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IEEE 802.11ax: How to Build High Efficiency WLANs

Conference Paper · November 2015

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 IEEE 802.11ax:
How to Build High Efficiency WLANs
Evgeny Khorov, Anton Kiryanov, Andrey Lyakhov
Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow, Russia
{khorov; kiryanov; lyakhov}@iitp.ru

Abstract—Wi-Fi was designed just to replace wired Internet connection, but it has changed the Internet as a whole. Wireless devices
generate the largest percentage of the Internet traffic and the Wi-Fi market is continuously raising, which brings new challenges
connected with more devices, more data, and higher Quality of Experience expectations. Since todays Wi-Fi is inefficient in terms of
these challenges, in 2013, IEEE LAN/MAN Standard Committee launched a new task group, which aims to improve Wi-Fi by 2019. In a
short time, the group has attracted much attention from leading telecommunication manufacturers. In the paper, we observe activities
of the group, paying much attention to the challenges and to those solutions, which have been proposed by November 2015. 1

Keywords—IEEE 802.11ax; High Efficiency WLANs; Wi-Fi; dense deployment scenario.

I. INTRODUCTION
For the last years, the evolution of the telecommunication technologies has been driven by three challenges. The first one is the
exponential growth of traffic. By 2019, Internet traffic will double and exceed the two zettabyte threshold, while the percentage of
traffic generated by wireless devices will 2 times exceed the traffic of the wired ones [1]. The second one is continuously increasing
users’ requirements and expectations. By 2019 80% of traffic will be video (Internet Video, TV and Video on Demand), mainly of
High Definition [1]. Such video shall be shown without annoying pauses, interruptions or video artifacts on the screen. The last but
not the least challenge is the rapid growth of both the number of devices in wireless networks and the number of wireless local area
networks (WLANs) themselves. It inevitably increases the density of stations (STAs) and the density of WLANs within a particular
area. As a result, future wireless networks will experience high intra and inter network interference. Since todays Wi-Fi networks
are not specially developed for such scenarios, they will soon become inefficient in terms of providing required Quality of
Experience (QoE) under aforementioned conditions.
To address these issues, in May 2013 LMSC (LAN/MAN Standards Committee) launched High Efficiency WLAN Study
Group (HEW SG), which was later converted into Task Group AX (TGax) [2]. By 2019 the group aims to develop IEEE 802.11ax,
a new amendment to the Wi-Fi standard, which along with increasing transmission rates improves efficiency of channel usage in
case of dense deployment. Dense deployment aggravates the problem of hidden and exposed terminals, while the state-of-the-art
Wi-Fi mechanisms lead to either a high probability of packet collisions or low channel usage. TGax develops new channel access
methods and modifies the carrier sense, the main Wi-Fi concept.
As for increasing transmission rates, for several epochs (.11n and .11ac), it was done by increasing the channel width and the
order of MIMO. TGax improves the efficiency of channel usage with these techniques. Specifically, while .11ac enables only
Downlink Multi-user Multiple Input Multiple Output (DL MU MIMO), .11ax will use MU MIMO for both downlink and uplink
(UL). Moreover, to better utilize wide bands, coping with frequency selective fading and interference, it brings Orthogonal
Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) to Wi-Fi. Thus, TGax aims to increase throughput at least 4 times. Increasing
throughput does not mean any more just the growth of the network cumulative throughput, or its average value. In contrast, TGax
considers a palette of key performance indicators (KPIs), including 5th percentile and area throughput [3]. While increasing
throughput, TGax takes into account that multiple spatial streams, higher order modulation, and wide bands dramatically increase
energy consumption. Since wireless devices – smartphones, tablets, laptops – are battery powered, power efficiency is one more
KPI for TGax.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we describe .11ax usage models. In Section III, we analyze new
features of the .11ax amendment and provide some technical details. Finally, Section IV concludes the paper.
II. USAGE MODELS: WHAT IS NEW?
IEEE 802.11ax will improve Wi-Fi operation in the vast range of emerging scenarios. While the official document [4] describes
18 usage models, in this paper we only emphasize their main peculiarities. As stated above, the first peculiarity of the usage models
is dense Wi-Fi deployment in both indoor and outdoor scenarios, e.g. mass events, stadiums, airports, railway stations, exhibition

