GRAMMAR 1 - Unit 1 - Varieties of English - Sts

ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1
• Lecturer: Nguyen Thi Bich Thuy, Ph.D

• Faculty of English- Phenikaa University
V....... phenikaa-uni.edu.vn 1
UNIT 1
Varieties of English
OBJECTIVES
By the end of this unit, students will be able to:

Understand the varieties of English
- Standard English;
- Varieties according to subject, medium and attitude.
3
V....... phenikaa-uni.edu.vn
1.1. Varieties classes
Varieties of English are the different kinds of English used around the world.
There are numerous varieties of the English

language, and what we ordinarily mean by ‘English’
is a common core or nucleus which is realized only
in the different forms of the language that we
actually hear or read.
4
HISTORY OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Present-Day
English
Late Modern (1900-
Early Modern English Present)
English (ca. (1700-1900
Middle 1500-1700 AD)
English (ca. AD)
Old English 1150-1500
(ca. 450-1150 AD)
AD)
5
1.Old English (ca. 450-1150 AD): 2. Middle English (ca. 1150-1500

Also known as Anglo-Saxon, was the AD) Significant changes in
earliest recorded form of the English grammar due to the Norman
language. Conquest of England in 1066.
English grammar had a strong The Normans brought Old French
inflectional system, similar to other influences, which led to the
Germanic languages. blending of Old English and Old
Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and French.
verbs had different forms based on The inflectional system started to
grammatical case, number, and weaken, and word order became
gender. more fixed. The use of
Word order was relatively flexible prepositions became more
due to the rich inflectional system. prevalent to indicate
relationships between words.
6
3. Early Modern English (ca.

1500-1700 AD) 4. Late Modern English 5. Present-Day English (1900-
Major grammatical changes, (1700-1900 AD) Present)
particularly during the English grammar became English continued to evolve
Renaissance. more standardized. and spread globally due to
The Great Vowel Shift resulted The prescriptive grammar British colonialism, trade, and
in changes in pronunciation and tradition, which emphasized technological advancements.
spelling. The inflectional system grammar rules and norms, Present-Day English retains
further declined, and word gained prominence. much of the grammatical
order became more rigid. The The formalization of structure established in
use of auxiliary verbs and the grammatical rules and the previous periods, but it has
emergence of the progressive codification of the English also experienced innovations
tense (e.g., "I am reading") and language through grammar and adaptations influenced by
the perfect tense (e.g., "I have books and dictionaries. social, cultural, and
read") became more common. technological changes.
7
What is Grammar?
The whole system and structure of a language or of The study or use of the rules about how
languages in general, usually taken as consisting of words change their form and combine with
syntax and morphology (including inflections) and other words to express meaning.
sometimes also phonology and semantics. (Cambridge Dictionary)
(Oxford Dictionary)
the usual term for

the sound system
in the language
concerned with the
deals with the system of meanings in
writing system in the language
the language
Phonetics deals with the physical characteristics of the sounds
in the language and how the sounds are produced.
Sounds and letters combine to form words or parts of words.
Morphology refers to the set of rules that describe the

structure of words.
The word computer, for example, consists of two parts: the
base compute (used separately as a verb) and the suffix -er
(also found in many other nouns derived from verbs, e.g.
printer, blender, cooker).
Pragmatics is concerned with the use of particular utterances

within particular contexts.
For example, Will you join our group? is a question that,
depending on the speaker’s intention, is either a request for
information or a request for action.
There are several applications of grammatical study:
(1) A recognition of grammatical structures is often essential for punctuation;
(2) A study of one's native grammar is helpful when one studies the grammar of a
foreign language;
(3) A knowledge of grammar is a help in the interpretation of literary as well as non-
literary texts, since the interpretation of a passage sometimes depends crucially on
grammatical analysis;
(4) A study of the grammatical resources of English is useful in composition: in
particular, it can help you to evaluate the choices available to you when you come to
revise an earlier written draft.
(From An Introduction to English Grammar by Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, 1999)
Varieties of English
numerous varieties
English language
A common core or nucleus which is realized

only in the different forms of the language
that we actually hear or read.
11
THE COMMON CORE OF ENGLISH
VARIETY CLASSES VARIETIES WITHIN EACH CLASS
Region R1, R2, R3, R4, ….
Education and social standing E1, E2, E3, E4, ….
Subject matter S1, S2, S3, S4, ….
Medium M1, M2, …
Attitude A1, A2, A3, A4, …
Interferences I1, I2, I3, I4, ….
12
Regional variation
Varieties according to region have well-established label both in popular and techinical use:
“dialects”.
Geographical dispersion A regional dialect (a regiolect or topolect) is a
distinct form of a language spoken in a
particular geographical area.
Linguistic variation
If the form of speech transmitted from a

