'

B1 cell structure key concepts

All made
living things are up of cells
→ building
blocks of life
nucleus
prokaryotic → no

Cells all have

AnimalceU_
a

similar basic structure

→ has a

Eukaryotic
,

← Nucleus nucleus however they differentiate

and specialise to adapt
Mitochondrion for their purpose
←
\
[ T
cytoplasm Nucleus -

Mitochondrion
contains chromosomes

cell Ribosomes -

responsible for respiration

Membrane

have all the same cytoplasm -

where the cell 's chemical
reactions happen
structures as an animal

planted cell Plus 3 more

Ribosomes -
make essential proteins

for the cell

cell
cell Membrane controls what enters

iii.
-

and exits the cell

cell wall -
made of cellulose

vacuole
(
strong) protects the cell

chloroplast vacuole -
contains cell sap and

supports the cell

chloroplast where

Bactenh.ae#-
photosynthesis
-

happens
Ribosomes
←
1 Flagellum Flagellum -
rotates for movement

plasmid DNA -
small hoops of extra
DNA that aren't part of

[ ) cytoplasm
°

) chromosome

chromosomal plasmid
DNA
DNA
↳ (not in a nucleus )
 B1 Specialised cells key concepts

Most cells are specialised for a particular

function
Eggcell_ Gamete -
reproductive cells

(sperm +
egg)
) cytoplasm
nutrients in the
to feed haploid nucleus -
has half the amount
<
embryo of chromosomes (23)

I ichanges
diploid nucleus -
has the full amount
of chromosomes (46)
membrane
haploid structure once
fertilized
nucleus to stop more sperm when a cell

getting in differentiates ,
it switches
and and
genes on off
becomes specialised
SpermceU_
Haploid Nucleus
{ Aresome contains

Tail for movement

) to break
L
enzymes
down cell
egg
t ,
⑦ strengthened
head for penetration
mitochondria

for lots of
energy

cilialedI-pithelialce~ycil .ua move

sway
substances
to

lines the surface

of organs
µ
 core Practical

B1
Microscopy key concepts

Microscopes magnify specimen to make

them
larger
There are

microscope
types
two
:
of

Electron Microscope
Light Microscope

- Invented in 1590's -
Invented in 1930'S

lower resolution
higher resolution
-

structures can view smaller structures

can view
larger
-
-

such as nuclei such as mitochondria

cells
- can view
living
-
cannot
study living cells
→ electron microscopes
work in a vacuum

resolution -
how well a microscope
can
two
distinguish
points
between

Magmgicahon-umagescee-reals.ie#-:
Total
Magnification =
eye piece lens ✗
objective lens

Drawimgspecimenn
¥LEEDT -
use a sharp pencil
-
use clear unbroken lines
,

Eye piece - dont include

shading
Stay in proportion
mooch
-

Arm
-
label all parts
State
objective tense magnification and
-

scale
Rack stop
stage
stage clips condenser
coarse Focus

Lamp
Fine Focus

MAN _oo•
Base
 B1
Enzymes a
key concepts

biological catalysts
I ↳
made speed up
by reactions
living things
highly specific as
they can

only catalyse one

reaction
+
breakdown
> active site +
Substrate have

complementary
shapes
fit together)

(
synthesis
breakdown -

breaking big molecules

into smaller molecules

look + key
model
synthesis -

joining smaller molecules

together into bigger molecules

active site
Denaturing
c) ← substrate
Enzymes are not
living ,

can't
so
they
die
→
they denature

active site
changes shape
 B1 Enzyme a
Conditions key concepts

Temperature
Pjimum Too hot = heat breaks the
bonds
holding
the

Rate
enzyme together
of Too cold the doesn't
Reaction
=
enzyme
have
to work
enough energy

Temp

optimum -
most ideal
conditions
p_H
0µF

✓
µE%zyhm%dif§
Rate isserent pH 's
of can break the
reaction
ether
changes shape)

