The Transportation Sector

The transport industry has gained a 3. Water transport

vital place in the global network system and
is one of the most important components of
the tourism infrastructure. It now becomes
easier for people to travel from one place to
another because of the various modes of Categories of Tourism Transportation
transportation available.

Transportation Evolution
Aircraft with the jet engines were
introduced in the 1950s. With the
development of technology, travel became
faster and more and people could travel
around the globe.
Since tourism involves the
movement of people from their places of
residence to the places of tourist attractions,
every tourist has to travel to reach the
places of interest. Transport is, thus, one of
the major components of the tourism
industry. To develop any place of tourist
attraction there have to be proper, efficient,
and safe modes of transportation.
Transportation is vital to tourism.
Studies have shown that tourists spend
almost** 30 to 40 percent** of their total
holiday expenditure on transportation and
the remaining on food, accommodation, and
other activities. This aspect once again
highlights the importance of transportation.
A tourist can travel by a variety of
means. The tourism professionals, as well
as tourists, should be aware of the various
modes of transport available to reach the AIR TRANSPORT:
destination and at the destination.
The various modes of transport can
be broadly divided into the allowing three
categories:
1. Air transport

2. Land transport
 only when there is a high load factor.
Chartered flights provide cheaper packages
to the destination such as Portugal and
Spain.

ROAD TRANSPORT:

Due to the growth of air transport in

recent years, long-distance ravel has
become much simpler and affordable.
Distance is now measured in hours and not
in kilometers. The world has indeed shrunk
and become a small village.
The development of air transport
mostly occurred after World War I and II.
Humans travel place to place in
Commercial airlines were created for
search of food in the primitive era. They
travelers. Because of increasing air traffic,
tamed animals such as the dog, ox, horse,
the commercial sector is growing rapidly. A
camel, reindeer, elephants, etc. for carrying
large number of people travel by air
the load and traveling. After the discovery of
because of the speed, comfort, and
the wheel, humans developed the cart, the
economy in terms of time saved.
chariot, and the carriage.
After road transport, air travel is the
Until the seventeenth century,
most popular mode of travel, particularly for
horses were used for traveling. Later on
international travel. For business travelers,
better roads were constructed and some of
air transport is more convenient as it saves
these roads developed into trade routes,
their precious time and offers luxurious and
which linked many countries. Today, the
hassle-free travel. Many airlines nowadays
most popular and widely used mode of road
offer special facilities to the business tourist
travel is the automobile or the car. Road
such as Internet on board.
transport is dominated by the automobile,
There two types of airlines: which provides views of the landscape and
Scheduled and Chartered. the freedom to travel. Tourist often travels
with their entire family for holidays.
Scheduled airlines operate as regular
schedules. To promote tourism, the vehicle
required are coaches and tourist cars.
Chartered airlines or the non-scheduled Tourist coaches or buses are preferred for
airlines operate only when there is a large tourist groups traveling together on a
demand, mainly during the tourist seasons. specified tour itinerary. Many tourists prefer
Chartered fights work out cheaper than the to travel in comfort and privacy and hire
scheduled carriers as they are operated
cars. Cars of various makes and standards diesel and electric engines which have
are available on a rental basis. helped in increasing the speed. Railways
have promoted tourism by introducing a
Tourist also uses their own motorcar
special tourist train.
when holidaying. Cars and coaches carried
long distance by train facility is also In Europe, the railway systems of six
available in some countries. European countries have been clubbed to
make rail travel easier for the people of
The car rental segment of the
Europe. A rail passenger can buy a ticket in
tourism industry is in a very advanced stage
any one country of Europe and travel
in foreign countries. The client can book a
through six countries. For the foreign
car, himself or through agents, and make it
tourists, Eurail Passes offer unlimited
wait at the desired place at the destination.
discounts travel in express trains for periods
The client can then drive the car himself /
ranging from a week to three months. In the
herself on reaching the destination.
USA, AMTRAK operates trains.

