Pediatric Nutrition

Assessment Tools

Clinical Nutrition Week 2016

Austin, TX
 Malnutrition Indicators using
Z Scores
Primary indicators when only a single data point is available for use as a criterion for identification and diagnosis of malnutrition related
to undernutrition: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2014 Pediatric Malnutrition
Consensus Statement71, 72, 73, 75, 76

Primary indicators Mild malnutrition Moderate malnutrition Severe malnutrition

Weight for height zscore −1 to −1.9 z score −2 to −2.9 z score −3 or greater z score

BMIa for age z score −1 to −1.9 z score −2 to −2.9 z score −3 or greater z score

Length/height z score No data No data −3 z score

Mid-upper arm circumference Greater than or equal to −1 Greater than or equal to −2 Greater than or equal
to −1.9z score to −2.9z score to −3z score

aBMI=body mass index.

Primary indicators when two or more data points are available for use as criteria for identification and diagnosis of malnutrition related
to undernutrition: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2014 Pediatric Malnutrition
Consensus Statement71, 72, 73, 75, 76

Primary indicators Mild malnutrition Moderate malnutrition Severe malnutrition

Weight gain velocity (<2 y of age) <75%a of the normb for <50%a of the normb for <25%a of the normb for
expected weight gain expected weight gain expected weight gain

Weight loss (2 to 20 y of age) 5% usual body weight 7.5% usual body weight 10% usual body weight

Deceleration in weight for Decline of 1 z score Decline of 2 z score Decline of 3 z score

length/height z score

Inadequate nutrient intake 51% to 75% estimated 26% to 50% estimated ≤25% estimated energy/protein
energy/protein need energy/protein need need

aFrom Guo et al.84

bWorld Health Organization data for patients younger than 2 y old. 85
Food and Nutrient Intake
(Diet History)
Energy Needs Equations

DRI (2005)
 RDA (1989)

Age Kcal x Kg
0-6 months 108
7-12 months 98
1 to 3 years 102
4 to 6 years 90
7 to 10 years 70

Catch-up Growth: (IBW in kg /Actual Weight) x Kcal per kg

ESTIMATED ENERGY NEEDS FOR ADOLECENTS BASED ON HEIGHT

Kcal/cm
Age Males Females
11 to 14 years 16 14
15 to 18 years 17 13
19 to 22 years 16 13

WHO Equation:

Sex Age (yrs) REE Equation

Male 0-3 (60.9 x wt in kg) -54
3-10 (22.7 x wt in kg) + 495
10-18 (17.5 x wt in kg) + 651
Female 0-3 (61 x wt in kg) -51
3-10 (22.5 x wt in kg) + 499
10-18 (12.2 x wt in kg) + 746
World Health Organization (WHO) 1965

Injury or Illness Factors to WHO:

Surgery 1.05-1.5
Sepsis 1.2-1.6
Closed Head Injury 1.3
Trauma 1.1-1.8
(Information taken from Pediatric Nutrition Care Manual, Academy of dietetics and Nutrition)
 Calculation of IBW
Calculated at the 50th percentile weight for length using WHO Growth Chart

Calculated at the 50th percentile BMI x Height in meters2 using CDC Growth Chart

Growth Expectations
 Fluid Guidelines
Weight Fluid Calculation
1-10 kg 100 mL/kg
11-20 kg 1000mL +50 mL/kg for each kg >10 kg
>20 kg 1500 mL + 20mL/kg for each kg > 20kg

Examples:
8 kg 100 ml x 8 kg = 800 ml
15 kg 1000 mL + 50mL x 5kg = 1250 mL
30 kg 1500 mL + 20mL x 10 = 1700 mL
*Maximum fluid intake: 200 ml/kg/d

(Holiday-Segar method) Holiday, M. and Segar, W. Pediatrics, 19: 823-832, 1957

 Nutrition Pearls
Protein needs for the critically ill

Age Protein Recommendations

0-2 years 2-3 g/kg/day
2-13 years 1.5-2 g/kg/day
13-18 years 1.5 g/kg/day

- Indirect calorimetry is the most precise method estimate energy needs in

hospitalized patients.

- Use the WHO equation to estimate energy needs of overweight or obese children.
Use a child/adolescent’s actual body weight for calculations.