PH

The
higher
concentration
↳ susana
,
the more
likkg
the and substrate will
of enzyme
meet up and react
Reaction 1
however when
all active sites
are gut it makes

substrate
no difference
concentration
 core Practical

B1 Investigating key concepts

Enzyme Activity
is
amylase
the that
enzyme
breaks down add a

starch ①
drop

off iodine
amylase has

µ÷;÷:÷÷
when the iodine

② add 3cm
>

of

④ Every 10s

Ladd turns of drop some onto

= a tile
acid PH5

[ ③ then add
the
starch to

mixture
⑥ then repeat
at different
pH 's to compare
when
amylase
works
fastest
 core Practical

Food
Testing key
B1 concepts

Reduangsugar~_
Benedict 's
Reagent Test
① Add benedict
reagent to

sugar sample Lipids

② Heatgently with
water bath at 75°C
a
Emulsion Test

③ coloured precipitate ① Add ethanol to

sample and shake
will
form if sugar is
present
② pour into water

- 9 ③ will
go milky if
increasing brick lipids are present
concentration red
colour

proteins
Biuret Test

Add potassium
①
hydroxide
② Add copper sulfate
starch
③ will
go purple if Iodine Test
proteins are

present ① Add iodine

✓ ×
② will
go
blue / black
is starch is
present
✓ ×
 Calorimetry key
B1 concepts

calorimetry is used to find energy in

food
Retort stand
and clamp Thermometer we burn the food to
✗
,

c) see how much thermal

it
energy gives g-

Sy1 calorimeter

we track the temp

← burning
food Bunsen
change
to see
in the water
how much
Burner
✗ the food gave
energy
it

the good fuel

'
we use as a

Energy in Food (5) = Mass of water

(g) ✗ Temp
change
✗ 4.2

1-
waters
specific heat
some could capacity
energy ( how much
dissipate into the
energy it takes
results → calorimeter to raise
1kg of
surroundings so are
, water
by )
1°C
crowd be inaccurate made of copper to
conduct heat well
 B1 Diffusion and key concepts

Active Transport

Diffusion -
The overall movement of particles from
an area of
high to low concentration

⑧ ③ ⑧ •
•
•• • → •
•
③ ③
High concentration how concentration

Active Transport -
The overall movement of particles from
an area of how to
high concentration

③ ③
• • •
③ → •• •
• •
•
how concentration
High concentration

)
• High
DGgusionn-ctiretranspot-pass.ve

¥÷
needs
( no energy
energy)
-

High → low high -

how →

concentration
concentration against a
-

down a

gradient ←

,
 core Practical

B1 OSMOSIS key concepts

The overall movement g- water molecules from

concentration
a
high to low across a

partially permeable membrane

specifically concentration
water molecules
-

( diffusion)
-

high → low

-
partially permeable membrane

↳ allows only
some molecules
through
The water moves to
balance out the concentration
partially
f permeable

high → now

if water cone

potato chips is
higher inside

different
money t°thiPnwater will

insu①
concentrations
Of salt
°¥ut ✓
more

outside than

loose
<
mass
 B2
Mitosis cells and control

Mitosis is the process of cell division

↳ Important for
produces identical
growth and repair
daughter ↳ cells Identical DNA

always ↳ can be a

diploid problem if
cells spend most DNA is mutated
of their time in

Interphase
( 90% )

Interphase -
The cell prepares itself
for division
its
by replicating
I AND
DNA and
making more
organelles
prophase - The nucleus starts to
p WAN
break down and spindle

fibers appear

MN⑥
The chromosomes line
Metaphase -

in the middle of the

up
cell
M

Anaphase chromatids move

away
-

each other
from by
Telophase -
chromatids arriveat the
poles of the cell and the
nucleus reforms
T ①
Cytokinesis -
The
cytoplasm splits and
forms two
daughter cells C
Cancertumosn
A tumor is caused

by uncontrolled mitosis
where cells don't stop
,

dividing and cluster

together
 B2 Growth cells and control

Growth -

to increase in size or number

plant cells elongate and divide at roots and tips

Animal cells Auricle (mitosis

cell
differentiation -
cells switch
genes
on

off to become
d
or

Specialised instead of
happens at the
identical
8 car
stage
in remaining
humans

cell sperm cell

egg ( 23 chromosomes each)
↳ [
(46 Chromosomes)
Zygote

☐ Embryo

to
00
Specialised cells
1 group themselves
0000 Ken aisserenef.atia.int
Fetus
tissues

①①

←
Percentile
charts compare
growth
human
growth
 B2 Stem Cells cells and control

an specialised cell that can

un

differentiate into specialised cells

stem cells have

The
early embryo no particular
is made entirely function
stem
of embryonic
cells
↳ can specialise
into cell in
any when we become
the
body adults stem cells
only used
,
are

↳
for repair

adult stem
cells are already
partially specialised
loan only form
¥0T
a

limited number of
cells)
plant cells stem

cell in
can form any
a plant
\ plants never stem cells in
stop growing so they
Medicine
,

always needcells
new

specialised
we can stimulate
stem cells to produce
cells we need to cure
illness ,
however :

could continue to
divide and create
a tumor
-

body could reject

stem cells
 B2 Nervous System cells and control

central Nervous system CCNS) -

brain and spinal cord

peripheral CPNS)
Nervous
system another nerves
-

cell

dendrites ✗ body axon

dentro
ly
axon

yd
terminals

→
sensory neuron

dendrites axon

}f
terminals

ff
axon

dendrites
relay neuron

axon

{ axon
Femina →
essector
cells

mÑurons ( muscle or
gland)

Sheath
mylien

Response←Efctor←Neur
+ ↳
speeds
insulates
neurone stimulus Receptor
> ,
sensory
Neurone
→
Relay
Neurone
up impulse

+
Motor
?⃝
 B2
Synapses cells and control

a
tiny gap
between two neurones

ab£t 20mm wide

1) Impulse reaches axon

terminal where a neurotransmitter

means impulse ,

released into the

doesn't lose
strength ,
is
synapse
as a new impulse 2) neurotransmitters diffuse across
at
is
generated the
synapse
each neurone

3) detected
by next neurone which

generates a new impulse

cell

✓ Body
neurotransmitter
dendrites
derdron
Gon f t

of directions impulse ←µermmals

i
f myelin sheath f
dendrite ,
synapse cell
axon

body
Axon
Terminal directions impulse

Only terminals
released from
axon
,
so Slows down the
impulse impulse
in one
only goes
direction
 B2
Reflex Arc cells and control

Reflexes are unanimous activities

to harm designed
to stop the
body coming
unconscious -
no brain involvement

Muscle
← ( Effector)
No brain Regex
involvement
✗ Are
Receptor →

stops the
9
body
to harm stimulus
coming
 B2 The Brain cells and control

Parietal Lobe

É¥É÷¥¥É¥"E÷µ¥←
←

:-.
Kobbe

→
Frontal µ \ The cerebral content is
cerebellum made up of two
Lobe temporal
Lobe µ medulla left and right
hemispheres (halves)
oblongata µ
4 lobes make
up cerebral content

problems Parietal Lobe ( association

Treating
-
lobe)

in the CNS is comunicates with other

difficult as it is lobes .
Taste / Temp/ Touch

hard to access occupitial Lobe -

Processes our vision

and no adult
stem cells form Frontal Lobe -
executive functions
neurons in the CNS Planning / organisation
judgement /emotions
Temporal Lobe -

processes sound
and helps with
balance

cerebellum -

co-ordination and
procedural
memory
Medulla -

reflexes and unconscious

Oblongata processes ( breathing)

 Brain
B2
Scanning cells and control

we can find out more I view the brain

it
by scanning
Ctscanningm
- Shows shapes and
structures in the
brain

✗ beam passes
ray
-

around the head

in a circle

-
Detectors measure
how much is absorbed
the brain
by
-

produces an
image
the brain
of

PETScanningm
-
Shows brain activity
-

patient is
injected
with radioactive
glucose
-

Brain cells take this

in for respiration
→ more active
cells use more

The radioactin
-

glucose
cause
gamma rays
-
A scanner measures

this
 B2 The
Eye cells and control

lens
Lightneeds
that enters the

\ 7
eye
in
to be
the retina to
focused
produce
f
( ⑦ optical clear
a
image
cornea
nerve
retina
( roast cones)