RAIL TRANSPORT:
WATER TRANSPORT:

The railway is the most economical,

convenient, and popular mode of travel
especially for long distance travel all over Humans have been traveling
the world. The railroad was invented in the through water since time immemorial and
seventeenth century in Germany with carried good and people from one place to
wooden tracks. another. The boats progressed from the
simple raft with some modifications and
The first steel rail was developed in
improvement and were first used around
the USA during the early 1800s. The
6000 BC.
railways revolutionized transportation and
mass movement of people seen in the Travel by ship was the only means
nineteenth and twentieth centuries. for traveling overseas until the middle of the
twentieth century.
The broad gauge lines account for
more than 55 percent of the total network The cruise lines are the new
and carry 85 percent of total traffic. The attraction among the tourist. The cruises are
steam engines have been replaced by booked several months in advance for trips
into the tropical and sub-tropical waters of Railways
the Hawaii, Caribbean, Mediterranean, etc.
Water transport today plays two main roles  Long distance travel cheaper, carrying
in travel and tourism namely ferrying and capacity large, dependable service,
cruising. quicker than road transportation, ability
to view scenery en route is the
Modern vessels such as the wave - advantage of railways.
piercing, the hydrofoil and the hovercraft are  Inflexible, unfit to hilly regions,
the over the water transport and used for difficulties in rural areas, dining car
short distance routes. facilities not always available are the
disadvantage of railways.
Water Transport

 Economical, carrying capacity

Advantages and Disadvantage of enormously, develops international
Vehicle on Transportation Sector and coastal trades are the
Tourist has a wide variety of advantages of water transport.
transport options available today. There are
several advantages and disadvantages of
all the model of transport. These are
following as:
Transportation As An Attraction
Air Transport
To attract customers as well as take
 Direct root, high speed, quick them around an attraction, destination
service, social and political developers have used many forms of
significance, luxurious travel are the transport to move people around. The novel
advantages of air transportation. modes of transport ensure that major
 High cost, jet lag, unsuitable for exhibits are viewed in a certain sequence
heavy bulk cargo, accidents always and ensure that the crowd moves through at
fatal, international rule to be a reliable pace.
observed are the disadvantages of
Overcrowding should be avoided at
air transportation.
all costs to prevent untoward incidents and
to maintain the beauty of the place. Tourists
can cover the entire park in a shorter
Road Transport duration with the help of these modes of
 Flexibility, reliable, door to door transport.
service, economical, supplements
other modes of transport, quick
transit for short distances are the
advantages of road transport.
 Slow speed, carrying capacity
limited, accidents, noneAC coaches
not so comfortable, comfort depends
upon the conditions of roads are the
disadvantages of road transport.
 Accommodation
The lodging industry developed
because of the need to provide
accommodations for travelers. The early
reference to the inn is found in the Bible,
when Joseph, Christ's foster father, was
told, "There is no mom at the inn."

 During the height of the Industrial

Revolution in the 1700s and 1500s,
there was a greater demand for
accommodation as people migrated
to the cities to work. In the next 200
years, the lodging industry was
influenced by the development of
road transport. Coach service was
established by innkeepers to attract
business. The inn was used not only
as a boardinghouse but also as a
building office, waiting place, eating
establishment, and center of the
town's social activities.

