CHAPTER – 18

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
OBJECTIVE – I

1. A point source of light is placed in front of a plane mirror.

(a) All the reflected rays meet at a point when produced backward.
(b) Only the reflected rays close to the normal meet at a point when
produced backward.
(c) Only the reflected rays making a small angle with the mirror, meet
at a point when produced backward.
(d) Light of different colours make different images.

2. Total internal reflection can take place only if

(a) light goes from optically rarer medium (smaller refractive index) to
optically denser medium
(b) light goes from optically denser medium to rarer medium
(c) the refractive indices of the two media are close to each other
(d) the refractive indices of the two media are widely different.

3. In image formation from spherical mirrors, only paraxial rays are

considered because they
(a) are easy to handle geometrically
(b) contain most of the intensity of the incident light
(c) form nearly a point image of a point source
(d) show minimum dispersion effect.

4. A point object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from a convex mirror of

focal length 30 cm. The image will form at
(a) infinity (b) pole
(c) focus (d) 15 cm behind the mirror.

5. Figure shows two rays A and B being reflected by a mirror and going
as A' and B'. The mirror

(a) is plane (b) is convex

(c) is concave (d) may be any spherical mirror.

6. The image formed by a concave mirror

(a) is always real
(b) is always virtual
(c) is certainly real if the object is virtual

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 (d) is certainly virtual if the object is real.

7. Figure shows three transparent media of refractive indices 1, 2 and

3. A point object O is placed in the medium 2. If the entire medium
on the right of the spherical surface has refractive index 1, the image
forms at O'. If this entire medium has refractive index 3, the image
forms at O". In the situation shown,

(a) the image forms between O' and O"

(b) the image forms to the left of O'
(c) the image forms to the right of O"
(d) two images form, one at O' and the other at O".

8. Four modifications are suggested in the lens formula to include the

effect of the thickness t of the lens. Which one is likely to be correct?
1 1 t t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t t
(a)   (b) 2
  (c)   (d)   
v u uf v u f vt u t f v u uv f

9. A double convex lens has two surfaces of equal radii R and refractive
index  = 1.5. We have,
R
(a) f = (b) f = R (c) f = - R (d) f = 2R.
2

10. A point source of light is placed at a distance of 2 f from a converging

lens of focal length f. The intensity on the other side of the lens is
maximum at a distance
(a) f (b) between f and 2f (c) 2f (d) more than 2 f.

11. A parallel beam of light is incident on a converging lens parallel to its

principal axis. As one moves away from the lens on the other side on
its principal axis, the intensity of light
(a) remains constant (b) continuously increases
(c) continuously decreases (d) first increases then decreases.

12. A symmetric double convex lens is cut in two equal parts by a plane
perpendicular to the principal axis. If the power of the original lens
was 4D, the power of a cut lens will be
(a) 2 D (b) 3 D (c) 4 D (d) 5 D.

13. A symmetric double convex lens is cut in two equal parts by a plane
containing the principal axis. If the power of the original lens was 4 D,
the power of a divided lens will be
(a) 2 D (b) 3 D (c) 4 D (d) 5 D.

02
14. Two concave lenses L1 and L2 are kept in contact with each other. If
the space between the two lenses is filled with a material of refractive
index  ≈ 1, the magnitude of the focal length of the combination
(a) becomes undefined (b) remains unchanged
(c) increases (d) decreases.

15. A thin lens is made with a material having refractive index  = 1.5.
Both the sides are convex. It is dipped in water ( = 1.33). It will
behave like
(a) a convergent lens (b) a divergent lens
(c) a rectangular slab (d) a prism.

16. A convex lens is made of a material having refractive index 1.2. Both
the surfaces of the lens are convex. If it is dipped into water ( = 1.33),
it will behave like
(a) a convergent lens (b) a divergent lens
(c) a rectangular slab (d) a prism.

17. A point object O is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens of

focal length f = 20 cm at a distance of 40 cm to the left of it. The
diameter of the lens is 10 cm. An eye is placed 60 cm to right of the
lens and a distance h below the principal axis. The maximum value of
h to see the image is
(a) 0 (b) 2.5 cm (c) 5 cm (d) 10 cm.

18. The rays of different colours fail to converge at a point after going
through a converging lens. This defect is called
(a) spherical aberration (b) distortion
(c) coma (d) chromatic aberration.

OBJECTIVE - II

1. If the light moving in a straight line bends by a small but fixed angle,
it may be a case of
(a) reflection (b) refraction (c) diffraction (d) dispersion.

2. Mark the correct options.

(a) If the incident rays are converging, we have a real object.
(b) If the final rays are converging, we have a real image.
(c) The image of a virtual object is called a virtual image.
(d) If the image is virtual, the corresponding object is called a virtual
object.

3. Which of the following (referred to a spherical mirror) do (does) not

depend on whether the rays are paraxial or not?
(a) Pole. (b) Focus.
(c) Radius of curvature. (d) Principal axis.

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4. The image of an extended object, placed perpendicular to the principal
axis of a mirror, will be erect if
(a) the object and the image are both real
(b) the object and the image are both virtual
(c) the object is real but the image is virtual
(d) the object is virtual but the image is real.

5. A convex lens forms a real image of a point object placed on its

principal axis. If the upper half of the lens is painted black,
(a) the image will be shifted downward
(b) the image will be shifted upward
(c) the image will not be shifted
(d) the intensity of the image will decrease.

6. Consider three converging lenses L1, L2 and L3 having identical

geometrical construction. The index of refraction of L1 and L2 are 1
and 2 respectively. The upper half of the lens L3 has a refractive index
1 and the lower half has 2 (figure). A point object O is imaged at O1
by the lens L1 and at O2 by the lens L2 placed in same position. If L3 is
placed at the same place,

(a) there will be an image at O1

(b) there will be an image at O 2.
(c) the only image will form somewhere between O1 and O2
(d) the only image will form away from O2.

7. A screen is placed a distance 40 cm away from an illuminated object.

A converging lens is placed between the source and the screen and it
is attempted to form the image of the source on the screen. If no
position could be found, the focal length of the lens
(a) must be less than 10 cm
(b) must be greater than 20 cm
(c) must not be greater than 20 cm
(d) must not be less than 10 cm.

EXERCISES

1. A concave mirror having a radius of curvature 40 cm is placed in front

of an illuminated point source at a distance of 30 cm from it. Find the
location of the image.

2. A concave mirror forms an image of 20 cm high object on a screen

placed 5.0 m away from the mirror. The height of the image is 50 cm.
Find the focal length of the mirror and the distance between the
mirror and the object.

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3. A concave mirror has a focal length of 20 cm. Find the position or
positions of an object for which the image – size is double of the object
- size.

4. A 1 cm object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex

mirror of focal length 7.5 cm. Find its distance from the mirror if the
image formed is 0.6 cm in size.

5. A candle flame 1.6 cm high is imaged in a ball bearing of diameter 0.4

cm. If the ball bearing is 20 cm away from the flame, find the location
and the height of the image.

6. A 3cm tall object is placed at a distance of 7. 5 cm from a convex

mirror of focal length 6 cm. Find the location, size and nature of the
image.

7. A U - shaped wire is placed before a concave mirror having radius of

curvature 20 cm as shown in figure. Find the total length of the
image.

8. A man uses a concave mirror for shaving. He keeps his face at a

distance of 25 cm from the mirror and gets an image which is 1.4
times enlarged. Find the focal length of the mirror.

9. Find the diameter of the image of the moon formed by a spherical

concave mirror of focal length 7.6 m. The diameter of the moon is
3450 km and the distance between the earth and the moon is 3.8 ×
105km.

10. A particle goes in a circle of radius 2.0 cm. A concave mirror of focal
length 20 cm is placed with its principal axis passing through the
centre of the circle and perpendicular to its plane. The distance
between the pole of the mirror and the centre of the circle is 30 cm.
Calculate the radius of the circle formed by the image.

11. A concave mirror of radius R is kept on a horizontal table (figure).

Water (refractive index = ) is poured into it upto a height h. Where
should an object be placed so that its image is formed on itself?

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12. A point source S is placed midway between two converging mirrors
having equal focal length f as shown in figure. Find the values of d for
which only one image is formed.

13. A converging mirror M1, a point source S and a diverging mirror M2

are arranged as shown in figure. The source is placed at a distance of
30 cm from M1. The focal length of each of the mirrors is 20 cm.
Consider only the images formed by a maximum of two reflections. It
is found that one image is formed on the source itself, (a) Find the
distance between the two mirrors. (b) Find the location of the image
formed by the single reflection from M2.

14. A light ray falling at an angle of 45° with the surface of a clean slab of
ice of thickness 1.00 m is refracted into it at an angle of 30°. Calculate
the time taken by the light rays, to cross the slab. Speed of light in
vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s.

15. A pole of length 1.00 m stands half dipped in a swimming pool with
water level 50.0 cm higher than the bed. The refractive index of water
is 1.33 and sunlight is coming at an angle of 45° with the vertical.
Find the length of the shadow of the pole on the bed.