Rodscones.me
receptor cells in the
eye
-

receptor cells in the

eye
-

detect differences in
light
-

detect colour
intensity
-

different cones detect -

processed shades of
as

each colour
light and dark

information is processed
into
full colour vision
in the occipital lobe rods work well in
dim
light
cones
only work well

Light is focused
onto the retina
f in
bright light
by
]
the lens why colour
vision is poor in
dim
light

close
for
objects objects
=
fat = thin
lens lens
 B2
Eye problems cells and control

shortsightedness hongsightednessn
close
distant images appear
-

images appear
-

blurred
blurred
behind
lightretina focused infront lightretina
is focused
-

-
is

of of

too short / cornea

too /cornea eyeball is
-

eyeball is
long
-

is too fat
is too curved

cataracts
-
makes vision
cloudy CdourBhndnes~m
-
caused
by protein build
Some cones
up in the lens are
faulty
-

operation can be done

-

person can't see particular

colours
to replace lens with
a plastic lens -

Red / Green is most common

cannot be
cured
 B3 Sexual and Asexual Genetics

Reproduction

TREE -

generative information is passed

two
on
from organisms
characteristics passed on from both
parents ( genetic information mixes) ( variation)

can
in
easily
the
adapt
environment
to new
changes

Takes a
long time to reproduce

Have to find a mate

A→EEcticn -

only one parent is needed ,

genetic information
meaningmix
doesn't , producing clones

Faster to reproduce and no need to

find a mate

can
easily replenish population

If one is mutated / diseased ,

lots will get it ,
as
only one set of
genetic information

creates no variation ,
as clones are
produced
 B3 Meiosis Genetics

creates the
Meiosis
gametes
contributes to Genetic ↳ Reduction
and variation
variety division as we
go
46 to
4 Cells from 23
chromosomes
2 divisions

haploid cells
( tz number of chromosomes
)
DNA is

replicated
t

Chromosomes move
in mitosis the middle in pairs
, to
chromatids move

chromosomes

move to each end

Of the cell

✗ →
☒ division chromatids
.

move to each
÷,
.

I
.
-

end
.
.
.
.
-

2nd division
✗ y y y
 B3 DNA structure Genetics

Acid
Deoxyribose Nucleic

DNA contains an DNA is a

made up of
giant chain

of your Genetic repeating

information units called nucleotides

↳ each
chromosome
is coiled
tightly
DNA
OneNucleotide_ A T

C G

T A
Ease
f
a- c

G- C
phosphate
J C G

sugar A T

A T

CcmplementaryBasepairs_ A
T

A T (2 H bonds)
]
Twisted into
C G (3 H bonds )
a double helix
structure
Adenine +
Thymine
Guanine
cytosine +

The order of these

base pairs are
unique
to
everyone
↳
coded instructions
for building proteins
(protein
synthesis )
B3
Extracting Genetics

DNA

①
mash ③
✗ fruit sitter

(
up mixture

£
insoluble
① DNA forms
on top
✗
→

✓
→
+
ethanol
(ice
add ④
cold
)
② detergent
tsait
← bleak
)
down
membranes
iii.
DNA
 B3
protein Synthesis Genetics

