich bag
 Aluminum Foil:
Coffee Cups
 Paper Coffee Cup
 Metal Mug: Yeti 14 oz Rambler Mug
 Reusable Plastic Mug: Tervis Clear and Colorful 16 oz Mug with Tervis Travel Lid
 Foam Coffee Cup
 Ceramic Mug
Forks  Plastic Fork: Up & Up Premium Plastic Fork
 Bamboo Fork: BlueApeBlades Zero Waste Wooden Utensil Set (Fork)
 Reusable Plastic Fork
 Metal Fork
S2. Product Lifespans

Product Lifespan

Bamboo Straw 6 months

Glass Straw Lifetime
Metal Straw Lifetime
Paper Straw Single Use
Plastic Straw Single Use
Silicone Straw Lifetime
Beeswax Wrap 1 year
Plastic Wrap Single Use
Plastic Bag Single Use
Silicone Bag Lifetime
Aluminum Foil Single Use
Paper Coffee Cup Single Use
Metal Mug Lifetime
Reusable Plastic Mug Lifetime
Foam Coffee Cup Single Use
Ceramic Mug Lifetime
Plastic Fork Single Use
Bamboo Fork 3 years
Reusable Plastic Fork Lifetime
Metal Fork Lifetime
S3. Material Allocation

Life Cycle Inventory of Input Material Flow (unit: kg)

Straws
Bamboo Straw Glass Metal Paper Straw Plastic Silicone
Straw Straw* Straw* Straw*
Bamboo Pole 0.0044
Borosilicate Glass Tube 0.015
Chromium Steel 18/8 0.011
Kraft Paper 0.0011
Polypropylene 0.00071
Silicone 0.0053

Sandwich Bags
Beeswax Wrap Plastic Plastic Silicone Aluminum
Wrap* Bag* Bag* Foil*
Cotton 0.026
Beeswax1 0.075
Resin2 0.020
Jojoba Oil3 0.028
LDPE 0.001 0.001
LLDPE 0.001
Silicone 0.073
Aluminum 0.006

Coffee Cups
Paper Coffee Metal Reusable Foam Coffee Ceramic
Cup* Mug* Plastic Mug* Cup* Mug
Packaging Board 0.0097
HDPE 0.0004
Polystyrene 0.0026 0.0026
Chromium Steel 18/8 0.18
PET 0.038 0.12
Polystyrene EPS 0.0015
Ceramic Tile 0.32

Forks
Plastic Bamboo Reusable Metal
Fork* Fork Plastic Fork* Fork*
Bamboo Pole 0.007
Chromium Steel 18/8 0.019
Polypropylene 0.002 0.017
Polystyrene 0.002
*
Additional manufacturing process step(s) were included in the model
Due to lack of emission factor data on specific materials:
1
Emissions factor for honey is used for Beeswax
2
Emissions factor for Epoxy Resin is used for Resin
3
Emissions factor for Cottonseed Oil is used for Jojoba Oil

S4. Material Sources

Material Source Item

Bamboo Escamilla & Habert, 2014 Bamboo Pole
ecoinvent 3 - allocation, cut off by
Glass classification, system Glass tube, borosilicate {RoW} production, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by
Steel classification - system Steel, chromium steel 18/8 {GLO} market for Cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by
Paper classification - system Kraft paper, bleached {GLO} market for cut off, s
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by
Polypropylene classification - system Polypropylene, granulate {GLO} market for Cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by Silicone product {RoW} market for silicone product
Silicone classification - system cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by
Cotton classification - system Textile, woven cotton {GLO} market for cut-off, s
Honey, raw, large-scale production, unpackaged, at
Honey World Food LCA Database farm (WFLDB)/US U
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by Epoxy resin, liquid {RoW} market for epoxy resin,
Epoxy Resin classification - system liquid cut-off, s
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by
Cottonseed Oil Cottonseed Oil, refined {GLO} market for Cut-off, S
classification - system
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by Polyethylene, low density, granulate {GLO} market for
LDPE
classification - system cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by Polethylene, linear low density, granulate {GLO}
LLDPE
classification - system market for cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by Aluminum, primary, cast alloy slab from continuous
Aluminum classification - system casting {GLO} market for cut-off, s
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by
Paperboard classification - system Solid bleached board {GLO} market for cut-off s
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by Polyethylene, high density, granulate {GLO} market for
HDPE classification - system cut-off, s
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by Polystyrene, general purpose {GLO} market for cut-off,
Polystyrene classification - system S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by Polyethylene terephthalate, granulate, bottle grade
PET classification - system {GLO{ market for Cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by
Polystyrene EPS classification - system polystyrene, expandable {GLO} market for cut-off, s
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by
Ceramic Tile classification - system Ceramic tile {GLO} market for cut-off S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-off by
Nylon classification - system Nylon 6-6 {RoW} market for nylon 6-6 cut-off s
S5. Material GWP Emissions Factors

