FACULTAD REGIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DE CARAZO

(FAREM-CARAZO).
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN HUMANIDADES
Asignatura: Gramática I
Año: II
Turno: Matutino
semestre: II
Carrera: inglés
Docente: Msc. Gerardo Parrales.
Autores: Br. Emily Dyana Guevara Garcia.

Lunes 22 de noviembre del 2021.

Simple past tense

The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is used to talk about a completed
action in a time before now. The simple past is the basic form of past tense in English.
The time of the action can be in the recent past or the di

We use the past tense to talk about: something that happened once in the past:

 I met my wife in 1983.

 We went to Spain for our holidays.
 They got home very late last night.

something that happened several times in the past:

 When I was a boy, I walked a mile to school every day.

 We swam a lot while we were on holiday.
 They always enjoyed visiting their friends.

something that was true for some time in the past:

 I lived abroad for ten years.

 He enjoyed being a student.
 She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.

we often use expressions with ago with the past simple:

 I met my wife a long time ago.stant past and action duration is not important.

You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is
associated with certain past time expressions

frequency: often, sometimes, always

 I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.

 I often brought my lunch to school.

a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago

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  We saw a good film last week.
 Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
 She finished her work atseven o'clock
 I went to the theatre last night

an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago

 People lived in caves a long time ago.

 She played the piano when she was a child.

Patterns of simple past tense for regular verbs.

Affirmative: Subject + verb + ed = I skipped

Negative: Subject + did not + infinitive without to = They didn’t go

Interrogative: Did + subject + infinitive without to = Did she arrive?

Interrogative negative: Did not + subject + infinitive without to = Didn’t you play?

Simple past tense of to be, to have, to do

SUBJECT VERB
BE HAVE DO
I WAS HAD DID
YOU WERE HAD DID
HE/SHE/IT WAS HAD DID
WE WERE HAD DID
YOU WERE HAD DID
THEY WERE HAD DID

Affirmative, negative and interrogative forms

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Affirmative

The affirmative of the simple past tense is simple.

 I was in Japan last year

 She had a headache yesterday.
 We did our homework last night.

Negative and interrogative

For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "to do" as an ordinary verb, use
the auxiliary "did", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night.

The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "did",
but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".

The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "did".

Examples:

 They weren't in Rio last summer.

 We didn't have any money.
 We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
 We didn't do our exercises this morning.
 Were they in Iceland last January?
 Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
 Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

Rules of spelling for regular verbs in the past tense

 add "-ed" to a verb to change it to the past tense. For example, "talk + ed =
talked".
 when the verb ends in "e", add only "d." For example, "arrive + d = arrived".
 when the verb ends in consonant + "y," change the "y" to "i" and add "-ed". For
example, "study + ed = studied".
 when a verb ends in vowel + "y," add "-ed". For example, "play + ed = played".

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  when a one-syllable verb ends in vowel + consonant, double the consonant. For
example, "stop + p + ed = stopped".
 when the stress is on the final syllable of a verb that ends in vowel + consonant,
double the consonant. For example, "prefér + r + ed = preferred".
 when the stress is not on the final syllable of a verb that ends in vowel +
consonant, add "-ed" only. For example, "óffer + ed = offered".

Verbs ending with

"consonant-vowel-consonant"
When a verb ends with a consonant-vowel-consonant and we put STRESS on this
sound in speech, we double the last consonant. Then we add ed.

Stop => stopp + ed => stopped

Pla n => plann + ed => planned

But if we don't put STRESS on this sound in speech, then we simply add ed.

open => open + ed => opened

visit => visit + ed => Visited

listen => listen + ed => listened

happen => happen + ed => happened

Verbs ending with "e"

When a verb ends with the letter e, we add only the letter d.

dance => dance + d => Danced

smile => smile + d => Smiled

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 Verbs ending with "y"

When a verb ends with the letter y and there is a consonant before it, the y changes
into i. Then we add ed.