16. A small piece of wood is floating on the surface of a 2.5 m deep lake.
Where does the shadow form on the bottom when the sun is just
4
setting? Refractive index of water = .
3

17. An object P is focused by a microscope M. A glass slab of thickness

2.1 cm is introduced between P and M. If the refractive index of the
slab is 1.5, by what distance should the microscope be shifted to focus
the object again?

18. A vessel contains water upto a height of 20 cm and above it an oil

upto another 20 cm. The refractive indices of the water and the oil are
1.33 and 1.30 respectively. Find the apparent depth of the vessel
when viewed from above.

19. Locate the image of the point P as seen by the eye in the figure.

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20. k transparent slabs are arranged one over another. The refractive
indices of the slabs are 1, 2, 3,…….. k and the thicknesses are t1,
t2, t3,…….. tk. An object is seen through this combination with nearly
perpendicular light. Find the equivalent refractive index of the system
which will allow the image to be formed at the same place.

21. A cylindrical vessel of diameter 12 cm contains 800 cm3 of water. A

cylindrical glass piece of diameter 8.0 cm and height 8.0 cm is placed
in the vessel. If the bottom of the vessel under the glass piece is seen
by the paraxial rays (see figure), locate its image. The index of
refraction of glass is 1.50 and that of water is 1.33.

22. Consider the situation in figure. The bottom of the pot is a reflecting
plane mirror, S is a small fish and T is a human eye. Refractive index
of water is . (a) At what distance(s) from itself will the fish see the
image(s) of the eye? (b) At what distance(s) from itself will the eye see
the image(s) of the fish.

23. A small object is placed at the centre of the bottom of a cylindrical

vessel of radius 3 cm and height 4 cm filled completely with water.
Consider the ray leaving the vessel through a corner. Suppose this ray
and the ray along the axis of the vessel are used to trace the image.0
Find the apparent depth of the image and the ratio of real depth to the
apparent depth under the assumptions taken. Refractive index of
water = 1.33.

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24. A cylindrical vessel, whose diameter and height both are equal to 30
cm, is placed on a horizontal surface and a small particle P is placed
in it at a distance of 5.0 cm from the centre. An eye is placed at a
position such that the edge of the bottom is just visible (see figure).
The particle P is in the plane of drawing. Up to what minimum height
should water be poured in the vessel to make the particle P visible?

25. A light ray is incident at an angle of 45° with the normal to a2 cm
thick plate ( = 2.0). Find the shift in the path of the light as it
emerges out from the plate,

26. An optical fibre ( = 1.72) is surrounded by a glass coating ( = 1.50).

Find the critical angle for total internal, reflection at the fibre - glass
interface.

27. A light ray is incident normally on the face AB of a right - angled

prism ABC ( = 1.50) as shown in figure. What is the largest angle 
for which the light ray is totally reflected at the surface AC?

28. Find the maximum angle of refraction when a light ray is refracted
from glass ( = 1.50) to air.

29. Light is incident from glass ( = 1.5) to air. Sketch the variation of the
angle of deviation  with the angle of incident i for 0 < i < 90°.

30. Light is incident from glass ( = 1.50) to water ( = 1.33). Find the
range of the angle of deviation for which there are two angles of
incidence.

31. Light falls from glass ( = 1.5) to air. Find the angle of incidence for
which the angle of deviation is 90°.

32. A point source is placed at a depth h below the surface of water

(refractive index = ). (a) Show that light escapes through a circular
area on the water surface with its centre directly above the point
source. (b) Find the angle subtended by a radius of the area on the
source.

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33. A container contains water upto a height of 20 cm and there is a point
source at the centre of the bottom of the container. A rubber ring of
radius r floats centrally on the water. The ceiling of the room is 2.0 m
above the water surface, (a) Find the radius of the shadow of the ring
formed on the ceiling if r = 15 cm, (b) Find the maximum value of r for
which the shadow of the ring is formed on the ceiling. Refractive index
4
of water = .
3

34. Find the angle of minimum deviation for an equilateral prism made of
a material of refractive index 1.732. What is the angle of incidence for
this deviation?

35. Find the angle of deviation suffered by the light ray shown in figure.
The refractive index  = 1.5 for the prism material.

36. A light ray, going through a prism with the angle of prism 60°, is
found to deviate by 30°. What limit on the refractive index can be put
from these data?

37. Locate the image formed by refraction in the situation shown in figure.

38. A spherical surface of radius 30 cm separates two transparent media

A and B with refractive indices 1.33 and 1.48 respectively. The
medium A is on the convex side of the surface. Where should a point
object be placed in medium A so that the paraxial rays become
parallel after refraction at the surface?

39. Figure shows a transparent hemisphere of radius 3.0 cm made of a

material of refractive index 2.0. (a) A narrow beam of parallel rays is
incident on the hemisphere as shown in the figure. Are the rays totally
reflected at the plane surface? (b) Find the image formed by the
refraction at the first surface. (c) Find the image formed by the
reflection or by the refraction at the plane surface. (d) Trace
qualitatively the final rays as they come out of the hemisphere.

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40. A small object is embedded in a glass sphere ( = 1.5) of radius 5.0 cm
at a distance 1.5 cm left to the centre. Locate the image of the object
as seen by an observer standing (a) to the left of the sphere and (b) to
the right of the sphere.

41. A biconvex thick lens is constructed with glass ( =1.50). Each of the
surfaces has a radius of 10 cm and the thickness at the middle is 5
cm. Locate the image of an object placed far away from the lens.

42. A narrow pencil of parallel light is incident normally on a solid

transparent sphere of radius r. What should be the refractive index if
the pencil is to be focused (a) at the surface of the sphere, (b) at the
centre of the sphere.

43. One end of a cylindrical glass rod ( = 1.5) of radius 1.0 cm is rounded
4
in the shape of a hemisphere. The rod is immersed in water ( = )
3
and an object is placed in the water along the axis of the rod at a
distance of 8.0 cm from the rounded edge. Locate the image of the
object.

44. A paperweight in the form of a hemisphere of radius 3.0 cm is used to

hold down a printed page. An observer looks at the page vertically
through the paperweight. At what height above the page will the
printed letters near the centre appear to the observer?

45. Solve the previous problem if the paperweight is inverted at its place
so that the spherical surface touches the paper.

46. A hemispherical portion of the surface of a solid glass sphere ( = 1.5)

of radius r is silvered to make the inner side reflecting. An object is
placed on the axis of the hemisphere at a distance 3r from the centre
of the sphere. The light from the object is refracted at the unsilvered
part, then reflected from the silvered part and again refracted at the
unsilvered part. Locate the final image formed.

47. The convex surface of a thin concavo - convex lens of glass of

refractive index 1.5 has a radius of curvature 20 cm. The concave
surface has a radius of curvature 60 cm. The convex side is silvered
and placed on a horizontal surface as shown in figure. (a) Where
should a pin be placed on the axis so that its image is formed at the
4
same place? (b) If the concave part is filled with water ( = ), find the
3
distance through which the pin should be moved so that the image of
the pin again coincides with the pin.

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48. A double convex lens has focal length 25 cm. The radius of curvature
of one of the surfaces is double of the other. Find the radii, if the
refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5.

49. The radii of curvature of a lens are + 20 cm and + 30 cm. The material
of the lens has a refracting index 1.6. Find the focal length of the lens
(a) if it is placed in air, and (b) if it is placed in water ( = 1.33).

50. Lenses are constructed by a material of refractive index 1.50. The

magnitude of the radii of curvature are 20 cm and 30 cm. Find the
focal lengths of the possible lenses with the above specifications.

51. A thin lens made of a material of refractive index 2 has a medium of

refractive index 1 on one side and a medium of refractive index 3 on
the other side. The lens is biconvex and the two radii of curvature
have equal magnitude R. A beam of light travelling parallel to the
principal axis is incident on the lens. Where will the image be formed
if the beam is incident from (a) the medium 1 and (b) from the
medium 3?

52. A convex lens has a focal length of 10 cm. Find the location and
nature of the image if a point object is placed on the principal axis at a
distance of (a) 9.8 cm, (b) 10.2 cm from the lens.

53. A slide projector has to project a 35 mm slide (35 mm × 23 mm) on a 2

m × 2 m screen at a distance of 10 m from the lens. What should be
the focal length of the lens in the projector?

54. A particle executes a simple harmonic motion of amplitude 1.0 cm

along the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 12 cm. The
mean position of oscillation is at 20 cm from the lens. Find the
amplitude of oscillation of the image of the particle.

55. An extended object is placed at a distance of 5.0 cm from a convex

lens of focal length 8.0 cm. (a) Draw the ray diagram (to the scale) to
locate the image and from this, measure the distance of the image
from the lens. (b) Find the position of the image from the lens formula
and see how close the drawing is to the correct result.

56. A pin of length 2.00 cm is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of

a converging lens. An inverted image of size 1.00 cm is formed at a
distance of 40.0 cm from the pin. Find the focal length of the lens and
its distance from the pin.

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57. A convex lens produces a double size real image when an object is
placed at a distance of 18 cm from it. Where should the object be
placed to produce a triple size real image?

