ENGR. REYNILAN L.

DIMAL
 Differential Equation
Differential Equation is one in which
involves one or more independent
variables, a dependent variable and one
or more of their differential coefficients.

dy = x2 − y2 + 4
dx
2ydx + 3xydy = 0
Types of Differential Equation
Ordinary Differential Equation
– the unknown function depends on only one
independent variable.
2
dy  dy  dy
+ x + y = 4   −3
2 2
+ 2y = e x

dx  dx  dx
Partial Differential Equation
– the unknown function depends on one or
more independent variables.
u u  2z  2z
x +y =0 + 2 =x+y
x y x 2
y
 Order and Degree of the D.E.
The order of D.E. is the highest ordered
derivative appearing in a differential equation.
The degree of the differential equation is the
degree or exponent of the highest
ordered derivative.
Example:
2
 dy  2nd Order
2
dy
− 3 2 +  = 4
dx 2
 dx  1st Degree
PROBLEM 1
Identify the order and degree of the following
differential equations.
3
 dy   dy 
i.   − 4   + y = 3e x 1st order, 3rd degree
 dx   dx 
3
d y
4
 dy 
2
ii.  2  + 7   = 3sin x 2nd order, 3rd degree
 dx   dx 
2
 dy 
iii. 1 +   = 4x 1st order, 2nd degree
 dx 
Solutions to Differential Equations
General Solution is the set of all possible
solutions, which includes the particular and
singular solutions. It contains number of
arbitrary constant equal to the order of the
equations.
Particular Solution is the solution obtained
from the general solution by assigning
particular values to the arbitrary constants.
 D.E. of Family of Curves
A family of curves on a plane is usually
defined by an equation containing one or
more parameters together with the
coordinates of a point on the plane. The
differential equation of the family is
obtained by eliminating the parameters.
y = mx family of straight lines
x +y =a
2 2 2
family of concentric circles
y = mx + c family of straight lines
PROBLEM 2
Find the differential equation of the
family of curves given by y = mx + h/m
where m being arbitrary constants.

A. y’ = xy - h/y’
B. y = y’ + h/y’
C. y = xy’ + h/y’
D. y = x ( y’ + h/y’)
PROBLEM 3
Form the differential equation of the
family of curves y = Acos5x + Bsin5x
where A and B are parameters.

2
dy
Answer: 2
+ 25y = 0
dx
1st Order Differential Equation

▪ Variable Separable
▪ Homogeneous
▪ Exact
▪ Linear
▪ Bernoulli’s Equation
 Variable Separable D.E.

If it is possible to re – arrange the terms

of the differential equation in two groups,
each containing only one variable, the
variables are said to be separable.
f(x)g(y)dx + F(x)G(y)dy = 0
Solution: f(x) G(y)
Convert to: dx + dy = 0
F(x) g(y)
Then integrate.
PROBLEM 4

Solve the differential equation

xdy + ydx = 0

Answer: xy = c
PROBLEM 5

dy 3x + y
Solve =e
dx

3x
e −y
Answer: +e =C
3
Homogeneous Differential Equation

A differential equation where, if one

ignores y’, all of the terms have the same
degree.
Example: x y'+ 8x yy'+ 4xy − y = 0
3 2 2 3

To solve, let y = vx then dy = vdx + xdv and

the differential equation reduces to

variable separable.
PROBLEM 7

Solve the differential equation

( )
x + y dx = 2xydy
2 2

 y2 
Answer:  1 −  x = c
 x2 
 
 Exact Differential Equation
A differential equation is called exact
when it is written in the specific form
M( x,y ) dx + N( x,y ) dy = 0
M N
If = , then the D.E. is exact.
y x
The solutions are given by F ( x,y ) + C = 0
where F =
 Mdx and F =
 Ndy
PROBLEM 8

Use the test for exactness to show that

the D.E. is exact, then solve it.

( ) 1 2 
x + xy − y dx +  x − 2xy  dy = 0
2 2
2 

1 3 1 2
Answer: x + x y − xy + C = 0
2
3 2
PROBLEM 9

Solve the differential equation

3x(xy − 2)dx + (x + 2y)dy = 0
3

Answer: x y − 3x + y = c
3 2 2
1st Order Linear Differential Equation

To be linear, the dependent variable

should be linear. There can be any sort
of complicated function of x in the
equation. Thus a linear equation can be
written as
( ) y'+ ( ) y + ( ) = 0
1st Order Linear Differential Equation

Integrating Factor
A given D.E. may not be integrable. But
it may become integrable when it is
multiplied by a function. Such function is
called the integrating factor.

I.F. = e  Pdx
1st Order Linear Differential Equation

dy
1. + P( x) y = Q(x) Linear in y
dx
Solution:  
=  Qe dx + C
Pdx Pdx
ye
dx
2. + P(y) x = Q(y) Linear in x
dy
Solution:  
=  Qe dy + C
Pdy Pdy
xe
PROBLEM 10