- Z score of 2.5 or above indicates obesity

- Hand grip strength

CDCa Growth Charts WHOb Growth Charts

STAT GrowthCharts (compatible with iPod Touch, iPhone, iPad STAT GrowthCharts WHO (compatible with iPod Touch, iPhone, iPad
[Apple Inc]) [Apple Inc])

Epi Info NutStat: (available for download) WHO z score charts:

http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/computer_programs.htm http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/chart_catalogue/en/index.htm

CDC website: z score data files available as tables: WHO Multicentre Growth Study website:

http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/zscore.htm http://www.who.int/childgrowth/software/en/

All four macros (SAS, S-plus, SSPS, and

STATA) calculate the indicators of the attained growth standards

PediTools Home: www.peditools.org PediTools Home: www.peditools.org

Clinical tools for pediatric providers; growth charts, calculators, Clinical tools for pediatric providers; growth charts, calculators, etc; mobile
etc; mobile compatible compatible

aCDC=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

bWHO=World Health Organization.
 Pediatric Nutrition
Assessment Tools

Clinical Nutrition Week 2016

Austin, TX
 Malnutrition Indicators using
Z Scores
Primary indicators when only a single data point is available for use as a criterion for identification and diagnosis of malnutrition related
to undernutrition: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2014 Pediatric Malnutrition
Consensus Statement71, 72, 73, 75, 76

Primary indicators Mild malnutrition Moderate malnutrition Severe malnutrition

Weight for height zscore −1 to −1.9 z score −2 to −2.9 z score −3 or greater z score

BMIa for age z score −1 to −1.9 z score −2 to −2.9 z score −3 or greater z score

Length/height z score No data No data −3 z score

Mid-upper arm circumference Greater than or equal to −1 Greater than or equal to −2 Greater than or equal
to −1.9z score to −2.9z score to −3z score

aBMI=body mass index.

Primary indicators when two or more data points are available for use as criteria for identification and diagnosis of malnutrition related
to undernutrition: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2014 Pediatric Malnutrition
Consensus Statement71, 72, 73, 75, 76

Primary indicators Mild malnutrition Moderate malnutrition Severe malnutrition

Weight gain velocity (<2 y of age) <75%a of the normb for <50%a of the normb for <25%a of the normb for
expected weight gain expected weight gain expected weight gain

Weight loss (2 to 20 y of age) 5% usual body weight 7.5% usual body weight 10% usual body weight

Deceleration in weight for Decline of 1 z score Decline of 2 z score Decline of 3 z score

length/height z score

Inadequate nutrient intake 51% to 75% estimated 26% to 50% estimated ≤25% estimated energy/protein
energy/protein need energy/protein need need

aFrom Guo et al.84

bWorld Health Organization data for patients younger than 2 y old. 85
Food and Nutrient Intake
(Diet History)
Energy Needs Equations

DRI (2005)
 RDA (1989)

Age Kcal x Kg
0-6 months 108
7-12 months 98
1 to 3 years 102
4 to 6 years 90
7 to 10 years 70

Catch-up Growth: (IBW in kg /Actual Weight) x Kcal per kg

ESTIMATED ENERGY NEEDS FOR ADOLECENTS BASED ON HEIGHT

Kcal/cm
Age Males Females
11 to 14 years 16 14
15 to 18 years 17 13
19 to 22 years 16 13

WHO Equation:

Sex Age (yrs) REE Equation

Male 0-3 (60.9 x wt in kg) -54
3-10 (22.7 x wt in kg) + 495
10-18 (17.5 x wt in kg) + 651
Female 0-3 (61 x wt in kg) -51
3-10 (22.5 x wt in kg) + 499
10-18 (12.2 x wt in kg) + 746
World Health Organization (WHO) 1965

Injury or Illness Factors to WHO:

Surgery 1.05-1.5
Sepsis 1.2-1.6
Closed Head Injury 1.3
Trauma 1.1-1.8
(Information taken from Pediatric Nutrition Care Manual, Academy of dietetics and Nutrition)
 Calculation of IBW
Calculated at the 50th percentile weight for length using WHO Growth Chart

Calculated at the 50th percentile BMI x Height in meters2 using CDC Growth Chart

Growth Expectations
 Fluid Guidelines
Weight Fluid Calculation
1-10 kg 100 mL/kg
11-20 kg 1000mL +50 mL/kg for each kg >10 kg
>20 kg 1500 mL + 20mL/kg for each kg > 20kg

Examples:
8 kg 100 ml x 8 kg = 800 ml
15 kg 1000 mL + 50mL x 5kg = 1250 mL
30 kg 1500 mL + 20mL x 10 = 1700 mL
*Maximum fluid intake: 200 ml/kg/d

(Holiday-Segar method) Holiday, M. and Segar, W. Pediatrics, 19: 823-832, 1957

 Nutrition Pearls
Protein needs for the critically ill

Age Protein Recommendations

0-2 years 2-3 g/kg/day
2-13 years 1.5-2 g/kg/day
13-18 years 1.5 g/kg/day

- Indirect calorimetry is the most precise method estimate energy needs in

hospitalized patients.

- Use the WHO equation to estimate energy needs of overweight or obese children.
Use a child/adolescent’s actual body weight for calculations.

