Dr Vince’s Physics: Grade 12, Chapter 1to13 Special Test 4 (24_G12_S04)

Time allowed: 176 min; Answer ALL Questions: Pass ≥ 86 %, Distinction ≥ 95 %

1. Are the following statements True (or) False? [10 marks]
(i) In non-uniform circular motion, the angular speed of the object is changing. True [1]
(ii) Upon heating, gases flow more quickly. False [1]
(iii) All solids, liquids and gases emit or absorb radiation to varying degrees. True [1]
(iv) Doppler effect cannot be observed in radio waves. False [1]
(v) The thickness of the eye-lens can be altered. True [1]
(vi) The charge of the capacitor disconnected from the circuit does not change. True [1]
(vii) The tungsten has low melting point. False [1]
(viii) The working function of a transformer bases on the electromagnetic induction. True [1]
(ix) Zener diodes are suitable for voltage regulation. True [1]
(x) The electron is the antiparticle of the positron. True [1]

2. Fill in the blanks. [15 marks]

(i) The ______ action of a washing machine is used in spin drying the clothes. centrifugal [1]
(ii) Surface tension is due to the attractive forces between liquid molecules called _______. cohesion [1]
(iii) _______ fuels are excellent sources of energy for our transportation needs. Fossil [1]
(iv) Systems at the same _______ will be in thermal equilibrium with each other. temperature [1]
(v) The _______ technology is used by the ships for navigation at sea. sonar [1]
(vi) The film consists of a thin layer of chemical compounds of _______. silver [1]
(vii) The interference patterns of bright and dark parallel lines are called _______. fringes [1]
(viii) The capacitance of _______ capacitors can be mechanically adjusted. variable [1]
(ix) The electrical energy is transformed into _______ energy in the resistor. heat [1]
(x) The inert gas added in the light bulb reduces _______ of the filament. evaporation [1]
(xi) An AC generator is a device for generating _______ current. alternating [1]
(xii) The currents flowing the transformer core is called _______ currents. eddy [1]
(xiii) The LEDs do not directly produce _______ light. white [1]
(xiv) The OR gate with inverted output is called _______ gate. NOR [1]
(xv) The photon is the _______ of the electromagnetic field. quantum [1]

3. Choose the correct answer. Just write the question number and the correct letter. [15 marks]
(i) The _______ force changes the direction of tangential velocity. A [1]
(A. centripetal B. tangential C. neither of them)
(ii) Centripetal force needed will be _______ if the mass of the rotating body is larger. A [1]
(A. larger B. smaller C. the same)
(iii) The tides occur because of _______. C [1]
(A. the wind B. difference temperatures C. gravitational pull)
(iv) In the explosion process of a gasoline engine, the piston _______. C [1]
(A. moves up B. moves down C. does not move)
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(v) The sound having frequency less than 20 Hz are known as _______. A [1]
(A. infrasound B. ultrasound C. audible sound
(vi) The pupil automatically contracts in _______ light. B [1]
(A. dim B. bright C. normal)
(vii) The two points in a wave are in phase, if the phase difference is _____. A [1]
(A. 0 B. 0.5 π C. π)
(viii) The dielectric constant of vacuum is ______. B [1]
(A. less than 1 B. equal to 1 C. greater than 1)
(ix) The capacitance of the capacitor _______ the potential difference between the two conductors. C [1]
(A. is directly proportional to B. is inversely proportional to C. does not depend on)
(x) The resultant emf of two 6 V batteries in parallel is _______. C [1]
(A. 12 V B. 0 V C. 6 V)
(xi) The resultant internal resistance of two 6 V, 0.5 Ω batteries in series opposing is _______. A [1]
(A. 1 Ω B. 0 Ω C. 0.25 Ω)
(xii) For a step-up transformer, the secondary current is ____ the primary current. A [1]
(A. less than B. greater than C. the same as)
(xiii) The _______ can be used as a photodetector to detect the optical signals. B [1]
(A. LED B. photodiode C. thermistor)
(xiv) The atomic number of the daughter nucleus of beta-minus decay is _______ that of the parent nucleus. C [1]
(A. the same as B. 1 less than C. 1 greater than)
(xv) Potassium-40 decays into argon-40 by emitting _______. B [1]
(A. an alpha B. a beta plus C. a beta minus)