Dialect parent to a child is a distinct regional
dialect, that dialect is said to be the
child's vernacular.
Different languages
13
14
Regional variation
Realized predominantly in Phonology
Vocabulary (lexicon)
Grammatical variants Less extensive and obtrusive
The focus is on different grammatical features or vocabulary: a dialect of English

The focus is on pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary: variety of English
(Collins & Mees 2006:2; Hughes & Trudgill 1979:2).
Different varieties exist, for example, in Scotland, Ireland, North America,
England, New Zealand or Australia, etc.
15
16
English accents and dialects around the world
17
18
Education and social standing
considerable variation in speech according

to education and social standing
uneducated speech educated speech
identified the regional dialect moves away from dialectal usage to a form of
most completely English that cuts across dialectal boundaries
to be given the additional prestige of

government agencies, the learned
SUBSTANDARD ENGLISH professions, the political parties, the
BBC English
press, the law court and the pulpit — any
institution which must attempt to address
STANDARD ENGLISH itself to a public beyond the smallest
dialectal community
19
Standard English
Standard English is a form of the English language that is
commonly agreed to be the correct form of English.
This is the form of English students will be taught to use
in their primary education classroom and is often used
in formal situations (e.g. in an exam) and when we are
being polite (e.g. speaking to your headteacher).
the uniformity is especially close in neutral

or formal styles of written English on subject
matter not of obviously localized interest
Each variety of Standard English follows specific,

national standards regularised grammar rules that we learn in school. This
includes examples of rules such as the correct use of
punctuation, spelling, forms of verbs, etc.
20
Characteristics of standard English
• Phonology- Certain accents are seen as standard in certain countries. In the UK, this is the Received
Pronunciation accent (RP) or 'Queen's English'. RP is the accent spoken by the Queen, Harry Potter, and
David Attenborough, and we often hear it as the stereotypical British accent in films. It is the accent taught
to many English language learners worldwide (along with the standard 'General American' accent). Other
standard accents include 'General Australian' and 'Standard Scottish English'.
• Grammar - Standard English maintains a standard of grammar that is seen as 'correct English' by
prescriptivists. We often learn these grammatical rules in school, such as using the 'correct' tenses (e.g.
'we were going' not 'we was going') and 'correct' verb agreements (e.g. 'the dogs are cute' not 'the dogs
is cute').
• Vocabulary (Lexis) - Standard English consists of more formal, Latinate vocabulary (words with Latin
origins), e.g. 'precede' rather than 'come before'. SE avoids slang. For example, the word ‘friend’ is
standard, whereas the word ‘mate’ is considered slang.
• Spelling - Standard English consists of standardised spelling that we'd find in the dictionary. It is
important to remember that different countries have different spelling conventions. For example, British
people use the affix -ise (‘recognise’) but Americans use the affix -ize (‘recognize’).
•
21
Characteristics of standard English
Phonology Spelling
Certain accents Grammar SE consists
Vocabulary
are seen as Standard English of standardised
(Lexis)
standard in certain maintains a spelling that we'd
SE consists of
countries. standard of find in the
more formal,
In the UK, this is grammar that is dictionary.
Latinate
the Received seen as 'correct Different countries
vocabulary
Pronunciation English' by have different
SE avoids slang.
accent (RP) or prescriptivists.’. spelling
'Queen's English'. conventions.
22
Non-standard and Standard English
Non-standard English refers to all other varieties of English.

It often contains slangs and is used in more informal situations.
Formality English grammar Slangs
SE is used in formal, SE maintains a standard