The order of bases

the
in DNA code for disserent Transcription +

proteins translation
↳ unique to

everyone The
type
of amino
acid the tRNA
brings
Transcription depends on order

of bases
All happens in the nucleus

①
DNA can't leave
the nucleus

mRNA mRNA u
DNA_ uses

①
→ instead of T

A
T A
C mRNA unzips the
double and
G-
helix
(
bonds to DNA
G-
G-
A £
mRNA to a
goes
ribosome

translational
happens in a ribosome

cranes "" acid

← amino
acids form
←
a

protein
hip
read triplets
in U A G G C L

( codons)
↳
 B3 Genes and Alleles Genetics

Genes control what

characteristics are

developed

Alleles are different

versions of
You have two copies
gene
a

of in
every gene your
body
↳
1 from Mum
gene 1- from Dad
b- -

homologous pairs
✗ ( same size with
in order)
genes same

=
\
dominant trait
different alleles will show
of the same
gene

homozygous -
Same
each
alleles for
gene

heterozygous -

different
each
alleles for
gene
dominant - overrule recessive
genes
recessive two recessive
genes
-

need to meet for

trait to show

genotype -
combination of
alleles have
you
what gene
phenotype shows
-
 B3 Mendel Genetics

Recognised that characteristics

← passed down in
units
hereditary
( genes)

↳ these could be
used pea dominant or recessive
plants

Tall

short

4 am tan

✗ produced

to stare

1
✗ 1 Short

Plant
IT t
Shows that plants
must have been

g§
T If It heterozygous and that
short is recessive
gene

¥-1
• E
It
short offspring
B3 Blood Groups Genetics

Blood
groups
0 A B
↳ A, B
,
AB ,

Group shows
type AB 0
of antigen protein)
(
on the surface of
blood cells

Groups A and B
are dominant

↳ if someone has both

A and B then

they will show both

genes A B.
group
=

( codominant

Group 0 is
recessive

→ both parents must

pass down 0 gene
for offspring to show
this
group
 B3 Set Linked - Genetics

Disorders
male set chromosomes = ✗Y
female set chromosomes = ✗✗

some
genetic disorders yt
can be carried
set
on

chromosomes
one
]
Of the ✗
↳ colour blindness
e.g is carried on ✗

male

&
£ ☒
IT
xx xx

☒✗
→
I :{
on
Your
blind

the Y
as

chromosome to
mask the
allele
recessive
there

{ -
>
our blind allele allows
it to show
[ → normal vision

a
 B3 Variation Genetics

Disproves between populations

variation can be
environmental or

genetic

genetic variation -
caused
alleles ( can
by dissent
arise from
mutations )

↳
blue and brown
eyes
eyes examples of
are

variation in humans

environmental Variation caused conditions

-

by
is in
an
organism

↳ a plant in
bright
sun will better
grow
than a plant in shade

The maximum
height an
organism can
reach is determined by genes however
the environment they are in can determine
if they can reach that
height
 B4 Natural Selection Natural selection

' '
survival of the fittest
↳ organisms with
characteristics better
stinted to the environment
are more
likely to survive

Genetic variation -

within a species there

are dissonances due to

§§
,

the
genotype of each

organism
8
Natural selection
¥ animals better
with
-

suited characteristics

☒
are more
likky to survive

&
Inheritance -

They breed and pass on

characteristics
&
In Evolution -
over time this
,
continues and
eventually all animals in a
species become adapted

7
have
IIe they all the
useful characteristic

camel →
large seet mean they
can walk on sand

1
camels that had larger
feet were more likely to

walk
survive as
the
they
sand
could
on
alive tomeaning
,

they were

reproduce and have

offspring
with
large feet
 B4 Darwin and Wallace Natural selection

Darwin
0 came up with theory of erolouticn
by natural selection

islands
0 visited
galapagos on HMS

Beagle
0 studied plants and animals

( 1859 )
'
wrote
'
the of species
0 on
origin

↳ looked at beaks of
birds on islands

Wallacea
working at same time as Darwin

selection
0 came
up with natural
independently
0
published papers with Darwin

didn't always agree parts theory

0
They on of

↳ gave lots of evidence

warning colours

on animals
 B4 Bacteria Natural selection

Bacteria can provide evidence for evolution

random
They develop mutations in their DNA

↳
could be slightly
resistant to antibiotics

Resistance is a
big advantage
t
more able to survive
( natural selection)