Solve 2(y − 4x )dx + xdy = 0

2

Answer: x y = 2x + c
2 4
PROBLEM 11

dy
Solve cosx + ysinx = 1
dx

Answer: ysec x = tanx + C

Bernoulli’s Differential Equation
Some equations not in the linear form
may be reduced to the linear form by a
suitable substitution.
dy
+ P( x) y = Q( x) y n

dx
Solution:
(1− n) (1− n)  Pdx (1−n)  Pdx
y e = (1 − n )  Qe dx + C
PROBLEM 12

( )
Solve xdy − x y + y dx = 0
2 2

3
x x
Answer: = − +C
y 3
 Orthogonal Trajectories
Orthogonal trajectories of the family F(x, y, c)
is a family of curves G(x, y, c) which intersects
at right angles on every curve of the family
F(x, y, c).
Differentiate with respect to x and eliminate c of F(x, y, c)
dy
= f ( x,y )
dx
Orthogonal trajectories are the solutions of:
dy 1
=−
dx f ( x,y )
PROBLEM

Find the orthogonal trajectories of

the family of curves
x +y =c
2 2 2

A. y = cx
2
C. y = cx
B. x + y = c
2
D. x = c
Differential Operator

When placed before a

d
D= function of x, it means that
dx the function is to be
differentiated.
Generally, the operator
k
d
D = k , ( k = 1,2,...)
k

dx
means differentiating k times.
Linear Differential Equation
An ordinary differential equation of
order n is called linear if it may be
written in the form
dn y dn −1y dy
b0 ( x ) n + b1 ( x ) n−1 + + bn −1 ( x ) + bn ( x ) y = R ( x )
dx dx dx

A differential equation is linear if y and its

derivatives are at first degree, not
multiplied together, and do not occur as the
arguments of functions.
Homogeneous Linear D.E. of Higher Order

dn y dn −1y dy
a0 n
+ a1 n −1
+ + an −1 + an y = 0
dx dx dx
where: a0,a1,...an are constants
Using Differential Operator

(a D0
n
+ a1D n −1
+ + an −1D + an y = 0 )
The solution depends on the roots of the auxiliary equation:

n −1
a0m + a1m
n
+ + an −1m + an = 0
Solution to Homogenous Linear D.E.

Case 1: Roots are real and distinct m1 and m2

y = C1e m1x
+ C2e
m2x

Case 2: Some real repeated roots:

mi with multiplicity of 2
y = ( C1 + C2 x ) emx

Case 3: Complex roots a  bi

y = eax ( C1 cos bx + C2 sinbx )
PROBLEM 13

Obtain the general solution of the

equation y''+ 8y'+ 16y = 0

Answer: y = ( C1 + C2 x ) e
−4x
PROBLEM 14

Solve y'''− 5y''+ 11y'− 15y = 0

Answer:
y = C1e 3x
+ e ( C2 cos2x + C3 sin2x )
x
 Law of Natural Growth

“The rate of change of y is proportional

to the value of y present.”

dy
= ky y = yoe kt

dt
k = relative growth rate
PROBLEM
One hour after a bacteria colony starts
growing, a scientist determines that there
are 9000 bacteria present. After another
hour, there are 12,000 bacteria. How many
bacteria were present initially?
A. 6570
B. 6750
C. 5760
D. 7650
PROBLEM
A radioactive substance has a mass of 100
mg. After 10 years it has decayed to a mass
of 75 mg. What will the mass of the
substance be after another 10 years?

A. 56.25 mg
B. 34.36 mg
C. 49.34 mg
D. 63.12 mg
Shifted Natural Growth/Decay
Newton’s Law of Cooling
“ The rate of change of temperature
of an object is proportional to the
difference between the object and
surrounding temperature.”

dT
= k ( T − TS ) T = TS + ( TO − TS ) e −kt

dt
PROBLEM
According to Newton’s law of cooling, the
temperature of an object changes at a rate
proportional to the difference in temperature
between the object and the outside medium.
If an object whose temperature is 70O
Fahrenheit is placed in a medium whose
temperature is 20O and is found to be 40O
after 3 minutes, what will its temperature be
after 6 minutes?
A. 25 OF
B. 27 OF
C. 28 OF
D. 26 OF
PROBLEM
On a day when the temperature is 30O
Celsius, a cool drink is taken from a
refrigerator whose temperature is 5O. If the
temperature of the drink is 20O after 10
minutes, what will its temperature be after
20 minutes?
A. 24 degrees
B. 26 degrees
C. 25 degrees
D. 27 degrees
PROBLEM
A particle moves such that its acceleration
as a function of time is a(t)=2+12t, in m/s2 .
If its velocity after 1 second is 11 m/s. Find
the distance travelled after 5 seconds.

A. 170 m
B. 120 m.
C. 290 m
D. 200 m
PROBLEM
When a bullet is fired into a sand bag, its
retardation is assumed equal to the square
root of its velocity on entering. For how long
will it travel if its velocity on entering the
bank is 144 ft /sec?

A. 24 s
B. 10 s
C. 32 s
D. 12 s
PROBLEM
An object falls from rest in a medium
offering resistance. The velocity of the
object before it reaches the ground is given
by dV/dt + V/10 = 32. What is the velocity of
the object one second after it falls?

A. 40.54
B. 28.75
C. 30.54
D. 36.78
PROBLEM
Given 2xdx – ydy = 0 and y = 1 when x = 1,
Find y when x = 2.

A. 5
B. 5
C. 2
D. 7
PROBLEM
From the differential equation x(y-1)dx +
(x+1)dy = 0. If y = 2 when x = 1, determine y
when x = 2.

A. 1.80
B. 1.48
C. 1.55
D. 1.63
PROBLEM
Given the differential equation: (D2 – D – 6)y
= 0; when x = 0, y = 3, and y’ = -1, find the
value of y when x = 1.

A. 8
B. 12
C. 21
D. 30
ENGR. REYNILAN L. DIMAL