Units: KG Emissions Unit

Bamboo 1.31 kg CO2e / kg bamboo pole
Glass 2.25 kg CO2e / kg glass tube
Steel 4.4 kg CO2e / kg stainless steel
Paper 1.46 kg CO2e / kg paper
Polypropylene 2.3 kg CO2e / kg PP
Silicone 3.28 kg CO2e / kg silicone
Cotton 10.9 kg CO2e /kg textile
Honey 0.971 kg CO2e / kg honey
Epoxy Resin 5.15 kg CO2e / kg resin
Cottonseed Oil 3.25 kg CO2e / kg oil
LDPE 2.5 kg CO2e/ kg LDPE
LLDPE 2.3 kg CO2e / kg LLDPE
Aluminum 18.5 kg CO2e / kg aluminum
Paperboard 1.26 kg CO2e / kg paperboard
HDPE 2.32 kg CO2e / kg HDPE
Polystyrene 3.76 kg CO2e /kg polystyrene
PET 2.9 kg CO2e / kg PET
Polystyrene EPS 3.64 kg CO2e / kg EPS
Ceramic Tile 0.797 kg CO2e / kg ceramic tile
Nylon 8.34 kg CO2e / kg nylon
S6. Material Water Use Factors

Material Water Use Unit

Bamboo 1.6 m3 / kg bamboo
Glass 0.0155 m3/ kg glass tube
Steel 0.0198 m3/ kg steel
Paper 0.0458 m3/ kg paper
Polypropylene 0.0207 m3/ kg PP
Silicone 0.118 m3/ kg silicone
Cotton 5.51 m3/ kg cotton
Honey 0.0608 m3/ kg honey
Epoxy Resin 0.0654 m3/ kg epoxy resin
Cottonseed Oil 1.82 m3/ kg cottonseed oil
LDPE 0.0321 m3/ kg LDPE
LLDPE 0.0471 m3/ kg LLDPE
Aluminum 0.104 m3/ kg aluminum
Paperboard 0.0333 m3/ kg paperbaord
HDPE 0.0238 m3/ kg HDPE
Polystyrene 0.0525 m3/ kg PS
PET 0.034 m3/ kg PET
Polystyrene EPS 0.065 m3/ kg EPS
Ceramic Tile 0.00642 m3/ kg ceramic
Nylon 0.226 m3/ kg nylon
S7. Material Energy Use Factors

Material Energy Unit

Bamboo 19.3 MJ primary/ kg bamboo stem
Glass 29.3 MJ primary/ kg glass tube
Steel 51.2 MJ primary/ kg stainless steel
Paper 21.9 MJ primary/kg paper
Polypropylene 81.2 MJ primary/ kg PP
Silicone 55 MJ primary/ kg silicone
Cotton 116 MJ primary/ kg textile
Honey 13.9 MJ primary/ kg honey
Epoxy Resin 104 MJ primary/ kg resin
Cottonseed Oil 28.7 MJ primary/ kg oil
LDPE 81.7 MJ primary/ kg LDPE
LLDPE 78.9 MJ primary/ kg LLDPE
Aluminum 189 MJ primary/ kg aluminum
Paperboard 17.6 MJ primary/ kg paperboard
HDPE 79.4 MJ primary/ kg HDPE
Polystyrene 88.8 MJ primary/ kg polystyrene
PET 74.1 MJ primary/ kg PET
Polystyrene EPS 90.4 MJ primary/ kg EPS
Ceramic Tile 11.6 MJ primary/ kg ceramic
Nylon 137 MJ primary/kg nylon
S8. Manufacturing Allocation

Plastic Straw

Plastic Wrap
Metal Straw

Silicone Bag

Plastic Mug

Plastic Fork

Plastic Fork
Metal Mug

Metal Fork
Plastic Bag

Aluminum

Paper Cup

Foam Cup
Reusable

Reusable
Silicone
Straw

Foil
Steel Product
X X X
Manufacturing
Plastic Extrusion
X
(PP)
Injection
Molding X X
(Silicone)
Blow Molding
X X
(LDPE)
Extrusion
X
(LLDPE)
Aluminum
Product X
Manufacturing
Thermoforming
X X X
(PS)
Injection
X X
Molding (PET)
Thermoforming
X X
(PP)
S9. Manufacturing Sources

Process Source Item

Steel Product ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Metal working, average for chromium steel
Manufacturing off by classification - system product manufacturing {GLO} market for, cut-off S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-
Plastic Extrusion (PP) Extrusion, plastic pipes {GLO} market for cut-off, s
off by classification - system
Injection Molding ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-
Injection Moulding {GLO} market for cut-off, s
(Silicone) off by classification - system
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-
Blow Molding (LDPE) Blow Moulding {GLO} market for cut-off, S
off by classification - system
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-
Extrusion (LLDPE) Extrusion, plastic film {GLO} market for, cut-off S
off by classification - system
Aluminum Product ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Metal working, average for aluminum product
Manufacturing off by classification - system manufacturing {GLO} market for, cut-off S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Thermoforming, with calendering {GLO} market
Thermoforming (PS)
off by classification - system for cut-off, s
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-
Injection Molding (PET) Injection Moulding {GLO} market for cut-off, s
off by classification - system
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Thermoforming, with calendering {GLO} market
Thermoforming (PP)
off by classification - system for cut-off, s
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-
Blow Molding (LLDPE) Blow Moulding {GLO} market for cut-off, S
off by classification - system

S10. Manufacturing GWP Emission Factors

Process Emissions Unit

Steel Product Manufacturing 2.61 kg CO2e / kg steel processed
Plastic Extrusion (PP) 0.439 kg CO2e / kg plastic extruded
Injection Molding (Silicone) 1.29 kg CO2e / kg silicone moulded
Blow Molding (LDPE) 1.33 kg CO2e / kg LDPE moulded
Extrusion (LLDPE) 0.571 kg CO2e / kg LLDPE extruded
Aluminum Product kg CO2e / kg aluminum
Manufacturing 3.91 processed
Thermoforming (PS) 0.876 kg CO2e / kg PS processed
Injection Molding (PET) 1.28 kg CO2e / kg PET processed
Thermoforming (PP) 0.876 kg CO2e / kg PP processed
Blow Molding (LLDPE) 1.33 kg CO2e / kg LLDPE processed
S11. Manufacturing Water Use Factors