58. A pin of length 2.0 cm lies along the principal axis of a converging
lens, the centre being at a distance of 11 cm from the lens. The focal
length of the lens is 6 cm. Find the size of the image.

59. The diameter of the sun is 1.4 × 109m and its distance from the earth
is 1.5 × 1011m. Find the radius of the image of the sun formed by a
lens of focal length 20 cm.

60. A 5.0 diopter lens forms a virtual image which is 4 times the object
placed perpendicularly on the principal axis of the lens. Find the
distance of the object from the lens.

61. A diverging lens of focal length 20 cm and a converging mirror of focal

length 10 cm are placed coaxially at a separation of 5 cm. Where
should an object be placed so that a real image is formed at the object
itself ?

62. A converging lens of focal length 12 cm and a diverging mirror of focal

length 7.5 cm are placed 5.0 cm apart with their principal axes
coinciding. Where should an object be placed so that its image falls on
itself?

63. A converging lens and a diverging mirror are placed at a separation of

15 cm. The focal length of the lens is 25 cm and that of the mirror is
40 cm. Where should a point source be placed between the lens and
the mirror so that the light, after getting reflected by the mirror and
then getting transmitted by the lens, comes out parallel to the
principal axis?

64. A converging lens of focal length 15 cm and a converging mirror of

focal length 10 cm are placed 50 cm apart with common principal
axis. A point source is placed in between the lens and the mirror at a
distance of 40 cm from the lens. Find the locations of the two mages
formed.

65. Consider the situation described in the previous problem. Where

should a point source be placed on the principal axis so that the two
images form at the same place?

66. A converging lens of focal length 15 cm and a converging mirror of

focal length 10 cm are placed 50 cm apart. If a pin of length 2.0 cm is
placed 30 cm from the lens farther away from the mirror, where will
the final image form and what will be the size of the final image?

12
67. A point object is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens (f = 15
cm) at a distance of 30 cm from it. A glass plate ( = 1.50) of thickness
1 cm is placed on the other side of the lens perpendicular to the axis.
Locate the image of the point object.

68. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm and a concave lens of focal length
10 cm are placed 10 cm apart with their principal axes coinciding. A
beam of light traveling parallel to the principal axis and having a
beam diameter 5.0 mm, is incident on the combination. Show that the
emergent beam is parallel to the incident one. Find the beam diameter
of the emergent beam.

69. A diverging lens of focal length 20 cm and a converging lens of focal

length 30 cm are placed 15 cm apart with their principal axes
coinciding. Where should an object be placed on the principal axis so
that its image is formed at infinity?

70. A 5 mm high pin is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a convex lens of

focal length 10 cm. A second lens of focal length 5 cm is placed 40 cm
from the first lens and 55 cm from the pin. Find (a) the position of the
final image, (b) its nature and (c) its size.

71. A point object is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a convex lens. The

image is formed on the other side at a distance of 30 cm from the lens.
When a concave lens is placed in contact with the convex lens, the
image shifts away further by 30 cm. Calculate the focal lengths of the
two lenses.

72. Two convex lenses, each of focal length 10 cm, are placed at a
separation of 15 cm with their principal axes coinciding. (a) Show that
a light beam coming parallel to the principal axis diverges as it comes
out of the lens system. (b) Find the location of the virtual image
formed by the lens system of an object placed far away. (c) Find the
focal length of the equivalent lens. (Note that the sign of the focal
length is positive although the lens system actually. diverges a parallel
beam incident on it).

73. A ball is kept at a height h above the surface of a heavy transparent

sphere made of a material of refractive index . The radius of the
sphere is R. At t = 0, the ball is dropped to fall normally on the sphere.
2h
Find the speed of the image formed as a function of time for t < .
g
Consider only the image by a single refraction.

74. A particle is moving at a constant speed V from a large distance

towards a concave mirror of radius R along its principal axis. Find the
speed of the image formed by the mirror as a function of the distance
x of the particle from the mirror.

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75. A small block of mass m and a concave mirror of radius R fitted with a
stand, lie on a smooth horizontal table with a separation d between
them. The mirror together with its stand has a mass m. The block is
pushed at t = 0 towards the mirror so that it starts moving towards
the mirror at a constant speed V and collides with it. The collision is
d
perfectly elastic. Find the velocity of the image (a) at a time t < , (b)
V
d
at a time t > .
V

76. A gun of mass M fires a bullet of mass m with a horizontal speed V.

The gun is fitted with a concave mirror of focal length f facing towards
the receding bullet. Find the speed of separation of the bullet and the
image just after the gun was fired.

77. A mass m = 50 g is dropped on a vertical spring of spring constant

500 N/m from a height h = 10 cm as shown in figure. The mass sticks
to the spring and

executes simple harmonic oscillations after that. A concave mirror of

focal length 12 cm facing the mass is fixed with its principal axis
coinciding with the line of motion of the mass, its pole being at a
distance of 30 cm from the free end of the spring. Find the length in
which the image of the mass oscillates.

78. Two concave mirrors of equal radii of curvature R are fixed on a stand
facing opposite directions. The whole system has a mass m and is
kept on a frictionless horizontal table (figure).

Two blocks A and B, each of mass m, are placed on the two sides of
the stand. At t = 0, the separation between A and the mirrors is 2R
and also the separation between B and the mirrors is 2 R. The block B
moves towards the mirror at a speed v. All collisions which take place
are elastic. Taking the original position of the mirrors stand system to
be x = 0 and X - axis along AB, find the position of the images of A and
B at t =
R 3R 5R
(a) (b) (c)
v v v

14
79. Consider the situation shown in figure. The elevator is going up with
an acceleration of 2.00 m/s2 and the focal length of the mirror is 12.0
cm. All the surfaces are smooth and the pulley is light. The mass -
pulley system is released from rest (with respect to the elevator) at t =
0 when the distance of B from the mirror is 42.0 cm. Find the distance
between the image of the block B and the mirror at t = 0.200 s. Take g
= 10 m/s2.

ANSWERS
OBJECTIVE I
ANSWER
1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (a) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8 (c) 9 (b) 10 (c)
11 (d) 12 (a) 13 (c) 14 (c) 15 (a) 16 (b) 17 (b) 18 (d)

OBJECTIVE II
ANSWER
1 (a, b) 2 (b) 3 (a, c, d) 4 (c, d) 5 (c, d) 6 (a, b) 7 (b)

EXERCISES

Sol 1. 60 cm from the mirror on the side of the object

Sol 2. 1.43 m, 2.0 m

Sol 3. 10 cm or 30 cm from the mirror

Sol 4. 5 cm

Sol 5. 1.0 mm inside the ball bearing, 0.08 mm

Sol 6. 130cm from the mirror on the side opposite to the object, 1.33
cm, virtual and erect

Sol 7. 10 cm

Sol 8. 87.5 cm

Sol 9. 6.9 cm

Sol 10. 4.0 cm

15
Sol 11.
R  h  above the water surface


Sol 12. 2f, 4f

Sol 13. (a) 50 cm (b) 10 cm from the diverging mirror farther from the
converging mirror

Sol 14. 5.44 ns

Sol 15. 81.5 cm

Sol 16. 2.83 m shifted from the position directly below the piece of the
wood.

Sol 17. 0.70 cm

Sol 18. 30.4 cm

Sol 19. 0.2 cm above P

t i
Sol 20. k
i 1
 ti 
  
i 1

i 

Sol 21. 7.1 cm above the bottom

1 3
Sol 22. (a) H     above itself, H     below itself
 2  2
 1   3 
(b) H 1   below itself and H 1   below itself
 2    2  

Sol 23. 2.25 cm, 1.78

Sol 24. 26.7 cm

Sol 25. 0.62 cm

75
Sol 26. sin-1
86

2
Sol 27. cos-1  
3

Sol 28. 90°

16
 8
Sol 30. 0 to cos-1  
9

Sol 31. 45°

1
Sol 32. (b) sin-1  


Sol 33. (a) 2.8 m (b) 22.6 cm

Sol 34. 60°, 60°

Sol 35. 2°

Sol 36.  ≤ 2

Sol 37. 100 cm from the surface on the side of S

Sol 38. 266.0 cm away from the separating surface

Sol 39. (a) They are reflected

(b) If the sphere is completed, the image forms at the point
diametrically opposite to A
(c) At the mirror image of A in BC

Sol 40. (a) 2 cm left to the centre

(b) 2.65 cm left to the centre

Sol 41. 9.1 cm from the farther surface on the other side of the lens

Sol 42. (a) 2, (b) not possible, it will focus close to the centre if
the refractive index is large.