through regularised grammatical SE avoids slangs and
official, and situations
rules and conventions. colloquial language.
where we are expected to Non-SE uses lots of slang
The 'correct’ spelling, grammar,
be polite. punctuation, capitalization, words and regularly
Non-SE is used in paragraphing. innovates new words.
informal situations. Non-SE is much freer in terms Abbreviations are also used
of grammatical rules and is open in non-SE.
to change.
23
Varieties of standard English
• It is important to recognise that there is not just one, uniform standard across the world. Different English-
speaking countries have slight variations of standard English examples.
• Examples of different varieties of standard English include:
• Standard British English
• Standard Scottish English
• Standard American English
• Standard Australian English
• There are many other standard varieties of English and each variety has slight variations with regards to
vocabulary, grammar, spelling and accent. However, as the variations are so small, each standard variety
can be understood by all other English speakers.
24
Why do we use standard English?
• Neutral - Regional dialects are associated with particular regions (e.g. Scouse is
associated with Liverpool). This isn't the case for standard English. It is a fairly neutral
form of English meaning that it is less likely to be associated with any stereotypes or
face bias.
• Uniform - Due to standard English being quite uniform throughout the world, it is
important for international communication. People can understand the language as it is
regularised and follows set grammatical rules.
• Teachable - Due to the standard being uniform, it is also teachable. Standard English is
the form that English speakers learn in school and that non-English speakers learn when
studying English as a foreign language. Setting a standard is therefore important for
language teaching and in learning materials such as textbooks.
25
National standards of English
1.6
British and American English
institutionalized
Standard English
British English American English
characteristic
Vocabulary biscuit cookie
car park parking lot
Spelling colour color
realise realize
Grammar Monday to Friday Monday through Friday
I haven't seen her for weeks. I haven't seen her in weeks.
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1.7
Scotland, Ireland, Canada
Scots, with ancient national and educational institutions, is perhaps nearest to the self-confident
independence of BrE and AmE, though the differences in grammar and vocabulary are rather few.
•What a dreich day! = "What a dull, miserable, overcast day" (of weather)
•I'm feeling quite drouthy. = "I'm feeling quite thirsty"
•You'd better just caw canny. = "You'd better just go easy/Don't overdo it"
•His face is tripping him. = "He's looking fed up"
•That's outwith my remit. = "It's not part of my job to do that"
•I'll come round (at) the back of eight. = "I'll come round just after eight o'clock"
•He's a right sweetie-wife. = "He likes a good gossip"
•I didn't mean to cause a stooshie. ="I didn't mean to cause a major fuss/commotion"
•I'm swithering whether. = "I'm in two minds/uncertain as to whether to go"
•Ach, away ye go! = "Oh, I don't believe you"
27
28
1.7
Irish (or Hiberno-) English should also be regarded as a national standard, for though
we lack descriptions of this long-standing variety of English it is consciously and
explicitly regarded as independent of BrE by educational and broadcasung services. 1
ne proainity of Dzitain, ¢h> easy mzvement of population, and like factors mean
however that there is little room for the assertion and development of separate
grammar and vocabulary.
https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=irish+
english&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-
8#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:9ca02f01,vid:QJFayFOASMg
29
1.7
Standard English
British English American English
characteristic
Vocabulary sleepers ties
wagons cars
Spelling defence defense
tyre tire
kerb curb
realise realize
recognise recognize
organisational organizational
tyres tires
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1.8 South Africa, Australia, New Zealand
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1. "Howzit?" - (Informal greeting) Equivalent to "How's it going?" or "Hello."

2. "Braai" - Refers to a barbecue or grill.
3. "Eina!" - Expression of pain or discomfort, similar to "Ouch!"
4. "Lekker" - Means "good" or "great" in various contexts.
5. "Yebo" - (Zulu) Means "yes."
6. "Now-now" - Soon, but not immediately.
7. "Robot" - Traffic light.
8. "Bakkie" - Small pickup truck.
9. "Jol" - (Informal) Means "party" or "having a good time."
10."Aweh!" - (Cape Town slang) Expression of agreement or excitement.
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1. "G'day mate!" - Informal greeting, meaning "Good day, friend!"

2. "Arvo" - Short for "afternoon."
3. "Brekkie" - Short for "breakfast."
4. "Thongs" - Flip-flops or sandals.
5. "Maccas" - Refers to McDonald's.
6. "Servo" - Short for "service station" or gas station.
7. "Barbie" - Barbecue or grill.
8. "No worries" - Expression meaning "it's okay" or "you're
welcome."
9. "Bloke" - A man or guy.
10."Sheila" - A woman or girl.
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1. "Kia ora" - Maori greeting, used as "hello" or "thank you."

