Big Data in Law Enforcement and Litigation

BIG DATA IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AND LITIGATION
1.Law and Legal Science in the Age of Big Data

Zsolt Zodi, June (2017)
This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the connection of law and legal science,
on the one hand, and the Big Data phenomenon, on the other. This paper makes a distinction
whereby there are two levels of interplay between Big Data and the law. A vast amount of data
is generated on the internet every second by people and by machines.
This paper has highlighted on the topic of open-data. The author stated that Privacy should not
be thought of merely as how much is secret, but rather about what rules are in place (legal,
social, or otherwise) to govern the use of information as well as its disclosure in the field of law
making and policy design, it is likely that better rules and regulations can be created with the
help of BD. The author believes that BD offers possibilities in law making, lawyering and legal
science.
The author strongly believes Experimental law-making, legal enforcement based on data, and
in-depth analysis of cases, fields of law, judges and courts will soon become parts of legal
practice and will play an increasingly important role in the coming years.
2. Big Data Analytics in Law Enforcement case study

Yasmin Aruni, October 2018
This paper states Big data analytics combines two concepts: big data and data analytics.
According to the Author BD has enormous amount of data, both structured and unstructured,
which can produce valuable insights when combined with data analytics (a process of applying
algorithms in examining data to find patterns, relationships, and information).
The author spoke about how BD has not only experienced by corporations but also by the
government. Big data analytics can also be used to develop rehabilitative measures with a goal
to reinstate the crime offenders back into the society and to prevent the future offenses.
However, in this paper it is argued that the usage of big data analytics platform in law
enforcement has several negative implications such as the violation of privacy and civil liberties.
Sensitive data are being collected without consent, and the analysis are being used to label
civilians as a threat to the society.
3. The Criminal Law and Law Enforcement Implications of Big Data

Sarah Brayne, October 2018
In this paper the author stated that Law enforcement agencies increasingly use big data
analytics in their daily operations.
This review outlines how police departments leverage big data and new surveillant
technologies in patrol and investigations.
It also distinguishes between directed surveillance—which involves the surveillance of
individuals and places under suspicion—and dragnet surveillance—which involves suspicion
less, unparticularized data collection.
Therefore, this review highlights open legal questions about data collection, suspicion
requirements, and police discretion. This paper concludes by offering suggestions for future
directions for researchers and practitioners.
4.Big Data and Policing: An Assessment of Law Enforcement Requirements, Expectations

and Priorities
Alexander Babuta,6 September 2017
This paper finds that the fragmentation of databases and software applications is a significant
impediment to the efficiency of police forces. The police forces do not have access to advanced
analytical tools to trawl and analyze unstructured data, such as images and video, and for this
reason are unable to take full advantage.
The author Recommended That Any major development in big data technology should be
informed by direct consultation with a representative sample of operational police officers and
staff. Analytical tools that predict the risks associated with individuals should use national,
rather than local data sets.
The author took Uk for example as, Major Database management system controlled by Uk
police Has an access to personal records, vehicle records and driver records. Finger prints and
DNA records.
5.Big Data: The End of Privacy or a New Beginning?

Ira S. Rubinstein
In this paper the author has highlighted the privacy issues. According to the author The DPD
(Data Protection Directive) should fundamentally relies on transparency and consent to ensure
that users make informed choices about sharing personal data with organizations.
This paper has argued that privacy laws such as the DPD (Data Protection Directive) have failed
to keep pace with technological changes or to limit the access of both the public and private
sectors.
The author firmly believes data minimization requirements would cripple Big Data and its
associated economic and social benefits; regulators should expect to see this requirement
largely observed in the breach.
6.Big Data: Survey, Technologies, Opportunities, and Challenges

Jung-Ryul Lee, 28 May 2014.
According to the author, the effective use of Big Data benefits 180 transform economies and
ushers in a new wave of productive growth.
This paper presents the fundamental concepts of Big Data. The data type that increases most
rapidly is unstructured data. That include the increase in data, the progressive demand for
HDDs (Hard disk drives), and the role of Big Data in the current environment of enterprise and
technology. Given the increase in data volume, data sources have increased in terms of size and
variety. Data are also generated in different formats (unstructured and/or semi structured),
which adversely affect data analysis, management, and storage.
The extraction of valuable data from large influx of information is a critical issue in Big Data.
Qualifying and validating all of the items in Big Data are impractical; hence, new approaches
must be developed.
with respect to outsourced data. Large amounts of data are stored in cloud platforms.
However, the author concludes by saying customers cannot physically check the outsourced
data. Thus, data integrity is jeopardized.
The discussion of policing with Big Data that follows will illustrate this point. This paper
considers the moral economy that both emerges from and is constitutive of stochastic
governance
7.Policing, crime and ‘big data’; towards a critique of the moral economy
of stochastic governance
Carrie B. Sanders & James Sheptycki, January 2017
The paper defines ‘stochastic governance’ as the governance of populations and territory
by reference to the statistical representations of metadata.
This Paper suggests that a hardening of the socio-legal and technical structures of
stochastic governance has already largely taken place.
This paper considers the moral economy that both emerges from and is constitutive of
stochastic governance.
This has come in the wake of more general considerations on the rise of this
phenomenon, which involves such massive amounts of data – measured in
gigabytes, terabytes, petabytes, zettabytes and beyond – so as to be
incomprehensible to the human mind and manipulable only by machine
means.
It is also said that Big Data often presents a facade of apparently rigorous,
systematized, mathematical and neutral logic and, where that has been
challenged, the response has only been to develop legal tools that facilitate the
ongoing development of stochastic governance.
8. Privacy, Law Enforcement, and National Security

(May 2007)
In this paper the very nature of law enforcement is an information-rich activity.

The information activities of law enforcement were broken into three categories.
In the first category, Gathering and analyzing information to determine how the
law has been violated was elaborated.
in the second category Gathering and analyzing information to determine the
identity of the person or persons responsible for a violation of law is explained
and it's been said in the third category that Gathering and analyzing information
to enable a legal showing in court that the person or persons identified in fact
were guilty of the violation.
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BIG DATA IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AND LITIGATION

1.Law and Legal Science in the Age of Big Data

2. Big Data Analytics in Law Enforcement case study

3. The Criminal Law and Law Enforcement Implications of Big Data

4.Big Data and Policing: An Assessment of Law Enforcement Requirements, Expectations

5.Big Data: The End of Privacy or a New Beginning?

6.Big Data: Survey, Technologies, Opportunities, and Challenges

8. Privacy, Law Enforcement, and National Security

In this paper the very nature of law enforcement is an information-rich activity.

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