Try => tri + ed => Tried

Cry => cri + ed => Cried

study => studi + ed => Studied

When a verb ends with y and there is a vowel before it, we simply add ed to the verb.

Stay => stay + ed => Stayed

Play => play + ed => Plays

enjoy => enjoy + ed => enjoys

Rules of speaking for regular verbs in the past tense.

1. The /id/ sound

If the last letter of the word is spelled with D or T, the ED is pronounced as a separate
syllable with an /id/ sound (it rhymes with kid and lid).

 wanted (sounds like "want-id")

 waited
 needed
 folded

2. The /t/ sound

If the last consonant of the word is voiceless, then the ED is pronounced as a T. Be

careful not to create an extra syllable or "id" sound.

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  talked (sounds like "talkt")
 kissed (the S sound comes from the front of mouth so it would sound like
"kisst")
 parked
 helped

NOTE: As an example, with the word "helped", if you say "help-id" as a two syllable
word, then it is very likely that people will NOT understand the word or what you are
saying. (It is pronounced like "helpt")

3. The /d/ sound

If the last letter of the words ends in a voiced consonant (or sound), then the ED is
pronounced like a D (without creating another syllable)

 played (sounds like "playd")

 closed (the S sounds like a vibrating Z so the word would sound like "clozd")
 opened
 lived

An easy way to remember how to pronounce ED words

The most important thing to remember is that there are two main divisions:

1. The words that end in T or D

- the ED is pronounced as a syllable /id/
2. and the REST of the words
- you can pronounce the ED as /t/ and people will understand.

In time you will learn when to pronounce the ED as /t/ or /d/.

Irregulars Verbs

They do not follow the rules for regular verbs of adding d, ed or ied to the end of verbs.
They have their own spelling form in the past which you need to learn by heart. For
example, the past form of ``GO`` is ``WENT``

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Affirmative Sentences

 We bought a car last week

 She ate pizza yesterday
For Negative sentences with Irregular verbs, We use DIDN'T + the infinite form of the
verb

Examples:

 We didn't buy a car last week

 She didn't eat pizza yesterday
For interrogative sentences with Irregular verbs, we use the auxiliary DID + the
infinitive form of the verb

Examples:

Yes / No Questions

Did we buy a car last week?

Did she eat pizza yesterday?

Short Answers

Yes, I did / No, I didn't

Wh - Questions

What did you buy last week? I bought a car.

Where did you go yesterday at night? I went to the Cinema

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Past continuous o past progressive.

¿Cómo y cuándo se usa el past continuous o past progressive?

El past continuous en inglés se usa para:

1. Expresar acciones o estados que estaban llevándose a cabo en el pasado cuando otra
acción o estado la interrumpe o refuerza. Por ejemplo:

 I was walking when I saw an eagle (Estaba caminando cuando vi un

águila).

2. Ofrecer contexto, es decir, dar información sobre hechos o situaciones en un tiempo

específico.

 Last year, I was studying for the exams (El año pasado, estaba
estudiando para los exámenes)

3. Mencionar dos o más acciones del pasado que sucedieron al mismo tiempo.

 While my son was playing videogames, I was sleeping in his

bedroom (Mientras mi hijo estaba jugando videojuegos, yo estaba
durmiendo en su recámara)

¿Cómo se forma el past continuous?

Las estructuras del pasado continuo o progresivo en sus formas afirmativa, negativa e
interrogativa son las siguientes:

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Modo Estructura Ejemplo Traducción

Afirmativo Sujeto + verbo Your dog Tu perro estaba

auxiliar (to be) en was playing jugando con
pasado + verbo en with its toys sus juguetes
gerundio (ing) + when I cuando llegué
complemento arrived

Negativo Sujeto + verbo I was not No estaba

auxiliar (to be) + studying estudiando
not + verbo en Physics at Física en aquel
gerundio (ing) + that time. entonces
complemento

Interrogativo Verbo auxiliar (to Were you ¿Estabas

be) + sujeto + eating comiendo
verbo en gerundio candies dulces cuando
(ing) + when I entré al
complemento + ? entered the cuarto?
room?

Anwers to Yes,+ sujeto Yes, i were.

yes/no +verbo be en
question. pasado.

No, i were not

No + sujeto +
verbo be en pasado

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 + not

NOTA: Como se puede observan, el auxiliary verb, o verbo auxiliar, de este tiempo
verbal es el verbo (to be) en pasado (was / were).

Se usa was con la 1st y 3rd persona del singular (I, he, she, it) y con las otras personas
usamos were. Además, siempre se debe añadir Ing al infinitivo del verbo.

Questions with question words in the Past Progressive

Question
Auxiliary Subject Verb Rest Answer
Word

I was
yesterday
What were You doing working on
evening?
my computer.

She was
at ten last
Where Was Diana going going to a
night?
concert.

Why were They carrying

Futuro simple con will

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Future Simple con will es el futuro en inglés que permite expresar decisiones
espontáneas sobre acciones futuras, predicciones o acontecimientos futuro que no puede
alterarse. Se forma con el verbo auxiliar will y el infinitivo del verbo principal.

Uso

El future simple con will se emplea en inglés para expresar:

 una decisión espontánea;

Ejemplo:

Come on, I will help you sort the files.

 una opinión, un deseo, una incertidumbre o una suposición acerca del

futuro;

Ejemplo:

You won’t finish it in just one day.

It will rain tomorrow anyway.

 promesas o intenciones;

Ejemplo:

I will do it tomorrow.

 oraciones subordinadas condicionales tipo I, que describen situaciones

hipotéticas que es posible que ocurran.

Ejemplo:

If I need help, I will tell you.

Indicadores

Hay ciertas palabras que permiten identificar la intención del hablante de expresar una
opinión o una suposición. Los indicadores de uso más frecuente con el futuro simple en
inglés son:

 I think
 probably

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  perhap

formación del futuro simple con will

afirmativa: sujeto + will + verbo + complemento.

I will go to the university.

Negativa: sujeto + will + verbo + not + complemento.

I will not go to the university.

Interrogativa: will + sujeto + verbo + complemento+ ?

Will you go to the university?

Respuesta corta: yes i will / no i will not.

El tiempo futuro con will suele ir acompañado con expresiones que hacen referencia al
futuro tales como : tomorrow. Next week/ year/ month. This week……

Wh-question: wh- Word + will + sujeto+ verbo+ complemento+?

Conjugación

Para conjugar un verbo en futuro simple con will se emplea este verbo auxiliar y el
infinitivo del verbo principal.

Afirmativa negativa interrogativa

Todas las personas: I will spea

I will not speak Will I speak?
I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they k

Contracción

La contracción consiste en la combinación de ciertos pronombres personales, verbos y

la partícula de negación not. Este recurso se emplea sobre todo en la lengua hablada y

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en textos escritos en un registro informal. La finalidad es aligerar la producción oral y
dotar de naturalidad al enunciado.

Forma completa Contracción Ejemplo

Will …’ll they’ll

…’ll not/…
will not I’ll not/I won’t
won’t

Contracción de la negación

La contracción del verbo auxiliar will con la partícula de negación not, won't, puede
emplearse tanto después de pronombres personales como de sustantivos o nombres
propios.

Ejemplo:

He won’t finish it in just one day.

My colleague/Phil won’t finish it in just one day.

La contracción de will con el sujeto, 'll, solo es posible cuando el sujeto se expresa
mediante un pronombre personal, y nunca tras un sustantivo o un nombre propio.

Ejemplo:

He’ll not finish it in just one day..My colleague’ll/Phil’ll not finish it

Future with GOING TO

The construction going to in Spanish is equivalent to going to do something. This

structure is used to refer to actions that will be carried out in the future.
Example: Samuel is going to play tennis this afternoon.

