LESSON1

VICE
A vice is a bad or undesirable character trait. The opposite of a vice is a virtue, which is
a good or desirable character trait.

A vice is a practice, behavior, or habit generally considered immoral, sinful, criminal,

rude, taboo, depraved, degrading, deviant or perverted in the associated society. In
more minor usage, vice can refer to a fault, a negative character trait, a defect, an
infirmity, or a bad or unhealthy habit. Vices are usually associated with a transgression
in a person's character or temperament rather than their morality. Synonyms for vice
include fault, sin, depravity, iniquity, wickedness, and corruption

2. ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD VICE

3. VICES ACCORDING TO BIBLE

1. Anger

While not all anger is an example of vice, the type of anger that leads to hatred, a
deeply-held desire for revenge, or extreme resentment against others falls into the
category of vice. Anger rises to the level of vice when it is so strong or deeply held that
a person comes to despise or feel rage toward specific individuals or groups of people
to such a degree that they want to exact revenge or otherwise bring harm to others.
2.Arrogance

While people should take pride in their work and feel proud of their accomplishments,
pride taken to the extreme can become arrogance. People who are arrogant tend to
have an elevated sense of self-worth, leading them to believe they are better than other
people. They tend to see themselves as superior to others. As a result, their behavior
tends to come across as conceited; other people sometimes describe arrogant
individuals as stuck-up.

3.Envy

A person whose behavior is characterized by envy is an individual who wants what

other people have, or even what they perceive other people have regardless of whether
they really do. Rather than being happy for the achievements of others, envious
individuals feel slighted and jealous when they believe that others have gained
something that they feel is lacking in their own life. It leads to a general sense of
dissatisfaction with one’s own situation and a desire to have or take what belongs to
others.

4.Gluttony

Gluttony refers to eating or drinking to excess on a habitual basis. This term does not
refer to a simple act of overeating on occasion, but rather to a behavioral pattern of
over-consuming to the extreme. Gluttony represents an extravagant form of
overindulgence as a matter of habit. Someone who is a glutton takes more than his or
her share, even if it means there is not enough to meet the basic needs of other people.
Gluttony can also include the habitual excessive consumption of alcohol, to the point of
extreme drunkenness or even passing out.

5.Greed

Greed is an example of vice. People who are motivated by greed seek to add to their
material wealth, even at the expense of the well-being of others. Greed leads to people
seeking to gain more and more money and goods, often compulsively and without
regard to who may be harmed by their laser-like focus on continuing to accumulate
wealth or material possessions. In its extreme, when a person can never be satisfied no
matter how much they accumulate, greed becomes avarice.

6.Lust

Lust can be defined as an overwhelming craving to satisfy a desire. Most commonly

used to describe a strong sense of sexual need, lust is not simply feeling physically
attracted to another person. It’s more extreme and self-centered, being more of a drive
to gratify one’s own needs and desires without regard to impact on other people. The
vice of lust isn’t about romantic interest or love, but rather self-gratification. Lust isn’t
always sexual in nature; this term can also refer to an overwhelming drive or desire to
own or possess material possessions. For example, a person can lust after a luxury
vehicle, diamonds, riches, etc.

7.Sloth

While the words sloth is sometimes used to describe inactivity, that approach doesn’t
really explain what sloth means in the context of vice. Taking a break to recover from a
busy schedule can be good for a person. Sloth is more of a complete lack of effort
paired with a habit of laziness. A person is exhibiting sloth when the individual doesn’t
engage in things that really matter. For example, failing to put effort into personal
relationships is an example of sloth, resulting in taking the other person for granted
instead of en**ng appropriately.

4. PROFESSOR'S NOTE

5. Why is vice an interest of Law Enforcement?

Depending on the country or jurisdiction, vice crimes may or may not be treated as a
separate category in the criminal codes. Even in jurisdictions where vice is not explicitly
delineated in the legal code, the term vice is often used in law enforcement and judicial
systems as an umbrella for crimes involving activities that are considered inherently
immoral, regardless of the legality or objective harm involved.

6. Vice Squad

A vice squad, also called a vice unit or a morality squad, is generally, though not
always, a police division, whose focus is to restrain or suppress moral crimes. Though
what is considered or accepted as a moral crime by society often varies considerably
according to local laws or customs between nations, countries, or states, it often
includes activities such as gambling, narcotics, pornography and illegal sales of
alcoholic beverages. Vice squads do not concentrate on more serious crimes like fraud
and murder.

POLICE PROBLEMS IN VICE CONTROL

1. Clandestine nature of the commission of the acts.
2. Lack of cooperation from players, customers, and victims of vices,
3. Enjoyment of goodwill by vice operators
4. Public apathy and indifference
5. Unwilling government officials to work against vice existence

8. CLANDESTINE OPERATION

An operation sponsored or conducted by governmental departments or agencies in

such a way as to assure secrecy or concealment. A clandestine operation differs from a
covert operation in that emphasis is placed on concealment of the operation rather than
on concealment of the identity of the sponsor. In special operations, an activity may be
both covert and clandestine and may focus equally on operational considerations and
intelligence-related activities.

9. Why is it important to study vices?

1. The study of vice is important because these crimes are ever present and
persistent in all forms of society.
2. It is important because its evil effects are more disastrous, morally and physically
than other crimes.
3. It is important because commercialized vice disrupts the social make-up of the
community.
4. It is important because vice affects the daily lives of more people than any other
crime.
5. It is important because its existence caused a serious problem in law
enforcement.
10. DIFFERENT FORMS OF VICE

1. Alcoholism

Excessive and repetitive drinking of alcoholic beverages to the extent that the drinker
repeatedly is harmed or harms others. The harm may be physical or mental; it may also
be social, legal, or economic. Because such use is usually considered to be compulsive
and under markedly diminished voluntary control, alcoholism is considered by a majority
of, but not all, clinicians as an addiction and a disease.

2.Prostitution

Prostitution, the practice of en**ng in relatively indiscriminate sexual activity, in general

with someone who is not a spouse or a friend, in exchange for immediate payment in
money or other valuables.

3.Smoking

Smoking, the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant material. A variety
of plant materials are smoked, including marijuana and hashish, but the act is most
commonly associated with tobacco as smoked in a cigarette, cigar, or pipe.

4.Gambling

It is the betting or staking of something of value, with consciousness of risk and hope of
gain, on the outcome of a game, a contest, or an uncertain event whose result may be
determined by chance or accident or have an unexpected result by reason of the
bettor’s miscalculation.

5.Illegal Drag Racing

Typically, an unsanctioned and illegal form of auto racing that occurs on a public road.
Racing in the streets is an ancient hazard, as horse racing occurred on streets for
centuries, and street racing of automobiles is as old as the automobile itself. It became
especially prevalent during the heyday of hot rodding and muscle cars, and it continues
to be both popular and hazardous, with deaths and maiming of bystanders, passengers,
and drivers occurring every year.

6.Computer Games

Any software program that can be played on a computing device, such as a personal
computer, gaming console or mobile device. Video games have been in existence since
the early 1970s and have become increasingly popular, spanning different mobile
(smart phones, tablets) and stationary (computer or console) platforms. Advances,
particularly in mobile devices, have given birth to social networks and group gaming.

11. SYNTHESIS
LESSON 2

1. WHAT IS ALCOHOL?

Alcohol is a powerful drug. Alcoholic drinks contain the drug “ethanol” (ethyl alcohol). It
is a toxic and poisonous drug. It poisons the body if taken in large quantities simply or
in combination with other drugs.

Alcohol damages all the major organs of the body. Alcohol is a depressant drug, not a
stimulant as erroneously believed. Pure alcohol is colorless and tasteless. Alcoholic
drinks vary in color and taste because of the ingredients used to flavor them.

2. ALCOHOLISM
ALCOHOLISM is the state or condition of a person produced by drinking intoxicating
liquors excessively and with habitual frequency. It is a condition wherein a person is
under the influence or intoxicated with alcohol. His physical condition and behavior
have been modified to a certain extent by the effects of alcohol.

3. ALCOHOLIC LIQUOR

It is any beverage or compound, whether distilled, fermented, or otherwise, which will

produce intoxication or which contains in excess of one per centum of alcohol and is
used as a beverage.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

WINE

-fermented juice of grapes or other fruits

-alcohol content of 10% to 14% by volume
BEER
-Derived from cereal grains-barley, rye, corn, and wheat
-Typical alcohol contents are about 4% to 4.5%
DISTILLED SPIRITS
-From fermented mixtures of cereal grains or fruits that are heated in still
-Alcohol content ranging from 40% to 50%

5. DRUNKARD

A person who habitually takes or use any intoxicating alcoholic liquor and while under
the influence of such, or in consequence of the effect thereof, is either dangerous to
himself or to others, or is a cause of harm or serious annoyance to his family or his
affair, or of ordinary proper conduct.

6. PROFESSOR'S NOTE

7. CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS

A person who, from the prolonged and excessive use of alcoholic beverages, finally
develops physical and psycho-changes and dependence to alcohol.

8. DRUNKENNESS AS A CRIME

In the Philippines, drunkenness in itself is not a crime because a person may drink to
excess in the privacy of his home or in the party and commit no crime at all.

It is only when a drunken person exhibits his condition publicly, or disturbs, endangers,
or injured others, that he became an offender and therefore, subject to arrest and
punishment.
Before and during elections, it is unlawful to sell or drink intoxicating liquor, as provided
in the election law.

Under RA 4136, as amended, driving under the influence of liquor is prohibited.

Under Article 15 of the Revised Penal Code, intoxication is considered as

Alternative Circumstances.

It is considered a mitigating circumstance when the offender has committed a

felony in a state of intoxication, if the same is not habitual and intoxication be not
planted before the commission of Crime.

It is considered an aggravating circumstance, when the intoxication is habitual or

intentional.

9. KINDS OF INTOXICATION

Involuntary – when a drunken person does not know the intoxicating strength of
beverage he has taken.

Intentional – when a person deliberately drinks liquor fully knowing its effects, either to
obtain mitigation or to find the liquor as stimulant to commit crime.

Habitual – when the person finds that drinking his a constant necessary and the vice
ultimately takes hold of him.

10. VARIOUS DEGREE OF INTOXICATION

Slight Inebriation – there is reddening of the face. There is no sign of mental

impairment, in coordination and difficulty of speech.

Moderate Inebriation – the person is argumentative and overconfident. There is slight

impairment of mental difficulties, difficulty of articulation, loss of coordination of finger
movements. The face is flushed with digested eyeballs. He is reckless and shows
motor in coordination. The person may be certified by the doctor as being under the
influence of liquor.

Drunk – the mind is confused; behavior is irregular and the movement is uncontrolled.
The speech is thick and coordinated. The behavior is uncontrollable.

Very drunk – the mind is confused and disoriented. There is difficulty in speech and
marked motor incoordination and often walking is impossible.

Coma – the subject is stuporous or in comatose condition. Sometimes it is difficult to

differentiate this condition from other conditions having coma.
11. PROFESSOR'S NOTE

12. 10 ESSENTIAL FACTS ABOUT ALCOHOL ABUSE

Whether your drink of choice is beer, wine, or hard liquor like bourbon, tequila, or gin,
what you don’t know about alcohol could hurt you.

According to a National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) survey, 56

percent of American adults over age 18 reported drinking in the previous month, and 24
percent acknowledged binge drinking.

Of course, most people who drink don’t binge drink, don’t have physical problems
related to alcohol abuse or alcoholism, and will never develop a problem with alcohol.

But before you take your next drink, consider these facts about alcohol, alcohol abuse,
and your health:

1. Ethyl alcohol is the intoxicating ingredient in alcoholic drinks. Ethyl alcohol, or

ethanol, is produced from fermented yeast, sugars, and starches from a variety of
grains, fruits, vegetables, and plants. Ethyl alcohol is fundamentally the same in all
types of alcoholic beverages, and when you drink in moderation, your liver can
comfortably metabolize alcohol from any of these beverages. But heavy drinking
overwhelms your liver, and excess alcohol circulates through every organ in your body,
including your brain. This is what makes you drunk.

2. You may be drinking more than you realize. “Standard” alcoholic beverages, such
as the following, contain about 14 grams (0.6 ounces) of pure alcohol:

12 ounces (oz) of regular beer

5 oz of wine

1.5 oz of distilled spirits

8 to 9 oz of malt liquor

But customary beverage serving sizes in restaurants and bars don’t necessarily
conform to standard drink sizes. So, a single mixed **tail, for example, may actually
contain the alcohol of up to three standard drinks.

To maintain a low-risk drinking level that will minimize any impact to your health and
your susceptibility to addiction, men should limit alcohol intake to no more than four
drinks per day, or 14 per week. Women and those over age 65 should have no more
than three drinks daily, and seven weeklies. It’s important to adhere to both single-day
and weekly limits.

3. In moderation, alcohol may be good for you. Many chemicals are good for you in
low doses and toxic in higher doses, says Lewis Nelson, MD, professor in the Ronald O.
Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center in New
York City.

“The benefits of consuming small quantities of alcohol are mostly due to reductions in
behavioral, emotional, and physiological responses to stress,” Dr. Nelson says. This
explains why many of alcohol’s perceived benefits are cardiovascular in nature —
possibly providing protection against stroke and heart attack, for example. The problem,
he adds, is that “We don’t know whether low-dose consumption of any alcohol is
beneficial, or if only specific alcohol-containing products, such as wine, are.”

4. Alcohol changes your brain. Your brain physically adapts to your environment so
you perform better at whatever you’re doing, explains Brad Lander, PhD, clinical
director of addiction medicine at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in
Columbus. But when you consistently drink alcohol, your brain may interpret this as a
new environment and change nerve cells and brain connections to help you function
better with alcohol in your system.

“Once the brain adapts to the alcohol, it does not ‘unadapt,’” he says. “When alcoholics
stop drinking, some of these changes continue to be a problem throughout their lives.”

5.Alcohol affects men and women differently. Men and women metabolize alcohol
differently due to stomach enzymes, hormones, the ratio of muscle to fat, and water
concentration in the body, Dr. Lander says. Women absorb more alcohol and
metabolize it more slowly, and they're also at greater risk for long-term damage from
alcohol. Men are more likely to drink excessively and simultaneously engage in high-risk
behaviors, which leads to a higher incidence of alcohol-related deaths and
hospitalizations.
6. Alcoholism is partially genetic. The strongest risk factor for developing an alcohol-
use disorder is family history. “Part of this is due to the genes you get from your parents,
and part is the environment in which your parents raised you: nature versus nurture.
Many [experts] put the balance at about 50-50,” says Nelson. “The genetic component
does not appear to be due to a single gene, but rather a host of genetic interactions that
impact both the risk of developing the disease as well as the response to various
treatment efforts.”

7. Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are different. According to Lander, “Alcohol abuse
is drinking in a manner that causes problems in a person's life." Some examples include
neglecting responsibilities at work or home, continuing to drink even though it's causing
relationship problems, or experiencing legal problems (like getting a driving under the
influence charge) because of drinking.

Alcohol abuse is common, and alcohol is the most commonly used addictive substance
in the United States. Nearly 17 million American adults ages 18 and older have an
alcohol abuse disorder — that's almost 7 percent. Roughly half of all adults have a
family history of alcoholism or problem drinking, and more than seven million children
live in households with at least one parent who drinks too much, according to the
National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence.

"In contrast, alcoholism involves changes to neurons in the brain that create
obsessions, such as the feeling of needing a drink or compulsive drinking, which is
drinking at times you didn't intend to or drinking more than you intended,” says Lander.
Alcoholism is considered by many experts to be a chronic, or lifelong, disease.

8. Alcohol is a leading cause of death. Nearly 88,000 Americans die annually from
alcohol-related causes (it's responsible for nearly one-third of driving fatalities), making
it the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States, according to the
NIAAA. Excessive drinking also increases your risk for other diseases, including many
types of cancer, such as mouth, colon, rectal, stomach, and esophagus cancers.

9. Binge drinking can be fatal. Drinking excessively within a short amount of time, also
known as binge drinking, is common among people ages 18 to 22, according to the
NIAAA. The agency defines binge drinking as about four drinks for women and five
drinks for men within a two-hour period.

Alcohol depresses breathing, and imbibing too much can actually cause you to simply
stop breathing. “Alcohol is a sedative, and virtually all sedatives can do this at high
enough doses. There are thousands of such cases of alcohol poisoning each year in the
U.S.,” says Nelson.

Binge drinking also causes other dangerous health issues, including vomiting (which
puts you at risk for choking), seizures, dehydration, and unconsciousness. Even if
you’re unconscious, your stomach and intestines can continue to release alcohol into
your bloodstream, raising your blood alcohol levels even higher.
10. Alcohol withdrawal can be dangerous. When you’re dependent on alcohol and
stop drinking, some nerve cells will become so agitated that you could develop a
condition called delirium tremens, or DTs, which in its severe form can lead to
uncontrollable seizures. DTs are a medical emergency and require hospitalization.

13. The rate of absorption of alcohol in the stomach and intestine depends upon
the following factors:

 Concentration and total quantity of alcohol taken.

 Nature of food present in the stomach and intestine.
 Fatty foods make absorption of alcohol slower as compared with sugar and other
carbohydrates and protein.
 The length of time the gastric contents are held in the stomach prior to the
opening of the pylorus.
 Permeability of the stomach and intestinal membrane to alcohol.
 Chronic drinkers absorb alcohol faster than non-habitual drinkers.
 Concentration of alcohol in the beverages between 10 and 20% is the most
rapidly absorbe

14. FORMS OF CHEMICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TESTS OF INTOXICATION

 Analysis of blood for alcohol contents

 Analysis of urine for alcohol contents
 Analysis of saliva for alcohol contents
 Analysis of breath to determine concentration of alcohol
 Analysis of body tissue and spinal fluid

15. THE BLOOD-ALCOHOL TEST

This test is the most widely accepted and direct method of determining the
concentration of alcohol in the blood. This is done by physician, nurse or competent
technician upon request of the police investigator. The following are the present two
presumptive standards relating to the interpretation of
blood alcohol contents:
If there is 0.05 percent or less by weight of alcohol in a person’s blood, it shall be
presumed that he is not under the influence of intoxicating liquor.
If there is 0.15 percent or more by weight of alcohol in a person’s blood, it shall be
presumed that he is under the influence of intoxicating liquor.
16. THE URINE-ALCOHOL TEST

Urine examination to determine blood alcohol contents gives an acceptable result to the
court although the use of this chemical test is not yet widespread in our jurisdiction.
Sample of urine must not be taken at one time only because urinary excretion of alcohol
varies with time. Excretion is less during the early stage of absorption and may be more
than that in the blood during the later stage.

17. METHODS OF THERAPY ON ALCOHOLISM

1. The Aversion Treatment: This treatment seeks to create an aversion from

alcohol by the administration of a Nauseating drug to be followed by a drink of
liquor, and thus develops a dislike of alcohol. The method may be rather costly
since hospitalization may be required. Moreover, the effect is not always lasting
and treatment must be repeated. Yet, it is said that this method has proven
effective in more than half of the cases.
2. The Psychotherapy Method: This cure depends upon showing that the real
problem of the alcoholic is not the Alcohol itself but the emotional problem that
led the alcoholics to drink. This method therefore, aims to eliminate these
emotional tensions. Through therapeutic interviews, it undertakes to make the
alcoholics aware of why he drinks and to provide him with the strength necessary
to combat his problems.
3. The Program of Alcoholics Anonymous: This method is based on conversion
and fellowship. It emphasizes that alcoholics understand alcoholism better than
anyone else. Man is dependent upon God and must turn to Him for help; that the
alcoholic must sincerely desire to stop drinking. He must admit that he is an
alcoholic and cannot drink in moderation.

18. SYNTHESIS
LESSON 3

1. WHAT IS SMOKING?

You probably know that cigarettes can kill you—in fact, smoking kills half of those who
don't quit—but do you really have the full story? Do you know how many harmful
chemicals are in cigarettes or how they get into the product?

There are about 71.5 million users of tobacco products in the U.S. About 23.4% of men
and 18.5% of women are cigarette smokers, with cigarette use lowest in Western states
and highest in the Midwest; 44.3% of young adults ages 18 to 25 use tobacco, the
highest rate of any age group.

TOBACCO (Cigarettes) and Alcohol are “gateway” drugs. No Child and or adolescent
ever smoke marihuana without learning how to inhale tobacco smoke first. Ask a drug
abuser whether or not they started with alcohol, or cigarettes; the answer is always
“YES”.

2. TOBACCO
Tobacco is raised to be burned. It is bred to stimulate our lungs, not feed our stomachs.
Tobacco means the curved leaves of the tobacco plant “nicotiana tobacu” which
contains a very potent ingredient called nicotine.
The word tobacco was derived from tabaco- a two-pronged tube that natives used to
take snuff
The Mayan believed that smoke from tobacco would bring rain during the dry season.

3. CONTENT OF CIGARETTE
Ammonia – used to clean bathrooms
Cadmium– component of car battery
Carbon Monoxide – from car / factory exhaust
Nicotine– used as a mixture in insecticide
Tar – ingredients for asphalt
Vinyl Chloride – used for plastic manufacture
Cyanide – poison gas used by Hitler in his concentration camps
DDT – used to kill **roach
Formaldehyde (Formalin)– used for embalming

4. THE THREE STAGES OF CIGARETTES (from plant to product to puff)

5. EFFECTS OF SMOKING CIGARETTE

6. EFFECTS ON THE LUNGS

Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs
(alveoli) found in your lungs. Lung diseases caused by smoking include COPD, which
includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Cigarette smoking causes most cases of
lung cancer.

7. EFFECTS OF SMOKING TO OUR BODY

- CANCER

8. NICOTINE WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS

NICOTINE WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS

Lower heart rates Lower blood pressures
Tremors Shorter attention span
Aggressiveness Increased circulation
Hunger Insomnia
Heart palpitations Fatigue
Headaches Drowsiness
anxiety Craving for nicotine

9. INVOLUNTARY EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO SMOKE

Second-hand smoke causes premature death and disease in nonsmokers (children and
adults)
Children:
Increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), acute respiratory infections,
ear problems, and more severe asthma
Respiratory symptoms and slowed lung growth if parents’ smoke
Adults:
Immediate adverse effects on cardiovascular system
Increased risk for coronary heart disease and lung cancer
Millions of Americans are exposed to smoke in their homes/workplaces
Indoor spaces: eliminating smoking fully protects nonsmokers
Separating smoking areas, cleaning the air, and ventilation are ineffective
10. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9211

Republic Act No. 9211 - Known as Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003

(Signed into law in June 2003)

Prohibited Acts

 Allowing Children to man stalls selling tobacco product (s)

 Selling tobacco products to a minor (under 18 years of age
 Selling of Tobacco products within 100 meters from playgrounds, schools and
all youth facilities Cigarette vending machine also within the place mentioned
 Smoking in Public Places

OTHER RULES:

IRR mandates all establishments selling tobacco products to post “It is unlawful for
tobacco products to be sold/ distributed to or purchased by persons under 18 years of
age”.

PENALTY:

Selling to or buying tobacco products from minors

 Not more than 30 days of imprisonment for 1st Time Offender.

 Php 5,000.00 fine.

11. HEALTH BENEFIT OF QUIT SMOKING

LESSON 4

1. WHAT IS PROSTITUTION

Prostitution is the business or practice of en**ng in sexual relations in exchange for

payment or some other benefit. It also has been called “the world’s oldest profession”
because it has been around since almost the beginning of time. Even if all the nations
around the world will unite to eradicate it, they will never succeed.

2. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Prostitution- It is an act or practice of a woman who engage or habitually in sexual

intercourse for money or profit.

Prostitute - A woman who engages in discriminate sexual intercourse or acts with

males for hire.

Pimp – One who provides gratification for the lust of others.

Operator or Maintainer – one who owns or manages houses of ill-refute where the
business of prostitution is conducted. Sometimes they are called “Madame or Mama
San”.

White Slavery-The procurement and transportation of women cross stateliness for

immoral purposes.

***s/Knocker - It is a name often used for all types of prostitutes.

3. CAUSES OF PROSTITUTION

1. Poor social background and personality handicaps are some of the bases for drift
into prostitution.
2. Previous sexual experience, mostly unfortunate and in or out of wedlock.
3. Contact with persons in or on the fringe of the business of prostitution.
4. Love for money and luxury on the part of the prostitute.
5. Lack of restraining check from neighbors, social environments and laxity of social
control much as the agency for religious training and reforms.
6. The influence of contraceptives and preventive treatment for venereal diseases.
7. Efforts to support other vices such as drug addiction or alcoholism.
8. For the unwilling prostitutes, they are victims of white slave traffic such as
kidnapping, keeping them under physical restraint, forcible abduction of women
and victims of crime against chastity.
 9. The indifference of law enforcement authorities in safeguarding the virtues of
women and lack of courage of the victim of white slave trade to pursue the
prosecution of cases they filed against the perpetrators.
10. Social causes of prostitution such as: broken families, anonymity of city life, and
poverty and other

4. VAGRANTS AND PROSTITUTES (RPC)

 Any person having no apparent means of subsistence, who has the physical
ability to work and who neglects to apply himself or herself to some lawful calling.
 Any person found loitering about public or semi-public buildings or places, or
tramping or wandering about the country or to the streets without visible means
of support.
 Any idle or dissolute person who lodges in houses of ill-fame, ruffians or pimps
and those who habitually associate with prostitutes.

5. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10158

Signed last March 27, 2012, amended Article 202 of the Revised Penal Code removing
vagrancy from the country's list of crimes amid concerns it only targets the poor and the
disadvantaged.

Although the poor or homeless people can no longer be hauled to jail for vagrancy, the
new law continued to penalize women engaged in prostitution.

RA 10158, defined prostitutes as "women who for money or profit, habitually

indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct."

A person found guilty of prostitution is punished by imprisoned from one to 30

days or a fine not exceeding P200.

In case of recidivism, they are punished by arresto mayor in its medium period to
prison correctional in its minimum period or a fine ranging from P200 to P2,000, or both,
depending on the court.

With the enactment of the law, all pending vagrancy cases meantime shall be
dismissed and all persons serving sentence for violating the vagrancy law shall
immediately be released.

6. TYPES OF PROSTITUTES ON THE BASIS OF OPERATION

CALL GIRLS: These are the part-time prostitutes. They have their own legitimate work
or profession but work as prostitutes to supplement their income. Sometimes they are
tellers, sales-ladies of department stores, waitresses, beauticians, or engage in similar
jobs that they use to make contacts with customers. They receive telephone calls from a
selected group of customers and make arrangements to meet them at a designated
place. She may work alone or in partnership with an intermediary with whom she shares
her earnings.

HUSTLER: Professional type of prostitutes. She may be a bar or tavern “pick-up” or a

“street walker”. The bar or tavern “pick-up” frequents places where liquor is sold,
sometimes operating with the consent and knowledge of the management. The
streetwalker is the oldest and the most common type of prostitute. She may work with
taxi-drivers and commits prostitution in a taxi-cab. Her common customers are the
tourists, gamblers, criminals, addicts and others. Their operation is oftentimes
associated with swindling their customers.

DOOR KNOCKER: This is the occasional or selective type of prostitute. She is usually
a newcomer in the business Oftentimes, they are motivated by extreme. Desire for
money due to poverty or supporting their other vices. She makes contact thru
information coming from the professional and hustler who are friends who give her
addresses of prospective customers.

FACTORY GIRLS are the real professional type of prostitutes. She works in regular
houses of prostitution or brothels. She accepts all comers and has nothing to do with
the selecting and soliciting the customers. She works in regular hours or tour of duty
under the direct supervision of the madam or operator of the prostitution house. She
gets her share of the earnings by commission or per customers.

7. TYPES OF PROSTITUTION HOUSES

1.DISORDERLY HOUSES : A “madam” or “maintainer” supervises the operation

supported by a staff of teller (cashier), bell or room boys, register clerks, watchmen,
pimps and security guards known as bouncers.

Their operation appears to be a legitimate business entity mostly under the protection of
crooked policemen or law enforcement authorities and their location is prominently
known to all their customers.

They have a number of small rooms with the prostitutes staying there where they wait
for customers. At times, the house provided with secret exits ready for escaping in case
of police raids.

2.FURNISHED ROOM HOUSE : Usually operated by an experienced “madam” who

rent rooms to legitimate roomers in order to maintain an appearance of responsibility
Purposely, the madam leaves several rooms not rented to legitimate roomers for ready
use of the prostitution.

These prostitutes are mostly the call girls who make the room their designated places in
perpetrating their business.
Their rent is on per customers basis or they maintain the rent continuously but the
prostitutes do not live there permanently but elsewhere to maintain their anonymity and
identity.

These houses could be found mostly in flashy subdivision or residential areas.

3.CALL HOUSES: This is where the customers call and the madam makes the
arrangement and sends the girls by a transporter who is a man or woman to the place
arrangement.

The house appears to be a legitimate business house such as service agencies, travel
offices, coffee shops, beauty parlors and the like duly licensed and registered as such
with the government office.

However, the telephone number is limited only to qualified customers as recommended

by their pimps who conduct the background investigation on the ability of the
prospective customers to pay.

4.MASSAGE CLINICS

These houses are operated under a licensed or permit issued by the government but
acts as a front for prostitution where the act maybe done or as per arrangement.

They operate barbershops with manicurists or “attendants” and “massagists” who while
servicing their customers may make contacts or the prostitutes or themselves.

These prostitutes are sometimes the newcomers in the business who do not earn much
as attendants or massagists.

8. CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF PROSTITUTION

A. THE SCHOOL OF REGULATORY CONTROL

This method maintains the idea that we cannot do away with prostitution unless
we consider the problems and remove the causes of prostitution.

The following regulatory policy has been adopted to provide the necessary protection
for the society.

1. Segregation of brothels and soliciting to restricted districts.

 2. Public licensing of houses of prostitution
3. Registration of prostitutes to protect them from the exploitation of white slave
trade
4. Periodic medical examination of prostitutes and public health education.
5. Legalization of the practice of prostitution under government supervision and
control to make it more realistic. That arrest of prostitutes be handled by non-
police agencies but should be taken care of by social workers and medical men.
6. Finally, the rehabilitation of prostitutes by providing them jobs and facilities to
earn a decent living.

B. THE SCHOOL OF TOTAL REPRESSION

This method believes that prostitution is both a crime and a vice and therefore, should
be repressed and totally prohibited.

It maintains that chastity and continence should be the rule of conduct for everybody
and to allow prostitution would be to abet immorality and white slave trade

As to licensing of prostitution, this school of thought argues that it invites men to enjoy
promiscuity free and easy and without fear of the law.

9. SYNTHESIS
LESSON 5
1. WHAT IS GAMBLING?

Gambling can be exciting, challenging and stimulating! Some people get a “rush” out of
taking a chance, while others find it much too upsetting or risky. Gambling in the United
States has just exploded in recent years, with almost every state legalizing some form
of gaming activity. While gambling is a form of entertainment, it is also a risk. Like any
other risky behavior, it can create financial losses for individuals and their families.