 With the rapid development of the

railways in the 1820s and 1830s, a
different kind of hotel developed. In
Transportation is the most crucial Europe, large hotels were built next
component of the tourism infrastructure. It is to or across the downtown railroad
required not only for reaching the station.
destination but also for visiting the site and
moving about at the destination. Variety in  With the construction of highways
modes of transportation adds color to the and expressways; the lodging
overall tourism experience. industry responded to the needs of
the motorist. Thus, the motor hotel
Unusual forms of transportation are
or motel emerged.
also an attraction such as the cable cars in
hilly terrain, the funicular railway, or jet
 After World War II, advances in air
boating. The choice of mode of transport is
transportation led to an increased
vast and tourists can choose a mode to suit
number of travelers who demanded
their budget. They can opt for scheduled or
more and more hotel space.
non-scheduled transport such as the hiring
of vehicles, boats, coaches or trains so that
they can travel with their group.  Although the hotel industry was
booming, several small, family-
owned hotels could not complete
with the fast-growing chains
 Ellsworth Statler was the first hotel swimming pools and tennis courts, 24-hour
chain pioneer in the United States, room service, several restaurants and bars,
Hotels bearing his name had been and various types of entertainment. Hotels
built in Buffalo Cleveland, St. Louis, have been designed and built to promote
Detroit, Boston, and New York. almost any kind of budget or comfort level
that the traveling public might want.
 In the History of the deluxe hotels,
2. Motels or Motor Hotels - these normally
the most famous name is that of
only offer rooms and free parking to guests.
Hilton Corporation. Conrad Hilton
These are often found along busy highways
built an empire that included the
and cater primarily to transient and cost-
Waldorf Astoria in New York and the
conscious travelers.
largest hotel in the United States,
Conrad Hilton Hotel in Chicago with 3. Resort Hotels - are intended for
3000 rooms. Among the first-class vacation travelers. These hotels range from
hotels, the fastest growing group budget to luxury and can accommodate
was the Sheraton chain founded by these travelers and even more amenities,
Ernest Henderson. The chain is now shops, and recreation opportunities.
owned by the International
Telephone and Telegraph Company 4. Pension - are found principally in
(ITTI). In 1952, Kemmons Wilson Europe. These are usually family-owned
founded the Holiday Inn chain and accommodation facilities. In German
its concept of clean, comfortable, spooling parts of Europe, a pension is also
and reasonably priced called GasthausPensions and Gasthaus
accommodations for ordinary usually offer continental breakfast but do not
travelers. have facilities for other meals. Pensions are
known for their informal family atmosphere.
 Hotels changed in appearance as 5. Paradors - are unique to Spain. These
extra features were added such as are generally old castles, convents, and
glass-covered elevators, atrium monasteries that have been converted into
lobbies, a variety of restaurants and hotels by the government and are operated
bars, function meeting rooms, and a by the government.
full array of recreational
opportunities. The atrium concept 6. Condominium Hotels - are a recent
hotels, introduced by architect John innovation. These are often hotels with
Portman, boosted the popularity of apartments (condominiums) instead of basic
Hyatt. rooms. The condominium units are sold by
the hotel developers to individuals who are
given a title to the physical real estate. The
TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION individual owners then contract the
developer or a management company to
Accommodation can be classified operate the hotel and rent the space to
into various types; the most popular of visiting tourists. The individual owners have
which are the following: the right to stay in their own units during
specific periods of the year with a reduced
1. Hotels - this can be a 10-room boarding
room rate. The developers or management
house or a building that has a thousand or
company receives a fee for managing and
more rooms, convention and meeting
renting the units. The resulting profit is
facilities, recreation facilitation such as
shared among the individual unit owners. supervised diets and rigorous exercises to
Condominium hotels generally appeal to shed fat and reduce weight.
families because of the apartments.
12. Private Homes - this is the earliest
7. Campgrounds - Camping is a popular form of overnight lodging for travelers. It
form of overnight accommodation in both provides lodging to tourists who cannot be
Europe and North America. In North accommodated in hotels and motels during
America, there are at present more than peak vacation periods.
20,000 campgrounds, some of which are
13. Time-sharing - is a more recent unique
owned by hotels. Campgrounds usually
type of accommodation. It started in Europe
appeal to families who travel in recreational
in the 1960s when people found it difficult to
vehicles RVs, Campgrounds and RV
make reservations every year in popular
stopping spots are often found in
hotels during summer. Time-sharing is the
government parks and forests.
selling of vacation lodging, usually
8. Bed and Breakfast - is a form of lodging condominium, for a specific week or weeks
which originated in Europe. This form of over a given number of years. The resort
accommodation provides a bed for the night would rent the units when the owner was
and breakfast the next day. It was only in not in residence, thus providing an income
the 1970s that the idea was brought to the to help with the payments. This began in the
United States Retired and semiretired United States in the early 1970s when all
people with large houses have contributed prices increased Florida developers, unable
much to the growth of these establishments. to sell tour whole-unit condominiums,
decided to adapt them to time-sharing.
9. Tourist Inns - are lodging establishments
that cater to transients. Those do not 14. Hostels - these provide basic amenities
normally meet the minimum requirements of such as a bunk bed and a commonly shared
an economy hotel. toilet and bathroom. The traveler provides
his or her bedding. Hostels appeal primarily
10. Apartment Hotels (Apartels) - are
to young travelers. The idea of a hostel was
buildings that contain several independent
conceived in 1909 by an elementary school
and furnished or semi-furnished apartments.
teacher in Germany who wanted to provide
These are leased to tourists and travelers
low-cost overnight lodging to travelers
on a long-term basis and offer basic
throughout Europe. In 1830. There were
services to their tenants, similar to hotels.
more than 2,000 youth hostels that were
11. Health Spas - are hotels and resorts established in Germany. In 1934, the first
which cater to people who go to spas hostel was established in the United States.
ormineral springs for medical treatment or At present, hostels are run by individuals or
weight reduction. The idea of visiting health non-profit organizations. A few are run by
spas originated in Europe. The Romans and the national organization.
the Greeks visited the spas as early as the
first century. The spas became the center of
the social life of the English, the French,
and the Germans during the seventeenth
There are different ways of
and later centuries at present, several
classifying hotels: according to location,
health spas in Europe offer modern
type of guest, and price.
techniques such as medically supervised
rejuvenation programs which include According to location, hotels may be:
 a. CITY CENTER HOTEL Example: Shangri-La - Mactan,
Hotels within the main part of the Cebu, Bellevue-Bohol, Discovery-
city. Hotels in this category vary from Boracay
economy to luxury type of hotels.
According to price, hotels are categorized
Example: City Center Hotel at
as:
Baguio City
1. Economy
b. SUBURBAN HOTELS 2. Standard
Usually smaller than hotels in the 3. First-class
city but also offer the same services 4. Deluxe
and are located outside of the city
center
Example: Hotels in nearby provinces Star Rating