The reported study was partially supported by RFBR, research project No. 15-07-09350 А.
halls, shopping malls with hundreds of APs working at the same area. Dense deployment is also typical for apartment buildings and
offices, since every apartment or office has one or several APs.
The second peculiarity is related to traffic. While in the previous Wi-Fi amendments each usage model usually considers one
type of traffic, e.g. real time streaming, file download, or web browsing, the traffic in .11ax usage models is heterogeneous. Various
clients use different applications that require different throughput, packet loss ratio (PLR) and delay.
The third peculiarity is huge UL upload of numerous photos, videos and documents to social networks and clouds.
Finally, TGax pays more than ever attention to the presence of legacy (not .11ax) STAs. From one hand, .11ax may oppress
legacy STAs. Surely, TGax tries to avoid such an aggressive behavior. From the other hand, the advantages of .11ax can be
diminished by the legacy STAs operation. Thus, coexistence with legacy IEEE 802.11 devices operating in the same band is an
important issue considered by TGax.

III. NEW FEATURES

Since the first draft of the amendment is expected in 2016, in this Section we describe new features as they were presented at
the TGax meetings. Following the structure of TGax (which contains four ad-hoc subgroups), we split the features into four parts,
based on their scopes rather than the subgroups where they were discussed.
A. PHY
The .11ax PHY is mainly inherited from .11n and .11ac. Similar to the .11n and .11ac amendments, .11ax uses Orthogonal
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and supports operation in 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 80+80 MHz and 160 MHz
channels. To increase the number of tones per band and, thus, to provide better granularity for OFDMA, the OFDM symbols used
for PHY payload are 4 times longer, i.e. 12.8 µs instead of 3.2 μs [5]. Long OFDM symbols also improve robustness especially for
the UL MU transmission in outdoor scenarios prone to large timing jitter across the users. TGax also increases the Guard Interval
(GI) between OFDM symbols to decrease inter symbol interference. Since long GI increases overhead, the amendment will provide
three options for the GI duration: legacy 0.8 us, 1.6 us and 3.2 us [5].
The amendment also modifies the frame format. Similar to .11n and .11ac, a frame starts with the preamble duplicated on each
20 MHz. The preamble consists of two parts: the legacy and the High Efficiency (HE) ones [6]. The legacy preamble is easily
decodable by legacy STAs and is included for backward compatibility with them. In addition, it contains training sequences needed
for the receiver to synchronize on the received signal and the LSIG field with information needed to calculate frame duration. The
HE preamble can be decoded only by .11ax STAs. To reliably distinguish .11ax frames from the legacy ones in dense deployments
with high interference, .11ax frames start with the repetition of LSIG [7]. HE preamble also contains mandatory HE-SIG-A,
optional HE-SIG-B and training fields needed for tuning MIMO. Let us pay more attention to HE-SIG-A and HE-SIG-B.
HE-SIG-A is two OFDM symbols long. It is duplicated on each 20 MHz and carries information necessary for later packet
reception and processing, i.e. used Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), bandwidth, Number of Spatial Streams (NSTS).
Recently some media access control (MAC) layer information was included into the packet preamble, e.g. see [8]. TGax extends
this approach and includes in HE-SIG-A such information as Basic Service Set (BSS) Color, Transmission Opportunity (TXOP)
duration, whether the frame is sent in UL or DL, etc. Since HE-SIG-A contains control information useful not only for the intended
receiver(s) but also for other STAs, it is necessary to transmit it reliably. To enhance robustness of HE-SIG-A in outdoor or large
coverage scenarios and enable range extension, HE-SIG-A may be repeated after an additional bit interleaving procedure [9], see
Fig. 3.

Fig. 1. Legacy preamble and HE-SIG-A are duplicated on each 20 MHz channel, [6].

Fig. 2. 802.11ax frame structure, [7].

HE- HE-
L- L-
L-STF L-LTF SIG- SIG-
SIG SIG
A1 A2

HE- HE- HE- HE-

L- L- HE-SIG-A Repetition
L-STF L-LTF SIG- SIG- SIG- SIG-
SIG SIG Mode
A1 A1' A2 A2'
Fig. 3. Repetition mode for HE-SIG-A, [9].

Two OFDM symbols of HE-SIG-A field are enough to carry control information for the single user (SU) transmission. In case
of MU transmission, the HE-SIG-B field appears, which may contain variable number of OFDM symbols and carry common
information for all STAs followed by specific one for each particular STA [10], [11], see Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. Encoding structure in HE-SIG-B, [11].