I → o → a

0
f o o
resistance f
f resistance
dead

some bacteria Natural selection They reproduce

have resistance happens and better
the
causing the gene
to antibiotics suited ones Sumire to be passed on
 B4 Human Evolution Natural selection

can show that humans and chimpanzees

evolved from a common ancestor

Ardi_ they Leaked

6 mit
3.2 mit I
years
-

years
- •

4.4 mil
-

years -

arched feet ( more -

human like -

climbed adapted to
trees
→ walking ) Short and
-

arms
-

→ like
-

ape -
like
big toe
-

no ape - like toe long legs

human
a

walked
-

could walk
upright
upright better at
-

even
-

more
efficiently walking

t µ
↳

StoneToo↳_
can date the
tools to work
out its age

inÉw
volume (more intelligent
↳
moreb=in

over time
the
rocks / tools
became shaped
for particular
functions
( because humans
got more intelligent)
 B4
pentadactyl Limb Natural selection

A limb with 5
diclgits ( parts)

+
many species have
This limb

shows evidence for evolution

as each animal with this
limb uses it for dissonant
functions

Human

↳
reaching out

Dolphin
↳
swimming

Turtle
→
walking

suggests a
we all came
common ancestor
from
B4
Classification Natural selection

kingdom
Then
✗ I
5KingdomSystem_ Sub divided
-

phylum
1) Animals
2) plants actress
3) Fungi based off of
4) prokaryotes visible traits orfder
5) protists

Fartnily
etnus
a-

SEE spetcies
Old is out of date
system
↳ can now compare
DNA and RNA sequences

Archaea -
A look similar to bacteria
but have different DNA
and RNA sequences

Bacteria → contains true bacteria

broad range of
Eukarya D other
-

organisms

Then sorted into

groups
like the 5
kingdom system
 Selective
B4
Breeding Natural selection

children inherit features from

their parents
↳ traits
only genetic
(not environmental )

we can breed parents

with desired characteristics certain alleles
are chosen
→ will show in

offspring
(
exaggerated )
•
'
↳,
I *
←foofafE=
,

parents with AG
Teare
desired traits
chosen

I "
* •
bread
They are

together
1
Disadvantages
Offspring with
reduces
desired trails
gene pool as
-
all
are bread animals are
closely related
( inbreeding )

inbreeding can cause health

-

problems
-
not a lot of variation in the
population ( not resistant to
disease)
 B4 Tissue Culture Natural selection

cells in nutrient medium

growing a

lots of identical
cells
grow
↳
forms a callus

callus -
a clump of undifferentiated
cells

The callus is
then treated with chemicals
or hormones to make
them specialise

Medicatresearhc.am
study / test specific
cells in isolation
( no asserts from whole
organism) plants
1) cells from the patient tissue is
are extracted
c) removed from
plant

I
2) placed in nutrients

I.
(
agar)
3) cells divide and
grow
4) culture can be used ✓

for study a few piece of

cells are plant is
removed and Placed on

medium
grow into a
growing
callus

\Treated
v
with
hormones

v
/ (
grows a

plantlet)

clones of
the plant
produced
 B4 Genetic Modification Natural selection

modifying an
organisms genome
to add desirable characteristics
↳ added
from much faster
another than selective
organism
breeding

n-gricultureandmedicine-crops.com
show resistance
be modified to
→ Bt toxin
to herbicides

bacteria can be modified

to produce insulin Negatives
desirable
farming traits very expensive
-

( sheep)
stuffy
animals sugar
from health problems

modification could
plasmid PI get out into environment
cut ( Super plant)
over ↳ insulin
← in human
gene
DNA

t I
✗ Sticky ends Enzymes_
( complementary
bases ) restriction
enzyme
t recombinant ↳ cuts out
DNA sections of DNA

ligase enzyme
cells now
I use
gene
↳ mix
genes
together
 B5 Health and Disease Health

Health
t I
/ mental wealth
L
social
Physical
There is a link
between income and
wealth as the richer
,

have access to better

care

Disease

Any change in the normal

structure or function of
any part of the
body
↳ characterised
by symptoms
communicable -
can spread

non -

communicable -
can't spread
(
genetics / lisestyle)

communicable diseases
are caused
by pathogens

microorganism that can

cause disease
 B5 Diseases Health

cholera Bacterial spread by water

Tuberculosis Bacterial spread by air

Chavara die
Fungal spread by air
ashback ( plants)
Malaria protists spread by vectors