- Z score of 2.5 or above indicates obesity

- Hand grip strength

CDCa Growth Charts WHOb Growth Charts

STAT GrowthCharts (compatible with iPod Touch, iPhone, iPad STAT GrowthCharts WHO (compatible with iPod Touch, iPhone, iPad
[Apple Inc]) [Apple Inc])

Epi Info NutStat: (available for download) WHO z score charts:

http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/computer_programs.htm http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/chart_catalogue/en/index.htm

CDC website: z score data files available as tables: WHO Multicentre Growth Study website:

http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/zscore.htm http://www.who.int/childgrowth/software/en/

All four macros (SAS, S-plus, SSPS, and

STATA) calculate the indicators of the attained growth standards

PediTools Home: www.peditools.org PediTools Home: www.peditools.org

Clinical tools for pediatric providers; growth charts, calculators, Clinical tools for pediatric providers; growth charts, calculators, etc; mobile
etc; mobile compatible compatible

aCDC=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

bWHO=World Health Organization.
Steven W Plogsted, PharmD, BCNSP, CNSC
Nutrition Support Pharmacist
Nationwide Childrens Hospital
Columbus, OH 43205

TITLE: Basic Pediatric Skills Lab

SUMMARY: Understanding, writing or managing pediatric TPN orders is a difficult task for all
members of the health care team. A simple approach to this process will be presented.

OBJECTIVES:
1. Demonstrate the differences between pediatric and adult nutritional requirements
2. Discuss appropriate markers for monitoring nutritional adequacy in pediatrics
3. Demonstrate a simplified method for quick assessment of nutritional needs

REFERENCES:
1. Mehta N, Compher C, ASPEN Board of Directors. ASPEN Clinical Guidelines: Nutrition
Support of the Critically Ill Child. JPEN 2009; 33(3):260-276

2. ASPEN Board of Directors. Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Parenteral and Enteral
Nutrition in Adult and Pediatric Patients, 2009. JPEN 2009; 33(3):255-259.

3. Shulman R, Phillips S. Parenteral Nutrition in Infants and Children. J Ped Gastro Nutr 2003;
36:587-607
 1/5/2016

Introduction
Pediatric Parenteral Children are at much greater risk than adults for protein-energy malnutrition.
This is partly due to their decreased fat and protein stores. These limited
Nutrition endogenous resources, coupled with their increased metabolic demands for
growth and development, make them particularly vulnerable to nutritional
inadequacy.

This is particularly true for the premature or sick term newborn. The tremendous
advances in neonatal care over the past two decades have allowed the survival
of increasingly smaller and sicker babies. Along with this has been a change in
Steve Plogsted, BS, PharmD, BCNSP, CNSC our expectations, nicely characterized by Ekhard Ziegler - "We are no longer
Nutrition Support Pharmacist content to provide some nutrition within a few days and to gradually
increase nutrient intake over several weeks".

Part of this plan for earlier provision of optimal nutrition is the use of total
parenteral nutrition (TPN). It is particularly valuable for those patients who
are unable to take calories by the enteral route.
………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

General Guidelines Indications

The goal of TPN is to provide adequate nutrition and to individualize for: When the nutritional needs of the patient cannot be met solely by the enteral route, parenteral
resting energy requirements nutrition is indicated. Parenteral nutrition can be used to provide all nutrients IV (total -
adequate growth and development TPN) or in combination with some enteral feedings (partial - PPN).
specific disease processes (trauma, sepsis, burns, etc.)
prevent/treat both macro- and micro-nutrient deficiencies/excesses The common diagnoses related to a non- or poorly-functioning GI tract include:
functional immaturity of the GI tract
avoid complications surgical GI disorders
improve patient outcomes short bowel syndrome
(it is NOT to be used for correcting electrolyte abnormalities) malabsorption
intractable diarrhea of infancy
The TPN formulation will depend on several factors - the patient's clinical status, nutritional necrotizing enterocolitis
status, age and size and developmental state (pre- or post-pubertal). Before ordering TPN,
you must know the patient's weight, fluid status and the baseline lab values. pharmacologic paralysis

In general, it is more difficult to order TPN for a child than an adult or even a neonate because Not all patients with the above conditions will require TPN. Additional criteria to consider for
of the large variations in weights among children. This in turn leads to significant the use of TPN are that the patient is already malnourished and/or will need to remain
differences in fluid and caloric requirements and substrate goals (CHO, lipid, protein). NPO for an extended period of time - 1-3 days for newborns and infants and 3-5 days for
previously well-nourished pediatric patients.
………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Indications (cont) Contraindications to PN

Sick newborn Anticipated duration of therapy <3 days unless severe malnutrition
Neonates (start within 24-48 hrs of birth) present
GI non functioning Functional GI tract when enteral nutrition can safely meet needs
If EN not possible, PN should be started within Inability to obtain venous access
1-3 days in infants Refusal by patient or family of enteral tube placement
4-5 days in older children Prognosis doesn’t warrant aggressive nutrition support
GI fistula (controversial)
Acute pancreatitis
Short bowel syndrome
Malnutrition with >10% to 15 % weight loss
Nutritional needs not met; patient refuses food
………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Initiation Initiation (cont)