For most people, it is games of chance such as lotteries, bingo, slot machines, **r and
other casino-type activities. People gamble for a variety of reasons. Many consider it
just another fun form of entertainment. Playing a game of chance is an opportunity to
test their skills and enjoy the challenge of selecting winners and losers. In some cases,
it is the thrill of winning; in others, it is the financial gain. Whatever the reason, people
who enjoy gaming activities budget for gambling expenditures just as they would budget
for any other form of recreation. When the money is spent, they simply walk away—just
as they would walk away from a concert or baseball game.

However, that is not true for everyone. A small minority (about 3%) of those who gamble
become highly addicted and wreck their personal finances. It may start out as fun and
entertainment, but becomes a problem they cannot control. Recent studies show that at
least 20% of all compulsive gamblers file bankruptcy after maxing out their credit cards
and exhausting other credit options. Approximately one-third of them will also lose their
jobs because of their gambling problems. In 1999, a National Gambling Impact Study
Commission estimated that more than 5 million Americans are pathological or problem
gamblers, with an additional 15 million at risk.

Even teenagers can be compulsive or problem gamblers. Some estimates show that
somewhere between 4% to 8% of all adolescents have a serious gambling problem,
with another 10% at risk of developing serious problems. Male teens are more likely to
have gambling problems than female teens, but the number of young women with
gambling problems is rapidly increasing.

When gambling, you are taking a chance with your personal finances; you are risking
your money or something else of value on an activity with an uncertain outcome.
Whether buying lottery or scratch tickets, betting on sports or horses, playing cards or
slot machines, you risk losing your money because you have no control over what
happens. If placing a bet or buying a lottery ticket is anything more than just fun for you,
and if you are using money you cannot afford to lose, then you should walk away and
not play.
Gambling- the betting or staking of something of value, with consciousness of risk and
hope of gain, on the outcome of a game, a contest, or an uncertain event whose result
may be determined by chance or accident or have an unexpected result by reason of
the bettor’s miscalculation.

2. HISTORY OF GAMBLING
Gambling is one of mankind’s oldest activities, as evidenced by writings and equipment
found in tombs and other places. It was regulated, which as a rule meant severely
curtailed, in the laws of ancient China and Rome as well as in the Jewish Talmud and by
Islam and Buddhism, and in ancient Egypt inveterate gamblers could be sentenced to
forced labor in the quarries. The origin of gambling is considered to be divinatory: by
casting marked sticks and other objects and interpreting the outcome, man sought
knowledge of the future and the intentions of the gods. From this it was a very short
step to betting on the outcome of the throws. The Bible contains many references to the
casting of lots to divide property. One well-known instance is the casting of lots by
Roman guards (which in all likelihood meant that they threw knucklebones) for the
garment of Jesus during the Crucifixion. This is mentioned in all four of the Gospels and
has been used for centuries as a warning example by antigambling crusaders.
However, in ancient times casting lots was not considered to be gambling in the modern
sense but instead was connected with inevitable destiny, or fate. Anthropologists have
also pointed to the fact that gambling is more prevalent in societies where there is a
widespread belief in gods and spirits whose benevolence may be sought. The casting of
lots, not infrequently dice, has been used in many cultures to dispense justice and point
out criminals at trials—in Sweden as late as 1803. The Greek word for justice, dike,
comes from a word that means “to throw,” in the sense of throwing dice.
European history is riddled with edicts, decrees, and encyclicals banning and
condemning gambling, which indirectly testify to its popularity in all strata of society.
Organized gambling on a larger scale and sanctioned by governments and other
authorities in order to raise money began in the 15th century with lotteries—and
centuries earlier in China with keno. With the advent of legal gambling houses in the
17th century, mathematicians began to take a serious interest in games with
randomizing equipment (such as dice and cards), out of which grew the field of
probability theory.
Apart from forerunners in ancient Rome and Greece, organized sanctioned sports
betting dates back to the late 18th century. About that time there began a gradual, albeit
irregular, shift in the official attitude toward gambling, from considering it a sin to
considering it a vice and a human weakness and, finally, to seeing it as a mostly
harmless and even entertaining activity. Additionally, the Internet has made many forms
of gambling accessible on an unheard-of scale. By the beginning of the 21st century,
approximately four out of five people in Western nations gambled at least occasionally.
The swelling number of gamblers in the 20th century highlighted the personal and social
problem of pathological gambling, in which individuals are unable to control or limit their
gambling. During the 1980s and ’90s, pathological gambling was recognized by medical
authorities in several countries as a cognitive disorder that afflicts slightly more than 1
percent of the population, and various treatment and therapy programs were developed
to deal with the problem.

3. TYPES OF GAMBLING IN THE PHILIPPINES

LEGAL AND ILLEGAL

LEGAL GAMBLING

 CASINO

Casinos are venues where people go to in order to engage in legal gambling activities
usually for entertainment and earning's sake. Gambling in casinos is usually played via
cards and casino chips, slot machines, and more. Some of the games that are often
played in casinos include **r, blackjack, roulette, and slot machines.

 SWEEPSTAKES

A sweepstake is a type of contest where a prize or prizes may be awarded to a winner

or winners. Sweepstakes began as a form of lottery that were tied to products sold.

 LOTTERIES

Lotteries in the Philippines are held by the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office
(PCSO). How it works is that there are 6 numbers randomly drawn within a certain
range of numbers, depending on the type of lottery. There are several types of lotteries
made by the PCSO, such as the Lotto 6/42, Mega lotto 6/45, Super lotto 6/49, etc. The
person whose chosen lottery numbers in the card matches that of the ones drawn by
the host wins the jackpot prize, but the amount of money of the prize depends on the
type of lottery, as well as how many of the chosen numbers in the card match the
numbers that were drawn.

 HORSE RACING BETTING

In horse race betting, people bet their money on which horses will win the race. People
bet by giving their betting money to the selling windows or betting stations, then they
claim their prizes there, if they win their bets. People can bet on multiple horses for
higher chances of winning, and can choose among different types of horse race betting.
Some of the different types of betting are win, place, show, Double Quinella, Forecast,
Trifecta, Quartet, Daily Double, Pick 4, and Pick 6, etc.

1. For win type, in order to win, the horse you're betting on has to be 1st place.
2. For place type, the horse you're betting on needs to win 1st or 2nd in order for
you to win.
3. For show type, the horse you're betting on needs to win 1st, 2nd, or 3rd in order
for you to win.
4. For Double Quinella, the horses you're betting on need to win 1st and 2nd in
either order.
5. For Forecast, the horses you're betting on needs to win 1st and 2nd in exact
order.
6. For Trifecta the horses you're betting on needs to win 1st, 2nd, and 3rd in exact
order.
7. For Quartet, the horses you're betting on needs to win 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th in
exact order.
8. For Daily Double, the horses you're betting on need to win the 2 consecutive
races.
9. For Pick 4, the horses you're betting on needs to win 4 consecutive races.

10. For Pick 6, the horses you're betting on needs to win 6 consecutive races.

COCK FIGHTING

**-fighting is a sport wherein 2 **s that have been carefully bred and specially fed
wrestle each other inside **pit arenas until one die or is unable to go on and the people
bet their money on which ** will win. Most **pits have a maximum of 10 minutes of
fighting time. The victorious ** gets treatment and medicine after the fight and gets a
break of around 3 to 5 months before fighting again while the losing ** which is dead is
usually consumed by either the winning owner of the ** as a prize, or by other people.

STREET GAMES

People from corners of the street sometimes play simple games like pusoy dos,
mahjong, tongits, and sakla, where money is on the line.

ILLEGAL GAMBLING
  JUETENG

Jueteng is an illegal numbers game that is a form of local lottery, and is popular in the
country due to its nature. The game was probably introduced during the Spanish
colonization, and like **fighting, it was done so by Chinese entrepreneurs. The name
itself comes from the Chinese characters hue, meaning flower, and teng meaning to bet.
It involves the combination of 37 numbers against 37 numbers, (38 numbers in some
areas), numbered 1 to 37, and bets are placed and accepted per combination. The
game is usually played by choosing a combination of two numbers from 1 and 37, then
little numbered balls (bolitas) are shaken in a basket (usually a rattan basket) and two
balls are drawn before witnesses.
The estimated gross revenue of the game varies, but it can reach to up to $500 million.
Around thirty percent of this is paid as protection money to law enforcers and political
figures, then another thirty is for the surplus of the operator, and the rest is for winnings,
shares of employees, and expenses.
There are several reasons why the numbers game has prevailed despite its illegality:
Jueteng bets are low, as low as ₱0.25 or ₱1.00, and a bettor can win up to ₱400 to
₱1000, depending on total revenue and number of bettors.
Jueteng operations require mi*** costs and assets. The draw or bola can be done
anywhere at any time.
Transactions do not take much time, unlike other forms of gambling (e.g.
Bingo, **fighting, etc.).
There are many cases where it is protected by law enforcers or government officials.
There is much support from the locals.
There is a local superstition to use draw bets based on birthdays, deaths, special
occasions, dreams, etc.
One of the biggest scandals concerning Jueteng involved former Philippine President
Joseph Estrada in 2000 called the Juetengate. Estrada was accused by Senate Minority
Leader Teofisto Guingona on October 5, 2000 of receiving cash payouts from jueteng
as protection. Days later, Luis "Chavit" Singson claimed that, as Estrada's bagman, he
had given Estrada around ₱400 million from jueteng collections nationwide.This
triggered the second EDSA revolution from January 17 to 20, 2001 and the eventual
resignation of Joseph Estrada on the last day of the revolution.

MASIAO
A related numbers game, played predominantly in Visayas and Mindanao, is known as
masiao. Masiao originally was played based on radio broadcasts announcing the
winning players in jai alai. However, as jai alai's popularity has waned, illegal masiao
operators now often base their winning numbers on the official ones announced by the
PCSO.
LAST TWO

An illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived from the last two
numbers of the first prize of the winning Sweepstakes ticket which comes out during the
weekly draw of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO), and its variants.

 PROVINCIAL GAMBLING

 BLOOD SPORTS

Betting on contests pitting two a***s against one another in a fight to the death is a way
of life for many males in the country's hinterlands.

 YEAR-ROUND BLOOD SPORTS

SABONG OR **FIGHTING

Every weekend, arenas across the Philippines are packed with thousands of men
anxious to legally wager on fights featuring roosters with razor-sharp gaffs fitted to their
legs. The sheer spectacle of such an event-with its fast pace, noise, gore, and crowd
participation-has done much to establish **fighting as the national sport of the
Philippine.

 BLOOD SPORTS DURING LOCAL FEASTS

1. Horse Fights by the T’boli of Lake Sebu in Southern Cotabato every September.
2. Festival of the Bulls, the town of San Joaquin held in January.

 SPIDER WRESTLING

Season: Spider wrestling does not occur year-round. It is a seasonal activity that
typically begins during the rainy season when vegetation is lush and spiders are
plentiful. From September through January, groups of boys can be seen roaming the
countryside in search of the perfect wrestling spider. Invariably, this takes place
outdoors since household spiders (**mbang-bahay) are considered poor fighters. Hunts
can last up to several hours and normally happen in the morning or late afternoon when
spiders return to the center of their webs and are easily captured.
GAMBLING BEHAVIOR

As a form of petty gambling, spider fighting is simple and straightforward. Side bets and
other wagers not directly related to the outcome of a bout tend to be rare. Matches can
take place almost anywhere and require mi*** cost to participate in them. Although most
schoolboys have little in terms of material wealth, they rarely agree to a contest without
something of value at stake. The primary wager is customarily between the two spider
owners. These bets usually involve the exchange of money or the spiders themselves.
When cash is wagered, amounts tend to be low. Most bets do not exceed P100,
although some occasionally reach into the P1,000-P2,000 range. When fighting spiders
are wagered, matches tend to be less serious and, as a rule, not permitted to continue
to the death. Anyone can bet on a spider-wrestling contest. Much of the action
surrounding a match takes place among the friends and classmates of those directly
involved. Their participation adds an air of excitement that would otherwise be missed if
wagering were limited strictly to spider owners. Spectators generally bet in small
amounts, though sometimes friends will pool their funds to increase the size of a payoff.
Since there are no bookies or odds-makers to influence the stakes of a contest, betting
is usually a matter of personal preference; but sod pressure does exist for boys to
wager on their bends' spiders. Given the short duration of most bouts, cash will change
hands frequently. An implicit honor system is followed when it comes to collecting or
paying bets. When participants are not well acquainted, money is usually entrusted with
a neutral third party until a winner is declared. If a loser should try to renege on a bet,
trouble is likely to occur.

 DURING FUNERALS

In the Philippines, gambling is not just a pastime, but a way to honor the dead. Betting
games, mahjong, and card tables are often set up at Filipino wakes, or paglalamay,
where the tradition is to keep a 24-hour vigil over the deceased until the burial. Making
wagers at games such as "sakla", the Philippine version of Spanish tarot cards, is
particularly common at wakes, because the family of the deceased gets a share of the
winnings to help cover funeral expenses.

“It has its functions, it is a way of keeping mourners around,” Randolf David, a sociology
professor at the University of the Philippines, told Reuters. Businesses dedicated to
operating these games go from one wake to another, David said. He added that small
syndicates often operate such games, moving from one wake to another.

Popular games include, but are not limited to, Sakla (a version of tarot cards), bingo, **r,
and mahjong. Even the kids get in on the action by betting on fighting spiders. The
practice of gambling at wakes is so popular (and viewed as mostly legal) that gaming
syndicates reportedly organize “fake” wakes in order to provide a venue for serious
gamblers. Because of the general lack of enforcement at funerals, and the slightly more
stringent limits on gaming otherwise, there has been a measure of success with the
business. Apparently, obtaining a stand-in corpse for these fake wakes is as simple as
renting one from the local morgue. Oftentimes, these rented (or sometimes even
purchased) bodies are unclaimed corpses. For morgues, the motivation to participate in
this trade is rather high as renting them out (at whatever price) is going to be more than
what it would cost to store them.

16. LAWS RELEVANT TO GAMBLING

1. PD 1602 - Prescribing Stiffer penalties on illegal gambling

2. PD 510 - Law on Slot Machines
3. PD 449 - Illegal **fighting
4. PD 483 - Game fixing in Sports Contest
5. PD 1306- Jai-Alai bookies
6. RA 3063- Horse Racing Bookie
7. Art. 195-199 R.P.C.- Forms of Gambling and Betting
8. LOI No. 816 – Exclusion of certain prohibited games under PD 1602

17. HOW TO SPOT A GAMBLER?

18. GAMBLING ADDICTION

For many people, gambling is harmless fun, but it can become a problem. This type of
compulsive behavior is often called “problem gambling.”

A gambling addiction is a progressive addiction that can have many negative

psychological, physical, and social repercussions. It is classed as an impulse-control
disorder.

It is included in the American Psychiatric Association (APA’s) Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual, fifth edition (DSM-5).

Problem gambling is harmful to psychological and physical health. People who live with
this addiction may experience depression, migraine, distress, intestinal disorders, and
other anxiety-related problems.

As with other addictions, the consequences of gambling can lead to feelings of

despondency and helplessness. In some cases, this can lead to attempts at suicide.

The rate of problem gambling has risen globally over the last few years. In the United
States in 2012, around 5.77 million people had a gambling disorder that needed
treatment.

Because of its harmful consequences, gambling addiction has become a significant

public health concern in many countries.

19. SYMPTOMS

Gambling is not a financial problem, but an emotional problem that has financial
consequences.

It also impacts the way in which the person with the disorder relates to his or her family
and friends. For instance, they may miss important events in the family, or they might
miss work.

Anyone who is concerned about their gambling might ask “Can I stop if I want to?” If the
answer is “no,” it is important to seek help.