2. "Jandals" - Flip-flops or sandals.
3. "Chilly bin" - Cooler or icebox.
4. "Sweet as" - Expression meaning "all good" or "no problem."
5. "Togs" - Swimsuit.
6. "Kai" - Maori word for "food."
7. "Pavlova" - A dessert made from meringue and fruit.
8. "Dairy" - Convenience store or corner shop.
9. "Bach" - Holiday home or cabin.
10."Whanau" - (Maori) Refers to extended family.
34
1.9
Pronunciation and Standard English
Pronunciation distinguishes one national standard from

another most immediately and completely, and links in
a most obvious way the national varieties
to the regional varieties.
Received Pronunciation’ or ‘RP’.
35
36
1.10
Varieties according to subject matter
Varieties according to the subject matter involved in
a discourse are sometimes referred to as ‘registers’.
1.General English: Standard English or General American English are widely used for everyday
communication, education, business, and media across English-speaking regions.
2.Academic English: This variety is used in educational institutions, scholarly writing, and formal
presentations. It emphasizes precision, clarity, and adherence to academic conventions.
3.Business English: A specialized form used in the corporate world for communication,
presentations, emails, and reports. It may include specific jargon and terminology related to
business and industry.
4.Legal English: Used in legal documents, contracts, court proceedings, and legislation. It
requires precise language and terminology to ensure legal accuracy.
5.Medical English: This variety is used in the medical field, including medical records, research
papers, and interactions between healthcare professionals and patients.
37
6.Technical English: Commonly used in technical manuals, engineering documents, and scientific
papers, it includes specialized vocabulary and complex concepts specific to technical fields.
7. Scientific English: Used in scientific research, publications, and academic journals to communicate
scientific findings and theories.
8. Literary English: Found in various forms of literature, including novels, poems, plays, and literary
criticism. It often employs creative language and literary devices.
9. Religious English: This variety is specific to religious texts, rituals, and discourse within religious
communities.
38
10. Informal or Colloquial English: Spoken in casual conversations among friends and family,
and on social media. It may include slang, abbreviations, and relaxed grammar.
11. Formal English: Used in official settings, ceremonies, and speeches. It adheres closely to
grammar rules and tends to avoid colloquial language.
12. Regional English: English spoken in specific regions, such as British English, Australian
English, Canadian English, etc., which may have unique vocabulary, pronunciation, and
grammar.
13. International English: A simplified form of English used for global communication
between speakers of different native languages, often avoiding complex idiomatic
expressions.
39
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsSNRxtB0KI
40
41
Five types of language registers
1. Formal Register: Formal language is used in serious and official settings, such as academic and
professional environments, formal speeches, legal documents, and business communications. It
follows standard grammar rules, avoids contractions, and uses more complex vocabulary.
2. Frozen Register (or Fixed Register): Frozen language is unchanging and formulaic, often used in
rituals, ceremonies, and formal announcements. It remains constant across different situations and
time. Examples include national anthems, prayers, and some traditional wedding vows.
42
Five types of language registers
3. Consultative Register: Consultative language is used in professional and formal contexts where
there is a slight social distance between speakers. It is employed in interactions with colleagues,
clients, or in more formal social situations. The language is relatively polite and adheres to formal
conventions.
4. Casual Register: Casual language is used in informal settings among acquaintances and in
everyday conversations. It is relaxed, and speakers may use contractions, slang, and colloquial
expressions. This register is commonly used in social gatherings and casual interactions.
5. Intimate Register: This register is used in very close and personal relationships, such as between
family members or close friends. It often involves informal language, shared inside jokes, and special
terms of endearment that are unique to the relationship.
43
Types of language registers
Formal serious and official settings

Register
very close Frozen Register

Intimate (or Fixed
and personal
Register Register
relationships
Language
Registers unchanging and formulaic
informal settings Casual Consultative professional and

Register Register formal contexts
44
1.11
Varieties according to medium
SPOKEN LANGUAGE WRITTEN LANGUAGE
- several varieties, each

- various varieties based on serving specific purposes.
factors such as region, culture, - can range from formal and
and social context technical writing to
- different accents, dialects, and informal and creative
colloquialisms may be present writing.
within spoken language, - essays, articles, letters,
contributing to its rich diversity emails, novels, and poetry.
45
1.12
Varieties according to attitude
Formal language Informal language

• conveys a sense of respect and politeness. • is relaxed and friendly, often used in
It is often used in professional settings, casual conversations with friends and
official communication, and with people
of authority.
.
family
• "I would like to express my sincere • "Hey, wanna grab a coffee later?"
gratitude for considering my application."
rigid FORMAL neutral INFORMAL familiar
46
1.12
Positive Language Negative Language

Used to express favourable or optimistic Expresses unfavourable or pessimistic views.
views; May include criticism, complaints, or
Often includes words that inspire hope, expressions of disappointment.
encouragement, and positivity. To convey dissatisfaction or disapproval.
To show appreciation, praise, or to uplift "I'm really disappointed that the event got
others. cancelled at the last minute."
"I love your enthusiasm and dedication to the
project! Great job!"
Neutral Language
Remains impartial and objective, avoiding any emotional bias or sentiment.
Used in formal settings, news reporting, and scientific writing.
"The study found no significant difference between the two groups."
47
1.12
Humorous Language Emotional Language