Fig. 5. 20 MHz subchannel content for HE-SIG-B for bands ≥ 40 MHz, [12].

Similar to HE-SIG-A, HE-SIG-B is encoded on a per-20 MHz basis. To improve transmission efficiency and robustness, the
following approach is used. For bandwidths ≥ 40 MHz, two neighboring 20 MHz subbands carry different information, while all
other subbands duplicate it [12], see Fig. 5.
Finally, let us consider modulation schemes, introduced in .11ax. The first one is 1024-QAM modulation [13]. Since it needs
rather high signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), it can benefit mostly in indoor scenarios. According to preliminary
investigations, the throughput gain is over 20%. Additionally, .11ax amendment introduces optional Dual sub-carrier modulation
(DCM) [14]. DCM allows the same transmission on a pair of tones, n and m, which are separated far apart in frequency. DCM
improves transmission robustness in the presence of sub-band interference and provides more than 2dB gain in Packet Error Ratio
(PER) performance.
Service frame transmissions consume tremendous amount of airtime. To limit the overhead, .11ax amendment defines 5.5 Mbps
as the minimum rate for beacons and probe (request and response) frames transmission in 2.4 GHz band [15].

B. Multi-user (MU) Transmission

A key feature recently introduced in the Wi-Fi standard by the .11ac amendment is the DL MU MIMO. Generally speaking, this
feature allows the AP to send different data to several STAs simultaneously. In some scenarios, establishing many spatial streams
between a pair of STAs is hardly possible. Thus, DL MU MIMO can manifold increase throughput. Organizing UL MU
transmission is a much more challenging task to be solved by TGax.
In addition to MIMO, .11ax devices can use OFDMA for implementing MU transmissions. Specifically, since .11a and .11g,
Wi-Fi has been using OFDM, which is favorable for broadband communication. Nevertheless, .11ac networks operating in 160
MHz bands suffer from channel frequency selective interference. To improve situation, OFDMA allows the sender to use only the
best set of tones, so-called resource unit (RU), while other tones can be used for other STAs’ transmissions. For that the STAs
feedback to the AP the quality of the subchannels. According to [16], such a feedback can provide up to 50% throughput gain in
indoor and outdoor scenarios with respect to a random allocation method.
To simplify resource management, in .11ax network each transmission occupies a particular set of OFDM tones called RU. A
RU can contain 26, 52, 106, 242, 484 or 996 tones (including service ones). The whole 20 MHz band, 40 MHz band, 80 MHz band
and 160 MHz band correspond to a 242-tone RU, two 242-tone RUs, two 484-tone RUs and two 996-tone RUs, respectively. Each
wide RU can be split into two approximately twice-narrower RUs. In turn, each of them can be split again, separately from another
one. The only exception is that in a 20 MHz band a 242-tone RU can be replaced by 2 106-tone RUs and one 26-tone RU. Though
OFDMA can be used for both UL and DL, by now UL transmission and DL transmission cannot intersect in time. Though MU
MIMO and OFDMA can be used together, MU MIMO shall be performed only in ≥106-tone RUs.
Let us consider how DL and UL OFDMA transmissions are organized. In case of DL OFDMA transmission, the AP sends a
MU packet with common preamble and RU-dependent payload. The information about the destinations and allocation of the RUs is
indicated at the beginning of the MU packet.
Organizing UL MU transmission is a more challenging task. First of all, the AP shall obtain information whether a STA has
data to transmit and how much. Then the AP shall allocate RUs for the STA. Note that the AP does not know if the channel is idle
from the STAs’ point of view. Finally, to make UL MU transmission successful, the protocol shall provide tight time
synchronization. Taking into account all these issues, TGax organizes UL MU transmission as follows.
 From time to time, the STAs report to the AP the amount of buffered data they have. Such reports may be of different
granularity, and can be transmitted after the AP’s request or without it [17]. Taking into account this information, the AP
determines the duration of the UL MU transmission, allocates RUs to each STA and informs the STAs about allocations (together
with the transmission parameters, e.g. GI, which shall be the same for all UL MU transmissions [18]) by a Trigger frame, a new
type of control frames. To guarantee strict time synchronization, the STAs perform UL MU transmission as an immediate response
to the Trigger frame [19].
In contrast to legacy STAs, which ignore their Network Allocation Vectors (NAVs), if any, when transmit an immediate
response, a .11ax STA shall cancel its UL transmission if its NAV is nonzero, unless it transmits an ACK or BlockAck, or the NAV
was set by the AP, which is the originator of the Trigger frame. Apart from that, the STA shall not transmit if its transmission
exceeds the UL transmission duration indicated in the Trigger frame.
Since OFDMA reduces overhead induced by backoffs, interframe spaces, preambles and PHY headers, which carry common
information for all the STAs in case of DL transmission, OFDMA is especially favorable for short packets. Specifically, .11ax
allows using UL MU transmission right after DL MU transmission to send ACKs. In this case, the DL MU frames also carry
necessary scheduling information and trigger subsequent UL MU transmission. Similarly, the AP can send DL MU ACKs.
Moreover, .11ax allows alternating DL and UL transmissions within the same TXOP and each UL MU transmission may be
performed by different sets of STAs.
As mentioned above, MU transmissions shall be aligned in the time domain. It means that if a STA has too short frame, the
STA may aggregate it with a new one. Note that the remaining time may be insufficient for the new frame. In such a situation, the
legacy rules of Wi-Fi operation make the STA to use padding if the new frame is long enough1. To avoid such a waste of channel
resource, .11ax allows STAs to fragment frames adaptively to fill the available space [20]. Moreover, to improve efficiency, now
the STAs can aggregate frames from different Access Categories (ACs) for a MU transmission [21]. Similar approach is used for
.11ac DL MU MIMO.
Having defined MU transmission, TGax improves legacy auxiliary mechanisms. To protect DL MU transmission from hidden
nodes, TGax modifies MU- Request To Send / Clear To Send (MU-RTS/CTS) handshake introduced in .11ac [22]. The original
handshake is not efficient because it requires sequential CTS frames. In .11ax, CTS frames can be sent simultaneously via UL MU
transmission.
To reduce overhead induced by acknowledging UL MU transmissions, TGax defines a Multi-STA BA frame, which replaces
ACKs sent via DL MU [23, 24]. This frame is a modification of existing Multi-TID BA frame, which is used to acknowledge a set
of frames of various ACs. To shorten transmission, it can be sent with only legacy .11a preamble. The amendment also defines MU
Block ACK Request (BAR) frame that allows the AP to solicit acknowledgements from multiple STAs in UL MU transmission
instead of sending individual BARs frames [25]. Similar to the Multi-STA BA, MU BAR can be transmitted in SU mode.