Sol 43. At infinity

Sol 44. No shift is observed

Sol 45. 1 cm

Sol 46. At the reflecting surface of the sphere

Sol47. (a) 15 cm from the lens on the axis

(b) 1.14 cm towards the lens

Sol 48. 18.75 cm, 37.5 cm

Sol 49. (a) 100 cm (b) 300 cm

Sol 50.  24 cm,  120 cm

17
 3 R 1 R
Sol 51. (a) (b)
2  2  1   3 2  2  1   3

Sol 52. (a) 490 cm on the side of the object, virtual

(b) 510 em on the other side, real

Sol 53. 17.2 cm

Sol 54. 2.3 cm

Sol 56. 8.89 cm, 26.7 cm

Sol 57. 16 cm

Sol 58. 3 cm

Sol 59. 0.93 mm

Sol 60. 15 cm

Sol 61. 60 cm from the lens further away from the mirror

Sol 62. 30 cm from the lens further away from the mirror

Sol 63. 1.67 cm from the lens

Sol 64. One at 15 cm and the other at 24 cm from the lens away from
the mirror

Sol 65. 30 cm from the lens towards the mirror

Sol 66. At the object itself, of the same size

Sol 67. 30.33 cm from the lens

Sol 68. 1.0 cm if the light is incident from the side of concave lens and
2.5 mm if it is incident from the side of the convex lens

Sol 69. 60 cm from the diverging lens or 210 cm from the converging
lens

Sol 70. (a) 10 cm from the second lens further away,

(b) erect and real, (c) 10 mm

Sol 71. 10 cm for convex lens and 60 cm for concave lens

Sol 72. (b) 5 cm from the first lens towards the second lens
(c) 20 cm

18
 R 2 gt
Sol 73. 2
  1 2 
  1 h  2 gt   R 
   

R 2V
Sol 74.
2 x  R 2

R2
Sol 75. (a) 
2d  Vt   R2
 R2 
(b) V 1  
 2d  Vt   R 
2

m
Sol 76. 2 1  V
 M

Sol 77. 1.2 cm

2R 4R
Sol 78. (a) x = - ,R (b) x = - 2 R, 0 (c) x = - 3 R, -
3 3

Sol 79. 8.57 cm

19
 SOLUTIONS TO CONCEPTS
CHAPTER – 18

SIGN CONVENTION :
1) The direction of incident ray (from object to the mirror or lens) is taken as positive direction.
2) All measurements are taken from pole (mirror) or optical centre (lens) as the case may be.

1. u = –30 cm, R = – 40 cm
From the mirror equation, +ve – Sign convertion

1 1 2
  S C
v u R
P
1 2 1 2 1 1 30cm
     = 
v R u 40 30 60 40cm

or, v = –60 cm
So, the image will be formed at a distance of 60 cm in front of the mirror.
2. Given that,
H1 = 20 cm, v = –5 m = –500 cm, h2 = 50 cm A

 v h2 h1
Since,  F B
u h1 P B h2
500 50 500cm
or  (because the image in inverted) A
u 20
500  2 +ve – Sign convertion

or u =  = –200 cm = – 2 m
5
1 1 1 1 1 1
  or  
v u f 5 2 f
10
or f = = –1.44 m
7
So, the focal length is 1.44 m.
3. For the concave mirror, f = –20 cm, M = –v/u = 2
 v = –2u
1st case 2nd case A A
1 1 1 1 1 1 A
    P B
v u f 2u u f B
B B
1 1 1 3 1
    
2u u f 2u f A
Case I (Virtual) Case II(Real)
 u = f/2 = 10 cm  u = 3f/2 = 30 cm
 The positions are 10 cm or 30 cm from the concave mirror.
4. m = –v/u = 0.6 and f = 7.5 cm = 15/2 cm
From mirror equation,
1 1 1 1 1 1
     
v u f 0.6u u f
 u = 5 cm
5. Height of the object AB = 1.6 cm +ve – Sign convertion
Diameter of the ball bearing = d = 0.4 cm 

 R = 0.2 cm
Given, u = 20 cm P
C
1 1 2
We know,  
u v R
0.2cm 20cm

18.1

01
 Chapter 18
1 1 2
Putting the values according to sign conventions  
20 v 0.2
1 1 201
   10   v = 0.1 cm = 1 mm inside the ball bearing.
v 20 20
A B v 0.1 1
Magnification = m =   
AB u 20 200
AB 16
 AB =  = +0.008 cm = +0.8 mm.
200 200
6. Given AB = 3 cm, u = –7.5 cm, f = 6 cm.
1 1 1 1 1 1 +ve
Using      
v u f v f u A
Putting values according to sign conventions, C F
B
1 1 1 3
  
v 6 7.5 10
6cm 7.5cm
 v = 10/3 cm
v 10
 magnification = m =  
u 7.5  3
A B 10 100 4
   A B    1.33 cm.
AB 7.5  3 72 3
 Image will form at a distance of 10/3 cm. From the pole and image is 1.33 cm (virtual and erect).
7. R = 20 cm, f = R/2 = –10 cm
For part AB, PB = 30 + 10 = 40 cm
1 1 1 1  1  3
So, u = –40 cm       
v f u 10  40  40
40
 v=  = –13.3 cm. A D
3
So, PB = 13.3 cm C B
P
A B B C
v  13.3  1
m=        3 10cm
AB u
   40  A
D
 AB = –10/3 = –3.33 cm 30cm
For part CD, PC = 30, So, u = –30 cm
1 1 1 1  1  1
        v = –15 cm = PC
v f u 10  30  15
CD v  15  1
So, m =      
CD u  30  2
 CD = 5 cm
BC = PC – PB = 15 – 13.3 = 17 cm
So, total length AB + BC + CD = 3.3 + 1.7 + 5 = 10 cm.
8. u = –25 cm
A B v  v  14 v
m=    1.4      10  25
AB u  25 
25  14
v= = 35 cm.
10
1 1 1
Now,  
v u f
1 1  1  57 2
      f = –87.5 cm.
f 35  25  175 175
So, focal length of the concave mirror is 87.5 cm.
18.2

02
 Chapter 18
5
9. u = –3.8  10 km
diameter of moon = 3450 km ; f = –7.6 m
1 1 1 1  1   1 
        +ve
v u f v  3.8  105   7.6  

Since, distance of moon from earth is very large as compared to focal F

length it can be taken as .
 Image will be formed at focus, which is inverted.
1  1 
     v  7.6 m. 7.6cm
v  7.6 
v dimage ( 7.6) dimage
m=    
u dobject ( 3.8  10 ) 3450  103
8

3450  7.6  103

dimage = = 0.069 m = 6.9 cm.
3.8  108
10. u = –30 cm, f = –20 cm
1 1 1 RImage
We know,  
v u f
1  1   1  F
      v = –60 cm.
v  30   20  20cm
Robject
Image of the circle is formed at a distance 60 cm in front of the mirror.
30cm
v Rimage 60 Rimage
m=     
u Robject 30 2
 Rimage = 4 cm
Radius of image of the circle is 4 cm.
C
11. Let the object be placed at a height x above the surface of the water.
O  (R–h)
The apparent position of the object with respect to mirror should be at the centre x
of curvature so that the image is formed at the same position. R
h
Real depth 1
Since,  (with respect to mirror)
Apparent depth 
x 1 Rh
Now,  x .
Rh  
12. Both the mirrors have equal focal length f.
They will produce one image under two conditions.
Case I : When the source is at distance ‘2f’ from each mirror i.e. the source is at 2f  S 2f 

centre of curvature of the mirrors, the image will be produced at the same point
S. So, d = 2f + 2f = 4f.
Case II : When the source S is at distance ‘f’ from each mirror, the rays from the
source after reflecting from one mirror will become parallel and so these parallel S
rays after the reflection from the other mirror the object itself. So, only sine f f
image is formed.
Here, d = f + f = 2f.
13. As shown in figure, for 1st reflection in M1, u = –30 cm, f = –20 cm
1 1 1
    v = –60 cm. – for M1 +ve +ve – for M2
v 30 20  
So, for 2nd reflection in M2
S
u = 60 – (30 + x) = 30 – x
v = –x ; f = 20 cm
1 1 1
    x 2  10x  600  0 30cm x
30  x x 20

18.3

03
 Chapter 18
10  50 40
 x=  = 20 cm or –30 cm
2 2
 Total distance between the two lines is 20 + 30 = 50 cm.
sin i 3  108 sin 45
14. We know,    2
sin r v sin30
3  108 45°
 v= m/sec.
2
x 30° 1m
Distance travelled by light in the slab is,
1m 2
x=  m
cos30 3
2 2 –8 –9
So, time taken = 8
= 0.54  10 = 5.4  10 sec.
3  3  10
15. Shadow length = BA = BD + AD = 0.5 + 0.5 tan r A

sin 45 0.5m 45°

Now, 1.33 =  sin r = 0.53.
sin r
0.5m
0.5m r
 cos r = 1  sin2 r  1  (0.53)2 = 0.85
So, tan r = 0.6235 B D  A 
So, shadow length = (0.5) (1 + 0.6235) = 81.2 cm.
16. Height of the lake = 2.5 m
When the sun is just setting,  is approximately = 90° i=90°
w
sin i 2 1 4/3 3
     sinr   r = 49°
sin r 1 sin r 1 4 2.5m 45°

As shown in the figure, x/2.5 = tan r = 1.15

 x = 2.5  1.15 = 2.8 m. w x O

17. The thickness of the glass is d = 2.1 cm and  =1.5

Shift due to the glass slab
 1  1 
T =  1   d   1   2.1 = 0.7 CM
   1.5 
So, the microscope should be shifted 0.70 cm to focus the object again.
 1  1 
18. Shift due to water tw =  1   d   1   20 = 5 cm
   1.33 
Oil 20cm
 1 
Shift due to oil, to =  1   20 = 4.6 cm 20cm
 1.3  Water