Process Water Use Unit

Steel Product Manufacturing 0.0165 m3 / kg steel processed
Plastic Extrusion (PP) 0.0108 m3/ kg plastic extruded
Injection Molding (Silicone) 0.014 m3/ kg silicone moulded
Blow Molding (LDPE) 0.0144 m3/ kg LDPE moulded
Extrusion (LLDPE) 0.0217 m3/ kg LLDPE extruded
Aluminum Product Manufacturing 0.028 m3/ kg aluminum processed
Thermoforming (PS) 0.0478 m3/ kg PS processed
Injection Molding (PET) 0.0139 m3/ kg PET processed
Thermoforming (PP) 0.0478 m3/ kg PP processed
Blow Molding (LLDPE) 0.0144 m3/ kg LLDPE processed

S12. Manufacturing Energy Use Factors

Process Energy Unit

Steel Product Manufacturing 33.1 MJ primary/ kg steel processed
Plastic Extrusion (PP) 6.15 MJ primary/ kg plastic extruded
Injection Molding (Silicone) 22.2 MJ primary/ kg silicone moulded
Blow Molding (LDPE) 20.8 MJ primary/ kg LDPE moulded
Extrusion (LLDPE) 8.31 MJ primary/ kg LLDPE extruded
Aluminum Product Manufacturing 45.2 MJ primary/ kg aluminum processed
Thermoforming (PS) 13.9 MJ primary/ kg PS processed
Injection Molding (PET) 22 MJ primary/ kg PET processed
Thermoforming (PP) 13.9 MJ primary/ kg PP processed
Blow Molding (LLDPE) 20.8 MJ primary/ kg LLDPE processed
S13. Transportation Environmental Impact Factors, Distance and Sources

Transport Source Item

ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Transport, freight lorry >32 metric ton, euro4 {RoW} market
Freight
off by classification - system for, transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, euro4 cut-off, S

Transport Emissions Unit

Freight 9.23E-05 kg CO2e/ kgkm

Transport Water Use Unit

Freight 1.74E-07 m3 / kgkm

Transpor
Energy Unit
t
0.0015 MJ primary/
Freight
2 kgkm

Transport Source Distance

Freight U.S. DOT, 2017 402.336 km
S14. Use Phase Allocation

Product Dishwashing Method

Bamboo Straw Manual

Glass Straw Machine
Metal Straw Machine
Paper Straw N/A
Plastic Straw N/A
Silicone Straw Machine
Beeswax Wrap Manual
Plastic Wrap N/A
Plastic Bag N/A
Silicone Bag Machine
Aluminum Foil N/A
Paper Coffee Cup N/A
Metal Mug Machine
Reusable Plastic Mug Machine
Foam Coffee Cup N/A
Ceramic Mug Machine
Plastic Fork N/A
Bamboo Fork Manual
Reusable Plastic Fork Machine
Metal Fork Machine
S15. Use Phase Source and Environmental Impact Factors

Dishwashing Method Source

Machine Porras et al., 2020
Manual Porras et al., 2020

Dishwashing Method GWP Unit

Machine 2.48*10-5 kg CO2e /cm2
Manual 6.67*10-5 kg CO2e / cm2

Dishwashing Method Water Use Unit

Machine 1.56*10-8 m3 / cm2
Manual 1.25*10-7 m3/ cm2

Dishwashing Method Energy Use Unit

Machine 4.53*10-4 MJ primary / cm2
Manual 1.13*10-2 MJ primary / cm2
S16. Product Surface Area Calculations

Product Surface Area (cm2)

Bamboo Straw 77.8

Glass Straw 87.5
Metal Straw 82.6
Silicone Straw 80.3
Beeswax Wrap 2529
Silicone Bag 1354.8
Metal Mug 932.3
Reusable Plastic Mug 932.3
Ceramic Mug 770.2
Bamboo Fork 20.4
Reusable Plastic Fork 21.3
Metal Fork 20.1

Product Equation R (cm) H (cm) X (cm) Y (cm) Assumptions

No difference between
Bamboo Straw 2PIRH*2 0.3 20.3
inner and outer radius
No difference between
Glass Straw 2PIRH*2 0.3 22.9
inner and outer radius
No difference between
Metal Straw 2PIRH*2 0.3 21.6
inner and outer radius
No difference between
Silicone Straw 2PIRH*2 0.3 21
inner and outer radius
Beeswax Wrap 2*XY 35.5 35.5 www.chefsouschef.com
www.stasherbag.com
Silicone Bag 2*XY 17.8 19

Metal Mug (2*(2PIR^2+2PIRH)) 5.1 9.5 www.yeti.com

 Assumed same size as
Reusable Plastic Mug (2*(2PIR^2+2PIRH)) 5.1 9.5
Yeti
Assumed same size as
Ceramic Mug 2PIR^2+(2*2PIRH) 5.1 9.5
Yeti (minus lid)