Used to create amusement and entertain Used to express strong feelings or
others. emotions.
May include jokes, sarcasm, puns, and Can range from excitement and joy to
wordplay. anger and sorrow.
"Why don't scientists trust atoms? "I was absolutely thrilled to hear the
Because they make up everything!" good news!"
Empathetic Language
Used to show understanding and compassion towards others' feelings or experiences.
"I'm sorry to hear that you're going through a tough time. If you need to talk, I'm here
for you."
48
1.13
Varieties according to interference
Refer to how different varieties of a language are

related to one another.
Language varieties can be grouped into classes
based on factors such as regional differences, social
factors, or the level of formality. The relationship
between these classes can be hierarchical or Refer to situations where the linguistic
complementary. features of one language influence the
production or understanding of another
language.
The transfer of certain elements, such as
grammar, pronunciation, vocabulary, and
idiomatic expressions, from one language to
another.
49
1.13
1. Code Mixing
Speakers switch back and forth between two or
more languages within the same sentence or "I'll meet you at the park, pero (but) let's
conversation. go to the café first."
This is common in bilingual communities, and it
often involves borrowing words or phrases from
one language and incorporating them into another.
2. Code Switching
Similar to code mixing but typically involves
"I went to the cinema yesterday, pero hoy more extended switches between languages
or complete sentences.
vamos al parque (but today we're going to the
Speakers shift from one language to another
park)." based on the social context, audience, or
topic of discussion.
50
1.13
3. Interlanguage
Refers to the language produced by second-
"He no likes the book" (interference from
language learners as they are in the process of
the structure of the learner's native
acquiring proficiency in a new language. During this language).
learning phase, learners may incorporate elements
from their native language, resulting in linguistic
interference.
5. Accent Interference
When individuals learn a new language, they may A Spanish speaker learning English might have
retain the accent of their native language, affecting difficulty pronouncing the "th" sound,
the pronunciation of certain sounds and syllables in replacing it with "d" or "z" sounds, as those
the target language. sounds do not exist in Spanish.
51
1.14
Relationship between variety classes
the connections and interactions the subgroups or further divisions that exist
among different varieties of a language within a particular language variety
regional, social, or contextual factors
52
1.14
the connections and interactions the subgroups or further divisions that exist
among different varieties of a language within a particular language variety
regional, social, or contextual factors
53
1.14
Regional Dialects
Within a broader language variety, there can be
various regional dialects.
New York City English Southern American English:

• "I'm walkin' here!"
• "Let's grab a slice of pizza." • "Y'all come back now, ya hear?"
• "I reckon we'll have some sweet tea on the porch."
Midwestern American English:
Indian English (with Regional Variations):
• "Don'tcha know?"
• "The car needs a wash." • "I'm going to the bazaar." (Indian English)
• "I'm going to the market." (Regionally influenced
variations)
54
1.14
Socioeconomic Dialects High Socioeconomic Status (High SES):

Different social classes may use language
"I attended a prestigious university."
differently, leading to distinct socioeconomic •
• "Our summer home is in the Hamptons."

dialects.
Can be related to vocabulary choice, Low Socioeconomic Status (Low SES):
pronunciation, and even grammar. • "I went to a local community college."
• "We live in a small apartment downtown."
Complex Vocabulary (High SES): Simplified Vocabulary (Low SES):

• "The phenomenon exhibits a confluence of various • "The thing is, it's just too hard."
factors." • "All this stuff makes no sense."
• "The synergy of these elements creates a unique
outcome."
55
1.14 Relationship between variety classes
Ethnolects African American Vernacular English (AAVE):

Associated with specific
ethnic or cultural groups • "He be workin' hard."
within a larger speech • "She ain't goin' there no more."
community. Chicano English:
Can be influenced by the
cultural background, history, • "I'm gonna meet you at the park, ese."
• "This is my casa, bro."
and experiences of the group.
Often involve unique Arab American English:
vocabulary, idiomatic • "She's gonna meet me at the shawarma place."
expressions, and sometimes • "We had a big family gathering at my aunt's house."
distinct grammar.
Irish American English:
• "We had a great craic at the pub last night."
• "Me da's from County Cork."
56
Parental Language (Talking to Children):

