Application of genetic engineering in producing

recombinant bacteria
• Steps:
1.Cutting both plasmid DNA&foreign DNA using the
same restriction enzyme
A plasmid:is a small, circular piece of DNA of bacteria.
2.Transformation:The recombinant plasmid is introduced
into a bacterium
3. Cloning: Replicate the recombinant DNA molecule in
the host organism or
 The bacterium that picked up the plasmid will grow the
nutrient agar.
4. Retrieve/Collect the cloned copies for use or modification
5. Produce and purify gene product
 Drugs such as, Insulin, Pencillin, ampicilin will be
produced.
Techniques for production of proteins/insulin

• M
Techniques for Genetic modification in plant
 Applications of biology in Agriculture: Soil fertility, tissue
culture, animal breeding and transgenic animals, plant, and
disease, and pest management
 Food supply for the fast growing population has mainly been
constrained by:
the loss of soil fertility
diseases of crops and animals and
 lack of advanced tool has remained a problem.
 Biology has application in in the following agricultural
sectors
1.Soil fertility
Soil fertility management practices using biological
knowledge include:
the use of organic fertilizers (bio-fertilizers)
Vermicomposting (worm castings)
crop rotation with legumes and
the use of improved germplasm Vermicomposting from Water
hyacinth, Earthworm rearing
 2. Tissue culture
Tissue culture technique: is used to propagated plants
quickly and in large quantity.
Tissue culture technique technology is used to produce
large quantity of food with desired quality in little area.
Plants grow by tissue culture include, palm trees, orchids,
bananas, carrots etc.
Genetic Engineering has produced seedless fruits such as
watermelon, papaya, orange and grape. This will
significantly reduce the crop cycle.
Traditionally, farmers have been used conventional tools to
modify crop plants.
With the advancement of biology and technology, they can
now plant crops along with more efficient cultivation
methods in many different cultivation ground.
 3. Animal breeding and transgenic animals, and plants and
disease, and pest management
Animal breeding addresses the genetic value of livestock.
Selecting breeding produce animals with superior traits such as
 High growth rate  high yield in egg, meat, milk, or wool production
Genetically modified animals (transgenic animals) also develops new
and improved strains of livestock.
Gene transfer is a relatively rapid way-of altering the genome of
domestic livestock.
Transgenic technology enhancing livestock production by increasing
reproductive performance, increasing feed utilization and growth rate,
improving carcass composition, improving milk production and/or
composition, modification of hair or fiber, and increasing disease
resistance in animals.
 The development of transgenic farm animals will allow more
flexibility in the direct genetic manipulation of livestock.
 Biotechnology improves the quality of breeds
 Applications of animals in research are also another area of animal
biotechnology.
 Now a day, Biomedical research involving the use of animals for
medical process, testing, and education.
 However, researchers and veterinarians have been using others in
laboratory animal for research due to but ethical concerns.
 4. Industrial biotechnology: Food, brewery, pharmaceuticals,
tannery, and textile, single cell production, preservation
Industrial biotechnology: also known as white
biotechnology is the modern use and application of
biotechnology for the sustainable production and processes
of bio-products such as:
Food – and food supplements such as vitamin B2,
Substances, chemicals, biomaterials, enzymes,
 Fuels from renewable sources using living cells,
 Pharmaceuticals such as drugs and vaccines,
 Bioplastics such as polylactic acid,
 Energy carriers such as biogas and bioethanol,
 Detergents, pulp and paper, quality textiles fibers,
 Agricultural products
 Cont…
single cell proteins (SCP) technology :or microbial
proteins refer to edible unicellular microorganisms
 It is a promising area in alleviating food security in
ever-growing population.
SCP can be produced from wide range of
microorganisms.
Best examples are mushroom, spirulina, yeast, green
algae.
Food preservation: is another area of industrial
biotechnology whose processes helps to stop food
spoilage due to microbial action.
This preservation method consist of adding cultures of
innocuous (Lacking injuries) microorganisms of high
purity to the food.
 5. Forensic science
 Forensic biologists: inspect crime scenes to examine potential
sources of evidence using blood,saliva, and hair, etc
 They analyze the specimens in a laboratory by using Gel
electrophoresis, focusing on DNA fragment analysis.
 Additionally, fingerprints are also important tools to investigate
crime & determine the paternity case of a child.
 DNA fragment is a strong evidence, this is because each
individual has unique fingerprints that do not change throughout
life.
 Forensic biologists write up their findings in technical reports and
are called upon to testify in court.
 'bioinformatics is widely acceptable in the field of forensic
science because, it uses computational tools.
 Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR): is used as a forensic
science tool.
 6. Biological warfare
 Biological warfare (BW) also known as germ warfare is the use of
biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and
fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants
as an act of war.
 Biological weapons include any microorganism (such as bacteria,
viruses, or fungi) or toxin (poisonous compounds produced by
microorganisms) found in nature that can be used to kill or injure
people.
 The act of bioterrorism can range from a simple hoax to the actual
use of these biological weapons, also referred to as agents.
 A number of nations have or are seeking to acquire biological warfare
agents.
 There are concerns that terrorist groups or individuals may acquire
the technologies and expertise to use these destructive agents.
 Biological agents may be used for an isolated assassination, to cause
incapacitation or death to thousands.
 If the environment is contaminated, a long-term threat to the
population could be created.
 1.9. Promises of biology to the society
 Biology is an important science in dealing with the issues of overpopulation, food
security, environmental wellbeing, health care, biodiversity and others.
 Biology is more relevant in Ethiopia where the country needs to address the problem in
a scientific way. Thus, practical
 biological knowledge is of special relevance to Ethiopia, and hence special attention
should be given for education in biology.
 1.To know biological wealth of the country.
 to have Good understanding of the diverse flora, fauna and microbial resources.
 To exploit the indigenous biological knowledge of the society
 To introduced IK systematically into the modern science
 To manage: For effective control of land degradation, biodiversity loss, diseases and
other menaces, as well as the development of the biological and agricultural potentials
needs to be used.
 Create career: Biologists take positions in different fields including in
teaching/education, research, agriculture, medical areas, fisheries, conservation, industry,
natural resource development biodiversity and genetic resources conservation and the
control of pests and diseases.
 To understand biological significance of resources of the country such as biological
materials regarding human evolutionary history and crop domestication, the pattern and
abundance of species
 distribution especially endemic plant and animal species. The endemic plants, animals
(mammals and birds