20. DIAGNOSIS

For a diagnosis of gambling addiction, The DSM-5 states that a person must show or
experience at least four of the following during the past 12 months:

1. Need to gamble with increasing amounts of money to feel excitement

2. Restlessness or irritability when trying to stop gambling
3. Repeated unsuccessful attempts to stop, control, or reduce gambling
 4. Thinking often about gambling and making plans to gamble
5. Gambling when feeling distressed
6. Returning to gamble again after losing money
7. Lying to conceal gambling activities
8. Experiencing relationship or work problems due to gambling
9. Depending on others for money to spend on gambling

21. TRIGGERS

Gambling can lead to a range of problems, but the addiction can happen to anyone. No
one can predict who will develop an addiction to gambling.

The activity can be described on a spectrum. Trusted Source, ranging from abstinence
through recreational gambling to problem gambling.

Gambling behavior becomes a problem when it cannot be controlled and when it

interferes with finances, relationships, and the workplace. The individual may not realize
they have a problem for some time.

Many people who develop a gambling addiction are considered responsible and
dependable people, but some factors can lead to a change in behavior.

These could include:

 Retirement
 traumatic circumstances
 job-related stress
 emotional upheaval, such as depression or anxiety
 loneliness
 the presence of other addictions
 environmental factors, such as friends or available opportunities

Studies have suggested that people with a tendency to one addiction may be more at
risk of developing another. Genetic and neurological factors may play a role.

Some people who are affected by gambling may also have a problem with alcohol or
drugs, possibly due to a predisposition for addiction.

The use of some medications has been linked to a higher risk of compulsive gambling.
Secondary addictions can also occur in an effort to reduce the negative feelings created
by the gambling addiction. However, some people who gamble never experience any
other addiction.

Some factors increase the risk. These include:

 depression, anxiety conditions, or personality disorders

 other addictions, such as drugs or alcohol
 the use of certain medications, for example, antipsychotic medications, and
dopamine agonists, which have been linked to a higher risk of a gambling
addiction
 sex, as it is more likely to affect men than women

22. ADDICTION

For someone with a gambling addiction, the feeling of gambling is equivalent to taking a
drug or having a drink. Gambling behavior alters the person’s mood and state of mind.

As the person becomes used to this feeling, they keep repeating the behavior,
attempting to achieve that same effect.

In other addictions, alcohol, for instance, the person starts developing a tolerance. An
increasing amount of alcohol is necessary for the same “buzz.”

A person who has an addiction to gambling needs to gamble more to get the same
“high.” In some instances, they “chase” their losses, thinking that if they continue to
engage in gambling, they will win back lost money.

A vicious circle develops, and an increased craving for the activity. At the same time,
the ability to resist drops. As the craving grows in intensity and frequency, the ability to
control the urge to gamble is weakened. This can have a psychological, personal,
physical, social, or professional impact.

Neither the frequency of gambling nor the amount lost will determine whether gambling
is a problem for an individual.

Some people engage in periodic gambling binges rather than regularly, but the
emotional and financial consequences will be the same.

Gambling becomes a problem when the person can no longer stop doing it, and when it
causes a negative impact on any area of the individual’s life.
LESSON 6-ILLEGAL DRAG RACING

ILLEGAL DRAG RACING

Street racing is typically an unsanctioned and illegal form of auto racing that occurs on a
public road. Racing in the streets is an ancient hazard, as horse racing occurred on
streets for centuries, and street racing of automobiles is as old as the automobile itself.
It became especially prevalent during the heyday of hot rodding and muscle cars, and it
continues to be both popular and hazardous, with deaths and maiming of bystanders,
passengers, and drivers occurring every year.

WHAT IS DRAG RACING?

"Drag racing", when referring to motor vehicle/motorcycle speed contests done within a
controlled and regulated environment, and adhering to safety standards, is not illegal
when sanctioned. In the Philippines, there are automobile clubs and other sports
associations which sponsor legitimate drag racing events in various race circuits.
However, when conducted in public streets, highways and other thoroughfares without
permits and without regard to the safety of: motorists, spectators and innocent third
parties, drag racing becomes a punishable act.
Many drag racing activities in the past have been reported, and continue to be reported,
especially in certain "hotspots" like Mindanao Avenue in Quezon City, Diosdado
Macapagal Avenue in Pasay City and other major avenues in urban areas which are
Wide and with sparse vehicular traffic fqr the 'conduct of unauthorized races. In some
instances, these activities result in harm to persons involved in the race or not, and
unduly puts at risk motorists who pass through the roads.
The hazards inherent in drag racing are not difficult to extrapolate: young, possibly
inexperienced racers who are after the "thrill" of doing a risky and unlawful activity;
improvised race cars not subjected to safety tests; spectators who, unlike in official race
circuits, can watch the race in close proximity to the roads without the benefit of safety
barriers; and race organizers who, in an effort not to attract attention, will not seek the
assistance of paramedics or emergency responders in case of untoward incidents.
Being a clandestine event, drag races are conducted late at night to evade the
authorities and do not observe the same safety precautions that sanctioned races do.
The harm caused by drag racing ranges from physical injuries and property damage in
case of crashes, to damage to roads due to the excessive wear and tear induced by
burning rubber. Other forms of collateral harm include noise pollution, vandalism and
littering. Crimes associated with alcohol are also likely to arise, since many race
contestants and spectators consume it within the vicinity of a drag racing event.
LAW AGAINST ILLEGAL DRAG RACING
A. Land Transportation and Traffic Code
Under Republic Act No. 4136 ("RA4136"), otherwise known as the Land Transportation
and Traffic Code, en**ng in drag racing constitutes either a speeding or a reckless
driving violation. Section 35 (a) of the law provides that:
Any person driving a motor vehicle on a highway shall drive the same at a careful and
prudent speed, not greater nor less than is reasonable and proper, having due regard
for the traffic, the width of the highway, and of any other condition then and there
existing; and no person shall drive any motor vehicle upon a highway at such a speed
as to endanger the life, limb and property of any person, nor at a speed greater than will
permit him to bring the vehicle to a stop within the assured clear distance ahead.
No person shall operate a motor vehicle on any highway recklessly or without
reasonable caution considering the width, traffic, grades, crossing, curvatures, visibility
and other conditions of the highway and the conditions of the atmosphere and weather,
or so as to endanger the property or the safety or rights of any person or so as to cause
excessive or unreasonable damage to the highway.
Violators caught over speeding will be made to pay a fine of P 1,200.00 (or P 2,000.00 if
occurring in Macapagal Avenue). A reckless driving charge, on the other hand, shall
merit a fine of P 500.00 (or P 2,000.00 if apprehended in Pasay or Parañaque).
B. Batas Pambansa Blg. 33
Batas Pambansa BIg. 33 ("BP 33"), entitled "An Act Defining and Penalizing Certain
Prohibited Acts Inimical to the Public Interest and National Security Involving Petroleum
and/or Petroleum Products, Prescribing Penalties Therefor and for Other Purposes",
also penalizes drag racing. Section 2 (g) of the law prohibits:
Speed contest and rallies involving mainly the use of motor vehicles, motor-driven
watercraft or aircraft utilizing petroleum-derived fuels, including car and motorcycle
rallies and drag racing, without the permit from the Bureau of Energy Utilization [now the
Oil Industry Management Bureau] [emphasis supplied]
According to Section 4 of the law:
Any person who commits any act herein prohibited shall, upon conviction, be punished
with a fine of not less than twenty thousand pesos (P20, 000) but not more than fifty
thousand pesos (P50,000), or imprisonment of at least two (2) years but not more than
five (S) years, or both, in the discretion of the court. In cases of second and subsequent
conviction under this Act, the penalty shall be both fine and imprisonment as provided
herein.
C. LOCAL ORDINANCES
While the foregoing laws do not directly address drag racing, there are already several
local ordinances passed by city and municipal councils expressly prohibiting it. The local
legislative bodies of Carmona (Cavite), General Santos City, Gonzaga (Cagayan),
Ba***s City, Cagayan de Oro City and Dipolog City, among others, have all passed anti-
drag racing ordinances within their jurisdictions, and provided their own penalties for
violators.
In Metro Manila, the City Councils of Pasay and Paranaque have likewise legislated
ordinances to penalize drag racing. These two cities have Traffic Codes that have
common and identical provisions, namely, Section 30 on Speeding, Section 31 on drag
racing and Section 57 on reckless driving. Of particular interest is the prohibition against
drag racing which reads:
Section 31. Drag Racing/Speed Contest.
It shall be unlawful for any person to engage in, or to aid any motor vehicle, drag
racing/speed contests or exhibition of speed, on any public or private street upon which
City has been authorized to impose traffic regulations except as permitted by special
ordinance of the Sangguniang Panlungsod.
It is important to note that the ordinances of Pasay and Parañaque are both applicable
to Macapagal Avenue, which straddles both cities. Therefore, depending on which
stretch of the said road violations have been committed, the applicable regime of
penalties shall be enforced.
The Metro Manila Development Authority ("MMDA") has issued Regulation No. 11-003
series of 2011, fixing the speed limit for all types of vehicles lying the Macapagal Avenue
at 60 km/hour. Pursuant to this, the MMDA issued guidelines harmonizing the said
regulation with the ordinances of Pasay and Parañaque.
Under the MMDA Guidelines, depending on the attendant circumstances, violators
caught exceeding the 60 km/hour speed limit in Macapagal Avenue shall be charged
with either speeding, reckless driving or drag racing. The following penalties shall be
applicable:
Pasay City:
Speeding - P 1,000.00
Drag Racing - P 2,000.00
Reckless Driving - P 2,000.00 and traffic seminar
Parañaque City:
Speeding - P 1,000.00
Drag Racing - P 5,000.00- or six-months imprisonment
ADVISORY

1. DO NOT PARTICIPATE IN ANY DRAG RACING ACTIVITY.

Continued patronage is the foremost reason why drag racing events command a
following, especially among the youth. Refusing to participate in any manner will spell
the end of this illegal, hazardous and destructive activity.

One of the objectives of this Advisory is to inform the public that drag racing is an illegal
activity with corresponding punishment. By emphasizing its illicit nature and the
penalties attached to it, this Advisory seeks to discourage persons from en**ng in drag
racing.

2. IMMEDIATELY REPORT DRAG RACING ACTIVITIES TO THE PROPER

AUTHORITIES.

Organizers of drag racing events are conscious of the illegality of the said activities and
take extra efforts not to attract the attention of law enforcers.

Due to the efforts of race organizers to keep drag racing events clandestine, the
identification of drag racing "hotspots" becomes more difficult for authorities, and
requires no less than round-the-clock surveillance on all major thoroughfares. For a
constant monitoring of this scale, the assistance and vigilance of the public is
indispensable.

Reporting signs of suspicious activities like a gathering of a sizeable crowd along with
several race cars along a wide and open street can help law enforcers break up a
planned drag racing event before it happens. Reporting an actual occurrence of a drag
racing event will alert law enforcers and allow them to monitor the area closely in the
future, to avoid recurrence. Those who hear of planned drag racing events from their
social circles should immediately alert the concerned authorities too.

The public's vigilance and assistance is essential so that drag racing cannot claim
another life or destroy another property in the future. Reports may be coursed through
MMDA Hotline 136, or MMDA Trunkline 882-4154.

3. SHOP OWNERS SHOULD ASSIST IN EDUCATING RACING ENTHUSIASTS

ABOUT THE HAZARDS OF DRAG RACING.

Shop owners are often tapped by racing enthusiasts to improve the performance of the
latter's cars and make them race-ready, both in terms of mechanics and aesthetics.
While these shop owners cannot prohibit their clients from using their remodel cars in
drag racing, they can at least educate them and warn them against the hazards of the
said activity. For one, shop owners should promote only legitimate drag racing events
sanctioned by sporting associations and held in race circuits, and not endorse those
which are unlawful and unregulated. Even the mere posting of advisories and warnings
inside shops can go a long way in discouraging drag racing.

4. PARENTS, SCHOOLS AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS SHOULD EXERCISE

INFORMAL CONTROL OVER DRAG RACING PARTICIPANTS.

Parents should strongly advise their children against participating in drag racing.
Schools should likewise contribute to the education of the youth on the hazards of
en**ng in drag racing, and in irresponsible driving in general. In the study conducted by
the United States Department of Justice2, it was even suggested that insurance
companies should be trained not to honor claims from damages arising out of unlawful
races. All these measures are geared toward providing deterrence against, and
significant disincentives for, en**ng in drag racing activities.

5. ENSURE THAT THE LAW IS MADE TO APPLY FULLY AGAINST VIOLATORS,

AND THAT LAW ENFORCERS TAKE A STRONG STANCE IN APPREHENDING
THEM.

As with any unlawful conduct, the deterrent effect of the law prohibiting it can only be
achieved when violators are fully, promptly and completely held to account. The MMDA
as the lead agency tasked to implement the traffic laws and rules in Metro Manila.
should crack down on drag racers vigorously. Local officers of the Philippine National
Police in cities or municipalities where anti-drag racing ordinances have been passed
should likewise take a strong stance and apprehend all violators immediately.

Drag racing can be defeated if law enforcers pursue violators and members of the
community (especially those who have been victimized) fully cooperate by filing timely
complaints or supplying information necessary for charges to prosper. Drag racing is a
scourge that, with the help of the entire community, can be taken off our streets.

SYNTHESIS

1.Drag Racing refers to motor vehicle/motorcycle speed contests done within a

controlled and regulated environment, and adhering to safety standards, is not illegal
when sanctioned.

2.There are different laws against illegal drag racing are Land Transportation and Traffic
Code, Batas Pambansa Blg. 33 and Local Ordinances.
LESSON 7-COMPUTER GAMES

1. WHAT IS COMPUTER GAMES?

A video game is any software program that can be played on a computing device, such
as a personal computer, gaming console or mobile device. Video games have been in
existence since the early 1970s and have become increasingly popular, spanning
different mobile (smart phones, tablets) and stationary (computer or console) platforms.
Advances, particularly in mobile devices, have given birth to social networks and group
gaming.

GAMING DISORDER

The 2018 WHO draft 11th Revision of the ICD-11 denotes the disorder as a pattern of
“digital-gaming” or “video-gaming” behavior characterized by impaired control over
gaming activity, increasing priority given to gaming over other activities to the extent that
gaming takes precedence over other interests and daily activities, and the continuation
or escalation of gaming despite the occurrence of negative consequences.

Gaming disorder has the same similarities with Internet gaming disorder (IGD), which is
a condition that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) noted in DSM-5 as an area
in need of additional study. The APA does not currently recognize IGD as an official
condition. For gaming disorder to be diagnosed, the WHO criteria requires that the
behavioural pattern of the gamer must be of sufficient severity that major and noticeable
impairment and deterioration in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or
other important areas of functioning is present for a minimum of 12 months.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF GAMING DISORDER

Here’s what to look for in yourself or someone close to you -- your partner, a child, or a
friend.

 Thinking about gaming all or a lot of the time

 Feeling bad when you can’t play
 Needing to spend more and more time playing to feel good
 Not being able to quit or even play less
 Not wanting to do other things that you used to like
 Having problems at work, school, or home because of your gaming
 Playing despite these problems
 Lying to people close to you about how much time you spend playing
 Using gaming to ease bad moods and feelings
Of course, not everyone who plays a lot has a problem with gaming. Some experts say
that it’s harmful to label people who might just be very enthusiastic about gaming. One
thing they do agree on is that the percentage of players who meet the proposed criteria
for addiction to video games is small. It’s estimated to be somewhere between 1% and
9% of all gamers, adults and kids alike. (It’s more common in boys and men than girls
and women.)