C. Channel Access
In addition to the scheduled OFDMA/MU-MIMO channel access in UL described in Section III-B, .11ax provides an Aloha-
like random OFDMA UL MU channel access [26]. It is favorable for the case when the AP is unaware of UL traffic buffered at the
STAs. Although Aloha shows worse performance than CSMA/CA, it makes random UL MU access much simpler. Specifically,
this mechanism works as follows. From time to time, the AP sends a random access Trigger frame which allocates RUs for
random access. To determine whether the STA is allowed to transmit and in which RU, the STA eager to transmit uses the
OFDMA Back-off (OBO) procedure [27]. Initially, the STA chooses a random value from the OFDMA contention window, which
parameters are specified by the AP in Trigger frames [28]. Each Trigger frame the STA decrements the value by the number of
RUs specified in the Trigger frame until it reaches zero. After that, the STA randomly selects a RU and transmits its frame. To
improve power efficiency the AP can define one or more Trigger frames target transmission times, e.g. in its beacons [29]. Apart
from that, the Trigger frame may indicate that the next Trigger frame will be transmitted after the current UL MU transmission and
DL ACKs, if any. This improves power efficiency, since the STAs can sleep almost always and wake up just before the Trigger
frame for random access is transmitted [29].
TGax also tries to decrease the overhead caused by the legacy channel access, e.g. well-known Enhanced Distributed Channel
Access (EDCA). According to [30], backoffs, interframe spacing, RTS/CTS and collisions significantly reduce spectrum
efficiency, especially in case of high data rates. To improve efficiency, [31] proposes a mechanism called roster (list), which
implements the idea of token passing. Specifically, the AP allocates time intervals when only STAs from the roster can transmit.
Moreover, they do it only in a predefined order. If a STA does not transmit, a backoff slot after, the token, i.e. the right to transmit,
is passed to the next STA in the roster. The proposal also describes how to build the roster and maintain it in case of hidden STAs.
Thus, the roster reduces the time of collisions or idle channel. Unlike the legacy deterministic access, e.g. HCCA, MCCA [32], etc.,
which allocates channel time for a particular STA, with the roster the channel is allocated for a group of STAs, which decreases
resource underutilization if the dedicated STA has nothing to transmit. Though the roster initialization induces overhead, the