4. (a, i) Imagine a car driving over a hillock at a constant speed. Once the car has reached the apex of
the hillock, does it have the acceleration? If so, what is the direction of the acceleration? Does
the centripetal force and the centrifugal force constitute an action-reaction pair? Explain.
Ans: It has centripetal acceleration. It is directed toward the centre of the hillock. [1, 1]
No. The centripetal force is a real force acting on an object. [1, 1]
The centrifugal force is not a real force; it (seems to) act radially away from the centre of the
circle. It results from the effect of inertia.
4. (a, ii) A boy steps on a merry-go-round which has a radius of 5 m and is at rest. It starts accelerating
at a constant rate up to an angular velocity of 5 rad s-1 in 20 s. What is the distance traversed by
the boy?
Ans: radius r = 5 m, initial angular velocity ω0 = 0, time taken t = 20 s
final angular velocity ω = 5 rad s-1, distance traversed s =?

 ω + ω0   5 + 0  [1, 1]
θ = ωt =  t =   × 20 = 50 rad
 2   2 
s =rθ =5 × 50 =250 m [1, 1]
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4. (b, i) What is thermal conductivity? Express its unit in SI system. How do heat transfer and internal
energy differ?
Thermal conductivity of a material: Thermal conductivity of a material can be defined as the [2]
rate of heat transfer per unit area per unit temperature gradient.
The unit of thermal conductivity in SI system is watt per metre per kelvin (W m-1 K-1).
Heat transfer is energy in transit. Heat transfer is not stored as such in a system. [2]
The internal energy of a system is the sum of the energies of all the constituent particles. The
internal energy can be stored in a system.
4 (b, ii) What area must a heating duct have, if air moving 2.5 m s-1 along it can replenish the air every
10 min in a room of volume 300 m3? Assume the density of air remains constant.
Ans: The velocity of air at duct v = 2.5 m s-1, time t = 10 min = 10 × 60 s = 600 s
The volume of air coming in the room or volume of the room V = 300 m3
V [1]
= Av
t
V 1 V 300 [1]
A= × = = = 0.2 m2
t v v t 2.5 × 600
4 (b, iii) When a capillary tube stands upright in a beaker of water, the water rises h in the tube. If the
radius of the tube is 1.5 mm, contact angle is 30°, density of water is 1000 kg m-3 and surface
tension is 0.072 N m-1, calculate h.
Ans: surface tension γ = 0.072 N m-1 , density of water ρ = 1000 kg m-3 ,
contact angle θ = 30°, radius r = 1.5 mm = 1.5 × 10-3 m
2γ cos θ 2 × 0.072 × cos 30 [1, 1]
h= = = 0.0151 m = 1.51 mm
ρ gr 1000 × 9.8 × 1.5 × 10−3

5. (a, i) Water rises in a capillary tube, whereas mercury falls in the same tube. Explain.
Ans: In the case of water, the cohesive force between water molecules is much less than the adhesive [1]
force between water molecules and molecules of tube material. So water easily rises up against
the gravity.
In the case of mercury, the cohesive force between mercury molecules is much stronger than [1]
the adhesive force between mercury molecules and molecules of tube material.
So mercury cannot rise up against the gravity, and falls.
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5. (a, ii) An ambulance travelling at 40 m s-1 approaches a car heading in the same direction at the speed
of 20 m s-1. The ambulance driver has a siren sounding at 550 Hz. At what frequency does the
driver of the car hear the siren? If the ambulance has overtaken the car, what frequency does
the driver of the car hear the siren? (speed of siren sound v = 330 m s-1)
Ans: speed of the car (observer) vo = 20 m s-1, speed of the siren sound v = 330 m s-1
speed of ambulance (source) vs = 40 m s-1, frequency of siren sound fs = 550 Hz
 v ± vo  [1]
f o = fs  
 v  vs 
The observer moves away from the source, -vo is used.
The source moves towards the observer, -vs is used.
 v − vo   330 − 20  [1, 1]
f o = fs   = 550   = 588 Hz
 v − vs   330 − 40 
After overtaken,
speed of the car (observer) vo = 20 m s-1, speed of the siren sound v = 330 m s-1
speed of the ambulance (source) vs = 40 m s-1, frequency of siren sound fs = 550 Hz
The observer moves towards the source, +vo is used.
The source moves away from the observer, +vs is used.
 v + vo   330 + 20  [1, 1]
f o = fs   = 550   = 520 Hz
 v + vs   330 + 40 
5. (b, i) Discuss the important role of ciliary muscles for the eye. Name the dispersion elements used in
the optical spectrometer.
Ans: The ciliary muscles which are attached to the eyelens can vary the thickness of the eyelens, thus [1]
alter the focal length of the lens to obtain a sharp image on the retina.
When near objects are viewed, the ciliary muscles contract and permit the eyelens to form a [1]
more convex shape.
When distant objects are viewed, the ciliary muscles relax and the eyelens becomes less convex. [1]
Dispersion elements are prism and grating. [1]
5. (b, ii) At a hydroelectric power plant, the water pressure head is at a height of 200 m and the water flow
available is 100 m3 s-1. If the turbine generator efficiency is 60 %, estimate the electric power
available from the plant. (g = 9.8 m s-2, ρ = 1000 kg m-3)

height h = 300 m, efficiency η = 60 % = 0.6, available electric power P =?

•
volume of water flowing per second V = 100 m3 s-1,
• [1, 1]
P = ηρ V gh = 0.6 × 1000 × 100 × 9.8 × 300 = 17.64 × 107 W = 176.4 MW
5. (b, iii) Determine the input power of the wind if the wind speed is 20 m s-1 and blade length is 20 m.
Density of air is 1.25 kg m-3.
radius of blade of turbine r = 20 m, wind speed v = 20 m s-1,
density of air ρ = 1.3 kg m-3, wind power P =?

P = ρ Av 3 = ρ (π r 2 ) v 3 = ×1.3 × 3.142 × 202 × (20)3 = 6.536 × 106 W = 6.536 MW

1 1 1 [1, 1]
2 2 2
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6. (a, i) How is the phase difference of the two waves related to their path difference? What are the
conditions for constructive interference and destructive interference?
The relation between the phase difference and the path difference is, [1]
2π
∆φ= ∆x
λ
where ∆φ = the phase difference between the two waves
∆x = the path difference of the two waves, λ = the wavelength of the two waves
The waves interfere constructively, when the path difference is equal to an integral number of [1]
the wavelength (0, λ, 2λ, ...).
The waves interfere destructively, if the path difference is equal to an odd integral multiple of [1]
λ 3λ 5λ
half-wavelength ( , , , ...).
2 2 2
6. (a, ii) If two capacitors having the capacitances of 10 µF and 15 µF are connected in series, find the
equivalent capacitance of the capacitors. If the potential difference of the combination is
200 V, find the potential difference of the 10 µF capacitor.
C1= 4 µF, C 2 = 12 µF, V = 200 V
C1 C2
C = equivalent capacitance of C1 and C2 in series +Q +Q1 -Q1 +Q2 -Q2 -Q
+ - + -
V1 V2
V = 200 V
C1 × C2 4 × 12 [1]
=C = = 3 μF
C1 + C2 4 + 12

Q = CV = 3 × 10-6 × 200 = 600 µC [1]

Q = Q 1 = Q 2 = 600 µC (series) [1]