It may help to start by asking yourself a few questions: Does your video gaming get in
the way of other important things in your life, like your relationships, your job, or going to
school? Do you feel like you’ve crossed the line between loving to playing and having to
play? Might you be using gaming to avoid a deeper problem, like depression.

It can be hard to see a problem in yourself. The amount of time you spend gaming
might seem fine to you. But if people close to you say it’s too much, it might be time to
think about cutting back.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF VIDEO GAMES

Video game-related health problems can cause continuous strain injuries, skin disorders
and other health issues. Other problems include a condition that could be termed video
game-provoked seizures in patients with pre-existing epilepsy. The following health
consequences of video gaming have been reported:

VISION ISSUES: Video game playing is associated with eye problems. Extensive and
fixed staring at a video game screen causes eye strain because the cornea, pupil, and
iris are not biologically equipped for chronic heavy viewing of digital images from
electronic devices. The visual system strain from frequent video game use over
extended periods may result in headaches, dizziness and in some cases, nausea and
vomiting.

MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER: Persistent gamers may also suffer from

musculoskeletal problems. A survey of children indicated increased physical complaints
associated with video game playing. Such complaints range from pain in the hands and
wrists to back and neck.
 OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT: Playing of video games consistently has been
associated with obesity. This may be related to the lack of physical activity in players.
Alternatively, it could be that those who are less physically fit because of obesity
gravitate towards less physically demanding activities, such as gaming.

EPILEPTIC SEIZURES: Health concerns that video games may cause an epileptic
seizure started in the early 1980s. The first medically documented case of a video
game-induced seizure was reported in 1981. In 1993, a story in the popular press (Sun
newspaper) reported that a boy choked to death on his own vomit during a seizure
triggered by playing a video game. Similar but less serious incidents were subsequently
reported by news media around the world, ultimately motivating video game console
manufacturers to include epilepsy warnings in the instruction manuals for their gaming
products.

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF GAMING DISORDER

The cost benefit value of prevention versus treatment of addiction disorders has been
known for many years. It is important and beneficial to make use of several types of
strategies in combating gaming addictiveness or disorder. Effective strategies include:

1. Educating gamers about gaming behaviors and consequences on their mental

health.
2. Treatment geared towards helping the gamer to control his/her urge for video
games.
3. Recognizing and dealing with disturbing thoughts and learning how to cope
without video games.
4. Intrapersonal and interpersonal counseling to help gamers to explore their
identity, build self-esteem, and enhance their emotional intelligence outside the
fictional world of gaming and learning communication and assertiveness skills
needed in social interaction.
5. Family involvement, including counseling and discussion with family and other
relationships; and developing new lifestyles.

IMPACT OF COMPUTER GAMES ON STUDENTS

There are several areas where Video Games may have an impact on students which
include:

 Motivation
 Collaboration
 Behaviour
 Brain-based learning
 Academic Achievement
 1. MOTIVATION:

 Students are unengaged by traditional teaching delivery methods.

 The majority of the research indicate games as a leverage for motivation for all
students and helps those of lower abilities become more successful.
 Motivation appears to trigger and instill confidence.
 Exergames motivated disengaged students or low self-confidence students to
participate in Physical education.
 Inspires students to relate their gaming experience to various subject areas.
 Motivation factors are dependent on the following:

v Sufficient time to complete game.

v Integrating game time with classroom and computer lab activities.

v Design specifically for course, student ability, and opportunities for collaboration.

1. COLLABORATION

 Important for students with lower prior math knowledge.

 75% of middle-school students prefer to play multiplayer video games, enjoy
achieving the goals together, and like teaching each other different skills.

1. BEHAVIOUR

Behaviour issues that may arise from video game play include:

 Social Isolation

v Excessive game play may take students away time from other typical activities
students normally engage in on a daily basis.

v Hofferth’s (2010) study did not indicate any relation between gameplay and isolation,
but rather promoted socialization through multiplayer games.

 Dependency

v Too much game time can negatively impact student achievement.

v Too much game time takes away from studying, reading, and reflecting.

 Aggressiveness

v Violent games can lead to aggressiveness mainly for boys.

v Violent games are less likely to cause aggressiveness in girls.

v Other variables such as socioeconomics and parental monitoring may play a factor in
aggressiveness.

1. BRAIN-BASED LEARNING

 Video games can foster brain-based learning.

 Appeases the new way of thinking or brain development of the digital native.
 Highly engaged activities such as video games promotes neuroplasticity causing
the brain to reorganize itself and promote higher-order thinking.
 Key stages in human learning development may be an opportunity to take
advantage of video games as a learning tool.
 Myelinization is a component of brain development and is influenced by learning
and experience.
 This is an important component in learning response and efficiency to
environmental change.
 Appropriately designed video games promote attributes associated with
neuroplasticity.
 Video games involving problem solving and real-world scenarios encourage
higher order thinking.

1. ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

 Seems to have positive implications.

 Appropriately designed video games may foster student achievement.
 Problem solving, fact/recall processes, cognitive, metacognitive, motor and
spatial skills, and collaboration are some of the positive effects associated with a
well- designed game.
 Connections made between informal learning through video games to formal
learning in the classroom.
 Positive changes in the students’ attitudes, self- confidence and self-efficiency.

SYNTHESIS
1.There are different health consequences of video games.
2.Gaming disorder has the same similarities with Internet gaming disorder (IGD), which
is a condition that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) noted in DSM-5 as an
area in need of additional study.
3.There are some prevention and treatment of gaming disorder.
LESSON 8 DRUG EDUCATION

DRUG EDUCATION

Effective school drug education focuses on skills development and provides students
with the capacity to make healthy and responsible decisions for their own and others’
safety and wellbeing. It also nurtures a sense of belonging and connectedness and
fosters resilience. This approach differs from traditional approaches to school drug
education which often focused simply on providing information about drugs and possible
harmful effects, on the assumption that somehow this will guard young people

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF DRUGS

The history of the human race has also been a history of drug use. Since the earliest
times, herbs, roots, bark, leaves and plants have been used to relieve pain and help
control disease. By itself, the use of drugs does not constitute an evil. Drugs, properly
administered, have been a medical blessing. Unfortunately, certain drugs initially
produce enticing side-effects, such as feelings of Euphoria (a feeling or state of intense
excitement and happiness), elation, serenity and power. What began as a recreational
activity evolved in time into a problem of dependence and abuse.
A partial list of a few of the most ancient users of psychoactive (means having an impact
on thinking, mood, or behavior) substances include.
Betel leaves along with areca nuts are often used in Hindu religious and social
functions. Betrothal and marriage contracts are solemnized by exchanging these.
Payments to priests and presentations to others are made reverently, by placing cash
over betel leaves and pieces of areca nut.

The Areca Nut is extracted from ripe, orange fruit of the areca tree. The outer pericarp
if the fruit is removed separate from the nut.
Native Americans used tobacco powder for cleaning their teeth. They also used
tobacco to relieve toothache. In some parts of India too, tobacco preparations are used
as dentifrices for cleaning teeth. Four preparations are:

Mishri used by women in Maharashtra and Goa;

Bajjar commonly used by women in Gujarat;
Gudbaku used mainly by women in Bihar and
Creamy snuff used in Goa, primarily by school children
The use of these preparations is confined to particular localities and can become
addictive.
Mishri is prepared by roasting tobacco on a hot metal plate, until it becomes
uniformly charred and then powdering it. It is carried in a small metal container by
women, who apply it to their teeth and gums.
Bajjar is dry snuff and carried in a small, metal container and applied to the teeth
and gums with a twig.
Creamy snuff is a commercial preparation, containing mainly tobacco, and
resembling toothpaste in consistency. It is marked in tubes that are similar to toothpaste
and is sold under various brand names. It is advertised as a product possessing
antibacterial properties that protect and strengthen gums and teeth.

Australian aborigines use pituri leaves from the desert. The pituri plant is a shrub that
grows to about 4 meters in height, and the leaves and stem of the plant are dried, mixed
with ash and usually consumed in the form of a wad. The primary alkaloids responsible
for pituri’s psychoactive effects are hyoscine, hyoscamine and in some varieties,
nicotine.

Ethiopians used Khat - a flowering plant native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian
Peninsula. Khat contains the alkaloid cathinone, a stimulant, which is said to cause
excitement, loss of appetite, and euphoria.

Coca leaves flow into three principal markets: a traditional market, a legal industrial
market and an illicit cocaine market.

Chewing kola nuts is common in Central and West Africa. It is found in the Cola
acuminate, Cola verticillara and Cola nitida trees, and contains the alkaloids caffeine
and theobromine. It's also a stimulant, relieving fatigue and depressing hunger and
thirst.
The peyote is a small, spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids, particularly
mescaline. Known for its psychoactive properties when ingested, peyote is used
worldwide having a long history of ritualistic and medicinal use by indigenous North
Americans. Peyote contains the hallucinogen mescaline.

The use of Cannabis begins in 3000 BC in China. It has been used for its medicinal
characteristics for most of its, including. Cannabis has also been used in religious
ceremonies since at least the 5th Century BC.

ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD DRUG

In the 14th Century, the word “drug” originated from an old French word “drogue” which
meant “dry substance.” Later the word “drogue” evolved into the Dutch word “droge-
vate” meaning “dry substance” since medicinal plants were stored in them.

PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacology- a branch of medicine dealing with the actions of drugs on the body-
both therapeutic and toxic effects and development and testing and new uses of
existing ones.
MEDICINE

Medicines are chemicals or compounds used to cure, halt, or prevent disease; ease
symptoms; or help in the diagnosis of illnesses. Advances in medicines have enabled
doctors to cure many diseases and save lives.

1. Over- the Counter (OTC)- medicines that are readily available in drugstores of
pharmaceuticals and supermarkets without special restrictions.

2. Behind the Counter (BTC)- are medicines that are dispensed by the pharmacist
even without a doctor's prescription.

3. Prescription Only Medicine (POM)- medicines that are prescribed by a licensed

physician.

WAYS OF ADMINISTERING DRUGS

1.Orally- The drug is taken through the mouth and must pass through the stomach
before being absorbed in the bloodstream.

2.Inhalation- A drug in gaseous form enters the lungs and is quickly absorbed by the
capillary system.
3.Injection- The drug is administered into the body by the use of a syringe or
hypodermic needle.

 Subcutaneous (SC)- Drug is administered by injecting the drug just below the
surface of the skin; this is sometimes called “skin popping.”
 Intramuscular (IM)- Administration involves the injection of a drug into a large
muscle mass that has a good blood supply, such as the gluteus maximus,
quadriceps, or triceps.
 Intravenous (IV)- The most efficient means of administration which involves
depositing drugs directly into the bloodstream, this is also the most rapid method
of drug administration.

4.Snorting- Inhalation through the nose of drugs not in gaseous form.

5.Buccal- The drug is administered by placing it in the buccal cavity just under the lips.

6.Suppositories- The drug is administered through the ***/*** or rectum in suppository

form and the drug is also absorbed into the bloodstream.
WHAT IS THE WORST DRUG?

Every year during Drug Facts Chat Day, teens ask, “What is the worst drug?” Different
scientists may give different answers, but they all agree that the answer depends on
what you mean by “worst.” For example, “worst” can be the drug(s) that causes the
most deaths, or one that leads to the most emergency room visits, or that has the
highest rate of addiction. You could also measure “worst” by how many people a drug
holds back from living up to their potential by causing a drop in school performance.
And the “worst” drug for one person can be different from the “worst” drug for another,
since a drug’s effects depend on age, genetics, and life experiences.

REVIEW THE FACTS IN THE TABLE

TYPE OF DRUG FACT

DANGER
Emergency The three drugs most often mentioned in emergency room visits
Room Visits related to drug use are cocaine, marijuana, and prescription drugs.
Addiction The drugs that have the highest risk for addiction are heroin,
cigarettes, and cocaine.
Overall Deaths Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United
States—causing almost half a million deaths each year, many of them
from cancer.
Overdose 52 percent of drug overdose deaths are related to prescription drugs.
Deaths
Car Crashes A 2009 study found that 18 percent of drivers killed in an accident
tested positive for at least one drug.
SYNTHESIS

 The word drug came from an old French word “drogue” which means “dry
substance.”
 There are different ways of administering drugs.
 Medicines are chemicals or compounds used to cure, halt, or prevent disease;
ease symptoms; or help in the diagnosis of illnesses.
 Pharmacology is a branch of medicine dealing with the actions of drugs on the
body-both therapeutic and toxic effects and development and testing and new
uses of existing ones.
LESSON 9 UNDERSTANDING THE DRUG PROBLEMS

1. UNDERSTANDING THE DRUG PROBLEM AND OTHER RELATED VICES

Class, have you ever noticed just how preoccupied we humans are in trying to
understand everyday difficulties? It comes from our curiosity to identify problems and
find solutions. Addiction is just another one of those problems we've been trying to
understand and "cure" for hundreds of years.

So why do we strive to find the cause for addiction? Because, when we know what
causes addiction, we can develop treatment plans to undo these causal factors. Sounds
simple, right?

Wrong. We are complex beings, and if there were a simple cure for addiction, we'd no
longer have people struggling with it. Instead, we need to look at our complex behaviors
through a range of lenses.

2. WHY DO PEOPLE TAKE ILLEGAL DRUGS?

Reasons why people turn to illegal drugs are as varied as the type of person who
abuses them. One of the greatest obstacles in fighting the increasing number of illicit
drugs has been identifying the cause of the deviant behavior. But, whatever the cause,
the important message to get across is that all drugs for non- medical reasons are
wrong and harmful to the individual, the family, the community and to society.

1.Poverty is the most prevalent factor that prompts pushers and abusers alike to
indulge in dangerous drugs. Pushers were forced by circumstances to retail prohibited
drugs as a means or source of livelihood. Many abusers use dangerous drugs as a
vehicle to escape the realities of poverty and its related problems.

2.Ignorance. Lack of knowledge and information about how dangerous drugs look like,
their bad effects, legal ramifications or consequences and other aspects of prohibited
drugs

3.Family Problems include unhappy homes, parents showing little or no interest in their
children, or abuses committed by parents such as harsh physical punishments.
4.Peer Pressure. Drug user friends encourage and pressure the youth to experiment
with drugs.

5.Personality Factors. Curiosity or the desire to experience a new state of

consciousness.

6. Alienation. Human beings seem to require a sense of belonging, be it to a family, a

tribe, a community or a country. An individual who feels isolated will usually take steps
to find a group to belong to. Feeling welcome to a new environment, where drug use is
acceptable, can lead to disastrous results, for the individual and for society as a whole.

6. Urbanization and Unemployment. To have a better life, people migrated from rural
to urban areas in search for work. Often, these people face obstacles for the first time.
Separation from family members and traditional values and support structures can lead
to loneliness, isolation and despair; a lack of schooling and/ or skills often translates to
unemployment; the nature of city life, in general, may be difficult to adjust with.

Biological Factors
In essence, the biological viewpoint of addiction states that we are predisposed to
addictive behavior through physiology and chemistry. Not only does our genetic
blueprint make us more susceptible to addiction, but the ways our brains are wired to
make us more vulnerable to substance-abuse problems, as the use of these substances
alters the way our brain functions and further cements the foundations for addiction.

Psychological Factors
Even if drug addiction originates because of some biological process, recovery from
drug use requires people to become motivated to make significant changes. Addictions
like drug addiction are fundamentally a behavior. Psychology is a science that studies
human behavior.

Most human behavior is learned behavior. This is true of addictive behavior as well.
Psychological research has helped us to understand how people learn to engage in
unhealthy behavior. More importantly, this research enables us to understand how
people can unlearn a behavior.
Another psychological cause of addiction is people's thoughts and beliefs. This is
because much of our behavior originates from our thoughts and beliefs. This includes
addictive behaviors. For instance, if someone believes that recovery is not possible, it
is highly unlikely they will put forth any effort to quit.