Total shift t = 5 + 4.6 = 9.6 cm

Apparent depth = 40 – (9.6) = 30.4 cm below the surface. 
19. The presence of air medium in between the sheets does not affect the shift. = 1.4 t = 0.4 cm
The shift will be due to 3 sheets of different refractive index other than air. 1 cm 
 1   1  1 = 1.3 t = 0.3 cm
= 1  (0.2)   1  13  (0.3)   1  14  (0.4) 1 cm 
 1.2     
= 1.2 t = 0.2 cm
= 0.2 cm above point P.
P
20. Total no. of slabs = k, thickness = t1, t2, t3 … tk
Refractive index = 1,2,3,4,…k
 1  1   1
 The shift t =  1   t1   1   t 2  ......   1   tk …(1)
  1   2    k 

If,   refractive index of combination of slabs and image is formed at same place,
 1
t =  1   (t1  t 2  ...  tk ) …(2)
 
18.4

04
 Chapter 18
Equation (1) and (2), we get,
 1  1  1   1 
  1    (t1  t 2  ...  tk )   1    t1   1    t 2  ......   1    tk
   1  2   k 
t t t 
= (t1  t 2  ...  tk )   1  2  ...  k 

 1  2  k 
k

1 k k
t 
 ti
=  
 i1
t1    1     i1
.
i1  1 
k
 (t1 / 1 )
i1

21. Given r = 6 cm, r1 = 4 cm, h1 = 8 cm

Let, h = final height of water column.
The volume of the cylindrical water column after the glass piece is put will be,
2
r h = 800  + r1 h1
2 
or r2h = 800 + r12h1 Water
or 62 h = 800 + 42  8 = 25.7 cm h–h1
h
There are two shifts due to glass block as well as water.
h1 Glass 8cm
 1   1 
So, t1 =  1   t0 =  1  3 / 2  8 = 2.26 cm 8cm
  0 
12cm 
 1   1 
And, t2 =  1   t w  1   (25.7  8) = 4.44 cm.
 w   4/3 
Total shift = (2.66 + 4.44) cm = 7.1 cm above the bottom.
22. a) Let x = distance of the image of the eye formed above the surface as seen by the fish
H Real depth 1
So,   or x = H
x Apparent depth  
H 1
x
 H
So, distance of the direct image =  H  H(  ) y
2 2 H/2 
H 3H 3
S
 H/2
Similarly, image through mirror =  (H  x)   H  H(  )
2 2 2
H/ 2 H
b) Here, = , so, y =
y 2
Where, y = distance of the image of fish below the surface as seen by eye.
H  1 
So, Direct image = H + y = H   H1 
2  2 
Again another image of fish will be formed H/2 below the mirror.
So, the real depth for that image of fish becomes H + H/2 = 3H/2
So, Apparent depth from the surface of water = 3H/2
3H 3
So, distance of the image from the eye = H   H(1  ) .
2 2
23. According to the figure, x/3 = cot r …(1)
sini 1 3 r
Again,   3cm
B 90° C
sinr 1.33 4
r i
4 4 3 4 BC 3 4cm
 sin r = sini    (because sin i =  ) D 
3 3 5 5 AC 5
 cot r = 3/4 …(2) A

From (1) and (2)  x/3 = ¾
 x = 9/4 = 2.25 cm.
 Ratio of real and apparent depth = 4 : (2.25) = 1.78.
18.5

05
 Chapter 18
24. For the given cylindrical vessel, dimetre = 30 cm
 r = 15 cm and h = 30 cm
sini 3  4
Now,   w  1.33   
sinr 4  3 15cm r
 sin i = 3 / 4 2 [because r = 45°]
i
The point P will be visible when the refracted ray makes angle 45° at point of P d
refraction.
Let x = distance of point P from X. P C

x  10 10cm 5cm
Now, tan 45° = x
d
 d = x + 10 …(1)
Again, tan i = x/d
3 d  10  3 3 
  since, sini   tani  
23 d  4 2 23 
3 10 23  10
 1  d = 26.7 cm.
23 d 23  3
25. As shown in the figure,
sin 45 2 sin 45 1 45°
  sinr    r  21
sinr 1 2 2 2 A
r
Therefore,  = (45° – 21°) = 24° 2cm=AE
r D
Here, BD = shift in path = AB sin 24°
 shift 
E B 45°
AE
= 0.406  AB   0.406 = 0.62 cm.
cos 21
26. For calculation of critical angle,
sini 2 sinC 15 75
   
sinr 1 sin90 1.72 86
 75 
 C = sin1  .
 26 
27. Let c be the critical angle for the glass
A
sin c 1 1 2 2
  sin c    c  sin1  
sin90 x 1.5 3 3  90°–
90°–
From figure, for total internal reflection, 90° –  > c 
B C
  < 90° – c   < cos–1(2/3)
So, the largest angle for which light is totally reflected at the surface is cos–1(2/3).
28. From the definition of critical angle, if refracted angle is more than 90°, then reflection occurs, which is
known as total internal reflection.
So, maximum angle of refraction is 90°.
29. Refractive index of glass g = 1.5

Given, 0° < i < 90°
Let, C  Critical angle.
sinC a sinC 1 i
   = 0.66 40°48 45° 90°
sinr g sin90 15
 C = 40°48
The angle of deviation due to refraction from glass to air increases as the angle of incidence increases
from 0° to 40°48. The angle of deviation due to total internal reflection further increases for 40°48 to
45° and then it decreases.
30. g = 1.5 = 3/2 ; w = 1.33 = 4/3

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 Chapter 18
For two angles of incidence,
1) When light passes straight through normal, T=0
i =0 
 Angle of incidence = 0°, angle of refraction = 0°, angle of deviation = 0
glass
2) When light is incident at critical angle,
T=0 water
sinC  w i =0 
 (since light passing from glass to water)
sinr g
–1
 sin C = 8/9  C = sin (8/9) = 62.73°.
r
–1 –1
 Angle of deviation = 90° – C = 90° – sin (8/9) = cos (8/9) = 37.27° glass

Here, if the angle of incidence is increased beyond critical angle, total internal T=90°
reflection occurs and deviation decreases. So, the range of deviation is 0 to water
–1
cos (8/9).
–1 –1
31. Since,  = 1.5, Critial angle = sin (1/) = sin (1/1.5) = 41.8°
We know, the maximum attainable deviation in refraction is (90° – 41.8°) = 47.2°
So, in this case, total internal reflection must have taken place.
In reflection,
Deviation = 180° – 2i = 90°  2i = 90°  i = 45°.
32. a) Let, x = radius of the circular area
x
 tan C (where C is the critical angle)
h x x
c h c
x sinC 1/ 
   (because sin C = 1/) S
h 2
1  sin C 1
1 2

x 1 h
  or x =
h 2
 1 2
 1
So, light escapes through a circular area on the water surface directly above the point source.
b) Angle subtained by a radius of the area on the source, C = sin1 1/   .
33. a) As shown in the figure, sin i = 15/25
sini 1 3
So,  
sinr  4 ceiling
xm
 sin r = 4/5 2m 15
Again, x/2 = tan r (from figure) r

tanr x/2 i
So, sin r =  20cm
2
1  tan r 1  x2 / 4
x 4
 
4x 2 5
 25x2 = 16(4 + x2)  9x2 = 64  x = 8/3 m
 Total radius of shadow = 8/3 + 0.15 = 2.81 m
b) For maximum size of the ring, i = critical angle = C
Let, R = maximum radius
sinC R 3
 sin C =   (since, sin r = 1)
sinr 2
20  R 2 4
2 2
 16R = 9R + 9  400
 7R2 = 9  400
 R = 22.67 cm.