c. AIRPORT HOTELS Hotels all over the world are

Hotels that were specifically built categorized based on a rating system that
with air travelers in mind as primary classifies hotel based on its quality--on site
customers. facilities, amenities, quality of comfort and
Example: Waterfront Airport Hotel service, and decorative features. Star
and Casino, Mactan ratings range from 1-star to 5-star but in
some countries, this may range up to 7-star.
d. HIGHWAY HOTELS
Designed for road travelers who ★ 1 Star Hotels. These are usually for
want to stay overnight. budget conscious travelers. These
Example: Kabayan Hotel establishments provide the minimum of
services. Facilities are also limited and are
According to guest type, hotels are often shared with other guests. If food is
classified as: available, it is usually just breakfast.
Examples: Go Hotels, Sea Bird Hotel
a. CONVENTION HOTELS
Boracay.
Hotels that are able to accommodate
a convention and provide lodging to ★ 2 Star Hotels. The hotels are slightly
the participants. above one-star hotels and may provide
Example: Crowne Plaza Hotel more services and facilities such as larger
rooms, better quality furniture, and
b. COMMERCIAL HOTELS recreational facilities. Although more
Usually located in downtown areas expensive than one-star hotels, these are
and are smaller than convention still considered good value for money.
hotels.
Example: The Bayleaf Hotel Examples: Red Planet, Saniya Resort.
Intramuros Manila
★ 3 Star Hotels. A very good level of
accommodation. Spaces are bigger and
c. RESORT HOTELS
have a higher quality of facilities and
Hotels located in tourist attractions
services offered compared to one-and-two-
like beaches and offer recreational
star establishments.
amenities.
Example: Kabayan hotel, Tides Hotel
Boracay, Copacabana Apartment Hotel
 ★ 4 Star Hotels. Establishments that are establishment that wishes to achieve a star
upscale in all aspects. Accommodation is grading will be graded based on the number
refined and stylish. Service is very of their points.
responsive and often includes a wide range
of facilities. Excellent attention to detail and
hospitality. Example: Belmont Hotel,
Thunderbird Resort and Casino, and
Discovery Suites Manila ORGANIZATION OF THE LODGING
INDUSTRY
★ 5 Star Hotels. These establishments are
the very best in the industry. They offer the A hotel organization can be large
most luxurious accommodations and and complex A typical hotel has seven
excellent delivery of services. Examples: major divisions, namely: personnel,
Solaire Hotel, Conrad Hotel, Shangrila engineering and maintenance, accounting,
Boracay, and Fairmont Hotel. security, food and beverage, marketing and
sales, and room division. Each division is
In the Philippines, this star rating is run by its own derision head.
regulated by the Department of Tourism
(DOT). The DOT along with other agencies 1. Personnel Division - recruits new
and a third-party auditor conducts a employees and administers policies and
periodical assessment of hotels that employee benefits for the company.
determine their star rating. These ratings 2. Engineering and Maintenance
are given to the hotels after accreditation by Division - makes the necessary repairs and
the DOT is given. implements the hotel's energy management
The criteria for the five-star grading program.
system set by DOT is divided into seven 3. Accounting Division - handles the
dimensions that are common to Hotel, financial activities of the operation which
Resort, and Apartelles, except for lounge include payments of bills, sending out
and kitchen area which are only applicable statements, payroll, and compiling monthly
to apartment hotels. income statements.
The seven dimensions are as follows: 4. Security Division - provides protection
Arrival and Departure - Hotel: 10% Resort: for both employer and guest.
10%
5. Food and Beverage Division - is
Public Areas - Hotel: 10% Resort: 10% responsible for the food and beverages that
Bedrooms - Hotel: 30% Resort: 30% are served.
Bathroom - Hotel: 15% Resort: 15%
6. Marketing and Sales Division - is
Food and Beverage - Hotel: 15% Resort: responsible for selling the room and food
15% service. It is involved in advertising,
Amenities - Hotel: 10% Resort: 10% development of promotional materials, and
Business Practices - Hotel: 10% Resort: marketing direct contacts with prospective
10% clients.