Sociological Factors
The relationship between human social/group behavior and substance abuse is
multifaceted, however, social factors seem to carry the most weight when it comes to
getting people involved in substance abuse in the first place.
For instance, a teenager may initially start drinking alcohol, smoking marijuana or taking
heroin due to the influence of his or her social groups. The desire to fit in and bond with
others manifests itself in the form of social substance abuse. Group drug or alcohol use
can promote feelings of community and solidarity with others, and group alcohol use in
particular can lower people’s inhibitions and make them more likely to interact with
others.

PROFESSOR’S NOTE

Sometimes we can describe other people at their worst. They can be stubborn, selfish,
disinterested – the list goes on, and for us behaviors like these can be challenging. But
it isn’t always like this and at times they show us wonderful strength of character.

Our character strengths are what distinguish us from other people and are based on
what we value. They guide our behavior and make us feel good about ourselves. Others
may have strengths that come so naturally to them that they may not even consider
them to be strengths.

Character strengths such as self-regulation, perseverance and love of learning are not
only the foundations of positive youth development and thriving, but are related to
school wellbeing, success and life satisfaction.

So, if you are having a hard time recognizing your strengths, feel free to seek help from
your family, friends or from me.
LESSON 10-DRUG ABUSER/USER

1. DRUG ABUSE

When are drugs harmful?

1. Excess/ Abuse
2. Dangerous Combinations
3. By hypersensitive (allergic person)

2. WHAT IS DRUG ABUSE?

Definition of Drug Abuse

-Overuse or consumption of drugs other than for medical reasons.

-Any non-medical use of drugs that cause physical, psychological, legal, economic, or
social damage to the user or to the people affected by the user’s behavior.

-Using drugs without prescription.

-Abuse of drugs and other substances can lead to physical and psychological
dependence.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG USERS/ABUSER

1.Situational Users. Those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional energy
to perform an important work. Individuals may or may not exhibit psychological
dependence.

2.Spree Users. School age users who take drugs for “kicks’, an adventurous daring
experience, or as a means of fun. There may be some degree of psychological
dependence but little physical dependence due to the mixed pattern of use.

3.Hard Core Addicts. Those, whose activities revolve almost entirely around the drug
experience and securing supplies. They show strong psychological dependence on the
drug.

4.Hippies. Those who are addicted to drugs believing that drugs are an integral part of
life.
4. DANGEROUS DRUGS

Dangerous Drug- a drug whose use is attended by risk and therefore unsafe or
hazardous to people and to society.
Note: Dangerous drugs should be avoided since it is:

1. Illegal- Prohibited by R.A 9165

2. Health – Damages one’s brain and body

3. Psycho-social – Destroys one’s behavior and causes one to commit crime

4. Spiritual – Against the will of God

5. DRUG DEPENDENCE

DRUG DEPENDENCE. Characterized by the compulsion to use a drug to experience

psychological or physical effects despite deterioration in health, work, and social
activities.

It is a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena of variable intensity

in which the use of psychoactive drug takes on a high priority thereby involving, among
others a strong desire or a sense of compulsion to take the substance and the
difficulties in controlling substance taking behavior in terms of its onset, termination, or
levels of use. (RA 9165)

6. TYPES OF DRUG DEPENDENCE

1. Physical Dependence- can only be visible when drug intake is decreased or

stopped and an involuntary illness called the withdrawal syndrome occurs.

2. Psychological Dependence- characterized by emotional and mental preoccupation

with the drug’s effects by a persistent craving for it. The symptoms displayed are not
physical symptoms. Craving seems to be the most common withdrawal symptom.

7. FORMS OF DRUG DEPENDENCE

1.Tolerance

Occurs when the body becomes accustomed to a drug as the drug is repeatedly taken
in the same dose.

2.Habituation.
A form of psychological dependence, characterized by continuous desire for a drug. A
person believes that the drug is needed to function at work or home because drugs
often produce an elated/ excited emotional state.

3.Addiction.

A form of physical dependence, severe craving for the drug even to the point of
interfering with the person’s ability to function normally.

8. DRUG ADDICTION

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse as a chronic relapsing brain disease
that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful
consequences.

9. COMMON SIGNS OF DRUG ABUSE

1. Injection marks of an addict

2. Stealing items which can be readily sold for cash (to support a drug habit)
3. Changes in Mood – depending on the drug taken.

Example: depressed or becoming elated and euphoric.

1. Associating with known drug users.

2. Changes from normal capabilities (work habits, efficiency, etc.)
3. Changes in attendance in school.
4. Wearing sunglasses constantly at inappropriate times (for instance, indoors or at
night) or only to hide dilated or constricted pupils but also to compensate for the
eyes’ inability to adjust to sunlight. Marijuana causes bloodshot eyes.
5. Poor physical appearance, including inattention to dress and personal hygiene
LESSON 11

1. DRUG COURIER

The drug courier problem is a huge challenge against our government, especially for
the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency. Over the years, the emerging trend in
transporting illegal drugs using “drug couriers” has become a worldwide concern
because it poses serious threats to health, it violates human rights and it cultivates
illegal activities and other crimes such as trafficking and prostitution.

Drug mules or “drug couriers” are individuals who transport dangerous drugs in
exchange for a huge amount of money, depending on the number of drugs to be
delivered and the route/distance to be traveled.

Alarmingly, the number of Filipinos victimized as drug couriers by international drug

trafficking syndicates is increasing. In 1993, there were only 2 recorded Filipinos
arrested abroad for drug trafficking. At present, the figure ballooned to 710.

It has been a noticeable trend that more female Filipino drug couriers are being
exploited by drug trafficking syndicates: Of the 710 arrested, 265 or 37% are males
while 445 or 63% are females. Women are usually targeted by syndicates since they
generally generate mild suspicion from authorities and the female body has more
cavities possible to insert the drugs in, therefore posing less detection risk.

2. METHODS OF CONCEALMENT

 Hidden in luggage/suitcases (38%)

 Ingestion/Swallowing (29%)
 Placed in shoes (7%)
 Placed in bottom part of luggage (5%)
 Placed inside handbag (4%)
 Others (17%): Undergoing minor operation, placing in
shoeboxes/books/bottles/parcels, etc.

3. DRUG SEIZED FROM ARRESTED COURIERS IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Heroin (1%)
 Cocaine (18%)
 Shabu (81%)

Arrested Drug Couriers in the Philippines had a similar method of concealing illegal
drugs; hidden in side panels of their luggage and false compartments.

4. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DRUG COURIER PROBLEM

Filipinos are usually enticed by the offer because of the syndicates’ promise of
love/marriage, as have been recorded in several arrests involving Filipina drug couriers.
Others are lured by the opportunity to travel and the promise of a comfortable life while
others want a high-paying job and easy money.
The drug courier problem can also be attributed to the following factors:
The prevalence of poverty
Poor educational background
Easy money
Unemployment
The idea of traveling

5. THE TASK FORCE DRUG COURIER

The Task Force Drug Couriers (TFDC) was created on February 08, 2010 by virtue of
Administrative Order No. 279. It is an inter-agency team tasked in the deterrence,
prevention and protection of Filipinos from being victimized as drug couriers by
international drug trafficking syndicates. The Task Force is composed of 13 agencies,
chaired by the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency and co-chaired by the Department
of Foreign Affairs with the following agencies as members:

1. Bureau of Customs
2. Bureau of Immigration
3. Commission on Higher Education
4. Department of Justice
5. Department of Labor and Employment
6. Manila International Airport Authority
7. National Bureau of Investigation
8. Philippine Information Agency
9. Philippine National Police - Aviation Security Group

10. Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (formerly Philippine Tourism
Authority)

11. Office of the President thru the Office of the Executive Secretary

To address the problem, the Task Force prepared the TFDC 3-year Action Plan
composed of 19 doables and focused on the key areas of Prevention, Law Enforcement
and Prosecution, and Coordination.
6. PHILIPPINES’ WAR ON DRUGS

The Philippine Drug War refers to the drug policy of the Philippine government under
President Rodrigo Duterte, who assumed office on June 30, 2016. According to former
Philippine National Police Chief Ronald dela Rosa, the policy is aimed at "the
neutralization of illegal drug personalities nationwide". Duterte has urged members of
the public to kill criminals and drug addicts.

OPERATIONS:

The Philippine National Police manages Oplan Double Barrel as part of its involvement
in President Rodrigo Duterte's campaign against illegal drugs in the Philippines. It
consists of two main components: Oplan Tokhang and Oplan HVT.

OPLAN TOKHANG- component of “Project Double Barrel”. Aiming to eradicate drug

abuse. The name of the operation was derived from the toktok (knock) and hangyo
(plead). As the name suggests, Oplan Tokhang involves the police visiting the houses
of individuals suspected to be involved in the illegal drug trade or as users, to persuade
them to stop their activities and submit themselves to authority for potential
rehabilitation. A more comprehensive guideline by the Philippine National Police then
under the leadership of Police Chief Ronald dela Rosa was released prior to the
resumption of police operations on the war on drugs in January 2019 after it was
temporarily postponed.

OPLAN HVT

Oplan High Value Targets (HVT) is a component of the Philippine National Police
operations under Operation Double Barrel which aims to arrest and neutralize
individuals which the police alleged to be involved in the country's illegal drug trade.
They include drug lords and pushers who operate in groups

The high-value targets identified by the national police include Albuera Mayor Rolando
Espinosa who earlier surrendered to the PNP before being killed in prison.
LESSON 12-CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
1. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
Classifying drugs by chemical similarities is useful because drugs that are chemically
similar often have similar impacts and risks. An individual who is addicted to a drug is
also more likely to abuse and become addicted to another drug if it is chemically similar.
Also, the same treatment is often effective for chemically similar drugs. Despite these
generalities, chemically similar drugs may have very different legal and medical
impacts.
Many people classify drugs by how they impact the mind and body. For example, some
drugs have a tendency to make a user active and energetic while others make an
individual feel relaxed and calm. Many of these drug classifications have little basis in
chemical similarity or legal outcomes, although there is often overlap.
2. DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON CHEMICAL MAKEUP

Alcohol

Alcohol is a drug (pharmaceutical) with medicinal value. One of the first drugs known to
mankind, alcohol use can be traced back to 10,000 years ago. It is the most widely used
legal drug available without a prescription. Drinking alcohol in moderation has many
health benefits, including prolonging life. Alcohol creates feelings of euphoria and
lowers inhibitions, but it also severely impairs judgment, perception, and reaction times.
Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant, but it causes the most severe long-term
damage to the liver. There are many forms of alcohol, including: beer, wine and liquor.

Opiates

Also called opiates, opioids are either derived from the drug opium or chemicals
designed to mimic it. It is the most potent class of analgesic medications available.
However, opioids may be misused by individuals to obtain an opioid high to self-
medicate mood disturbances and in vulnerable individuals, it may lead to addiction.
When misused, it can cause death through respiratory suppression leading to cardiac
arrest. Some of the most well-known opioids include: heroin, morphine and methadone.

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines or benzos produced a spectrum of side effects. Benzos are prescribed

to treat a wide variety of psychiatric and sleep conditions, but they are very commonly
abused. Benzos are highly addictive, and can cause numerous medical and psychiatric
problems when not used as intended. Examples of Benzos include: Ativan, Valium and
Xanax.
Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are a class of drugs that are chemically similar to tetrahydrocannabinol

(THC), the active agent in marijuana. Cannabinoids create feelings of elation, known as
a high, but they also negatively impact mental and physical functioning. Cannabinoids
are the most widely abused drugs after alcohol, and they are increasingly gaining legal
acceptance. Although considered less addictive than other drug classifications,
cannabinoids can seriously damage a person’s mental and physical health. Examples of
cannabinoids include:

Marijuana and Hashish.

Barbiturates

Barbiturates are depressants and depressants act as “downers”. It is available legally

only with a doctor’s prescription. They usually come in pills, tablets or capsules and are
often brightly colored. Barbiturates are highly addictive, and they also present a very
high overdose risk as they cause many body systems to shut down. Examples of
barbiturates include: Amytal, Luminal and Pentobarbital.

3. DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON EFFECT

Depressants
In the illegal drug trade depressants are often called downers, along with dozens of
other nicknames for each particular drug. Depressants are not only some of the most
highly addictive drugs, but they are also some of the most highly dangerous and likely to
cause overdose. Examples of depressants include: Alcohol, Opiates and Barbiturates.
Stimulants
Stimulants also called “uppers” are drugs that speed up the mind and body. Stimulants
are said to provide a “rush.” In the short term, stimulants are believed to increase
productivity and performance, while producing an excited high of pleasure. In the long
term, stimulants are incredibly addictive and have a very high potential for abuse.
Examples of stimulants include: Cocaine and Meth
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens, sometimes referred to as dissociative, alter the user’s perception of
reality, often resulting in auditory and visual hallucinations, a process known as
“tripping.” Although hallucinogens are generally less addictive than other drug
classifications, their immediate impacts are generally more severe and dangerous.
Examples of hallucinogens include: LSD and PCP.
Inhalants
Inhalants are usually abused by children who want to experiment with their effects.
Inhalants are a vast range of chemicals that are ingested primarily by breathing them in,
or huffing. Most inhalants are commonly used materials that are in no way designed to
be ingested by humans. While there is incredible variety between inhalants, most
produce feelings of a high. Inhalants are less studied than most other drugs. While they
tend to be less addictive than many other substances, the use of inhalants is incredibly
dangerous and causes many serious health effects. Examples of commonly abused
inhalants include: Paint thinner, Nail Polish and Gasoline.

4. DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON LEGAL

DEFINITIONS
Schedule V

Schedule V drugs have the fewest regulations and lowest penalties of any federal drug
classification. Schedule V drugs have a legitimate accepted medical purpose, have a
lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV drugs, and have a lower potential for
addiction than Schedule IV drugs. Examples include: Lomotil and Lyrica.

Schedule IV

Schedule IV drugs have regulations and penalties in between those of Schedule V and
Schedule III drugs. Schedule IV drugs have a legitimate accepted medical purpose,
have a low potential for abuse, and have a low potential for addiction. Examples
include: Ambien and Tramadol

Schedule III

Schedule III drug types include those drugs that show a risk/potential for abuse, in
lesser effects compared to drugs and substances in Schedules I and II. Also, these
drugs are presently recognized for its medical use in various medical treatments. Abuse
of this drug type can result in moderate or low physical dependence or high
psychosomatic addiction. Examples of Schedule III drugs include ketamine, anabolic
steroids, and buprenorphine.

Schedule II

Schedule II drugs are known to pose a high risk for abuse. Also, they are medically
accepted to be used for treatments, but with severe restrictions. Abuse of this drug type
can lead to severe physical and psychological addiction. Examples of the drug in this
category include cocaine, amphetamine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone
oxycodone.
Schedule I

Of all the drug schedules, this category of drugs poses a high risk/potential for abuse.
Presently, this drug type doesn’t have any medical use and value and abuse of the
same can lead to deadly and toxic effects. Also, there are no known safety guidelines
for use of this drug, even under medical supervision. Examples of the drug in this
category include ecstasy, cannabis, heroin, GHB, mescaline, LSD, and methaqualone.