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 Chapter 18
34. Given, A = 60°,  = 1.732
Since, angle of minimum deviation is given by,
 A  m 
sin  
=  2   1.732  ½ = sin(30 + m/2) 60°
m
sin A / 2 i
r
–1
 sin (0.866) = 30 + m/2  60° = 30 m/2  m = 60°
Now, m = i + i – A
 60° = i + i – 60° ( = 60° minimum deviation)
 i = 60°. So, the angle of incidence must be 60°.
35. Given  = 1.5
And angle of prism = 4° 4°
 A  m 
sin  
=  2   (A  m ) / 2 (for small angle sin  = )
sin A / 2 (A / 2)
A  m 4  m
 =  1.5 =  m = 4°  (1.5) – 4° = 2°.
2 4
36. Given A = 60° and  = 30°
We know that,
 A  m  60  m
sin   sin
 2  2 60  m
=   2sin
sin A / 2 sin30 2
Since, one ray has been found out which has deviated by 30°, the angle of minimum deviation should
be either equal or less than 30°. (It can not be more than 30°).
60  m
So,   2 sin (because  will be more if m will be more)
2
or,   2  1/ 2 or,   2 .
37. 1 = 1, 2 = 1.5, R = 20 cm (Radius of curvature), u = –25 cm +ve

–sign convertion
    1 1.5 0.5 1 1 1 3 =1.0 =1.5
 2  1 2      
v u R v 20 25 40 25 200 S C

 v = –200  0.5 = –100 cm. 25cm 20cm

So, the image is 100 cm from (P) the surface on the side of S.
38. Since, paraxial rays become parallel after refraction i.e. image is formed at .
+ve
v = , 1 = 1.33, u = ?, 2 = 1.48, R = 30 cm 
–sign convertion

 2 1  2  1 1.48 1.33 1.48  1.33 1.33 0.15 =1.33 =1.48 

      
v u R  u 30 u 30 O P C

 u = –266.0 cm
 Object should be placed at a distance of 266 cm from surface (convex) on side A.
30cm
39. Given, 2 = 2.0
 1   1
So, critical angle = sin1    sin1   = 30°

 2 2
a) As angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, the rays are totally
reflected internally.
C
    1
b) Here, 2  1  2 A
v u R 45°
2  1  2 1 B
     [For parallel rays, u = ]
v   3 3cm
2 1 A
   v = 6 cm
v 3
 If the sphere is completed, image is formed diametrically opposite of A.
c) Image is formed at the mirror in front of A by internal reflection.
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 Chapter 18
40. a) Image seen from left :
+ve
u = (5 – 15) = –3.5 cm 
R = –5 cm
 2 1  2  1 1 1.5 1  1.5
      1.5cm
v u R v 3.5 5
A O C
1 1 3 70
   v= = –3 cm (inside the sphere). 3.5cm
v 10 7 23
 Image will be formed, 2 cm left to centre.
b) Image seen from right :
+ve
u = –(5 + 1.5) = –6.5 cm 
R = –5 cm
    1 1 1.5 1  1.5
 2  1 2   
v u R v 6.5 5
C B
1 1 3 130
   v=– = –7.65 cm (inside the sphere).
v 10 13 17 6.5cm
 Image will be formed, 2.65 cm left to centre.
41. R1 = R2 = 10 cm, t = 5 cm, u = –
For the first refraction, (at A) 15cm
 g a  g  a 1.5 1.5
  or 0 
v u R1 v 10
A B
 v = 30 cm.
nd
Again, for 2 surface, u = (30 – 5) = 25 cm (virtual object)
R2 = –10 cm
+ve –Sign convention
1 15 0.5  for both surfaces
So,    v = 9.1 cm.
v 25 10
nd
So, the image is formed 9.1 cm further from the 2 surface of the lens.
42. For the refraction at convex surface A.
 = –, 1 = 1, 2 = ?
a) When focused on the surface, v = 2r, R = r Image
    1
So, 2  1  2
v u R
 2 2  1 v=2r
   2 = 22 – 2  2 = 2
2r r
b) When focused at centre, u = r1, R = r
    1
So, 2  1  2
v u R Image
 2 2  1
   2 = 2 – 1.
R r v=r
This is not possible.
So, it cannot focus at the centre.
43. Radius of the cylindrical glass tube = 1 cm
 Glass rod
    1 3/2
We know, 2  1  2
v u R
4/3
Here, u = –8 cm, 2 = 3/2, 1 = 4/3, R = +1 cm
water 8cm
3 4 3 1 1
So,     v=
2v 3  8 2v 6 6
 The image will be formed at infinity.

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 Chapter 18
44. In the first refraction at A.
2 = 3/2, 1 = 1, u = 0, R = 
    1
So, 2  1  2
v u R
B
 v = 0 since (R   and u = 0)
The image will be formed at the point, Now for the second refraction at B,
u = –3 cm, R = –3 cm, 1 = 3/2, 2 = 1 3cm object
1 3 1  1.5 1
So,    A
v 23 3 6
1 1 1 1
   
v 6 2 3
 v = –3 cm,  There will be no shift in the final image.
45. Thickness of glass = 3 cm, g = 1.5
 1 
Image shift = 3  1  
 1.5  3cm
I
[Treating it as a simple refraction problem because the upper surface is flat and
the spherical surface is in contact with the object]
O
0.5
= 3 = 1 cm.
1.5
The image will appear 1 cm above the point P.
46. As shown in the figure, OQ = 3r, OP = r
So, PQ = 2r
For refraction at APB Q
2r
    1
We know, 2  1  2
v u R P
1.5 1 0.5 1
    [because u = –2r]
v 2r r 2r
A O B
v= r
For the reflection in concave mirror
C
u=
So, v = focal length of mirror = r/2
For the refraction of APB of the reflected image.
Here, u = –3r/2
1 1.5 0.5
  [Here, 1 = 1.5 and 2 = 1 and R = –r]
v 3r / 2 r
 v = –2r
As, negative sign indicates images are formed inside APB. So, image should be at C.
So, the final image is formed on the reflecting surface of the sphere.
47. a) Let the pin is at a distance of x from the lens.
    1
Then for 1st refraction, 2  1  2 Pin 
v u R x
Here 2 = 1.5, 1 = 1, u = –x, R = –60 cm
1.5 1 0.5
  
v  x 60
 120(1.5x + v) = –vx …(1)
 v(120 + x) = –180x
180x
v=
120  x
This image distance is again object distance for the concave mirror.
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 Chapter 18
180x
u= , f = –10 cm ( f = R/2)
120  x
1 1 1 1 1 (120  x)
     
v u f v1 10 180x
1 120  x  18x 180x
   v1 =
v1 180x 120  17x
Again the image formed is refracted through the lens so that the image is formed on the object taken in
st nd
the 1 refraction. So, for 2 refraction.
According to sign conversion v = –x, 2 = 1, 1 = 1.5, R = –60
    1 180x
Now, 2  1  2 [u = ]
v u R 120  17x
1 1.5 0.5
  (120  17x) 
 x 180x 60
1 120  17x 1
  
x 120x 120
Multiplying both sides with 120 m, we get
120 + 120 – 17x = –x
 16x = 240  x = 15 cm
 Object should be placed at 15 cm from the lens on the axis.
48. For the double convex lens
f = 25 cm, R1 = R and R2 = –2R (sign convention)
1  1 1  +ve
 (  1)    
f  R1 R2 
1 1 1   3R 
  (15  1)    = 0.5  
25  R 2R   2  C2 C1
1 31
   R = 18.75 cm
25 4 R R2 R1
R1 = 18.75 cm, R2 = 2R = 37.5 cm.
49. R1 = +20 cm ; R2 = +30 cm ;  = 1.6
a) If placed in air :
1  1 1   1.6   1 1 
 ( g  1)    =  1  1  20  30  R1
f R
 1 R 2 

 f = 60/6 = 100 cm C1 C2
b) If placed in water :
1  1 1   1.6  1 1  R2
 ( w  1)    =  1.33  1  20  30 
f R
 1 R 2 

 f = 300 cm
50. Given  = 1.5
Magnitude of radii of curvatures = 20 cm and 30 cm
The 4types of possible lens are as below.
1  1 1 
 (  1)   
f R
 1 R 2 

Case (1) : (Double convex) [R1 = +ve, R2 = –ve]

1  1 1 
 (15  1)     f = 24 cm
f  20 30 
Case (2) : (Double concave) [R1 = –ve, R2 = +ve]
1  1 1 
 (15  1)     f = –24 cm
f  20 30 
18.11

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 Chapter 18
Case (3) : (Concave concave) [R1 = –ve, R2 = –ve]
1  1 1 
 (15  1)     f = –120 cm
f  20 30 
Case (4) : (Concave convex) [R1 = +ve, R2 = +ve]
1  1 1 
 (15  1)     f = +120 cm
f  20 30 
51. a) When the beam is incident on the lens from medium 1.
    1     1
Then 2  1  2 or 2  1  2
v u R v (  ) R 1
3
1   1  2R 2
or  2 or v =
v  2R  2  1
3 2 3  2
Again, for 2nd refraction,  
v u R +ve

3    2      2  2  1 
or,   3  2 (2  1 )    3 
v  R  2R   R 1 3
2
  3R 
or, v =   
 3  22  1 
 3R
So, the image will be formed at =
2 2  1  3
1R
b) Similarly for the beam from 3 medium the image is formed at .
2 2  1  3
52. Given that, f = 10 cm A
a) When u = –9.5 cm
A
1 1 1 1 1 1 0.2
     
v u f v 10 9.8 98 B F B F
 v = – 490 cm
v 490 9.8cm
So,  m =  = 50 cm
u 9.8 10cm
So, the image is erect and virtual. (Virtual image)
b) When u = –10.2 cm A
1 1 1 1 1 1 102
      F B
v u f v 10 10.2 0.2 B F
 v = 510 cm A
v 510
So, m =  10cm
u 9.8 10.2cm
The image is real and inverted. (Real image)
53. For the projector the magnification required is given by
v 200
m=   u = 17.5 cm
u 3.5
[35 mm > 23 mm, so the magnification is calculated taking object size 35 mm]
Now, from lens formula,
1 1 1
  
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 1
     
v u f 1000 17.5 f
 f = 17.19 cm.

