Passage 12
Passage 12
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 1 to 8
The atmosphere that originally surrounded Earth was probably much different from the air we breathe
today. Earth's first atmosphere (some 4.6 billion years ago) was most likely hydrogen and helium--.the
two most abundant gasses found in the universe--as well as hydrogen compounds, such as methane and
ammonia. Most scientists feel that this early atmosphere escaped into space from the Earth's hot surface.
A second, more dense atmosphere, however, gradually enveloped Earth as gasses from molten rocks
within its hot interior escaped through volcanoes and steam vents. We assume that volcanoes spewed out
the same gasses then as they do today: mostly water vapor (about 80 percent), carbon dioxide (about ten
percent), and up to a few percent nitrogen. These same gasses probably created Earth's second
atmosphere.
As millions of years passed, the constant outpouring of gasses from the hot interior--known as out gassing
- provided a rich supply of water vapor, which formed into clouds. Rain fell upon Earth for many
thousands or years, forming the rivers, lakes, and oceans of the world. During this time, large amounts of
carbon dioxide were dissolved in the oceans. Through chemical and biological processes, much of the
carbon dioxide became locked up in carbon sedimentary rocks, such as limestone. With much of the
water vapor already condensed into water and the concentration of carbon dioxide dwindling, the
atmosphere gradually became rich nitrogen.
It appears that oxygen, the second most abundant gas in today's atmosphere, probably began an extremely
slow increase in concentration as energetic rays from the sun split water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen
during a process called photodissociation. The hydrogen, being lighter, probably rose and escaped into
space, while the oxygen remained in the atmosphere.
This slow increase in oxygen may have provided enough of this gas for primitive plants to evolve,
perhaps two to three billion years ago. Or the plants may have evolved in an almost oxygen-free
(anaerobic) environment. At any rate, plant growth greatly enriched our atmosphere with oxygen. The
reason for this enrichment is that plants, in the presence of sunlight, process carbon dioxide and water to
produce oxygen.
Question 1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The original atmosphere on Earth was unstable.
B. The atmosphere on Earth has changed over time.
C. Hot underground gasses created clouds, which formed the Earth's atmosphere.
D. Plant growth depended on oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.
Question 2. The word "enveloped" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. escaped B. changed C. surrounded D. characterized
Question 3. According to the passage, out gassing eventually led to all of the following EXCEPT
Page 1
Question 4. The word "they” in the second paragraph refers to
A. molten rocks B. steam vents C. volcanoes D. gases
Question 5. The passage suggests that oxygen remained in the atmosphere because
A. it was heavier than hydrogen
B. hydrogen became trapped in limestone
C. sun rays created equal amounts of hydrogen and oxygen
D. it was caused by outgassing
Question 6. The word "At any rate" in the fifth paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. regardless B. fortunately C. in addition D. although unlikely
Question 7. The author organizes the discussion of the Earth's atmosphere in terms of the
A. occur in which changes
B. role of volcanoes in its formation
C. time it took for the Earth's surface: to cool and nitrogen to appear
D. chemical and physical features of gasses
Question 8. Which of the following does the passage mention as necessary for both the production of
oxygen by photodissociation and the production of oxygen by plants?
A. Water B. Nitrogen C. Carbon dioxide D. Hydrogen
ĐÁP ÁN
1-B 2-C 3-D 4-C 5-A
6-A 7-A 8-A
Page 4