Chapter 12

C Waves Chapter 12 Light Rays
12 Light Rays
Practice 12.1 (p. 117)

1 Luminous objects: the Sun, a light bulb and a
television (b)
Non-luminous objects: a book, a chair and a
desk
2 (a)
(b) Practice 12.2 (p. 127)

1 B
2 D
3 C
4 C
5
6 (a) The angle of incidence = 50°

(b) The angle of reflection = 50°
3 (a)
(c) The total angle turned by the ray of light
= 100°
7 (a) The height of her image
= 1.4 m
(b) The distance between her and her image
=3m+3m
=6m
8 The angle between the incident ray and the
reflected ray
= (90° – 25°) × 2
= 130°
New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 109  Oxford University Press 2006
(c) The angle of reflection for the final ray

= 30°
9 (a)&(b)
12 When the surface of the water is ruffled,
regular reflection of light cannot occur any
more. Instead, diffuse reflection occurs.
Parallel light is sent off irregularly in many
different directions. As a result, a distorted
image is produced.
13 Since the photograph is taken at right angle to
the mirror, the flash of light would be
10 (a) reflected back to the camera by the mirror
and bright light is shown on the photograph.
If the photograph is taken at an angle to the
mirror surface, much less light will be
reflected back to the camera and the
photograph will be much better.
14 A glossy paper which acts like a plane mirror
can regularly reflect light. The large amount
of light reflected by the glossy paper makes
us difficult to read the print on the paper.
15 (a) The distance setting of the camera that
(b) The image is same size as the object. the man should use
11 (a) The angle of incidence =3m+3m
= 90° – 30° =6m
= 60° (b) No. This is because the infra-red pulses
(b) from the auto-focus camera are reflected
by the mirror, which is in front of the
image to be photographed.
16 (a)
3 C
4 A
5 (a)
Medium Refractive Angle of Angle of

index incidence refraction
Water 1.33 50.0° 35.2°
Glass 1.50 50.0° 30.7°
Diamond 2.41 50.0° 18.5°
(b) If he can just see his feet, the bottom of

the mirror from the floor (b) If the refractive index is increased, the
1.5 refracted ray would bend more towards
=
2 the normal.
= 0.75 m 6 Refractive index of alcohol = 1.36
(c) Yes, he can still see his feet. The angle of incidence = 90° − 35° = 55°
17 (a) By Snell’s law,
nair × sin θair = nalcohol × sin θalcohol
1 × sin 55° = 1.36 × sin θalcohol
θalcohol = 37.0°
The angle of refraction is 37.0°.
7 When a light ray enters glass from air, it has
no bending only if it enters glass along the
normal, i.e. if its angle of incidence is 0°.
8 By Snell’s law,
nair × sin θair = nblock × sin θblock
1 × sin 30° = nblock × sin 20°
(b) I2 is 65 cm from the eye.
nblock = 1.46
(c) Both options are impossible.
The refractive index for the material of the
semicircular block is 1.46.
9 (a) By Snell’s law,
1 C
nair × sin θair = nwater × sin θwater
By Snell’s law,
1 × sin θair = 1.33 × sin 30°
nair × sin θair = nX × sin θX
θair = 41.7°
1 × sin 60° = nX × sin (90° – 55°)
The angle of refraction in air is 41.7°.
nX = 1.51
(b) The angle that the ray is bent on passing
2 B
from water to air °.

= 41.7° – 30° = 11.7° 12 When we see a fish above water surface, the
10 apparent depth of the fish is less than its real
depth. Therefore, the Indian should aim his
spear at a point below where the fish appears
to him.
13 When light rays from the girl enter water,
they bend towards the normal. The extended
rays of the refracted rays cross at a point
behind the girl. Therefore, to the fish, the girl
appears to be smaller and further away from
it.
By Snell’s law,
nair × sin θair = nglass × sin θglass
1 × sin 35° = 1.5 × sin θ glass
14 (a)
θ glass = 22.5°
The angles that the ray makes with the
normal at the air-glass interfaces are 22.5°,
22.5° and 35°.
11
(b) Stars appear slightly higher.