Bamboo Fork 2*(Handle+Neck+Tines Handle (10.2cm x .5cm), Neck (2.5cm x 2.3cm), Tines
) (2.8cm x .4cm)
Reusable Plastic Fork 2*(Handle+Neck+Tines Handle (10.2cm x .6cm), Neck (2cm x 2cm), Tines (2.8cm
) x .4cm)
Metal Fork 2*(Handle+Neck+Tines Handle (10.2cm x .5cm), Neck (2.5cm x 2.3cm), Tines
) (2.5cm x .4cm)
S17. Use Phase Emission Factor Calculation

Estimation of Dishes Used in Porras et al., 2020 Study

Dish Type Quantity Surface Area (cm2)

Dinner Plate 8 1013.4
Bread and Butter Plate 8 461.7
Fruit Bowl 8 385.1
Cup 8 279.9
Saucer 8 364.8
Serving Bowl 1 456.1
Platter 2 2984.5
Glass – Iced Tea 8 709.9
Flatware- Knife 8 56.5
Flatware – Dinner Fork 4 47.1
Flatware – Salad Fork 3 35.7
Flatware - Teaspoon 7 132.5
Flatware – Serving Fork 1 65.35
Flatware – Serving Spoon 1 619.2
Plastic Bowl 2 799
Spatula 1 221.9
Baking Dish 1 2838.7

Manual Dishwashing Machine Dishwashing

Total Emissions for 2150 loads (kg CO2e) 5620 2090
Emissions Factor (kg CO2e /cm2 dish) 6.7*10-5 2.5*10-5

Manual Dishwashing Machine Dishwashing

Total Water Use for 2150 loads (m3) 347 2790
 Water Use Factor (m3/ cm2 dish) 1.6*10-8 1.3*10-7

Manual Dishwashing Machine Dishwashing

Total Energy Use for 2150 loads (MJ primary) 94792 38129
Energy Use Factor (MJ primary / cm2 dish) 1.1*10-3 4.5*10-4

S18. Use Phase Alternate Scenario GWP Emission Factor Calculations

Washing Type Grid Water Heater Percent Emissions Emissions (kg

Type Change (kg CO2e CO2e /cm2)
per 2150
loads)
Base Case Machine Average US natural gas N/A 2090 2.48*10-5
Electric Grid heater
Base Case Manual Average US natural gas N/A 5620 6.67*10-5
Electric Grid heater
Cleaner Grid Machine NYUP Grid natural gas -29% 1483.9 1.76*10-5
heater

Cleaner Grid Manual NYUP Grid natural gas 0% 5620 6.67*10-5

heater
Dirty Grid Machine MROE Grid natural gas 26% 2633.4 3.13*10-5
heater
Dirty Grid Manual MROE Grid natural gas 0% 5620 6.67*10-5
heater
Electric Machine Average US electric heater 30% 2717 3.23*10-5
heater Electric Grid

Electric Manual Average US electric heater 38% 7755.6 9.21*10-5

heater Electric Grid
Clean grid Machine NYUP Grid electric heater -32% 1421.2 1.69*10-5
electric
heater
Clean grid Manual NYUP Grid electric heater -38% 3484.4 4.14*10-5
electric
heater
Dirty grid Machine MROE Grid electric heater 86% 3887.4 4.62*10-5
electric
heater
Dirty grid Manual MROE Grid electric heater 108% 11689.6 1.39*10-4
electric
heater

S19. Use Alternate Scenario Water Use Factor Calculations

Washing Type Grid Water Heater Percent Water Use Water Use (m3 /
Type Change (m3 per cm2)
2150 loads)
Base Case Machine Average US natural gas N/A 347 1.56*10-8
Electric Grid heater
Base Case Manual Average US natural gas N/A 2790 1.25*10-7
Electric Grid heater
Cleaner Grid Machine NYUP Grid natural gas -29% 246.4 1.11*10-8
heater

Cleaner Grid Manual NYUP Grid natural gas 0% 2790

1.25*10-7
heater
Dirty Grid Machine MROE Grid natural gas 26% 437.2 1.97*10-8
heater
Dirty Grid Manual MROE Grid natural gas 0% 2790 1.25*10-7
heater
Electric Machine Average US electric heater 30% 451.1
2.03*10-8
heater Electric Grid

Electric Manual Average US electric heater 38% 3850.2 1.73*10-7

heater Electric Grid
Clean grid Machine NYUP Grid electric heater -32% 236 1.06*10-8
electric
heater
Clean grid Manual NYUP Grid electric heater -38% 1729.8
electric 7.78*10-8
heater
Dirty grid Machine MROE Grid electric heater 86% 645.4 2.90*10-8
electric
heater
Dirty grid Manual MROE Grid electric heater 108% 5803.2
2.61*10-7
electric
heater

S20. Use Alternate Scenario Energy Use Factor Calculations

Washing Type Grid Water Heater Percent Energy Use Energy Use
Type Change (MJ primary (MJ primary /
per 2150 cm2)
loads)
Base Case Machine Average US natural gas N/A 38129 4.5*10-4
Electric Grid heater
Base Case Manual Average US natural gas N/A 94792 1.1*10-3
Electric Grid heater
Cleaner Grid Machine NYUP Grid natural gas -29% 27072 3.2*10-4
heater

Cleaner Grid Manual NYUP Grid natural gas 0% 94792 1.1*10-3

heater
Dirty Grid Machine MROE Grid natural gas 26% 48043 5.7*10-4
heater
Dirty Grid Manual MROE Grid natural gas 0% 94792 1.1*10-3
heater
Electric Machine Average US electric heater 30% 49568
5.9*10-4
heater Electric Grid

