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‘X-Ray Plunge Projection’ –

Understanding Structural Geology
from Grade Data
E J Cowan1,2

ABSTRACT
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1. FAusIMM, Principal Structural Geologist, Director, Orefind Pty Ltd, PO Box 230, Fremantle WA 6959. Email: jun.cowan@orefind.com
2. Adjunct Senior Research Fellow, School of Geosciences, Monash University, Clayton Vic 3800.

INTRODUCTION
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Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimation 207

Chapter 3 | Geological Interpretation and Geological Modelling

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used in the analysis where available; however, analytical data – especially assays – are XSULJKW XQGLVWRUWHG ZKHQ YLHZHG ¶GRZQSOXQJH· WKURXJK
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208 Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimation

 ‘X-Ray Plunge Projection’ – Understanding Structural Geology from Grade Data | E J Cowan

FIG 1 - Down-plunge projection of a mapped lithological unit, with the down-plunge direction indicated by the red arrow in each image: (A) map view; (B) down-
plunge view to 25° to North reveals a fold profile view; (C) oblique view; (D) modelled folded unit using down-plunge projection view as reference line using an
implicit modelling software. Fold profile section is orthogonal to the fold plunge indicated by the red arrow. Map courtesy of Ragan (1985, Figure X14.2).

FIG 2 - (A) Hans Holbein the Younger’s painting The Ambassadors (located at the National Gallery, London) depicts an anamorphic image of a skull that can only be
recognised as a skull at a very low viewing angle of 2° from the surface of the painting in the direction of the red arrow; (B) an undistorted view of the skull viewed
along the arrow in (A). Both images are in the public domain (Wikipedia contributors, 2011a, 2012a).

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Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimation 209

Chapter 3 | Geological Interpretation and Geological Modelling

FIG 3 - Recent application of perspectival anamorphosis in advertising and in the arts. (A) Anamorphic projection is used for a Panasonic advertising logo at a rugby
match so that it appears upright and undistorted from the viewpoint of the television audience. At any other viewing angle, the logo appears distorted (GrassAds,
2013). (B) Felice Varini uses architecture and even entire villages as his canvases for his large-scale paintings (Varini, 2012). Varini’s art makes sense from a particular
vantage point, in this case revealing a bullseye ring pattern (left), but the paint marks make little geometrical sense from any other viewpoint (right) (from Slade,
2013). (C) Anamorphic chalk drawing on a road surface by artist Leon Keer viewed from the optimal vantage point (Wikipedia contributors 2011b); to see how this
painting appears from other angles see Keer (2012). (D) A sculpture by Shigeo Fukuda is a jumbled mess in the foreground, but the mirrored reflection provides an
alternative view where it appears as an undistorted piano (Wikipedia contributors, 2012b).

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4. As at May 2013, a Google image search for ‘down-plunge projection’, ‘down plunge
projection’ or ‘down-structure method’ (all in quotation marks) yielded no illustrations of UHODWLYH WR VRPH JHRORJLFDO IHDWXUH VHHQ LQ WKH PLQHUDOLVHG
ore deposits. A search comprising ‘down-plunge projection’ with the word ‘ore’ using the SDWWHUQIRUWKLVPHWKRGWRZRUN7KHGLUHFWLRQLQZKLFKZH
online Monash University library resulted in no journal publications on ore deposits that VKRXOG EH YLHZLQJ LV GLVFXVVHG LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI VWUXFWXUDO
have used this method for the analysis of mineralisation geometry. V\PPHWU\

210 Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimation

 ‘X-Ray Plunge Projection’ – Understanding Structural Geology from Grade Data | E J Cowan

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Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimation 211

Chapter 3 | Geological Interpretation and Geological Modelling

FIG 4 - A selection of fabric symmetries of geological structures: (A) bedding fabric representing axial symmetry, but linear axis is absent; (B) pure linear fabric with
axial symmetry; (C) sheath fold with extreme stretch representing orthorhombic symmetry; (D) conjugate fault system with orthorhombic symmetry; (E) upright fold
with orthorhombic symmetry; (F) faulted bedded fabric with monoclinic symmetry; (G) C-S fabric with monoclinic symmetry; (H) overturned folding with monoclinic
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lineation that can be used for down-plunge projection. In (A) linear fabric is absent and in triclinic fabric (I) there may be local linear axes as indicated by the arrows.

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212 Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimation

 ‘X-Ray Plunge Projection’ – Understanding Structural Geology from Grade Data | E J Cowan

Geostatistical rationale for the use of MIP-assisted

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Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimation 213

Chapter 3 | Geological Interpretation and Geological Modelling

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FIG 7 - Grade control data from a plunging anticlinal fold hinge with an average plunge of 28°. All images of grade interval mid-points are shown with maximum
intensity projection rendering: (A) traditional vertical section view reveals some intersecting patterns of grade continuity, but patterns are not clear; (B) the
longitudinal section reveals the plunge of grade continuity indicated by the arrow; (C) viewing down-plunge, parallel to the arrow shown in (B); (D) interpreted
bedding (solid black lines) and fault (dashed grey lines). The grade lineation (seen in B) is the result of intersecting bedding and faults developed in the fold hinge,
but this structural relationship can only be seen in the very narrow view-line parallel to the plunge of the fold (C, D).

214 Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimation

 ‘X-Ray Plunge Projection’ – Understanding Structural Geology from Grade Data | E J Cowan

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FIG 8 - Structural interpretations of the plunge-orthogonal maximum intensity projection grade renderings of a wide range of commodities. Dark grey lines are
faults; white lines are traces of bedding or foliation; dashed black lines are traces of axial planes. Scale bars are all 100 m and views are at or near entire deposit scale.

Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimation 215

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216 Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimation

 ‘X-Ray Plunge Projection’ – Understanding Structural Geology from Grade Data | E J Cowan

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220 Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimation