MpH U, =

s 2if,t-4, (t) sincifct

ap=YcIt) cos2ifst
Let &
bp 4sIt) sicifct and they two
=

are

passband waveforms.
Prove and
that up by are
orthogonal.
Rall:Two vectors, ads are orthogonal. If dot product of a21
is zero, i.e. a.b 0
=

if c0" for
a.b lallb/cost 0 = a, b + Q
= =

Dot product also

is called as inner product, denoted by (a,b>

similarly, the
in case
ofsignals, signals selt) and yet are
orthogonal
if[29t1, y(t1) 0
=

i.e.
(xect)y(tdt 0
=

-
X

Let sect)=
ap bp Uc(H
=
CoS
2Nfct Us H sinzifct

It) sin(4nfct)
=
 bp)
<ap,
To 0
=

prove: X

(apbpdt 0
=
or
(xctd+ 0
=

- X
-

xx
-j2 ift
x (5) (xct)e
=
dt

X
x (5).

x(0) Yxctdt
=

-
/ M
To
prove:X (0) 0
'Su
=

I
x (0) 0
=

To
prove:t
a
is passband signal. ↑

x(t) y(t)
* 7s x (f)Y(f)

W2
-
W ne
kx1 k2
+
selt) = 4c
I
(t) Ys (t) sin(4nfct)
me

Bandwidth N+ We
of
4, It) 4s(t) -> Uclf) *Ws(H)
me

baseband signal ofBN N, + W2

=

W, Y,Ct), Bb W2
=

BN =

McCt),

u,(t) cos2ift
-

5c> W,
- Wc(f)

W, W, -xi-t. I
UsIt) sin (218,5) -

passband Signal
fr7k2
A
25c> k, +
N2
Since 2fc W, +
W2, It is a passband signal i.e. x10) 0.
=

Hence proved.
For a real number, I want to plot it. We draw a number line.

For a complex number, I want to plot a complex number.

Can I plot a complex number on a single number line?

A point on the number line, represents a real number. So, a complex number can’t be
represented on a single number line.
Hence, we require two number lines, one for real part, and other for imaginary part.

However, what should be angle between the two number lines?

aeib
jT/2
suppose, a
complex number, a a
=
+

jb a =
bxc
=

so the angle between the two number lines must be 90°

This number be interpreted as two-dimensional real
comply can

8I
rector.
-

d
 MpH U, =
s 2if,t-4, (t) sincifct

Similarly, this passband modulation can be interpreted as two-dimensional

modulation.
-Sin

2-dimensional modulation
- -

, (t)
Tos
-"s(t) -

up(t) u,
=

(t)4,(t)
+

42(t) fe(t) +
Ys(t)4,(t) <4,(t),4;(tT7 0
=

itj
passband signal is equivalentto
This
-

, (H-
Uz(t)
and the
passband modulation *3'-
called
is as 3-dimensional modulation.
MpH Ucl s2if,t
=

-4,(t)sincifit Erepresentation
This
passband waveform be
represented in
polar form,
- -

, (t) can

(ut) usct tan'

as
-"s(t) -
ect = +
olt=

4, (t) eCt)coS ( 0(t)) Us (t) ect) sin(o(t))

=
=

Up H)
=
ect) cos(2xfct) cost(t) -

ect) sinzifctsin (0(t))

ect)
=

(cos(2xfct +

o(t))
j(2nfct OCA) +

representation
=
Refelt) e

complex envelope (third representation ofup(t))

j0(t)
let u(t) 4c(t)
=

+ j UsIt) -
ectle
j2nfct
UpCt) Re
=
[ uIt) e 3
↑
Since uct) and Usit) are baseband signals,
uctl a
is
complex-valued baseband signal. ↑

so called as
complex equivalentbaseband signal of
passband signal, up (t).
 -time-domain relationship between uct) and
up (t)

-
u(t) jba
=
+

up t)
[I]
↳
①
essitate
Real par
Frequency Domain
Relationship
suppose uct a
is comply-valued signal ofbandwidth. I
baseband
we need to show that
up(t) Re[ust) ex2*fc3 isa real-valued
=

passband signal.
Up It)
=
Re[UCt) e jznfcty
RaquL13 Re[(5)3
j2nfct
Let u(t)
c(t)= e 2 Iz
cct) a
is complex-valued
passband sign al
-sm3ucsi Ii-
"anE2(5)3
1 1

Ja
 c* ( f3
Up (t) Re[cCt3 Wp(f) =[c(f)
= = + -

I [xt) (t)3
=
+

Ref13
X
-
2

Sa Is

"andl-f13

-
fa
·

then
up (f) xRe[Up(f13 I
Ja I
cm2Up1f3
-

-
I
0.5
f
-

a Sa -
0.5 Sa I

Its
frequency occupancy isaway from zero (d),hence it a
is

passband signal,and its frequency response is

conjugate symmetric.
hence it
isa real signal.
 In the above, we have shown that from given complex-valued
a

baseband signal, we construct real-valued

passband signal.
ucti > c(+) >
- up(t)

can
you constructuit from upcH?
Wp(f)
Up (f), lets take
From only the positive part,as defined below

(15) up(f)
=

f > 0

⑧ f <0

Requisi ·
emsulitis

fe

Sa Sa
-
I
I

xf1 24pt(f)
= =

2up(f), 770
0 · f0
 -

jenfct Re[(5)3
complex envelope, u(t)= cite
X
2
-

(f) c(f fa)

=
+

RaquL13
2
I:
"anE2(5)3
1

ousussis,
5
-

By conjugate symmetry ofupCH, UpIf) I c*c-f)

=

of 20

up(f) =(((f)
=
c+( f()
+
-

In time-domain, up(t) I(c(t)

=

c*(t)
+
Re
=

[cCt]
But c(t= uCtejanfct
jztifcty
-

up(t) Reducte
=