Once you have decided the enteral vs parenteral and peripheral vs central Begin by establishing a total fluid goal for the patient:
questions you are ready to order the TPN. You should follow an orderly evaluate current fluid balance by physical exam, I/O and labs
sequence of calculating TPN components when doing this: calculate maintenance fluid requirements using standard guidelines
take into account any fluid restrictions (cardiac/renal disease, BPD)
establish fluid goals
Next determine how much of total daily fluid can be given as TPN. Take into account ALL
establish caloric goals fluids given - medications, piggybacks, IV drips and any enteral feeds. Subtract these from
calculate protein, CHO and lipid concentrations the total daily fluid amount and the remainder is what can be given as TPN. Pharmacy will
automatically adjust the actual total TPN fluid amount for the IV tubing and residual
determine electrolyte requirements volume while keeping the macro- and micro-nutrients as ordered.
determine vitamin/mineral requirements
consider other additives If the patient is dehydrated this should be addressed with isotonic fluids. Do NOT try to
correct for fluid deficits with TPN. Fluid errors are the most common mistakes made when
ordering TPN and can be inadvertently perpetuated. Be careful and recalculate fluids
After the final calculations, you should order appropriate initial laboratory daily!!
assessment and ongoing monitoring parameters. Finally, consult the pediatric
dietitian for help and guidance (or just call TPN Steve).
………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Initiation (cont) Fluid Requirements

A minimum amount of protein must be supplied to all patients to avoid a catabolic state. If an
insufficient amount is given, even excessive non-protein calories will not prevent the <10 kg 100 mL/kg
catabolism of lean protein stores. However, excessive amino acid (AA) administration can
lead to azotemia, hyperammonemia, metabolic acidosis or cholestasis. 10-20 kg 50 mL/kg + 500 mL
Protein requirements are substantially higher (per weight) for infants and children compared to
>20 kg 20 mL/kg + 100 mL
adults. The enzyme systems of neonates and infants are poorly developed and cannot This will give the total volume needed in a day
appropriately metabolize standard adult AA solutions. Solutions designed for infants are
formulated to account for the impaired conversion of methionine to cysteine and
subsequently to taurine. Use of these AA solutions results in greater weight gain, improved
nitrogen balance and serum AA patterns similar to those of breast-fed infants. The AA
solutions used in older children are the same products as those used in adults. 4-2-1 method
For the majority of patients, recommended guidelines for protein requirements should be
This will give the rate of the infusion in mL/hr
followed. Ideally 24-32 non-protein calories (NPC) per gram of AA allows for efficient
utilization. BUN and acid-base balance must be monitored to assess tolerance for protein
administration.

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Calculate Calorie Requirements Calculate Components

SAME PROCEDURE AS FLUID CALC. PROTEIN
0-10 kg 100 kcal/kg 10 - 15 % of the total calories
10-20 kg 50 kcal/kg + 1000 kcal
20 kg 20 kcal/kg + 1500 kcal CAROBOHYDRATE
55 - 60 % of the total calories
4-2-1 Method then multiply x 24 hrs to obtain calorie needs
FAT
30 % of the total calories

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Parenteral Amino Acids (AA) Parenteral AA Guidelines

Neonatal AA Pediatric AA
Age Initiate Advance Maximum
(Trophamine 10%) (Travasol 10%) <1yr 1-2g/kg/day 1g/kg/day 4g/kg/day
 AA attempt to mimic breastmilk Used for >5kg 1-10yr 1-2g/kg/day 1g/kg/day 1.5-3g/kg/day

 Cysteine added to lower pH = more Ca Contains Phos >10yr (adolescents) 1g/kg/day 1g/kg/day 0.8-2.5g/kg/day
and Phos to TPN 0.1 mmol/gram AA
 More fluid-restricted than pediatric
standard AA solution ***Goal AA correspond to ASPEN protein guidelines for critical
 Used for primarily in the NICU or illness
***4kcal/gm
CTICU
………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

ASPEN (2010)

Carbohydrates (Dextrose) GIR/Dextrose Guidelines

Total amount should not exceed daily amount the body can utilize
Don’t exceed body’s max. oxidative rate
Age Initiate Advance Maximum
Infants require more CHO than adults and older children due to increased energy
needs <1yr ~6-9mg/kg/min 1-2mg/kg/min Goal: 10-
12mg/kg/min
Initial concentration: 10-12.5% exception: neonates (can’t tolerate large dextrose Max: 14-
load due to decreased insulin production) 15mg/kg/min
neonates endogenous glucose production is 4-8 mg/kg/min 1-10yr 1-2mg/kg/min 1-2mg/kg/min Max: 8-
If max. oxidative rate exceeded >IVF GIR 10mg/kg/min
-fatty liver
>10yr 1-2mg/kg/min 1-2mg/kg/min Max: 5-
-insulin resistance
(adolescents) >IVF GIR 6mg/kg/min
-hyperglycemia

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

ASPEN (2010)