Electric Manual Average US electric heater 38% 130813 1.6*10-3

heater Electric Grid
Clean grid Machine NYUP Grid electric heater -32% 25928 3.1*10-4
electric
heater
Clean grid Manual NYUP Grid electric heater -38% 58771 7.0*10-4
electric
heater
Dirty grid Machine MROE Grid electric heater 86% 70920 8.4*10-4
electric
heater
Dirty grid Manual MROE Grid electric heater 108% 197167 2.3*10-3
electric
heater

S21. EoL Average Percentages

Item % Landfilled % Recycled % Composted % Combusted

Organic Matter 75.31% N/A 6.30% 18.37%
Glass 60.37% 26.60% N/A 13.01%
Steel (or stainless steel) 55.21% 32.70% N/A 12.12%
Paper 27.38% 65.90% N/A 6.70%
Polypropylene 75.83% 8.40% N/A 15.80%
Silicone 72.67% N/A N/A 27.33%
Polyethylene 75.83% 8.40% N/A 15.80%
Polystyrene 75.83% 8.40% N/A 15.80%
PET 75.83% 8.40% N/A 15.80%
General Plastic 75.83% 8.40% N/A 15.80%
Ceramic 100.00% N/A N/A N/A
Textile 66.02% 15.20% N/A 18.77%
Aluminum 69.19% 16.20% N/A 14.62%
Source - Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2017 Fact Sheet
S22. EoL Source

Disposal Source Item

ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Compost {CH} treatment of biowaste,
Compost Biowaste
off by classification - system industrial composting cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste wood, untreated {RoW} treatment of,
Sanitary Landfill - Wood
off by classification - system sanitary landfill, cut-off, S
Waste wood, untreated {RoW} treatment of
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-
Incineration - Wood waste wood, untreated, municipal
off by classification - system
incineration, cut-off, S
Packaging glass, white (waste treatment)
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-
Recycle - Glass {GLO} recycling of packaging glass, white cut-
off by classification - system
off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Inert waste {RoW} treatment of, sanitary
Sanitary Landfill - Glass
off by classification - system landfill, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste glass {RoW} treatment of waste glass,
Incineration - Glass
off by classification - system municipal incineration cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Steel and iron (waste treatment) {GLO}
Recycle - Steel
off by classification - system recycling of steel and iron, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Inert waste {RoW} treatment of, sanitary
Sanitary Landfill - Steel
off by classification - system landfill, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Scrap Steel {CH} treatment of, municipal
Incineration - Steel
off by classification - system incineration, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste paperboard {RoW} treatment of,
Sanitary Landfill - Paperboard
off by classification - system sanitary landfill cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste paperboard {RoW} treatment of,
Incineration - Paperboard
off by classification - system municipal incineration, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- PP (waste treatment) {GLO} recycling of PP
Recycle - PP
off by classification - system cut-off, s
Waste polypropylene {RoW} treatment of
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-
Sanitary Landfill - PP waste polypropylene, sanitary landfill, cut-off,
off by classification - system
S
Waste polypropylene {RoW} treatment of
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-
Incineration - PP waste polypropylene, municipal incineration,
off by classification - system
cut-off, S
 Waste plastic, mixture {RoW} treatment of
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-
Sanitary Landfill - Silicone waste plastic, mixture, sanitary landfill, cut-off,
off by classification - system
S
Waste plastic, mixture {RoW} treatment of
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut-
Incineration - Silicone waste plastic, mixture, municipal incineration,
off by classification - system
cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste textile, soiled {RoW} market for waste
Landfill - Textile
off by classification - system textile, soiled, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste textile, soiled {RoW} treatment of,
Incineration - Textile
off by classification - system municipal incineration, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- PE (waste treatment) {GLO} recycling of PE,
Recycle - PE
off by classification - system cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste polyethylene {RoW} treatment of waste
Sanitary Landfill - PE
off by classification - system polyethylene, sanitary landfill, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste polyethylene {RoW} treatment of waste
Incineration - PE
off by classification - system polyethylene, municipal solid waste, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Aluminum (waste treatment) {GLO} recycling
Recycle - Aluminum
off by classification - system of aluminum, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste aluminum {RoW} treatment of waste
Landfill - Aluminum
off by classification - system aluminum, sanitary landfill, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Scrap aluminum {RoW} treatment of,
Incineration - Aluminum
off by classification - system municipal incineration, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- PS (waste treatment) {GLO} recycling of PS,
Recycle - PS
off by classification - system cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste polystyrene {RoW} treatment of waste
Landfill - PS
off by classification - system polystyrene, sanitary landfill, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste polystyrene {RoW} treatment of waste
Incineration - PS
off by classification - system polystyrene, municipal incineration, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- PET (waste treatment) {GLO} recycling of PET,
Recycle - PET
off by classification - system cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste polyethylene {RoW} treatment of waste
Landfill - PET
off by classification - system polyethylene, sanitary landfill, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste polyethylene {RoW} treatment of waste
Incineration - PET
off by classification - system polyethylene, municipal incineration, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Inert waste {RoW} treatment of, sanitary
Landfill - Ceramic
off by classification - system landfill, cut-off, S
ecoinvent 3 - Allocation, cut- Waste expanded polystyrene {RoW} treatment
Incineration - EPS
off by classification - system of, municipal incineration, cut-off, S
S23. EoL Emission Factors