5. SYNTHESIS
The Drug Classifications Based on Chemical Make-up are Alcohol, Opiates,
Benzodiazepines, Cannabinoids and Barbiturates.
The Drug Classifications Based on Chemical Effect are Depressants, Stimulants,
Hallucinogens and Inhalants.
The Drug Classifications Based on Legal Definitions are Schedule I, II, III, IV and V.
LESSON 13-COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS
1. STIMULANTS: IT’S IDENTIFICATION, PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS
“People use drugs, legal and illegal, because their lives are intolerably painful or dull.
They hate their work and find no rest in their leisure. They are estranged from their
families and their neighbors. It should tell us something that in healthy societies drug
use is celebrative, convivial, and occasional, whereas among us it is lonely, shameful,
and addictive. We need drugs, apparently, because we have lost each other.”
- Wendell Berry, The Art of the Commonplace: The Agrarian Essays

2. STIMULANTS

It is sometimes referred to as “Uppers”, increasing mental and physical function. A

substance that raises the level of physiological or nervous activity. Drugs which induce
alertness, wakefulness, elevated mood, increased speech, mental and motor activity,
relieve fatigue or boredom and decreased appetite. E.g. Shabu, Cocaine, Ecstasy

3. GENERAL EFFECTS COMMON TO ALL POTENTS STIMULANTS

Beneficial Effects

 Increasing mental alertness and attention

 Enhancing muscular energy and stamina
 Relief or delay the onset of fatigue
 Harmful Effects
 Increase and pulse rate
 Suppression of digestive functions
 Rise in body temperature
 Cycle of panic or anxiety

Effects:

 Psychomotor disturbance, agitation and jitteriness

 Confusion
 Irritability
 Belligerent and hostility
 Wakefulness and hyperactivity
 Repetitive stereotyped movements
 Talkativeness
 Increased libido or sex drive, but with difficulty of erection and ejaculation
 Irregular heart rate
 Hypertension
  Lack of appetite for food

4. VISIBLE SIGNS OF STIMULANTS USE

 Alert, wakeful, hyperactive

 No appetite for food and other pleasures
 dilated pupils and bloodshot eyes
 Doodle in repetitive acts
 Dry mouth and nose accompanied by bad breath

5. LEGITIMATE USES OF STIMULANTS

Stimulants are used to increase alertness and reduce fatigue, weight control and topical
analgesics.

6. Categories of Stimulants

 Methamphetamine (Shabu)
 Cocaine
 Amphetamine
 Nicotine
 Caffeine

7. METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Commonly known as “shabu”. It is a white odorless and crystalline powder with bitter
taste. It is popularly known as poor man’s cocaine. Shabu is considered as the most
stimulants in the Philippines. At present, this chemical has no known medically
acceptable use.

It is synthesized from ephedrine in Japan by Akiro Ogata in 1893.

CONTENTS OF SHABU

 Ephedrine - (Classified as Dangerous Drugs) Main ingredient of Shabu causing

brain damage
 Toluene – Chemical used for paints, adhesives, etc.
 Acetone – Nail cleaner
 Lithium Batteries – Cancer causing component
 Battery Acid – Corrosive chemical
 Drain Cleaner – Liquid Soap
  Hydrochloric Acid – (Muriatic Acid)
 Chloroform – Cancer causing solvent

ADVERSE EFFECTS:

 Produces anxiety, tension, irritability, irrational behavior, talkativeness and loss of

self-control.
 Results in loss of appetite and inability to sleep.
 Euphoria, elation
 Can lead to acute psychotic reactions, violent and destructive behavior and
recklessness that may result in accidents.
 Includes chest pain, irregularity of heartbeat, elevated or lowered blood pressure,
evidence of weight loss, convulsion and death from cardiac arrest.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS

Prolonged use or even a single exposure, especially if administered intravenously, can

lead to manifestations of a full blown “psychosis” which is similar to schizophrenia
characterized by the presence of paranoid delusions, auditory and visual hallucinations.
The paranoia may lead to violent and aggressive behavior.

8. EFFECT OF DRUGS TO HUMAN BRAIN

9. Professor’s Note:
Class do you have any idea about Meth Bugs? Well, meth bugs aka, the sores on the
body are from obsessively picking at the skin. A user will think a bug *feels like one* is
under the skin and obsession to dig and gouge it out happens. Some people will use
knives, glass, pins, needles or anything else with a sharp edge to dig away from
sometimes 10 hours straight or more. Even after it’s apparent to the user that the bugs
couldn't be there under the skin they still pick. This is why the skin becomes infected
and nasty looking to others. Meth sores appear, much like an infected wound and
sometimes the skin is gone and scabs and scars are left behind.
11. COCAINE
Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug made from the leaves of the coca plant
native to South America. Although health care providers can use it for valid medical
purposes, such as local anesthesia for some surgeries, recreational cocaine use is
illegal. As a street drug, cocaine looks like a fine, white, crystal powder. Street dealers
often mix it with things like cornstarch, talcum powder, or flour to increase profits. They
may also mix it with other drugs such as the stimulant amphetamine, or synthetic
opioids, including fentanyl. Adding synthetic opioids to cocaine is especially risky when
people using cocaine don’t realize it contains this dangerous additive. Increasing
numbers of overdose deaths among cocaine users might be related to this tampered
cocaine.

COCAINE AND SEX

Cocaine has the re**tion of an aphrodisiac, heavy use can cause male abusers to
become impotent or incapable of ejaculation, and females can experience difficulty in
reaching ***.
Cocaine has anesthetic properties, however, and is sometimes applied directly to the
head of the *** or to the clitoris to anesthetize the tissues, prolonging intercourse or by
retarding ***.

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF COCAINE

The immediate effects of cocaine in the body are heart palpitation, sore throat,
respiratory diseases, nose bleeding and nasal drips, nausea and vomiting, teeth
grinding, heavy perspiration and ear ringing.

12. AMPHETAMINES

It is usually prescribed to reduce appetite and to relieve minor cases of mental

depression. This drug is representative of a broad class of stimulants known as “pep
pills.”

EFFECTS OF AMPHETAMINES

 Causes irritability, restlessness, hyperactivity, anxiety etc.

 Impairs judgment and causes deep depression and physical exhaustion after a
single dose of moderate strength wears off.
 Causes undesirable, acute psychotic consequences such as suspiciousness,
hostility, persecutory delusions, violent and destructive behavior and
recklessness
 Physiological effects like hypertension, chest pain, irregular heart rate,
convulsion and cardiac arrest leading to death.
13. NICOTINE

Tobacco is a plant that is native to North America and other parts of the Western
Hemisphere. And the tobacco plant contains nicotine as its major mood-altering
ingredient.

14. CAFFEINE

It’s the most widely used mood-altering drug in the world and is routinely ingested by
about 80% to 90% of Americans, primarily through soda and coffee. A daily brewed cup
of joe, with 100 mg of caffeine, can lead to physical dependence. Withdrawal symptoms
are experienced by 40% to 70% of those trying to quit.

15. DEPRESSANTS

Also known as “downers”, hypnotics, sedatives, minor tranquilizers and anti-anxiety

medications. Drugs which act on and depress the central nervous system causing initial
relaxation leading to drowsiness and sleep.

THREE CATEGORIES OF DEPRESSANTS

 Hypnotics- this induces sleep.

 Sedatives- which do not induce sleep but produce a relaxing effect to help one
fall asleep.
 Tranquilizers (such as Valium, Librium)-alleviate anxiety, tension and relax
muscles.

16. BARBITURATES
were discovered by German Chemist Adolph Von Bayer. It was after the patron saint of
artillery, Saint Barbara. It is used for insomnia and preoperative sedation. It is also used
by veterinarians for anesthesia and euthanasia.
Signs and Symptoms of Barbiturate intake
Signs of alcohol intoxication without alcoholic odor.
Lack of facial expression flaccid appearance
Slurred speech
Disorientation
17. ALCOHOL

Originated from Arabic Alkuhl, meaning the essence

- University of Montpellier professor, called alcohol Aqua Vi**, the water of life

ETHYL ALCOHOL

- kind of alcohol that people consume

FERMENTATION

- the process of transforming certain yeast, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen of sugar
and water into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

DISTILLATION

- a heating process that increases alcohol contents

- developed by Egyptian

- produce more alcohol than fermentation

18. SIDE EFFECTS & LONG-TERM EFFECTS DEPRESSANTS

 Loss of body control may result to bone fractures - Impaired blood pressure
regulation and balance control
 Cognitive impairment, memory loss and pseudo- dementia
 Nocturnal urinary incontinence
 Worsening sleep
 Respiratory problems
 Dependency
 Over sedation may lead to death

SIDE EFFECTS AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS DEPRESSANTS

 Loss of body control may result to bone fractures - Impaired blood pressure
regulation and balance control
 Cognitive impairment, memory loss and pseudo- dementia
  Nocturnal urinary incontinence
 Worsening sleep
 Respiratory problems
 Dependency
 Over sedation may lead to death

LEGITIMATE USES OF DEPRESSANTS

Used to obtain release from anxiety for the treatment of psychological problems and as
mood elevators

19. NARCOTICS/OPIATES

It is derived from the Greek word stupor and originally referred to a variety of
substances that induced sleep.

The term narcotic basically refers to drugs that produce a depressant effect on the
Central Nervous System.

Medically they are potent pain killers, cough suppressant and active components of
anti-diarrhea preparations.

Narcotics relieves pain by acting on specific structures, called receptors, located on the
nerve cells of the spinal cord or brain. The usual method of administering these drugs
into the body is by injecting, ingestion or inhalation.

E.g. Opium and its derivatives such as Morphine, Codeine and Heroin.

EFFECTS OF NARCOTICS

 Produced a short-lived feeling of pleasure, euphoria and a positive sense of

wellbeing known as “thrill”, “rush”, or “high”.
 Constrict pupil of the eye causing difficulty in vision
 On a large dose, it causes nausea, vomiting, and difficulty in breathing
 It induces sleep with a slow, shallow respiration
 Overdose cause convulsion, followed by cessation of respiration leading to death

LEGITIMATE USES OF NARCOTICS

Used for pain relief, antidiarrheal action and cough suppression.

20. OPIUM
It is a resinous narcotic formed from the latex released by wounding the immature seed
pods of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum). It contains up to 16% morphine, an
opiate alkaloid, which is most frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the
black market.

It refers to the flowering plant of the species papaver somniferum.- which means “Poppy
that brings sleep” and has been called “the plant of joy”. It is derived from the oriental
poppy plant which is grown in Asia and can also be found in other areas such as
Mexico. The plant is usually 3 or 4 feet high, raw opium is dark brown in color and is
bitter in taste.

21. MORPHINE

It is the most important alkaloid and constitutes about 10 % of the use of raw opium. It is
converted from raw opium through a relatively simple boiling and filtering process. One
of the most significant developments in history took place in the early 19th century,
when Friedrich Serturner, a German scientist isolated morphine from opium.

22. HEROIN

It is the most commonly abused narcotic in the world. To produce heroin, the chemist
takes an equal amount of morphine and acetic anhydride and heats them together for
six hours. It was discovered by Alder Wright (1896), a British chemist. It promised to
cure addiction from opium and morphine. It is a white, odorless, crystalline powder with
a very bitter taste. Introduced as cough suppressant in 1898.

23. CODEINE

Also known as Methylmorphine. It is similar to morphine, but its effect is weaker in

intensity. Cough preparations generally contain one grain of codeine per fluid ounce. It
is also available in tablet or powder form. It was isolated from morphine in the year
1832. Comes the Greek and mean “Poppy head”.

24. HALLUCINOGENS

It is more popularly known as psychedelics. A group of natural or synthetic psychoactive

drugs that produce reactions such as perceptual alterations and changes in the state of
consciousness. These drugs generally produce marked distortion of the senses and
alter the way time is perceived by the user.

COMMON TYPES OF HALLUCINOGENS

  Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)-
A compound produced from lysergic acid; a crystalline substance derived from the
fungus claviceps purpurea which infects wheat. It was discovered by Dr. Albert
Hoffman while working in a Swiss Pharmaceutical company. Known on the street as
“acid”, it is the best known and most potent hallucinogen.

 Mescaline
Aka STP which stands for serenity- tranquility- peace- a drug derived from the dried
tops of the peyote cactus, a small cactus native to Mexico. Indians and Mexicans used it
as part of their religious rites in prehistoric times.

 Psilocybin
Hallucinogenic compound obtained in mushroom, psilocybe mexicana. Use for
Religious practices

 Phencyclidine (PCP)
It is considered as a menace and highly dangerous drug because it can be easily
synthesized, this drug has no medical purpose for humans but it is occasionally used by
veterinarians as an anesthetic and sedative for a***s. It is popularly known as angel
dust. Known as dissociative anesthetics

25. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MMDA)

 It is commonly known as “Ecstasy”

 It is a white, yellow or brown in color with a bitter taste and comes in the form of
either a tablet, capsule or powder.
 Its tablet form comes in various designs and shapes hence it is dubbed as
“designer drugs”.
 It first became popular in the US as a recreational drug, followed later by
European and eventually gained popularity in other parts of the world including in
the Philippines.
 Owing to its expensiveness, most abusers are categorized among the elites,
yuppies (young urban professionals) and nocturnal party goers.

LONG-TERMS EFFECT

Prolonged regular use can lead to the same long-term effects as with synthetic
stimulants, including a high potential for neuro-toxicity, brain damage and liver damage.
26. MARIJUANA (CANNABIS SATIVA)

Marijuana is a Mexican term meaning pleasurable feeling. It is a mixed preparation of

the flowering tops, leaves, seeds, and stem of the hemp plant.

The plant may grow from 3 to 10 ft high. The flowering tops of both male and female
plants produce a sticky resin which contains Tetrahydrocannabinol or THC. It is known
as the world's oldest cultivated drug used by the Incas of Peru.

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS LONG TERM EFFECTS

 Hallucinations/illusions
 Faster heart beat and pulse rate
 Severe irritation of the nasal
 Bloodshot Eye/blurred vision/Rapid
passages that leads to frequent nose
Eye Movement (REM)
bleeding
 Dry mouth and throat
 Renal damages, heart disease and
 Forgetfulness/inability to think
strokes
 Altered sense of time/ disorientation
 Psychiatric consequences
 Impaired reflexes coordination and
 Gateway drug that may lead to poly-
concentration
drug use.
 Acute panic anxiety reaction
 “Food-trip” & sleepiness (MJ)
27. INHALANTS

The intentional inhalation of vapors from commercial products or specific chemical

agents to achieve intoxication.

CLASSES OF INHALANTS

1. Volatile solvents- such as glue, paint thinner, cleaning fluid, nail polish remover,
and gasoline

2. Aerosols- such as hair spray, spray paint, frying fan lubricants, and deodorants

3. Anesthetics- such as nitrous oxide and ether

4. Volatile nitrates- such as amyl nitrate, a prescription drug used to treat angina, and
butyl nitrate, formerly use deodorizer but now illegal.

Volatile chemical substances that contain psycho-active (mind/mood altering) vapors

producing a state of intoxication.
Ex: Glue and Adhesive Cement / Rugby / Super Glue / Thinner

IMMEDIATE TERM WITHDRAWAL

LONG TERM EFFECTS
EFFECTS SYMPTOMS
 Prone to bleeding and
 Anxiety,
bruises.
depression and
 Loss of memory.
irritability.
 Difficulty in learning  Permanent damage to
 Aggressive
and seeing things the brain, liver and
behavior.
clearly. kidneys.
 Dizziness, shaking
 Loss of bodily control.
and nausea.
 Cramps, pains and
 Insomnia.
bad cough.
LESSON 14
1. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF RA 9165

The Comprehensive Dangerous Acts of 2002.

TERMS TO PONDER

Administer – Any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person,
with or without his/her knowledge, by injection, inhalation, ingestion or other means, or
of committing any act of indispensable assistance to a person in administering a
dangerous drug to him/her unless administered by a duly licensed practitioner for
purposes of medication.

Deliver– Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another, personally or

otherwise, and by any means, with or without consideration.