Lipid Emulsion Lipid Emulsion

Three different concentrations available: Contains 50% long chain fats
10% 1.1 kcal/mL
20% 2 kcal/mL Predominately soy based (omega-6)
30% 3 kcal/mL
Need to provide at least 8-10% of the calories from the lipid emulsion in
10% not used routinely anymore due to the high concentration of order to prevent the development of an essential fatty acid deficiency
phospholipids which are not cleared well resulting in elevate
triglyceride levels (this will provide 4-5% of the calories as essential fatty acids

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Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency

E.F.A. Deficiency
Can occur within “days to weeks” although clinical S/S may
not been detected for months
Triene:tetaene ratio ≥ 0.4
Prevented by providing 0.5g/kg/day of lipid (2-4% of total
kcal)
Symptoms of EFAD:
Alopecia, scaly dermatitis, increased capillary fragility, poor wound
healing, increased platelet aggregation, increased susceptibility to
infection, fatty liver, and growth retardation in infants and children

………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Marcason (2007), ASPEN

(2010)

Omegaven Electrolyte Needs

Fish oil based lipid emulsion (omega 3) Sodium
Preterm 2-3 mEq/kg
Comes as a 10% concentration
Infants 2-4 mEq/kg
Contains no essential fatty acids VLBW infants require twice or more as much due to poor renal
tubular function
Not approved for use in the U.S. and therefore not available for general ~6-8 mEq/kg
use
Children 2-3 mEq/kg
Restricted to investigational use Adolescents 1-3 mEq/kg

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Electrolyte Needs Electrolyte Needs

Potassium Magnesium
Preterm 2-3 mEq/kg <2 kg 0.25-0.6 mEq/kg
Infants 2-4 meq/kg >2 kg 0.25-0.5 mEq/kg
Children 2-3 mEq/kg Infants 0.25-0.5 mEq/kg
Adolescents 1-2 meq/kg Children 0.25-0.5 mEq/kg
Adolescents 0.25-0.5 mEq/kg

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Electrolyte Needs Electrolyte Needs

Calcium Phosphorus
<2 kg 3-4.5 mEq/kg <2 kg 1-3 mMol/kg
>2 kg 2-3 mEq/kg >2 kg 1-2 mMol/kg
Infants 1-2 mEq/kg Infants 1-2 mMol/kg
Children 0.5-1mEq/kg Children 0.5-1mMol/kg
Adolescents 0.25-0.5 mEq/kg Adolescents 0.25-0.5 mMol/kg

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Limits on Calcium:Phosphorus Additional

Relative amounts of both Extra zinc needed for:
Growth
Protein concentration Wound healing
pH (L-cysteine plays major role here) Diarrhea
Temperature Carnitine
Magnesium content Neonates are deficient
Responsible for transporting long chain fats inside of the
2:1 ratio mitochondria

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

L-cysteine Lab Testing

There are a number of intravenous drugs currently on a national shortage Basic metabolic panel
list including L-cysteine

Generally speaking, if a neonate is receiving at least 3 gm/kg of protein Prealbumin

there is no need to supplement
CRP
High risk infants can receive a reduced dose of 20 mg/kg of protein (40
mg/g is standard)

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CRP
CRP is an acute phase protein used primarily in the I.D. world Albumin and prealbumin will be depressed when a patient is in a
In nutrition, used as a marker of stress which indicates a catabolic stressed state and is not a reliable indicator of nutritional status
state
Providing “calculated” calories or increasing the caloric intake due As the CRP begins to fall the albumin and prealbumin will begin to
to stress will result in overfeeding, especially in the surgical rise
neonate

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Adverse Reactions to TPN-PNALD Causes of PN Associated Liver Disease

1. Preemie
2. Sepsis
3. SBS
4. Bacterial Overgrowth
5. Decreased/absent enteral intake
6. Calorie intake
7. Dextrose intake
8. AA source and intake
9. IVFE

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Treatment/Preventions of PN associated
Medications and PN
Liver Disease
1. Carnitine 1. Insulin
2. Cycling PN 2. Albumin
3. IVFE intake 3. PPI
4. GIR 4. H2
5. Antibiotics 5. Octreotide
6. Urso
7. Trace elements

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Cycling PN Cycled PN Example

1. Calculate 24 hr PN volume 1. Total volume = 1500 mL
2. Divide the 24 hr volume by the hours goal MINUS 0.5 2. Desired cycle = 12 hrs
3. Round off the rate 3. 1500 mL / 11.5 hrs = 130.4
4. Multiply new rate by the hours MINUS 1 4. 130 x 11 hrs = 1430 mL
5. Subtract the number from step 4 from your 24 hr volume 5. 1500 mL – 1430 mL = 70 ml
6. Cycled PN = 130 mL/hr x 11 hrs, 70 mL/hr x 1 hr

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Special Circumstances PICU-associated malnutrition

Metabolic stress response
Estimations of energy requirement
Prescription and Delivery
Preexisting deficiency/reduced somatic stores

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Mehta and Duggan (2009),

Hulst et al. (2006), Rogers et
al. (2003)