1 B
By Snell’s law,
nair × sin θair = nglass × sin θglass
1 × sin 45° = 1.5 × sin θglass
θglass = 28.1°
The angles that ray A makes with the normal
at the air-glass interfaces are 28.1°, 28.1°, and
45°.
The angles that ray B makes with the normal
at the air-glass interfaces are 0°, 0°, 0° and 0 (3) Total internal reflection only occurs in
an optically denser medium. It does not
occur when light passes from an (b) By Snell’s law,

optically less dense medium to an nair × sin θair = nice × sin θice
optically denser medium, no matter how 1 × sin 45° = nice × sin 30°
large the angle of incidence is. nice = 1.414
2 B = 1.41
By Snell’s law, The refractive index of ice is 1.41.
nair × sin θair = nsolution × sin θsolution 1  1 
(c) C = sin–1   = sin–1   = 45°
1 × sin 45° = nsolution × sin 30° n  1.414 
nsolution = 1.414 The critical angle of ice is 45°.
1 8 (a) By Snell’s law,
C = sin–1  
n sin i sin 60°
nglass = =
 1  sin r sin α
= sin–1  
 1.414   sin 60  
α = sin−1   = 35.26° = 35.3°

= 45°  1.5 
The critical angle of that solution is 45°. β = 90° − α = 54.74° = 54.7°
3 D Since total internal reflection occurs at

1  1  side BC and γ = β = 54.7°, on side CD,
4 C = sin   = sin–1 
–1
 = 43.2°
n  1.46 
the angle of incidence
The critical angle for a ray of light going = 90° − 54.74° = 35.26°
from oil into air is 43.2°.
By Snell’s law,
1
5 C = sin–1   = 45.0° nglass × sin θglass = nair × sin θair
n
δ = sin−1(1.5 × sin 35.26°) = 60°
n = 1.41
Angles α, β, γ and δ are 35.3°, 54.7°,
The refractive index of the material is 1.41.
54.7° and 60° respectively.
6
(b) The angle of emergence of the ray is
equal to the angle of incidence.
1  1 
9 (a) C = sin–1   = sin–1   = 38.7°
n  1.60 
The critical angle of the glass core is
38.7°.
(b) The minimum value of θ
= 90° – 38.7° = 51.3°
7 (a) The angle between the reflected ray and
10 Critical angle for diamond-air interface
the refracted ray 1  1 
= 45° + 90° + 30° = 165° C = sin–1   = sin–1   = 24.4°
n
   2.42 
Critical angle for crystal-air interface

1  1 
C = sin–1   = sin–1   = 30°
n  2.00 
The critical angle for a crystal is larger and so
only a smaller amount of light going into a
crystal is internally reflected back. Therefore (c) The ray diagram is correct.
a crystal does not have the same brilliance as (d) The ray diagram is wrong. The image
a diamond. should be formed at infinity as the
11 Critical angle for water object is placed at the focus.
1  1 
C = sin–1   = sin–1   = 48.75°
n
   1.33 
The angle of the cone of the fish-eye view
2C = 2 × 48.75° = 97.5°
Diameter of the diver’s view
= 2 × radius of the cone
= 2 × 3 × tan C = 2 × 3 × tan 48.75° = 6.84 m

1 C
2 D 7 (a)
3 D
4 D
5 D
6 (a) The ray diagram is wrong. The upper
ray should bend away from the principal
axis for a concave lens.
(i) Magnification
image distance
=
object distance
30
= =2
(b) The ray diagram is wrong. The ray 15
passing through the optical centre (ii) The image is real, inverted and
should not change direction. magnified.

(b)
image distance
=
object distance
40
= =1
40
(ii) The image is real, inverted and
same size.
(e)
(i) Magnification
image distance
=
object distance
15
= = 0.5
30
(ii) The image is real, inverted and
diminished.
(c)
(i) Magnification
image distance
=
object distance
30
= =3
10
(ii) The image is virtual, erect and
magnified.
(i) Magnification cannot be

determined.
(ii) Refracted rays are parallel. Image
(f)
is formed at infinity.
(d)
(i) Magnification
image distance
=
(i) Magnification object distance
8.5
= = 0.567
15
(ii) The image is virtual, erect and 7.5

= = 0.25
30
diminished.
(ii) The image is virtual, erect and
(g)
diminished.
8 (a) A convex lens is used in this figure. As
shown from the figure, the object is so
near to the lens that it should be within
the focal length. An erect and magnified
image is obtained. Therefore, it should
be a convex lens.
(b) A concave lens is used in the figure. As
(i) Magnification shown from the figure, the object is at a

image distance long distance from the lens. An erect
=
object distance and diminished image is obtained.
10 Therefore, it should be a concave lens.
= = 0.5
20 (c) A convex lens is used in this figure. As
(ii) The image is virtual, erect and shown from the figure, the object is at a
diminished. long distance from the lens. An inverted
and diminished image is obtained.
Therefore, it should be a convex lens.
(h) 9 (a) The lens is convex. This is because a