Q 600 ×10−6 [1]

the potential difference of the 12 µF capacitor = V2 = = = 50 V
C2 12 ×10−6
6. (b, i) What is the charge of a capacitor? In capacitor charging and discharging, why is a resistor
required to connect with the capacitor? Which capacitor is used as tuning capacitor? In which
connection of the capacitors is the potential difference of each capacitor the same?
The magnitude of the charge on each conductor of the capacitor is the charge of the capacitor. [1]
Placing a resistor in the charging and discharging circuits slows down the charging and [1]
discharging processes.
Variable capacitors. [1]
Parallel. [1]
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6. (b, ii) In a laser unit, laser beam of wavelength 6300 Å is emitted. How many photons are released
per second if the output power is 1 mW? Is that laser beam a visible one? (h = 6.62 × 10-34 J s)

λ = 6300 Å = 6300 × 10-10 m, P = 1 mW = 10-3 W

Output energy in 1 s = Pt = 10-3 × 1 = 10-3 J
−34
× 10−8
= 6.62 × 10 × 3−10
[1, 1]
= 3.15 × 10-19 J
hc
Energy of a photon in laser beam E =
λ 6300 × 10

Output energy per second [1]

Number of photons per second =
Energy of a photon
10−3 × 1015
= = 3.17
3.15 × 10−19
Yes, because the wavelength is between 400 nm and 700 nm. [1]
7. (a, i) How is electricity produced by an electric cell? In an electric circuit, what is used to supply
electricity, and what is used to close or open the electric circuit.
By means of chemical reaction from the chemicals stored inside it. [1]
Battery is used to supply electricity. [1]
Switch is used to close or open the electric circuit. [1]
7. (a, ii) A potential divider consists of an LDR and a resistor connected to a 6 V battery. The output is
taken across the LDR. What should be the resistance of the LDR for the output to be 4.5 V?
Draw the circuit.
RLDR [1]
=Vout × Vin
R + RLDR
RLDR
=4.5 ×6
10 ×103 + RLDR
RLDR = 30 kΩ [1]
[2]

I R = 10 kΩ
6V

RLDR Vout

7. (b, i) Define electrical power. Write down the unit of electrical power. + What is the electromagnetic
induction? What is a transformer?
Electrical power is the rate of transfer of electrical energy. [1]
The unit of electrical power in the SI units is the watt (W). [1]
A current flows through a loop of wire whenever there is a change in the magnetic lines of force [1]
through the loop. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction.
A transformer is an electromagnetic device that can raise or lower the alternating voltage or current. [1]
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7. (b, ii) Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a 0.65 kg basketball thrown at a speed of 10 m s-1.
mass m = 0.65 kg, velocity v = 10 m s-1, h = 6.63 × 10-34 J s
The de Broglie wavelength associated with basketball λ =?

h h 6.63 ×10−34 [1, 1]

λ= = = = 1.02 × 10-34 m
p mv 0.65 ×10
7. (b, iii) The distance between two points is 1 km. An observer in motion with respect to the frame of
reference of the two points measures 0.8 km. What is the relative speed of the frame of reference
with respect to the observer?
proper length L0 = 1 km; observed length L = 0.8 km, velocity v = ?
L0 [1]
L=
γ

v2
=L L0 1 − 2
c
2
v2 L
= 1 −  
c2  L0 
2 2
 L  L
v=
1−   c =1−   c =1 − ( 0.8 ) c =
2
0.6 c
 L0   L0 
v = 0.6 × 3 × 108 = 1.8 × 108 m s-1 [1]
8. (a, i) Explain the function of a photodiode. Draw Zener diode circuit symbol.
When the photodiode is illuminated with light (photons) of energy hv greater than the energy [2]
gap Eg of the semiconductor used in it, then electron-hole pairs are generated due to absorption
of photons. When an external load is connected, the current flows.
[1]
anode cathode

Figure: Zener diode circuit symbol

8. (a, ii) 120 kW of electric power is sent to a small town from a power plant 10 km away. The
transmission lines have a resistance of 0.40 Ω per km. Calculate the power loss if the power is
transmitted at 240 V, and 24 000 V. [p. 194]
power P = 120 kW, length l = 10 km, resistance per km = 0.40 Ω km-1
resistance of the transmission line R = 10 km × 0.40 Ω km-1 = 4 Ω [1]
when the transmission voltage V = 240 V
P 120 ×103 [1]
transmission current =
I = = 500 A
V 240
power loss Ploss = I2 R = 5002 × 4 = 106 W [1]
when the transmission voltage V = 24 × 103 V
P 120 ×103 [1]
transmission current = I = =5A
V 24 ×103
power loss Ploss = I2 R = 52 × 4 = 100 W [1]
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8. (b, i) Construct a logic system which allows the street lights either to be turned on manually by a
switch at any time or automatically by a light sensor when it is dark.