Nutrition Goals for the PICU Energy Expenditure

1. Minimize protein catabolism Pediatric patients may not exhibit significant hypermetabolism post-
2. Meet energy requirement injury
Decreased physical activity, decreased insensible losses, and
transient absence of growth during the acute illness may reduce
energy expenditure

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Mehta and Duggan (2009)

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Metabolic Alterations in Critical Illness Metabolic Alterations in Critical Illness

Lipid Utilization in Acute Illness: Protein Metabolism in Acute Illness
Stress Hormones (Catecholamines/Cortisol) Lipolysis: “FFA (major Catabolism (Skeletal Muscle)
fuel in acute illness)”
a. Oxidation via TCA cycle a. Gluconeogenesis (Alanine)
b. Lipogenesis b. Acute Phase Proteins (Liver Synthesis)
c. Ketogenesis (Glucagon inhibited during critical illness)
d.PDH Inhibition (prevents Glucose TCA Oxidation and increases FFA TCA
Oxidation) “Negative Nitrogen Balance”

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Stress Liver synthetic Changes Altered Cellular Metabolism

Diminished Mitochondrial Energy

Anabolic : Stress/Acute Phase:
Production:
Albumin, antithrombin, Fibrinogen
I. Dysfunctional Respiration: Downregulation of
protein C Ferritin,
genes coding for electron transport chain
High Density Lipoproteins alpha-1antitrypsinogen
II. Dysfunctional Glycolytic pathway:
anitiproteases
Down regulation of gene for PFK (rate limiting
enzyme)

………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Energy Provision Energy Requirements

Increased risk of overfeeding with sedation or intubation Standard equations to predict energy needs unreliable
impaired liver function by inducing steatosis/cholestasis Indirect calorimetry is the gold standard to accurately predict REE
increased risk of infection Unable to use IC for all PICU patients
hyperglycemia
prolonged mechanical ventilation (↑production of C02)
increased LOS
Shown to provide no benefit to the maintenance of lean body mass

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Suggested Candidates for Indirect

Suggested Candidates for IC
Calorimetry (IC)
• Underweight (BMI < 5th percentile for age) or overweight (BMI • Neurologic trauma*
> 95th percentile for age) *(EN or PN support) • Children with thermal injury*
• Failure to wean, or need to escalate respiratory support* • Children suspected to be severely hypermetabolic or
• Need for muscle relaxants or mechanical ventilation for > 7 days hypometabolic
• Any patient with ICU LOS > 4 weeks

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Mehta et al. (2009) Mehta et al. (2009)

Limitations of IC
DRI vs. REE
Air leaks around ET tubes
Chest tubes Age DRI (kcal/kg) REE (kcal/kg)
FiO2 >60%
Receiving dialysis 0-3 mon 102 54
4-6 mon 82 54
7-12 mon 80 51
13-35 mon 82 56
3y 85 57
4y 70 47
………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5-6 y 65 47
7-8 y 60 47

Kcal Requirements: Intubated Child <12m Kcal Requirements: Intubated Child >12m
May require >REE Kcal goal = REE
activity not a significant percent of kcal WHO, Schofield or White equation
Kcal used predominantly for growth 3 yo ~60 kcal/kg
4-8 yo ~50 kcal/kg
Consensus is to provide >REE for infants 0-12 months despite
intubation or sedation Activity and injury factors not routinely used with the exception of
(75-80% of the DRI for age) the burn patient
0-3 months ~80 kcal/kg
4-12 months ~65 kcal/kg
………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

9
 1/5/2016

Kcal Requirement for the Extubated Child Adjustments for Other Special Populations

Kcal goal = DRIs for age/gender 1. SBS

1. Delete manganese and reduce copper intake
Catch up growth may be necessary 2. Extra zinc
(DRI x IBW) ÷ actual wt (kg) 3. Carnitine
4. Use of Trophamine® (or Aminosyn PF®) w/o cysteine
BMI for age >85th%tile use IBW 2. Hepatic
IBW: BMI for age @50th%tile 1. No special amino acid products (ie, Hepatamine® are required but
protein intake probably needs to be reduced in hyperammonemia
(BMI @50th%tile x actual wt) ÷ actual BMI 2. Would most like benefit from the Trophamine® or Aminosyn PF® due
to the increased amount of BCAA.
3. Renal
1. CRRT usually requires more protein due to loss through the circuit
2. Depending status of dialysis may have to hold trace elements, vitamins
and selenium
………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

10
Pediatric Basic Skills Lab CNW 2016
Feeding and Nutrition in Children with Neurodevelopmental Challenges

Gina Rempel, MD, FRCPC, FAAP1

Children’s Hospital Winnipeg & Rehabilitation Centre for Children, Winnipeg
University of Manitoba, Canada
grempel@hsc.mb.ca

Feeding problems and poor nutrition are very common in children with neurodevelopmental problems.
These children are often unable to consume adequate calories, transition to age-appropriate foods,
swallow with ease or grow according to standards for typical children.

This session will provide an opportunity to explore the importance of nutrition and its assessment and
monitoring in children with neurodevelopmental challenges using appropriate anthropometric
assessments and growth charts.

What is known about the nutritional status of children with neurodevelopmental challenges?
 In children with neurodevelopmental challenges, good nutrition:
o Impacts overall developmental progress and has neuro-rehabilitation implications
o Health and longevity
o Community participation
o Bone health
 Poor nutrition is remedial a good nutritional care plan is important in the rehabilitation toolkit
What are the causes of poor nutritional status in children with neurodevelopmental
challenges?
 Nutritional factors
o Inadequate intake
o Poor utilization of nutrients
o Increased losses
o Energy expenditure
 Non-nutritional factors
o Endocrine
o Neurological factors
o Bone health
If nutrition is important, how do we ensure we are assessing & monitoring it correctly?
 History and physical
 Anthropometry
o Weight
o Height or Length or Segmental measures
o Head Circumference
o Triceps skin fold
 Growth Chart
 Weight gain velocity
 Body composition
 Interpreting the measurements
How do we formulate an appropriate treatment plan?
 Estimating energy requirements
 Maximize oral nutrition
o Manipulation of nutritional intake
o Provide appropriate texture, viscosity of food

1 I have no commercial relationships relevant to the topic presented

1
 o Careful, well-paced feeding
o Position well
o Ensure the teeth are in good shape
 Enteral nutrition
o Feeding enough but not too much
o Exact nutritional requirements not clear so frequent follow up required until the weight
gain trajectories are reached
Conclusion
 Good nutrition is an important part of neuro-rehabilitation, growth and development
 The earlier we give good nutrition, the better the outcome
 Assessment of nutritional status is not straightforward. Regular monitoring is important
 Parental support and engagement in nutritional care leads to better outcomes.

Questions
1. Which of the follow measurement are important in deciding on appropriate growth in
children with neurodevelopmental challenges?
a. Weight
b. Triceps Skin Fold
c. Body Mass Index or Weight for Height
d. a, b, c
e. a and b
2. True or False
Segmental measurements for children with neurodevelopmental challenges are validated
measures of length and height.
3. Energy expenditure in children with neurodevelopmental challenges is:
a. Similar to age matched peers
b. Can be estimated by simple clinical measures
c. Determined by the degree of motor impairment
d. a, c
e. a, b, c
4. Gastrostomy feeding
a. Decreases the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia
b. Is associated with weight gain
c. Is associated with overweight status and bone fragility
d. All of the above
e. “b” and “c”

ANSWERS: 1:E, 2: True, 3: D, 4: E

References:
1. Brooks J, Day S, Shavell R, et al. Low weight morbidity and mortality in children with cerebral palsy:
new clinical growth charts. Pediatrics 2011; 128:e299-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2801
2. Rempel, Gina. The Importance of Good Nutrition in Children with Cerebral Palsy.
Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2015 Feb;26(1):39-56. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2014.09.001. Review.
PMID:25479778
3. Stevenson R, Hayes R, Cater L, et al. Clinical correlates of linear growth in children with cerebral
palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994;36:135-42
4. Stevenson RD, Conaway M, Chumlea WC, et al. Growth and health in children with moderate-to-
severe cerebral palsy. Pediatrics 2006;118:1010-8
5. Sullivan PB, Alder N, Bachlet AM et al. Gastrostomy feeding in cerebral palsy: too much of a good
thing? Dev Med Child Neurol 2006;48:877-82

2
 Guide to Writing Parenteral Nutrition Orders in Children

0. Indication for Parenteral Nutrition

1. Estimation of Calorie Needs

 Seashore Equation [55-2 (Age)] Wt. + 20%

 Harris-Benedict Equations

2. Estimation of Fluid Needs

 100 cc/kg for 1st 10 kg; 50 cc/kg for 2nd 10 kg; 20 cc/kg for >
20 kg

3. Correction of Calorie/Fluid Needs

4. Calculation of Fat

 30 % of total kilocalories or 1.5 to3.0 g/kg per day

5. Calculation of Protein

 1 - 2 g/kg per day

 Goal of 24-48 non-protein kilocalories/g of protein
 Amino acid concentration

To determine the maximum amount of protein (g/kg/day) in a

patient who is not losing protein, divide the total calories by 28
and the patient's weight.

6. Calculation of Carbohydrate
 Example of PN Calculations in a Pediatric Patient

35 kg, 10 year old boy in an ICU with 2 C fever receiving an IV of D5 at 10 cc/hr S/P
abdominal surgery.

0. Patient NPO due to bowel surgery; not expected to eat for 7 days.

1. Calculated Energy Requirements:

[55 - 2 (10)] X 35 = 1225 kilocalories
+ 20 % = 245 kilocalories
+ 26 % (2 C fever) = 318 kilocalories
Total = 1788 kilocalories

2. Calculation of Fluid Requirements:

100 cc/kg X 10 kg + 50 cc/kg X 10 kg + 20 cc/kg X 15 kg =

1800 cc

3. Correction of Calorie/Fluid needs

D5 at 10 cc/hr provides 240 cc and 41 kilocalories.

Corrected Energy Requirements = 1747 kilocalories

Corrected Fluid Requirments = 1560 cc.

4. Calculation of Fat
30 % of 1788 Calories = 536 kilocalories
1.5 g/kg per day X 35 kg X 10 kilocalories/g = 525 kilocalories

1747 kilocalories - 525 kilocalories = 1222 kilocalories

1560 cc - 262 cc = 1298 cc

5. Calculation of Protein
1788 kilocalories/(28 X 35) = 1.8 g/Kg per day maximum

1.8 g of protein/Kg X 35 Kg = 63 g or 63 g X 4 kcal/g = 252 kilocalories

63 g in 13 dl = A4.8

1222 kilocalories - 252 kilocalories = 970 kilocalories

6. Calculation of Carbohydrate
(970 kilocalories/13 dl) X (1 g/3.4 kilocalories) = D21.9

Order:

1.3 L of D22 with 1.8 g of amino acids/Kg per day and 1.5 g of 20% IL/Kg per day

 1790 kilocalories and 1802 cc per day

 Laura J Szekely, MS, RDN/LD, Supervisor, Department of Nutrition Services, Neonatal and Metabolic
Dietitian, Akron Children’s Hospital
 Neonatal/Infant Parenteral Nutrition Writing
 “I have no commercial relationships to disclose”

Presentation Overview/Summary
 Often times the practicing clinician, especially those new to the area of nutrition support lack knowledge
and skills to safely identify the need, components and ability to prescribe or deliver parenteral nutrition to
the neonatal/infant patient. This portion of the Pediatric Skills lab will provide targeted education on writing
parenteral nutrition orders for the neonatal/infant patient using case specific scenarios.

Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this session, the learner will be able to:
1. Determine the indications for neonatal/infant parenteral nutrition
2. Discuss the macronutrients and micronutrients used in parenteral nutrition
3. Write a parenteral nutrition order using a patient specific case scenario

Learning Assessment Questions

1. Which of the following is NOT an indication for neonatal/infant parenteral nutrition?
a) Very low birth-weigh infants who cannot adequately feed enterally
b) Infants with intolerance to cow’s milk-based formulas
c) Premature infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome
d) Infants with congenital defects altering the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., gastroschisis,
meconium ileus, intestinal atresia)

2. Which of the following leads to an increased risk of calcium-phosphate precipitation?

a) Lower pH of the parenteral nutrition solution
b) Lower temperatures
c) Use of calcium gluconate
d) Extended time since preparation of the parenteral nutrition solution

3. Which of the following trace elements should be removed from the parenteral nutrition solution in
neonates/infants with parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD)?
a) Chromium
b) Selenium
c) Manganese
d) Zinc

Learning Assessment Answers:

1. Answer = B; Rationale: Alternative enteral formulas are available for infants with intolerance to cow’s
milk based formulas such as amino acid based enteral formulas and the patient does not require
parenteral nutrition
2. Answer = D; Rationale: Solubility decreases with time after mixing as more calcium dissociates
3. Answer = C; Rationale: Serum manganese is elevated in patients with cholestatic jaundice and levels are
directly correlated to the severity of cholestasis. Excessive intakes of parenteral manganese may induce
PNALD and neurotoxicity.
References
1. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Board of Directors.
2. Btaiche IF, Saba M, Popa K. Pediatric Nutrition. In: Wolinsky I, Williams L, eds. Nutrition in Pharmacy
Practice, 1st ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association; 2002:157-211.
3. Ayers, P, Guenter, P, Holcombe, B. Plogsted, S. (2nd ed.). ASPEN Parenteral Nutrition Handbook, 2014.
4. Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition in Adult and Pediatric Patients, 2009.
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009 May-Jun; 33(3):255-9.
5. Corkins MR. (ed.) The ASPEN Pediatric Nutrition Support Core Curriculum. 2nd ed. ASPEN, 2015.
6. Corkins MR, Shulman RJ. (ed). Pediatric Nutrition in your Pocket. ASPEN, 2003.
7. Hak EB, Crill CM. Parenteral Nutrition. Pediatric Pharmacotherapy Workbook, 4th edition, 2002.
8. Khalidi N, Btaiche IF, Kovacevich DS. (ed). Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Manual-UMMC, 9th Edition,
2009.
9. Merritt R. (editor-in-chief). The ASPEN Nutrition Support Practice Manual, 2nd Edition, 2005.
10. Carlson, SJ, Kavars, A. Parenteral Nutrition. In Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Pocket Guide to
Neonatal Nutrition, 2nd ed. Groh-Wargo, S, Thompson, M, Hovasi Cox, J (ed.). 2015.