A total of 1000 points is the 7. Room Division - is responsible for the

maximum number of points a Hotel/ front desk, telephone, reservations, and
Resort/Apartel can achieve. An housekeeping department.
 management contract also allows hotel-
operating companies to widen their
investment base by increasing the number
MANAGEMENT METHODS of rooms managed, thereby increasing their
profits. Developers who do not have
Traditionally, hotels are operated by experience in hotel management usually
the people who own the property. In some build large hotels management usually build
cases, the operator may lease the hotel large hotels and then turn them over to hotel
from the owner and then manage it. In order management companies to run them. It was
cases, special arrangements are made such the management contract that enabled hotel
as franchising and management contracts. companies such as Hilton International to
expand rapidly around the world. The
Franchising
expansion was due to its ability to get
Hotels that are franchised are capable management teams.
usually owned and operated by the same
person or company. The hotel operator or
franchisee signs a contract with the ACCOMMODATION RESERVATION
franchisor to maintain certain operating
standards and to use the franchise name on  Many large hotels have
the hotel or motel. The franchisee receives computerized reservation systems.
benefits such as extra business as a result However, despite these systems,
of the franchisor's national or international overbooking still occurs.
advertisements, the use of the franchisor's Overbooking is selling more rooms
operating and accounting system, and a line than the actual available rooms.
into the franchise chain's reservation Hotels do it for a reason. If hotels
system. In return for these benefits, the book only to capacity, they would
franchisee will pay a royalty and an often end up with empty rooms
advertising fee plus a percentage of annual because of "no-shows "or people
room sales or a specified number of dollars who do not advise that they want
for each room sold. their reservations canceled. Hotels
know from experience that there is a
Management Contracts no-show percentage that can be
Under a management contract, the compensated by overbooking.
hotel management company does not have However, the numbers do not
a financial interest in the hotel's land and always work out correctly. The result
building. The landlord owns the property but is disappointed customers and
does not have any interest in managing it. In negative publicity.
return for operating the property for the
landlord, the management company  Hotels use different methods to
receives a basic annual management fee, avoid overbooking and reduce the
plus an incentive, which is based on the no -show factor. One method is for a
hotel's gross profit and/or net profit but may hotel to advise the customers that it
also be based partly on total sales. will honor a reservation only if the
customers arrive at a certain
Under a management contract, the stipulated time. Another method is
investment rent is transferred from the for the hotel to ask for a deposit
operator to the property owner. The when a room is booked. Upon
 receipt of the deposit, the hotel will printed promotional literature and
give the customer a written invite them as guests on
document confirming that the familiarization trips. Hotels use the
reservation has been made. The direct mail approach to groups who
hotel guarantees that the room will would like to hold meetings,
be available and the customer conventions, or conferences in the
guarantees that the room will be hotel. For these groups, hotels often
paid even if he or she does not show have the incentive of lower room
up. rates for group bookings, and make
up the reduced revenue through
additional sales of meals and
Registration Cards alcoholic beverages.

 Accommodation establishments use  Accommodation establishments also

the guest registration card asa use newspapers for promotion. They
marketing tool. A guest registration use the business sections of
card provides information about the newspapers to reach business
guest such as his or her name, travelers and the travel sector to
address, geographical origin, and reach the vacation traveler. They
other facts. This information can be also advertise on radios and
used to produce a direct mail list televisions, on highways and airport
which is used for sending future billboards, on city magazines or
promotional materials. The list can directories, and telephone
also be expanded to include the directories. Thẹ majority of hotels
names and addresses of clients who advertise in travel journals, travel
have made reservations, canceled and recreation magazines, and
them, and even customers who airline in-flight magazines.
made reservations but never arrived
 Some accommodation entities
 The guest registration card feature the hotel's president or
information can also be used to general manager in their
produce a typical customer profile. advertisement. They may also
The customer profile can be feature the chef in their restaurant
presented to different print or advertising.
broadcast advertising media which
can then determine if the market
they serve fits this profile. If it does,
the establishment may then be able
to use that medium for its
advertising.

ACCOMMODATION PROMOTION

 Travel trade as well as to tour

wholesalers and travel agencies.
They provide the travel trade with