Age-Based Variations
Language use and linguistic • "Eat your vegetables, dear."
norms can change over • "Bedtime, sweetie!"
time, resulting in differences
between older and younger Teenage Slang:
speakers. • "That's lit!"
• "I can't even."
Baby Talk (Addressing Infants/Toddlers):

• "Who's a cute little baby? Yes, you are!"
• "Mommy's going to change your diaper."
57
Formal and Informal

Formal Register:
Registers
The formal register is "I am writing to express my sincere gratitude for your
typically used in official generous contribution to our charitable foundation."
contexts and formal writing, "Please find attached the requested documents for your
while the informal register is review and consideration."
"We kindly request your presence at the formal gala event
used in casual conversations
scheduled for next Saturday evening."
and informal writing.
Informal Register:
"Thanks a bunch for chipping in for the cause. Really
appreciate it!"
"Check out the docs I've sent you. Let me know what you
think."
"Hey, we're having this awesome party next Saturday. You in?"
"Make sure you stick to the rules, alright?"
58
Formal Style:
Stylistic Variations
Within a language variety, • "I am writing to inform you about the upcoming conference."
individuals may adopt different • "Your prompt attention to this matter is greatly appreciated."
stylistic variations depending Informal Style:
on the context.
• "Just wanted to let you know about the conference."
• "Thanks a bunch for taking care of this!"
Humorous Style:
• "I told him he's got a face for radio."
• "She's as busy as a one-legged cat in a sandbox."
Academic Style:
• "The study's methodology involved a rigorous quantitative
analysis."
• "The research paper posits a novel hypothesis."
59
Gender-Based Variations
Influenced by gender identity and
Pitch and Intonation:
social norms related to gender.
Females might use a higher pitch or more varied
Might be seen in word choice, intonation.
pronunciation, and even Vowel Pronunciation:
grammatical structures. Females might pronounce certain vowels slightly
differently from males.
Terms of Endearment:
1. Buddy, dude (often for males)
2. Sweetheart, darling (often for females)
Titles:
1. Mr. (for males)
2. Mrs. or Miss (for females)
60
WRAP – UP & HOMEWORK
1.5 WRAP UP
Understand the varieties of English

- Standard English;
- Varieties according to subject, medium and attitude.
62
THANK YOU!

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1

• Lecturer: Nguyen Thi Bich Thuy, Ph.D

By the end of this unit, students will be able to:

There are numerous varieties of the English

1.Old English (ca. 450-1150 AD): 2. Middle English (ca. 1150-1500

3. Early Modern English (ca.

the usual term for

Morphology refers to the set of rules that describe the

Pragmatics is concerned with the use of particular utterances

A common core or nucleus which is realized

Region R1, R2, R3, R4, ….

Education and social standing E1, E2, E3, E4, ….

Subject matter S1, S2, S3, S4, ….

Medium M1, M2, …

Attitude A1, A2, A3, A4, …

Interferences I1, I2, I3, I4, ….

If the form of speech transmitted from a

Realized predominantly in Phonology

Grammatical variants Less extensive and obtrusive

The focus is on different grammatical features or vocabulary: a dialect of English

considerable variation in speech according

to be given the additional prestige of

the uniformity is especially close in neutral

Each variety of Standard English follows specific,

Non-standard English refers to all other varieties of English.

Formality English grammar Slangs

SE is used in formal, SE maintains a standard

1. "Howzit?" - (Informal greeting) Equivalent to "How's it going?" or "Hello."

1. "G'day mate!" - Informal greeting, meaning "Good day, friend!"

1. "Kia ora" - Maori greeting, used as "hello" or "thank you."

Pronunciation distinguishes one national standard from

Received Pronunciation’ or ‘RP’.

Formal serious and official settings

very close Frozen Register

informal settings Casual Consultative professional and

SPOKEN LANGUAGE WRITTEN LANGUAGE

- several varieties, each

Formal language Informal language

rigid FORMAL neutral INFORMAL familiar

Positive Language Negative Language

Humorous Language Emotional Language

Refer to how different varieties of a language are

regional, social, or contextual factors

regional, social, or contextual factors

New York City English Southern American English:

Socioeconomic Dialects High Socioeconomic Status (High SES):

• "Our summer home is in the Hamptons."

Complex Vocabulary (High SES): Simplified Vocabulary (Low SES):

Ethnolects African American Vernacular English (AAVE):

Parental Language (Talking to Children):

Baby Talk (Addressing Infants/Toddlers):

Formal and Informal

Understand the varieties of English

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