Helicobacter Bacterial spread by touch

HIV viral spread by sluids

Chlamydia Bacterial spread by set

antibiotics can
only
kill bacteria

↳ inhibit bacterial
processes
 B5 Viruses Health

have to
cells to
use
living
replicate
→
capsid
( protein
coat f
hyjack cells to
genetic
to
use
organelles material
replicate
↳ do it in 2
can
ways
:

lytic or
lysogenic

lysogeniccycle-v.ms
lyticcycle_
genetic
genetic
inserts -
viruses material
material becomes a
part of the
cells DNA
-
use cell parts to
make lots of new -

gets replicated as all

viruses divides

cell
lyses releasing trigger sends it into
-
-

viruses
lytic cycle
 B5 Human Defences Health

barriers
→ stop pathogens getting in

physicaltsarriersipenetrate
(can't osk.in
② mucus (traps pathogen)

③ Cillian ( moves pathogen

chemicalBarrievs.IO
stomach acid ( kills )

② lysozyme ( kills)
→
in tears
 B5 Immune
System Health

protects the body

( destroys pathogens)

patriot antigen ( part of

pathogen

✓
←
antibodies ( released by
immune system

antibodies are released which

bind the
to
break down
antigens and
pathogen
whiteboodcells_:
phagocytes = non -

specific
(engulf pathogen
lymphocytes =
specific
( release antibodies
antibodies are

specific to the
pathogen
vaccines
uses dead or weakened
versions of the pathogen
stimulates an immune

response

we create antibodies
 core Practical

B5 Antibiotics V5 Health

Bacteria
can test which
type of antibiotic
r kills more

)①
bacteria

Petri
use
inoculating
loop to transfer
dish
bacteria to dish

→ ↳ bacteria will
filled with
begin dividing
agar jelly
to
help
growth ②
paper discs soaked
in antibiotics are

added (orange circles)

v.
.
③
circles show
grey
inhibition zones where
bacteria have died
↳
use FR2 to
calculate area

aseptatechniquT_
↳ avoid contamination
sterilise equipment (autoclave

sterilise loop between transfer ( shame

)
cover Petri dish with lid
a
 B5 Monoclonal Antibodies Health

lymphocytes produce
lots ofantibodies
lymphocyte but don't divide
easily

II. cancer
cells do
divide lots
→

lymphocyte + cancer
cell
=
hybridoma
cell

It ,
I +

hybridcma
cells do
both
?⃝
 B5
Drug Testing Heaven

maximise
efficacy ( how well it works )
minimise toxicity

pre-clinical
① tested on human
tissue

② tested on line
animals
clinical
① tested on small
group of healthy
humans

② tested on ill
humans

③ large scale
testing
↳ blind /double
blind
 B5 Health
cardiovascular
Disease
problems with
the heart or blood
vessels
COmaryHeartDisease_
artery brings
coronary to
-

1 Oxygen the heart

-
too stiff
( blood can't show) ← fatty build up

too weak
( blocks blood flow)
( blood shows back)
less reach the
oxygen can
-

heart

EEL -

strains the heart

0 heart attacks
0

o
Strokes
atherosclerosis ( sat in
artery )
↳ Treatment
0
angina ( restricted blood flow)

stents -
plastic tubes to
open up
artery
stations -
reduces production

Éf Of fat (medication)

lining is
damaged

} fat builds
in attempt to
up
repair

ishofes.SE?mctedassiowObesity-
linked to disease

waist hip
# ↳
: BMI
( measure of obesity) ( measure of obesity)
abdominal waist
hmeig%_ 30
over
gat is linked
hip
= Obese
to disease
 B5 plant Diseases Heaven

plantDesen~
waxy cuticle
-

cell walls
-

antiseptics
→ chemicals to kill
pathogens

↳
to
identify plant diseases :
-

Sample in lab
look for signs
-