Switch Switch Light Sensor Street Light [2, 2]

0 0 1
OFF = 0, ON = 1 0 1 0
Street Light
1 0 1
Light sensor 1 1 1
Dark = 0, Bright = 1
8. (b, ii) Potassium-40 has a half-life of 1300 million years. If the atomic ratio of potassium-40 to argon-40
in a rock sample is found to be 1:3, estimate the age of the rock. Assume that there was initially no
argon in the rock and argon formed by the decay of potassium is trapped in the rock. [p. 232]
half life of K-40, T1/2 = 1300 million years,
the atomic ratio of K-40 to Ar-40 in the rock sample = 1:3
Let the initial amount of K-40 = N0
amount of K-40 after time t Nt = ¼ N0 [1]

1
n [1]
N=
t N0 ×  
2
n
1 1
N=
0 N0 ×  
4 2
n=2 [1]
The age of the rock = 2 × 1300 million years = 2600 million years. [1]
9. (a, i) Simplify A + AC + A B C and ( A + C) B + ABC if possible.

A + AB + A B C = A(1 + B + B C) (Distributive law)

= A(1) (1+X) = 1
= A (A • 1) = A [1]

( A + B) C + ABC = A C + BC + ABC (Distributive law)

= A C + BC (1 + A) (Distributive law) [1]

= A C + BC (1) (1+X) = 1

= A C + BC (BC • 1) = BC [1]

9. (a, ii) The generator coil with 200 turns is rotated through one-fourth of a revolution in 15 ms. The
turn of circular coil has a 5 cm radius and is in a uniform magnetic field of 1.25 T. Find the
induced emf in 15 ms.
number of turn N = 200, time t = 15 ms = 15 × 10-3s, radius r = 5 cm =0.05 m, magnetic
field B = 1.25 T, induced emf E =?
Area of the loop A= π r2 = 3.142 × (0.05)2 = 7.86 × 10-3 m2 [1]
The magnetic flux through the loop is, φ =BA cos θ [1]
The area of the loop A and the magnetic field B are constant.
The change in magnetic flux is due to the rotational angle from 0° to 90°.
∆φ =BA ∆ cos θ = 1.25 × 7.86 × 10-3 × (cos 90° − cos 0°) = − 0.0098 Wb [1]
∆φ (−0.0098) [1]
The induced emf E = − N B = −200 × = 130.7 V
∆t 15 ×10−3
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9. (b, i) Define dielectric constant. Express one advantage of dielectric. Draw batteries in parallel
connected with an external resistor.
The ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor with an insulating material between its two [1]
conductors to the capacitance of that capacitor with a vacuum between its two conductors is
called the dielectric constant of that insulating material.
Increase the capacitance. [1]
[2]
R
I E, r

I/2 + −
E, r
I/2
+ −
Figure: Batteries in parallel connected with an external resistor

9. (b, ii) Define tracer. Draw a graph to illustrate the half-life of radon of half-life 3.8 days. Give the
expression for relativistic factor.
A tracer is a small amount of radioactive isotope introduced into a system in order to follow the [1]
behaviour of some components of that system.
1 [1]
γ=
v2
1−
c2
where γ = relativistic factor, v = speed of the system, c = speed of light=
mass of [2]
mass of radon (g)

Time
radon 1
(days)
(g)
0 1
1 T1/2 = 3.8 days
3.8 1/2
2
1
7.6 1/4
4 1/8
1 0
11.4 0 3.8 7.6 11.4 Time (days)
8