Disposal Emissions Unit

Compost Biowaste 0 kg CO2e / kg composted
Sanitary Landfill - Wood 0.0748 kg CO2e / kg landfilled
Incineration - Wood 0.0138 kg CO2e / kg incinerated
Recycle - Glass 0 kg CO2e / kg recycled
Sanitary Landfill - Glass 0.0104 kg CO2e / kg landfilled
Incineration - Glass 0.0177 kg CO2e / kg incinerated
Recycle - Steel 0 kg CO2e / kg recycled
Sanitary Landfill - Steel 0.0104 kg CO2e / kg landfilled
Incineration - Steel 0.00987 kg CO2e / kg incinerated
Sanitary Landfill - Paperboard 1.52 kg CO2e / kg landfilled
Incineration - Paperboard 0.0307 kg CO2e / kg incinerated
Recycle - PP 0 kg CO2e / kg recycled
Sanitary Landfill - PP 0.11 kg CO2e / kg landfilled
Incineration - PP 2.55 kg CO2e / kg incinerated
Sanitary Landfill - Silicone 0.102 kg CO2e / kg landfilled
Incineration - Silicone 2.37 kg CO2e / kg incinerated
Landfill - Textile 0.729 kg CO2e / kg landfilled
Incineration - Textile 0.733 kg CO2e / kg incinerated
Recycle - PE 0 kg CO2e / kg recycled
Landfill - PE 0.128 kg CO2e / kg landfilled
Incineration - PE 3.02 kg CO2e / kg incinerated
Recycle - Aluminum 0 kg CO2e / kg recycled
Landfill - Aluminum 0.0391 kg CO2e / kg landfilled
Incineration - Aluminum 0.0142 kg CO2e / kg incinerated
Recycle - PS 0 kg CO2e / kg recycled
 Landfill - PS 0.135 kg CO2e / kg landfilled
Incineration - PS 3.19 kg CO2e / kg incinerated
Recycle - PET 0 kg CO2e / kg recycled
Landfill - PET 0.128 kg CO2e / kg landfilled
Incineration - PET 3.02 kg CO2e / kg incinerated
Landfill - Ceramic 0.0104 kg CO2e / kg landfilled
Incineration - EPS 3.18 kg CO2e / kg incinerated

S24. EoL Water Consumption Factors

Water
Disposal Unit
Consumption
Compost Biowaste 0 m3 / kg composted
Sanitary Landfill - Wood 0.000262 m3/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Wood -0.000212 m3/ kg incinerated
Recycle - Glass 0 m3/ kg recycled
Sanitary Landfill - Glass 0.00026 m3/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Glass -0.000119 m3/ kg incinerated
Recycle - Steel 0 m3/ kg recycled
Sanitary Landfill - Steel 0.263 m3/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Steel 0.000594 m3/ kg incinerated
Sanitary Landfill - Paperboard 0.000333 m3/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Paperboard 0.00124 m3/ kg incinerated
Recycle - PP 0 m3/ kg recycled
Sanitary Landfill - PP 0.000262 m3/ kg landfilled
Incineration - PP 0.000163 m3/ kg incinerated
Sanitary Landfill - Silicone 0.000265 m3/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Silicone 0.000352 m3/ kg incinerated
Landfill - Textile 0.00138 m3/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Textile 0.00139 m3/ kg incinerated
Recycle - PE 0 m3/ kg recycled
Landfill - PE 0.000262 m3/ kg landfilled
Incineration - PE 0.000274 m3/ kg incinerated
Recycle - Aluminum 0 m3/ kg recycled
Landfill - Aluminum 0.000424 m3/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Aluminum -0.000206 m3/ kg incinerated
Recycle - PS 0 m3/ kg recycled
 Landfill - PS 0.000262 m3/ kg landfilled
Incineration - PS 0.000271 m3/ kg incinerated
Recycle - PET 0 m3/ kg recycled
Landfill - PET 0.000262 m3/ kg landfilled
Incineration - PET 0.000274 m3/ kg incinerated
Landfill - Ceramic 0.00026 m3/ kg landfilled
Incineration - EPS 0.000811 m3/ kg incinerated

S25. EoL Energy Use Factors

Disposal Energy Unit

Compost Biowaste 0 MJ primary/ kg composted
Sanitary Landfill - Wood 0.266 MJ primary/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Wood 0.000424 MJ primary/ kg incinerated
Recycle - Glass 0 MJ primary/ kg recycled
Sanitary Landfill - Glass 0.263 MJ primary/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Glass 0.369 MJ primary/ kg incinerated
Recycle - Steel 0 MJ primary/ kg recycled
Sanitary Landfill - Steel 0.263 MJ primary/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Steel 0.185 MJ primary/ kg incinerated
Sanitary Landfill - Paperboard 0.397 MJ primary/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Paperboard 0.24 MJ primary/ kg incinerated
Recycle - PP 0 MJ primary/ kg recycled
Sanitary Landfill - PP 0.266 MJ primary/ kg landfilled
Incineration - PP 0.259 MJ primary/ kg incinerated
Sanitary Landfill - Silicone 0.272 MJ primary/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Silicone 0.47 MJ primary/ kg incinerated
Landfill - Textile 1.68 MJ primary/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Textile 1.65 MJ primary/ kg incinerated
Recycle - PE 0 MJ primary/ kg recycled
Landfill - PE 0.267 MJ primary/ kg landfilled
Incineration - PE 0.298 MJ primary/ kg incinerated
Recycle - Aluminum 0 MJ primary/ kg recycled
Landfill - Aluminum 0.599 MJ primary/ kg landfilled
Incineration - Aluminum 0.282 MJ primary/ kg incinerated
Recycle - PS 0 MJ primary/ kg recycled
Landfill - PS 0.268 MJ primary/ kg landfilled
 Incineration - PS 0.293 MJ primary/ kg incinerated
Recycle - PET 0 MJ primary/ kg recycled
Landfill - PET 0.267 MJ primary/ kg landfilled
Incineration - PET 0.298 MJ primary/ kg incinerated
Landfill - Ceramic 0.263 MJ primary/ kg landfilled
Incineration - EPS 0.309 MJ primary/ kg incinerated