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Función

El uso de "going to" para referirse a eventos futuros sugiere un vínculo muy sólido con
el presente. El momento preciso no es relevante, es posterior al ahora, pero la actitud
implica que dicho evento depende de algo que sabemos sobre la situación
actual. "Going to" se emplea sobre todo para hablar de nuestros planes e intenciones, o
para realizar predicciones basadas en evidencias actuales. En el discurso
cotidiano, "going to" suele acortarse como "gonna", especialmente en inglés americano,
aunque nunca se escribe así.

Grammatical Rules

Conjugación

Para conjugar un verbo en futuro se utiliza el presente del verbo auxiliar be + going to y
el infinitivo del verbo principal.

Sujeto Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

I am going Am I going
I I am not going to speak.
to speak. to speak?

You are
You are not going Are you going
you/we/they going
to speak. to speak?
to speak.

He is Is he going to
He is not going
he/she/it going speak
to speak.
to speak.

Contraccion

La contracción consiste en la combinación de ciertos pronombres personales, verbos y

la partícula de negación not. Este recurso se emplea sobre todo en la lengua hablada y
en textos escritos en un registro informal. La finalidad es aligerar la producción oral y
dotar de naturalidad al enunciado

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 Forma completa Contracción Ejemplo

am (not) …’m (not) I’m (not) (I amn’t)

Are …’re you’re

…’re not/…
are not we’re not/we aren’t
aren’t

Is …’s he’s

is not …’s not/… isn’t she’s not/she isn’t

Solo se puede contraer are con
pronombres y no con otro tipo de
palabras, como los sustantivos o los
nombres propios.

Ejemplo:

They’re going to meet in town.

(Pero no: The women’re going to

meet in town.)

Structure

 Forma afirmativa
En las oraciones afirmativas, colocamos la construcción de going to entre
el verbo to be y el verbo principal en infinitivo.

Subject Auxiliary Going to Verb(infinitive) Examples

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I Am I´m going to swim at the beach

You Are You´re going to swim at the

beach

She Going to Swim She´s going to swim at the

beach
Is
He He´s going to swim at the beach

It It´s going to swim at the beach

We We´re going to swim at the

beach
Are
You You´re going to swim at the
beach

They They´re going to swim at the

beach

En oraciones cuyo verbo principal es go (ir), este se acostumbra a omitir para evitar
construcciones redundantes.
I am going to (go to) school next week.
La semana que viene voy a ir a la escuela.

 forma negativa
En las oraciones negativas, la construcción going to se coloca entre el verbo to be (con
la partícula not) y el verbo principal en infinitivo.

Subject Auxiliary Going to Verb(infinitive) Example

I Am not I´m not going to swim

at the beach

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 ´m not

You Are not You´re not going to

swim at the beach
Aren´t

She She´s not going to

swim at the beach
Is not Going to Swim
He He´s not going to
Isn´t
swim at the beach

It It´s not going to swim

at the beach

We We´re not going to

swim at the beach
Are not
You You´re not going to
Aren´t
swim at the beach

They They´re not going to

swim at the beach

 forma interrogativa
En las oraciones interrogativas, se colocará primero el verbo to be, seguido del sujeto,
después la estructura going to y finalmente el verbo principal en infinitivo.

Subject Auxiliary Going to Verb(Infinitive Example

)

I Am Am I going to swim at the

beach?

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You Are you going to swim at the
beach?
Are

She Is she going to swim at the

beach?

He Is he going to swim at the

Is
beach?

It Is it going to swim at the

beach?

We Are we going to swim at the

Going to Swim? beach?

Are
You Are you going to swim at the
beach

They Are they going to swim at the

beach?

Going to equivale al verbo español ir a

hacer algo. Es una construcción que se
utiliza para expresar la intención que
tiene una persona de realizar una
actividad en un futuro más o menos
próximo y para expresar la certeza de que
algo va a ocurrir en un futuro por haber
una evidencia de ello en el presente.

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