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 Chapter 18
54. When the object is at 19 cm from the lens, let the image will be at, v1.
1 1 1 1 1 1
     
v1 u1 f v1 19 12
21cm V1
 v1 = 32.57 cm
Again, when the object is at 21 cm from the lens, let the image will
19cm v2
be at, v2
1 1 1 1 1 1 M B A M B
      A
v 2 u2 f v 2 21 12 20cm

 v2 = 28 cm
A B v1  v 2
 Amplitude of vibration of the image is A = 
2 2
32.57  28
A= = 2.285 cm.
2 A
55. Given, u = –5 cm, f = 8 cm
A
1 1 1 1 1 3
So,     
v u f 8 5 40 F
B F B
 v = –13.3 cm (virtual image).
56. Given that,
(–u) + v = 40 cm = distance between object and image
ho = 2 cm, hi = 1 cm
h v
Since i  = magnification
ho u
1 v 40cm
   u = –2v …(1)
2 u
A
1 1 1 1 1 1 h0
Now,      B
B
v u f v 2v f h2
A
3 1 2v u
  f …(2) v
2v f 3
Again, (–u) + v = 40
 3v = 40  v = 40/3 cm
2  40
f= = 8.89 cm = focal length
33
From eqn. (1) and (2)
u = –2v = –3f = –3(8.89) = 26.7 cm = object distance.
57. A real image is formed. So, magnification m = –2 (inverted image)
v
 = –2  v = –2u = (–2) (–18) =36
u
1 1 1 1 1 1
From lens formula,     
v u f 36 18 f
 f = 12 cm
Now, for triple sized image m = –3 = (v/u)
1 1 1 1 1 1
     
v u f 3u u 12
 3u = –48  u = –16 cm
So, object should be placed 16 cm from lens.
58. Now we have to calculate the image of A and B. Let the images be A, B. So, length of A B = size of
image.
For A, u = –10 cm, f = 6 cm

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 Chapter 18
1 1 1 1 1 1
Since,     
v u f v 10 6
 v = 15 cm = OA
For B, u = –12 cm, f = 6 cm B A O B A
1 1 1 1 1 1
Again,      2cm
v u f v 6 12
11cm
 v = 12 cm = OB
AB = OA – OB = 15 – 12 = 3 cm.
So, size of image = 3 cm.
59. u = –1.5  1011 m ; f = +20  10–2 m
Since, f is very small compared to u, distance is taken as . So, image will be formed at focus.
 v = +20  10–2 m
v himage
 We know, m = 
u hobject

20  10 2 Dimage
 11

1.5  10 1.4  109
 Dimage = 1.86 mm
Dimage
So, radius = = 0.93 mm.
2
60. Given, P = 5 diopter (convex lens)
 f = 1/5 m = 20 cm
Since, a virtual image is formed, u and v both are negative.
f = 20 cm
Given, v/u = 4
 v = 4u …(1)
1 1 1
From lens formula,   F
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 4 3 u
     
f 4u u 20 4u 4u v
 u = –15 cm
 Object is placed 15 cm away from the lens.
61. Let the object to placed at a distance x from the lens further away from the mirror.
For the concave lens (1st refraction) A
u = –x, f = –20 cm A
From lens formula, B
B B O
1 1 1 1 1 1
     A
v u f v 20  x
x 5cm
 20x 
 v =  
 x  20 
So, the virtual image due to fist refraction lies on the same side as that of object. (AB)
This image becomes the object for the concave mirror.
For the mirror,
 20x   25x  100 
u = 5     
 x  20   x  20 
f = –10 cm
From mirror equation,
1 1 1 1 1 x  20
    
v u f v 10 25x  100

18.14

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 Chapter 18
50(x  4)
v=
3x  20
So, this image is formed towards left of the mirror.
Again for second refraction in concave lens,
 50(x  4) 
u = – 5  (assuming that image of mirror is formed between the lens and mirro)
 3x  20 
v = +x (Since, the final image is produced on the object)
Using lens formula,
1 1 1 1 1 1
    
v u f x 50(x  4 20
5
3x  20
 x = 60 cm
The object should be placed at a distance 60 cm from the lens further away from the mirror.
So that the final image is formed on itself.
62. It can be solved in a similar manner like question no.61, by using the sign conversions properly. Left as
an exercise for the student.
63. If the image in the mirror will form at the focus of the converging lens, then after transmission through
the lens the rays of light will go parallel.
Let the object is at a distance x cm from the mirror
 u = –x cm ; v = 25 – 15 = 10 cm (because focal length of lens = 25 cm)
f = 40 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
     
v u f x 10 40
P
 x = 400/30 = 40/3 O Q F
 40  5 

 The object is at distance  15    = 1.67 cm from the lens. x
 3  3
15cm
64. The object is placed in the focus of the converging mirror.
There will be two images.
a) One due to direct transmission of light through lens.
b) One due to reflection and then transmission of the rays through lens.
Case I : (S) For the image by direct transmission,
40cm
u = –40 cm, f = 15 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 S
     
v u f v 15 40 S S
 v = 24 cm (left of lens)
Case II : (S) Since, the object is placed on the focus of mirror, after 50cm
reflection the rays become parallel for the lens.
So, u = 
 f = 15 cm
1 1 1
    v = 15 cm (left of lens)
v u f
65. Let the source be placed at a distance ‘x’ from the lens as shown, so that images formed by both
coincide.
1 1 1 15x
For the lens,    v  …(1) x
v   x 15 x  15
Fro the mirror, u = –(50 – x), f = –10 cm
S O S
1 1 1
So,  
v m (50  x) 10
50cm

18.15

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 Chapter 18
1 1 1
  
v m (50  x) 10
10(50  x)
So, vm = …(2)
x  40
Since the lens and mirror are 50 cm apart,
15x 10(50  x)
v   v m  50    50
x  15 (x  40)
 x = 30 cm.
So, the source should be placed 30 cm from the lens.
66. Given that, f1 = 15 cm, Fm = 10 cm, ho = 2 cm
1 1 1 30cm
The object is placed 30 cm from lens   . A A
v u f
2cm
B
uf B
B
v= B
uf A A
Since, u = –30 cm and f = 15 cm
50cm
So, v = 30 cm
So, real and inverted image (AB) will be formed at 30 cm from the lens and it will be of same size as
the object. Now, this real image is at a distance 20 cm from the concave mirror. Since, fm = 10 cm, this
real image is at the centre of curvature of the mirror. So, the mirror will form an inverted image AB at
the same place of same size.
Again, due to refraction in the lens the final image will be formed at AB and will be of same size as that
of object. (AB)
67. For the lens, f = 15 cm, u = –30 cm
1 1 1
From lens formula,   =1.5
v u f
1 1 1 1
     v = 30 cm
v 15 30 30
The image is formed at 30 cm of right side due to lens only.
Again, shift due to glass slab is, 30cm 1cm

 1
= t =  1   1 [since, g = 1.5 and t = 1 cm]
 15 
= 1 – (2/3) = 0.33 cm
 The image will be formed at 30 + 0.33 = 30.33 cm from the lens on right side.
68. Let, the parallel beam is first incident on convex lens.
d = diameter of the beam = 5 mm
=1.5
Now, the image due to the convex lens should be formed on its A
focus (point B) P
Z R
So, for the concave lens,
u = +10 cm (since, the virtual object is on the right of concave lens) Q

f = –10 cm B
1cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 10cm 10cm
So,       0 v = 
v u f v 10 10
So, the emergent beam becomes parallel after refraction in concave lens.
As shown from the triangles XYB and PQB,
PQ RB 10 1
  
XY ZB 20 2
So, PQ = ½  5 = 25 mm
So, the beam diameter becomes 2.5 mm.
Similarly, it can be proved that if the light is incident of the concave side, the beam diameter will be 1cm.

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 Chapter 18
69. Given that, f1 = focal length of converging lens = 30 cm
f2 = focal length of diverging lens = –20 cm
and d = distance between them = 15 cm
Let, F = equivalent focal length
1 1 1 d 1  1   15  1
So,          
F f1 f2 f1f2 30  20   30(200  120
 F = 120 cm
 The equivalent lens is a converging one.
Distance from diverging lens so that emergent beam is parallel (image at infinity),
dF 15  120
d1 =  = 60 cm
f1 30
It should be placed 60 cm left to diverging lens
 Object should be placed (120 – 60) = 60 cm from diverging lens.
dF 15  120
Similarly, d2 =  = 90 cm
f2 20
So, it should be placed 90 cm right to converging lens.
 Object should be placed (120 + 90) = 210 cm right to converging lens.
70. a) First lens :
u = –15 cm, f = 10 cm
1 1 1 1  1 1
       
v u f v  15  10
 v = 30 cm 15cm
So, the final image is formed 10 cm right of second lens. 1st  2nd
b) m for 1st lens :
v himage  30  himage
  
u hobject  15  5mm
 himage = –10 mm (inverted)
40cm
Second lens :
u = –(40 – 30) = –10 cm ; f = 5 cm
[since, the image of 1st lens becomes the object for the second lens].
1 1 1 1  1 1
      
v u f v  10  5
 v = 10 cm
nd
m for 2 lens :
v himage  10  himage
  
u hobject  10  10
 himage = 10 mm (erect, real).
c) So, size of final image = 10 mm
71. Let u = object distance from convex lens = –15 cm
v1 = image distance from convex lens when alone = 30 cm
f1 = focal length of convex lens 60cm
1 1 1
Now,   
v1 u f1
1 1 1 1 1
or,     15cm
f1 30 15 30 15 30cm
or f1 = 10 cm
Again, Let v = image (final) distance from concave lens = +(30 + 30) = 60 cm
v1 = object distance from concave lens = +30 m
18.17