S26. EoL Allocation

Bamboo Glass Straw Metal Straw Paper Straw Plastic Straw Silicone
Straw Straw
Compost X
Biowaste
Sanitary X
Landfill -
Wood
Incineration - X
Wood
Recycle - Glass X
Sanitary X
Landfill -
Glass
Incineration - X
Glass
Recycle - Steel X
Sanitary X
Landfill - Steel
Incineration - X
Steel
Sanitary X
Landfill -
Paperboard
Incineration - X
Paperboard
Sanitary X
Landfill - PP
Incineration - X
PP
Sanitary X
Landfill -
Silicone
Incineration - X
Silicone
 Beeswax Wrap Plastic Wrap Plastic Bag Silicone Bag Aluminum Foil
Compost X
Biowaste
Sanitary X
Landfill -
Silicone
Incineration - X
Silicone
Landfill - X
Textile
Incineration - X
Textile
Recycle - PE X X
Landfill - PE X X
Incineration - X X
PE
Recycle - X
Aluminum
Landfill - X
Aluminum
Incineration - X
Aluminum
 Paper Coffee Metal Mug Reusable Plastic Foam Cup Ceramic Mug
Cup Mug
Recycle – Steel X
Sanitary X
Landfill – Steel
Incineration – X
Steel
Sanitary X
Landfill –
Paperboard
Incineration - X
Paperboard
Landfill – PE X
Incineration – X
PE
Recycle – PS X X
Landfill – PS X X
Incineration – X X
PS
Recycle – PET X X
Landfill – PET X X
Incineration – X X
PET
Landfill – X
Ceramic
Incineration - X
EPS

Plastic Fork Bamboo Fork Reusable Plastic Metal Fork

Fork
Compost Biowaste X
Sanitary Landfill – X
Wood
Incineration - Wood X
Recycle – Steel X
Sanitary Landfill – X
Steel
Incineration – Steel X
Recycle - PP X X
Sanitary Landfill – X X
PP
Incineration – PP X X
Recycle – PS X
Landfill – PS X
Incineration - PS X
S27. Environmental Impact and Payback Period Calculations
The procedure for calculating GHG emissions for reusable and single-use products, and the payback period is
summarized below.

EO =E M + ET + E U + EE (1)

where EO is the overall emissions (kg CO2e) associated with the product(s) necessary to reach the functional unit
usage requirements defined in each scenario.
E M is the overall material emissions (kg CO2e) associated with material extraction and manufacturing of the
product(s). It is defined as follows:

E M =∑ M EN∗MA N ∗X (2)

where M E is the material emissions factor for N material ( kgkgmaterial

CO 2 e
) MA
, N is the mass of N material

per product ( kg Nproduct

material
) , and X is the number of products being used in the scenario.

ET is the transportation emissions (kg CO2e) for moving the product system. This is determined by:

ET =T E∗MA T ∗X∗D (3)

 where T E is the transportation method emissions factor ( kgkg∗km
CO 2e
) MA
, T is total mass per product

( product
kg
)X , is number of products being transported, and D is distance traveled (km).

EU is the use phase emissions (kg CO2e) associated with the washing of the reusable product. For single-use
products, the emissions from this life cycle stage will be zero. Use phase emissions can be calculated:

EU =DW E∗X∗U∗SA (4)

where DW E is the dishwashing emissions factor per square cm of dish

( kgi nCOdish2e ) X
2 , is the number if

products, U is the number of times a product is used (and therefore washed), and SA is the surface area

( )
2
in
per product .
product

E E is the end-of-life emissions (kg CO2e). Products may be landfilled, composted, combusted or recycled. This is
found by doing a summation of the impact of the different applicable disposal methods:

E E=∑ DE ZN∗MA N ∗X∗¿ DM ZN ¿ (5)

where DE Z is disposal method emissions factor for Z disposal scenario of N material ( kgkgN CO
material )
2e
,

MA N is the mass of N material per product ( kg N material

product )
, X is the number of products, and DM is

the average percentage of material that goes towards Z disposal method.

Using these equations payback period can be calculated. The subscript R is used to designate reusables, and S is
used for single-use.

1. E RM + ERT + ERU + E ℜ=ESM + E ST + E SE

 2.
M ℜ∗MA R +T E∗MA R∗D+ DW E∗U∗SA R + DE R∗MA R∗DM R=M SE∗MA S∗U +T E∗MA S∗D∗U + DE S∗M

where M ℜ is the material emissions factor for the reusable product ( kgproduct
CO 2e
) MA
; R is the mass of the

reusable product ( product

kg
)T ; E is transportation method emissions factor ( kgkg∗km
CO 2e
)D ; is the

distance transported (km); DW E is the dishwasher emissions factor per cm squared of renewable product

( kg CO 2e
2
i n dish )
; U is the number of uses or the payback period (uses); SA R is the surface area of the

( )
2
renewable product
in ; DE R is the disposal method emissions factor for the renewable product
product

( kgproduct
CO 2e
) DM ; R is the average disposal method percentages for the reusable product; M SE is the

material emissions factor for the single-use product ( kgproduct

CO 2e
) MA
; S is the mass per single-use product

( kg Nproduct
material
) DE ; S is the disposal method emissions factor for the single-use product ( kgproduct
CO 2e
) ;

and DM R is the average disposal method percentages for the single-use product.