magnified image can never be obtained
in the case of concave lens.
(b)
(i) Magnification
image distance
=
object distance
The image will be diminished.
Revision exercise 12
Multiple-choice (p. 176)
Section A
1 A
2 D
3 A
4 D
5 (HKCEE 2003 Paper II Q16)
Section B
10 A
11 C
12 C
Conventional (p. 178) (b) Rose cannot see Jack if the light
Section A reflected from Jack cannot reach Rose.
1 (a) (1A)
By the laws of reflection, Rose cannot
see objects on the right of position E’.
1m 2m
C’ D
B C
A
Rose
As shown in the figure above, ∆OAB

and ∆OEF are similar triangle (AAA). E E’
By proportion, Jack
AB OH 1 ∆ABC ’ ~ ∆E ’DC ’ (AAA) (1A)
= =
EF OG 2 Since AB : C ’E = 1 : 2,
AB = 1 m (1A) AB : DE ’ = 1 : 2 (C ’E = DE ’)
In the figure, BH = 1 m. (1A) BC ’ : C ’D = 1 : 2
The mirror should be 1 m wide and it C ’D = 4 m (BC ’ = 2 m) (1A)
should be put at 1 m from H as shown in Therefore, the minimum distance is 4 m.
the figure above. 3 (a)
(Correct method to solve this problem.)
(1M)
sin i 0.174 0.342 0.500 0.643
(b) The results in (a) do not change even the
sin r 0.139 0.259 0.342 0.438
room is wider. (1A)
2 (a) The perpendicular distance of Jack’s
image from the mirror is equal to that of sin i 0.766 0.866 0.940 0.985
Jack from the mirror, which is equal to sin r 0.515 0.588 0.629 0.669
4 m. (1A)
The position of Jack’s image is
independent of Rose’s position. Even if
Rose moves, the position of Jack’s
image will remain unchanged. (1A)
(1A)
4 (a)
(Correct ray diagram.) (1A)

(b)
(Correct labelled axes.) (1A)

(Correct straight line.) (1A)
The refractive index of perspex
sin i
=
sin r
= slope of the graph (1M) (c)
0.95 − 0.44
=
0.65 − 0.3
= 1.46 (1A)
(b) In any experiments, we should not use
only one pair of data. In this
experiment, there may be error in
measuring angles. (1A) (Correct ray diagram.) (1A)
If only one pair of data is used for (d)
calculation, the percentage error will be
significant. Therefore, in order to lower
the percentage error, more data should
be used for calculation. (1A)
(c) The second point (angle of incidence
= 20° and angle of refraction = 15°)
seems to be wrong. (1A)
The error may be due to inaccurate
measurement (1A)
or uneven texture within the perspex.
(e) 6 (a) When object O is raised above the

principal axis to O', the image I would
move below the principal axis to I' and
remains on the same vertical plane.
Since ∆CO'O and ∆CI'I are similar
triangle (AAA),
CO O' O
=
CI I' I
(1M)
40 5
=
(Correct ray diagram.) (1A) 20 I' I
(f) I'I = 2.5 cm (1A)
The image would move 2.5 cm below
the principal axis.
(b) The image would move closer to the
lens and become smaller. (1A)
(c) The magnification will decrease. (1A)

5
(Correct drawing of rays.) (1A)

(Showing the decrease in magnification
of the image.) (1A)
7 (a) (i) The image is virtual. (1A)
(ii) The image is diminished. (1A)
(b) (i) & (ii)
(Correct drawing of rays.) (1A)

(Correct indication of the image position.)
(1A)
(Correct object position.) (1A)

(Correct image position.) (1A)
(Use a construction rule correctly.) (1A)
From the graph, the focal length of the
lens is 10 cm. (1A)
8 (a) Aaron uses a convex lens. (1A)
It is because the lens forms an inverted
and diminished image of a distant
object. (1A)
(b) Yes, Aaron can catch the image on a
piece of paper. (1A) (Correct ray diagram.) (1A)
He should put a piece of paper on his (Correct position of image.) (1A)
side, at the focal plane of the lens. (1A) (d) From the graph,
(c) focal length = 28 cm (1A)
10 (HKCEE 2003 Paper I Q1)
13 (a)

(Correct position of image.) (1A)
9 (a) The image is vitual, erect and
diminished. (3 × 1A)
(b) Magnification
image distance 15
= = = 0.469 (1A)
object distance 32
(c)
(Straight ray from crown reflecting at
surface to Queen’s eye.) (1A)
(Angles equal.) (1A)
(Arrow(s) in correct direction.) (1A)
(b) (i)
(Correct orientations of prisms.) (1A)