17
 Chapter 18
f2 = focal length of concave lens
1 1 1
Now,   
v v1 f1
1 1 1
or,    f2 = –60 cm.
f1 60 30
So, the focal length of convex lens is 10 cm and that of concave lens is 60 cm.
72. a) The beam will diverge after coming out of the two convex lens system because, the image formed by
the first lens lies within the focal length of the second lens.
st 1 1 1 1 1
b) For 1 convex lens,     (since, u = –)
v u f v 10
or, v = 10 cm
f1 =10cm f2 =10cm
nd 1 1 1
for 2 convex lens,  
v f u
1 1 1 1
or,   
v  10 (15  10) 10
or, v = –10 cm 15cm
st
So, the virtual image will be at 5 cm from 1 convex lens.
c) If, F be the focal length of equivalent lens,
1 1 1 d 1 1 15 1
Then,       =
F f1 f2 f1f2 10 10 100 20
 F = 20 cm.
73. Let us assume that it has taken time ‘t’ from A to B.
1
 AB = gt 2
2
A
1 
 BC = h – gt 2 ½ gt2
2 h B
This is the distance of the object from the lens at any time ‘t’. C
1
Here, u = – ( h – gt 2 )
2
R
2 = (given) and 1 = i (air)
 1  1
So,   
v 1 2 R
(h  gf )
2
1
(  1)(h  gt 2 )  R
  1 1 2
   
v R 1 2 1 2
(h  gt ) R(h  gt )
2 2
1
R(h  gt 2 )
So, v = image distance at any time ‘t’ = 2
1
(  1)(h  gt 2 )  R
2
 1 
R(h  gt 2 )
dv d  2  R2 gt
So, velocity of the image = V =    (can be found out).
dt dt  1 1
(  1)(h  gt 2 )  R  (  1)(h  gt 2 )  R
 2  2
74. Given that, u = distance of the object = –x
f = focal length = –R/2
and, V = velocity of object = dx/dt

18.18

18
 Chapter 18
1 1 2
From mirror equation,  
x v R
1 2 1 R  2x Rx
   v= = Image distance
v R x Rx R  2x v
So, velocity of the image is given by,
Object Image
d d
[ (xR)(R  2x)]  [ (R  2x)][xR]
dv dt dt
V1 = 
dt (R  2x)2
x
dx dx
R[ (R  2x)]  [2 x]
dt dt R[v(R  2x)  2vx0
= 
(R  2x)2 (R  2x)2
VR2 R[VR  2xV  2xV
= 2
 .
(2x  R) (R  2x)2
75. a) When t < d/V, the object is approaching the mirror
As derived in the previous question, t < (d/v)
2
vm = 0
Velocity of object  R V
Vimage =
[2  distance between them  R]2
M
VR 2 d
 Vimage = [At any time, x = d – Vt]
[2(d  Vt)  R]2
b) After a time t > d/V, there will be a collision between the mirror and the mass.
As the collision is perfectly elastic, the object (mass) will come to rest and the mirror starts to move
away with same velocity V.
At any time t > d/V, the distance of the mirror from the mass will be
 d
x = V  t    Vt  d
 V
Here, u = –(Vt – d) = d – Vt ; f = –R/2 V t < (d/v)

1 1 1 1 1 1  R  2(d  Vt) 
So,          VB = 0 
v u f v d  Vt ( R / 2)  R(d  Vt)  
 R(d  Vt)  x
 v =   = Image distance
 R  2(d  Vt) 
So, Velocity of the image will be,
d d  R(d  Vt) 
Vimage = (Image distance) =
dt dt  R  2(d  Vt) 
Let, y = (d – Vt)
dy
  V
dt
d  Ry  (R  2y)R(  V)  Ry( 2)(  V)
So, Vimage = 
dt  R  2y  (R  2y)2
 R  2y  2y   VR 2
=  Vr  2 
 2
 (R  2y)  (R  2y)
Since, the mirror itself moving with velocity V,
 R2 
Absolute velocity of image = V 1  2
(since, V = Vmirror + Vimage)
 (R  2y) 
 R2 
= V 1  2
.
 [2(Vt  d)  R 

18.19

19
 Chapter 18
mV
76. Recoil velocity of gun = Vg = .
M
mV  m
At any time ‘t’, position of the bullet w.r.t. mirror = Vt  t   1   Vt
M  M
 m
For the mirror, u =   1   Vt  kVt
 M mirror
v = position of the image v
vg = (mV)/m
From lens formula,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f  kVt
       
v f u v f kVt kVt f kVtf
 m 
Let  1   k  ,
 M 
kVft  kVtf 
So, v =  
kVt  f  f  kVt 
So, velocity of the image with respect to mirror will be,
dv d  kVtf  (f  kVt)kVf  kVtf( kV) kVt 2
v1 =     
dt dt  f  kVt  (f  kVt)2
(f  kVt)2
Since, the mirror itself is moving at a speed of mV/M and the object is moving at ‘V’, the velocity of
separation between the image and object at any time ‘t’ will be,
mV kVf 2
vs = V + 
M (f  kVt)2
When, t = 0 (just after the gun is fired),
mV m  m  m
vs = V   kV  V  V   1   V  2  1   V
M M  M  M
77. Due to weight of the body suppose the spring is compressed by which is the mean position of
oscillation.
–3 –2 –2
m = 50  10 kg, g = 10 ms , k = 500 Nm , h = 10 cm = 0.1 m
–3
For equilibrium, mg = kx  x = mg/k = 10 m = 0.1 cm 30 cm
So, the mean position is at 30 + 0.1 = 30.1 cm from P (mirror). 
Suppose, maximum compression in spring is .
Since, E.K.E. – I.K.E. = Work done
2
 0 – 0 = mg(h + ) – ½ k (work energy principle)
2 –3 2
 mg(h + ) = ½ k  50  10  10(0.1 + ) = ½ 500  Fig-A
0.5  0.25  50
So,  = = 0.015 m = 1.5 cm.
2  250
From figure B,
Position of B is 30 + 1.5 = 31.5 cm from pole. mirror

Amplitude of the vibration = 31.5 – 30.1 – 1.4.

A 30.1 cm
Position A is 30.1 – 1.4 = 28.7 cm from pole. 
For A u = –31.5, f = –12 cm 1.4cm

1 1 1 1 1 mean
     1.4cm
v f u 12 31.5 B
 vA = –19.38 cm
Fig-B
For B f = –12 cm, u = –28.7 cm
1 1 1 1 1
   
v f u 12 28.7
 vB = –20.62 cm
The image vibrates in length (20.62 – 19.38) = 1.24 cm.

18.20

20
 Chapter 18
78. a) In time, t = R/V the mass B must have moved (v  R/v) = R closer to the mirror stand
So, For the block B :
u = –R, f = –R/2
1 1 1 2 1 1
     
v f u R R R 2R R
 v = –R at the same place.
For the block A : u = –2R, f = –R/2 v
1 1 1 2 1 3 m m
     
v f u R 2R 2R
A B
origin
2R 2R
v= image of A at from PQ in the x-direction.
3 3
So, with respect to the given coordinate system,
2R
 Position of A and B are , R respectively from origin.
3
b) When t = 3R/v, the block B after colliding with mirror stand must have come to rest (elastic collision)
and the mirror have travelled a distance R towards left form its initial position.
So, at this point of time, R R

For block A :
u = –R, f = –R/2 v

Using lens formula, v = –R (from the mirror), m  m

So, position xA = –2R (from origin of coordinate system) A B

origin
For block B :
Image is at the same place as it is R distance from mirror. Hence,
R 2R
position of image is ‘0’.
Distance from PQ (coordinate system)
 positions of images of A and B are = –2R, 0 from origin. v
m B m
c) Similarly, it can be proved that at time t = 5R/v,
the position of the blocks will be –3R and –4R/3 respectively. A origin B 
79. Let a = acceleration of the masses A and B (w.r.t. elevator). From the freebody diagrams,
T – mg + ma – 2m = 0 …(1) a
T
Similarly, T – ma = 0 …(2) m
From (1) and (2), 2ma – mg – 2m = 0 A a
ma 

 2ma = m(g + 2) m B 2m/s2

10  2 12
a=  = 6 ms–2
2 2
so, distance travelled by B in t = 0.2 sec is,
1 1 mg
s = at 2   6  (0.2)2 = 0.12 m = 12 cm.
2 2 ma T
m(2) 
So, Distance from mirror, u = –(42 – 12) = –30 cm ; f = +12 cm FBD-B
FBD-A
1 1 1 1  1  1
From mirror equation,        
v u f v  30  12
 v = 8.57 cm
Distance between image of block B and mirror = 8.57 cm.



18.21

21