Then solve for U.

M ℜ∗MA R +T E∗MA R∗D+ DE R∗MA R∗DM R

U=
M SE∗MA S +T E∗MA S∗D+ DE S∗MA S∗DM S−DW E∗SA R
(6)
S28. Breakdown of percent contributed to overall impacts by each life cycle phase. Functional Unit: 5 Years (5
uses/week)
S29. Sandwich Bag Environmental Impact Per Use Results
a) GWP

b) Water Consumption

c) Primary Nonrenewable Energy Use

S30. Coffee Cup Environmental Impact Per Use Results

a) GWP

b) Water Consumption

c) Primary Nonrenewable Energy Use

S31. Fork Environmental Impact Per Use Results

a) GWP

b) Water Consumption

c) Primary Nonrenewable Energy Use

S32. Monte Carlo Material Ranges
Low Average Emissions High Emissions Unit
Emissions Factor Value Emissions
Factor Value Factor Value
Bamboo 1.179 1.31 1.441 kg CO2e/kg bamboo

Glass 2.025 2.25 2.475 kg CO2e/kg glass

Steel 3.96 4.4 4.84 kg CO2e/kg steel
Paper 1.314 1.46 1.606 kg CO2e/kg paper
Polypropylene 2.07 2.3 2.53 kg CO2e/kg PP
Silicone 2.952 3.28 3.608 kg CO2e/kg silicone
Cotton 9.81 10.9 11.99 kg CO2e/kg cotton
Honey 0.8739 0.971 1.0681 kg CO2e/kg honey
Epoxy Resin 4.635 5.15 5.665 kg CO2e/kg resin
Cottonseed Oil 2.925 3.25 3.575 kg CO2e/kg oil
LDPE 2.25 2.5 2.75 kg CO2e/kg LDPE
LLDPE 2.07 2.3 2.53 kg CO2e/kg LLDPE
Aluminum 16.65 18.5 20.35 kg CO2e/kg aluminum
Paperboard 1.134 1.26 1.386 kg CO2e/kg paperboard
HDPE 2.088 2.32 2.552 kg CO2e/kg HDPE
Polystyrene 3.384 3.76 4.136 kg CO2e/kg PS
PET 2.61 2.9 3.19 kg CO2e/kg PET
Polystyrene EPS 3.276 3.64 4.004 kg CO2e/kg EPS
Ceramic Tile 0.7173 0.797 0.8767 kg CO2e/kg ceramic
Nylon 7.506 8.34 9.174 kg CO2e/kg nylon

*Because ranges were not available for all materials, a range of +/- 10% was ran for all materials in order to
maintain uniformity between products.
S33. Monte Carlo Manufacturing Ranges
Low Average High Emissions Unit
Emissions Emissions Emissions
Factor Value Factor Value Factor Value
Steel Product Manufacturing 2.349 2.61 2.871 kg CO2e/kg steel

Plastic Extrusion (PP) 0.3951 0.439 0.4829 kg CO2e/kg PP

Injection Molding (Silicone) 1.161 1.29 1.419 kg CO2e/kg silicone
Blow Molding (LDPE) 1.197 1.33 1.463 kg CO2e/kg LDPE
Extrusion (LLDPE) 0.5139 0.571 0.6281 kg CO2e/kg LLDPE
Aluminum Product Manufacturing 3.519 3.91 4.301 kg CO2e/kg aluminum
Thermoforming (PS) 0.7884 0.876 0.9636 kg CO2e/kg PS
Injection Molding (PET) 1.152 1.28 1.408 kg CO2e/kg PET
Thermoforming (PP) 0.7884 0.876 0.9636 kg CO2e/kg PP
Blow Molding (LLDPE) 1.197 1.33 1.463 kg CO2e/kg LLDPE

S34. Monte Carlo Transportation Distance Ranges

Low Average High Unit

Distance Distance Distance
Transportation Distance 160.93 402.34 1609.34 km
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) & Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2017). Freight Facts and
Figures.
S35. Monte Carlo EoL Ranges

Low Emissions Average Emissions High Emissions Emissions Unit

Factor Value Factor Value Factor Value
Bamboo Straw 0 0.05886694 0.0748 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Glass Straw 0 0.00858125 0.0177 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Metal Straw 0 0.006938084 0.0104 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Silicone Straw 0.102 0.7218444 2.37 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Plastic Straw 0 0.486313 2.55 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Beeswax Wrap 0 0.683662 0.733 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Silicone Bag 0.102 0.7218444 2.37 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Plastic Bag 0 0.5742224 3.02 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Metal Mug 0 0.105822506 0.535009174 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Reusable Plastic Mug 0 0.5742224 3.02 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Ceramic Mug 0.104 0.104 0.104 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Paper Coffee Cup 0.027618909 0.85700467 1.904545455 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Bamboo Fork 0 0.05886694 0.0748 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Reusable Plastic Fork 0 0.486313 2.55 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Metal Fork 0 0.006938084 0.0104 kg CO2e/kg disposed
Plastic Fork 0 2.186611 2.87 kg CO2e/kg disposed