(Ray continued to surface.) (1A)
(Correct positions of prisms.) (1A)
(Ray joined to King’s eye.) (1A)
(c) The refractive index of the plastic that
Kenny uses may be too small (i.e. the
critical angle for that plastic could be
(ii) Any two of the following:
greater than 45°). (1A)
Light refracts / changes direction /
In this case, the light incident on the
bends. (1A)
plastic-air interface does not undergo
Light speeds up. (1A)
total internal reflection. (1A)
Light goes into less dense material.
Therefore, the periscope does not work.
(1A)
15 (a) Direct a ray from the ray box to enter
the semicircular glass block from its
Section B
straight edge. (1A)
14 (a) The light rays incident on the prism will
Measure the angle of incidence i and the
be refracted into the prism and cannot
angle of refraction r by the use of a full-
reach Justin’s eyes. (1A)
circle protractor. (1A)
Repeat with other angles of incidence.
θ Record the results in a table. (1A)
Look up the values of sin i and sin r.
Plot sin i against sin r in a graph on a
paper. The graph of sin i against sin r is
a straight line passing through the
origin. This means that sin i is directly
proportional to sin r. The experiment
(Correct ray diagram.) (1A) verifies the laws of refraction. (1A)
(b) The prisms should be arranged as (For effective communication.) (1C)
follows: (b) Direct a ray of light from the ray box to
enter the semicircular glass block from
ground
its curved edge towards its centre. (1A) glass
Slowly increase the angle of incidence to an
light from an
until the angle of refraction is 90° and object in a observer
room outside the
the refracted ray just manages to leave room
the glass surface. (1A)
At this moment, the angle of incidence
is equal to the critical angle C. (1A)
They would be refracted into the glass
(For effective communication.) (1C)
and eventually leave the glass and reach
16 (a) (i) Reflection occurs at X. (1A)
an observer outside the room (at
(ii) Refraction and (1A)
different angles). (1A)
internal reflection occur at Y. (1A)
Since the refracted light rays leave the
(b) (i) Total internal reflection is
glass in an irregular pattern, the image
involved in using a prism as a
formed is blurred. (1A)
‘mirror’. (1A)
Similarly, some light from the outside
can pass through the glass and reach the
(ii)
room. (1A)
(For effective communication.) (1C)
light ray from an object

18 (HKCEE 2005 Paper I Q10(a))
totally internal
reflected light ray
Physics in articles (p. 185)
(Total internal reflection occurs on
(a) Refraction of light may result in the
the correct interface.) (1A)
observations of Kao. (1A)
As light passes in air, a proportion of it
(iii) A prism forms only one image of
encounters humid air molecules (water
every object. (1A)
molecules). (1A)
(c) The surface of a ground glass window is
Refraction then occurs, leading to the change
not smooth. (1A)
in its travelling direction. (1A)
When parallel light rays from an object
(b) Wrap the optical fibre with metal foil (1A)
incident on ground glass, they have
which reflects the light back into the fibre.
different angles of incidence. (1A)
(1A)
Increase the purity (remove impurities) of the
material making up the optical fibre as the
loss of light signal is directly proportional to
the amount of impurities present in the fibre.

(1A)
(c) The transmission of signals with an optical
fibre is very fast because it makes use of the
principle of total internal reflection. (1A)

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C Waves Chapter 12 Light Rays

Practice 12.1 (p. 117)

(b) Practice 12.2 (p. 127)

6 (a) The angle of incidence = 50°

(c) The angle of reflection for the final ray

Medium Refractive Angle of Angle of

(b) If he can just see his feet, the bottom of

from water to air °.

(b) Stars appear slightly higher.

Practice 12.4 (p. 152)

occur when light passes from an (b) By Snell’s law,

3 D Since total internal reflection occurs at

Critical angle for crystal-air interface

Practice 12.5 (p. 171)

should not change direction. magnified.

(i) Magnification cannot be

(ii) The image is virtual, erect and 7.5

(i) Magnification shown from the figure, the object is at a

(h) 9 (a) The lens is convex. This is because a

The image will be diminished.

As shown in the figure above, ∆OAB

(Correct ray diagram.) (1A)

(Correct labelled axes.) (1A)

(e) 6 (a) When object O is raised above the

(Correct ray diagram.) (1A)

(Correct drawing of rays.) (1A)

(Correct drawing of rays.) (1A)

(Correct object position.) (1A)

(Correct ray diagram.) (1A)

(Correct orientations of prisms.) (1A)

light ray from an object

the amount of impurities present in the fibre.

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