1
In legacy Wi-Fi, the only reason to fragment frames is exceeding the fragmentation threshold. Moreover, the rules explicitly
forbid joint usage of aggregation and fragmentation.
mechanism is profitable and according to [31] increases the throughput. By November, 2015, the roster is not included in .11ax yet,
however it can be done soon.
To improve power efficiency and to allow STAs to sleep during alien TXOP or UL transmission, .11ax includes in the HE-SIG-
A field of the PHY preamble some MAC layer information: TXOP duration, transmission direction (UL or DL), etc.
Apart from that, TGax adapted the Target Wakeup Time (TWT) mechanism, introduced in .11ah. TWT allows the AP to
schedule a series of times for a STA (called TWT STA) when the TWT STA wakes up for some time interval (called TWT Service
Period or TWT SP) and exchanges frames. Due to this mechanism, the TWT STA can stay in the doze state always except for TWT
SP intervals. TWT STAs are not required to wake up even for beacons, reducing energy consumption [8].

D. Overlapped BSS management and spatial reuse

To improve performance of .11ax in case of dense networks, TGax enhances Overlapped BSS (OBSS) operation and spatial
reuse. To reduce the effect of hidden and exposed STAs, it rethinks the carrier sense behavior, which has already resulted in over
seventy submissions, mainly rejected by TGax. Below we briefly describe the accepted ones.
To find whether the channel is physically idle or not, each STA senses it. When the STA receives a frame preamble, it considers
the channel as busy for the time indicated in the preamble. Apart from that, the STA considers the channel to be busy if it receives
unknown signal at more than 20dBm above its minimum sensitivity level. The Wi-Fi standard also defines the virtual carrier sense,
called NAV. NAVs show for how long the channel will be virtually busy. In the MAC header of the frame, legacy STAs indicate
duration of the whole frames exchange sequence. Having received the first frame of the sequence, the STA updates its NAV with
the time indicated in the frame header if the received value is greater than the old one. Thus NAV can be only incremented. The
only possibility to cancel NAV at the neighboring STAs is to send a CF-End frame.
In legacy Wi-Fi carrier sense is performed irrespective to the BSS which STA occupies the channel, i.e. STAs maintain only
one physical carrier state indicator and NAV. A key concept agreed in TGax, is that STAs shall distinguish whether the channel is
occupied with a transmission of a STA in its own BSS or alien BSS. Depending on this, STAs can use different sensitivity
thresholds, adjust transmission power and revise NAV value after measuring signal level from the undergoing transmission to allow
better spatial reuse [33]. Apart from that, STAs will support multiple NAV values and prevent resetting NAV by CF-End from
alien BSS, if it was set by a frame from the STA’s BSS and visa versa [34].
To determine the BSS a frame belongs to, the PHY preamble contains the BSS color, which is a non-unique ID of the BSS [35]
and is randomly selected by the AP. Originally, it is introduced in .11ah, where its length is 3 bits. It allows reducing power
consumption, since the receiver does not need to decode a frame if it comes from an alien BSS. In .11ax, the size is increased at
least up to 6 bits to reduce error probability [36], since BSS colors of two neighboring BSS can collide.
Finally, let us consider a situation, which is widely spread nowadays: when an AP supports several virtual BSSs, i.e. it operates
as several virtual APs (VAPs). Some APs support up to 32 VAPs and transmit service information separately for each BSS, while it
can be the same. To decrease the overhead the .11ax amendment introduces Multiple BSSID support, which allows sending
identical information for all BSSs simultaneously [37], e.g. via a common beacon.

IV. CONCLUSION
In the paper, we provide a deep overview of the key mechanisms which are going to be included in the .11ax amendment, the
first draft of which is going to appear in early 2016. In a year, TGax has sketched out and discussed dozens of mechanisms, which
enrich Wi-Fi with new functionality, improve its efficiency in emerging scenarios. The detail study of these mechanisms will
definitely attract much attention from a large number of researchers all over the world.

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