Dispense – Any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any dangerous
drug with or without the use of prescription.

Sell – Any act of giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical whether for money or any other consideration.

Use– Any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming, either by

chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking or otherwise introducing into the
physiological system of the body, and of the dangerous drugs.

Manufacture – The production, preparation, compounding or processing of any

dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, either directly or
indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin.

Cultivate or Culture – Any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting the
planting, growing or raising of any plant which is the source of a dangerous drug.

Clandestine Laboratory – Any facility used for the illegal manufacture of any
dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.

Den, Dive or Resort– A place where any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
and essential chemical is administered, delivered, stored for illegal purposes,
distributed, sold or used in any form

Screening Test – A rapid test performed to establish potential/presumptive positive

result.
Confirmatory Test – An analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with a
different chemical or physical principle that is more specific which will validate and
confirm the result of the screening test

Drug Syndicate– Any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or joining
together with the intention of committing any offense prescribed under this Act.

Financier – Any person who pays for, raises or supplies money for, or underwrites any
of the illegal activities prescribed under this Act

Protector/Coddler – Any person who knowingly and willfully consents to the unlawful
acts provided for in this Act and uses his/her influence, power or position in shielding,
harboring, screening or facilitating the escape of any person he/she knows, or has
reasonable grounds to believe on or suspects, has violated the provisions of this Act in
order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and conviction of the violator.

Pusher – Any person, who sells, trades, administers, dispenses, delivers or gives away
to another, on any terms whatsoever, or distributes, dispatches in transit or transports
dangerous drugs or who acts as a broker in any of such transactions, in violation of this
Act.

Center – any of the treatment and rehabilitation centers which undertake the treatment,
after-care and follow-up treatment of drug dependents.

THE UNLAWFUL ACTS PUNISHABLE BY LIFE IMPRISONMENT AND FINE

RANGING FROM 500K TO 10M

 Importation or bringing into the Philippines of dangerous drug.

 Importation or bringing into the Philippines of any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical through using diplomatic passport or
facilities or any means involving his/her official status to facilitate unlawful entry
of the same (sec 4, Art II).
 Upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as “financiers” of any of the
activities involving dangerous drugs (sec 4, 5, 6, 8 Art II).
 Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and
transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential
Chemicals within 100 meters from the school (sec 5, Art II).
 Drugs pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners,
couriers and messengers or in any other capacity directly connected to the
dangerous drug trade
 If the victim of the offense is a minor or mentally incapacitated individual or
should a dangerous drug and/or controlled precursors and essential chemical
involved in the offense be the proximate cause of death of the victim (sec 5, Art
II).
 Any person or group of persons who shall maintain a den, dive or resort where
any dangerous drug is used or sold in any form
  When a dangerous drug is administered, delivered or sold to a minor who is
allowed to use the same in such a place (sec 6, Art II).
 Manufacture of Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. (Section 8)
 Upon any person who uses a minor or mentally incapacitated individual to deliver
equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs
(sec. 10, Art II).
 Possession of dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings
(sec. 13), and Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and other
Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or
Meetings (sec. 14)
 Cultivation or Culture of Plants Classified as Dangerous Drugs or are Sources
(Sec. 16)
 Unnecessary Prescription of Dangerous Drugs (Sec. 19)
 Any public officer or employee, who misappropriated, misapplies or fails to
account for confiscated, seized or surrendered dangerous drugs, plant sources of
dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals,
instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment including the proceeds or
properties obtained from the unlawful acts. (Sec. 27)

CLANDESTINE LABORATORY ESTABLISHED UNDER THE FOLLOWING
CIRCUMSTANCES SHALL BE CONSIDERED AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES
(Sec. 8)

Conducted in the presence or with the help of minor/s:

 Established within one hundred (100) meters of a residential, business, church or

school premises
 Secured or protected with booby traps
 Concealed with legitimate business operations
 Employment of a practitioner, chemical engineer, public official or foreigner

POSSESSION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS (Sec.11)

PENALTY - Life imprisonment and fine ranging from Php 400K to 500K

 50 grams or more of shabu

 500 grams or more of marijuana
 10 grams or more for any Dangerous Drugs

PENALTY- Imprisonment of 20 years and 1 day to life imprisonment and fine ranging
from Php 400k to 500k

 10 grams but not more than 50 grams of Shabu

 300 grams or more but less than 500 grams of Marijuana
  5 grams or more but less than 10 grams of any Dangerous Drugs
PENALTY- imprisonment of 12 years and 1 day to 20 years and a fine ranging from Php
300K to 400K

 Less than 10 grams of Shabu

 Less than 300 grams of Marijuana
 Less than 5 grams of any Dangerous Drugs

USE OF DANGEROUS DRUGS (Sec.15)

1. 1st offense- minimum of six (6) months rehabilitation in a government center

2. 2nd offense- imprisonment ranging from 6 years and 1 day to 12 years and a fine
ranging from 50K to 200K, provided did not violated section 12.

CUSTODY AND DISPOSITION OF CONFISCATED, SEIZED, AND/OR

SURRENDERED DANGEROUS DRUGS... (SEC. 21)

 The apprehending team having initial custody and control of the drugs shall,
immediately after seizure and confiscation, physically inventory and photograph
the same in the presence of the accused or the person/s from whom such items
were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a
representative from the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any
elected public official who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory
and be given a copy thereof
 24 hours- upon confiscation or seizure, quantitative or qualitative examination
 24 hours-Certification of Examination results if the volume can’t be completed
within the time frame extended for another 24 hours.
 72 hours- after filling the criminal case, the court shall conduct ocular inspection.
 24 hours- order of destruction

LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF APPREHENDED OFFENDERS (SEC. 38)

If the apprehending or arresting officer has reasonable ground to believe that the person
apprehended or arrested, on account of physical signs or symptoms or other visible or
outward manifestation is under the influence of dangerous drugs.

 24 hours- subject to screening laboratory examination

 15 days- results of the screening laboratory examination or test shall be
challenged after receipt of the result through a confirmatory test.

PLEA-BARGAINING PROVISION (SEC. 23)

Any person charged under any provision of this Act regardless of the imposable
penalty shall NOT be allowed to avail of the provision on plea-bargaining.

MANDATORY DRUG TESTING

 applicants for driver’s license (Remove by RA 10586 “Anti – Drunk and Driving
Act of 2013”.)
 applicants for Firearms license & PTCFOR
 members of the PNP, AFP, &, another LEA
 All persons charged with criminal offense with a penalty of not less than 6 years.
 All candidates for public office national/ local

RANDOM DRUG TESTING

 Students of secondary and tertiary schools

 Officers and employees of public & private offices

JURISDICTION OVER DANGEROUS DRUG CASES

The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing RTC in
each judicial region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violation of RA 9165.

The DOJ shall designate special prosecutors to exclusively handle cases involving
violation of RA 9165.

APPLICATION FOR PROBATION

NOTE: As a rule, Violations of RA 9165 shall disqualify an offender to avail of the

benefits of PD 968, as amended EXCEPT:

Section 12. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other

Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs.

Section 14. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other

Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings.

Section 17. Maintenance and Keeping of Original Records of Transactions on

Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.

Section 70. Probation or Community Service for a First-Time Minor Offender In

lieu of Imprisonment.
PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED IN VIOLATION OF RA 9165

 Regional Trial Court (RTC)- Holds the Jurisdiction of Violations of RA 9165

 30 days- Conduct of Preliminary Investigation
 24 hours- filling of information
 48 hours- Filling information of the MTC judge who conducts PI to the proper
prosecutor.
 15 days-Termination of the reinvestigation when prosecutors disagree with the
MTC judge.
 60 days- Trial period of the case
 15 days- Decision shall be rendered
 15 days- If no appeal was taken the decision shall become final.
LESSON 15

INVESTIGATION OF DRUG-RELATED CRIME AND ILLEGAL MANUFACTURE OF

DRUGS

1. CONTENT
The PDEA (Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency) is the lead agency in the anti- illegal
drug operations and the PNP must coordinate with the agency whenever it launches
operations against illegal drugs. However, there are also drug-related crimes such as
murder/homicide and rape. The following are checklists to help the police investigator:
CRIME SCENES WITHIN CRIME SCENES
There are instant drug test kits for tests of suspected amphetamine, heroin, cocaine and
cannabis. These tests can be performed on site and provide a preliminary answer within
a few minutes.
Do not use test kits in the following cases:
If the powder is not soluble in water. The material may consist of explosives, which may
explode when they meet the liquid in the test kit.
If there is a very small quantity of material, i.e. trace quantities.
If the suspected drugs are in liquid form.

2. DRUG LABORATORIES

Extreme caution must be taken in connection with operations against illegal drug
laboratories, since the following may be present:

 Booby traps
 Persons who are armed
 Persons who use chemicals as weapons
 Corrosive, flammable, hazardous (toxic) and explosive substance
 Air that is polluted by solvents and chemicals
 Hydrogen gas, which forms explosive mixtures with air – do not switch on the
lights.

The chemicals that are handled in illegal drug laboratories occur in various mixtures, in
ongoing processes, in open vessels or in any form other than in closed original
packages. As a result, such substances/chemicals may be or become explosive,
flammable, corrosive or hazardous. In the event of any uncertainty, seek assistance
from experts.
3. Checklist for investigations in connection with production of illegal drugs

 Find out as much as possible about the accident both before going to the scene
and upon arrival.
 Decide whether you need help. Always contact the PDEA before action is taken
against a drug laboratory.
 Start keeping an action log.
 Cordon off the area or extend the existing cordon if necessary.
 Carry out a security check. Wearing appropriate protective clothing, scene-of-
crime officers are to check for traps, after which the chemist assesses the risks
associated with the handling of chemicals.
 Turn off the heat for the still, hot plate etc. NB: Do not turn off the water or
cooling and ventilation fans.
 Make sure that a list is made of the people who enter the crime scene.
 Take a general photograph of the crime scene. Film the scene with a video
camera.
 Pause for thought and start planning.
 Make a sketch. Mark the places where evidence and reference samples are
collected.
 Search for and collect evidence, objects and reference samples etc. that are
relevant to the crime investigation.
 Write a continuous seizure report.

 Check the crime scene before the cordon is lifted.

Make sure that you have not forgotten anything important, such as interrogation reports.
A suspect may enter the crime scene area after the cordon has been lifted, and this
must not be allowed to destroy the value of the evidence collected.

4. SEARCH AND SECURE

 Seize any documents that indicate the extent of production, perpetrators or

buyers. Look for receipts, bills, delivery notes etc.
 Where drug production is suspected, take samples from the various stages of the
production process. Samples of ventilation ducts, fans and water seals may be
useful. Wipe any waste chemicals/drugs with a cotton compress soaked in an
alcohol mixture (about 80%).
Seize packaging material, e.g. bags, rolls of plastic bags and tape. These can then be
used to compare with corresponding materials from other seizures and used as a basis
for calculation of the amounts produced.
5. QUANTITY OF DRUGS USED FOR SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS
Not more than five (5) grams per package/bag
Not more than three (3) tablets for capsules or tablets
Not more than fifty (50 ml) for liquid solution
Not more than ten (10 grams) for dried leaves and not more than 2 plants.

6. OPERATIONAL PLANS AGAINST THE DRUG PROBLEM

Oplan Thunderbolt I – operations to create impact on the underworld.

Oplan Thunderbolt II – operations to neutralize suspected illegal drug laboratories.

Oplan Thunderbolt III – operations for the neutralization of big-time drug pushers, drug
dealers and drug lords.

Oplan Iceberg – special operations team in selected drug prone areas in order to get
rid of illegal drug activities in the area.

Oplan Hunter – operations against suspected military and police personnel who are
engaged in illegal drug activities.

Oplan Mercurio – Operations against drug stores, which are violating existing
regulations on the scale of regulated drugs in coordination with the DDB/DOH and
BFAD.

Oplan Tornado – Operations in drug notorious and high-profile places.

Oplan Greengold – NARCOM’s nationwide MJ eradication operations in coordination

with the local governments and NGO’s.

Oplan Sagip-Yagit – A civic program initiated by NGO’s and local government offices
to help eradicate drug syndicates involving street children as drug conduits.

Oplan Banat – the newest operational plan against drug abuse focused on the
barangay level in cooperation with barangay officials.

Oplan Tokhang- Aiming to eradicate drug abuse. The name of the operation was
derived from the toktok (knock) and hangyo (plead).

Oplan High Value Targets- aims to arrest and neutralize individuals which the police
alleged to be involved in the country's illegal drug trade. They include drug lords and
pushers who operate in groups.
LESSON 16
1. TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION FOR DRUG ABUSERS

Can drug addiction be treated? Yes, but it’s not simple. Because addiction is a chronic
disease, people can’t simply stop using drugs for a few days and be cured. Most
patients need long-term or repeated care to stop using completely and recover their
lives.

Addiction treatment must help the person do the following:

 Stop using drugs

 Stay drug-free
 Be productive in the family, at work and in society

Principles of Effective Treatment

 Addiction is a complex but treatable disease that affects brain function and
behavior.
 No single treatment is right for everyone.
 People need to have quick access to treatment.
 Effective treatment addresses all of the patient’s needs, not just his or her drug
use.
 Staying in treatment long enough is critical.
 Counseling and other behavioral therapies are the most commonly used forms of
treatment.
 Medications are often an important part of treatment, especially when combined
with behavioral therapies.
 Treatment plans must be reviewed often and modified to fit the patient’s
changing needs.
 Treatment should address other possible mental disorders.
 Medically assisted detoxification is only the first stage of treatment.
 Treatment doesn't need to be voluntary to be effective.
 Drug use during treatment must be monitored continuously.
 Treatment programs should test patients for HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C,
tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases as well as teach them about steps
they can take to reduce their risk of these illnesses.

2. TREATMENTS FOR DRUG ADDICTION

There are many options that have been successful in treating drug addiction, including:

 behavioral counseling
 medication
  medical devices and applications used to treat withdrawal symptoms or deliver
skills training
 evaluation and treatment for co-occurring mental health issues such as
depression and anxiety
 long-term follow-up to prevent relapse

Professor’s Note: A range of care with a tailored treatment program and follow-up
options can be crucial to success. Treatment should include both medical and mental
health services as needed. Follow-up care may include community- or family-based
recovery support systems.

How are medications and devices used in drug addiction treatment? Medications and
devices can be used to manage withdrawal symptoms, prevent relapse, and treat co-
occurring conditions.

Withdrawal.

Medications and devices can help suppress withdrawal symptoms during

detoxification. Detoxification is not in itself "treatment," but only the first step in the
process. Patients who do not receive any further treatment after detoxification usually
resume their drug use. In November 2017, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
granted a new indication to an electronic stimulation device, NSS-2 Bridge, for use in
helping reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms. This device is placed behind the ear and
sends electrical pulses to stimulate certain brain nerves. Also, in May 2018, the FDA
approved lofexidine, a non-opioid medicine designed to reduce opioid withdrawal
symptoms.

Relapse prevention.

Patients can use medications to help re-establish normal brain function and decrease
cravings. Medications are available for treatment of opioid (heroin, prescription pain
relievers), tobacco (nicotine), and alcohol addiction. Scientists are developing other
medications to treat stimulant (cocaine, methamphetamine) and cannabis (marijuana)
addiction. People who use more than one drug, which is very common, need treatment
for all of the substances they use.

How are behavioral therapies used to treat drug addiction?

Behavioral therapies help patients:

 modify their attitudes and behaviors related to drug use

 increase healthy life skills
 persist with other forms of treatment, such as medication

Patients can receive treatment in many different settings with various approaches.
Outpatient behavioral treatment includes a wide variety of programs for patients who
visit a behavioral health counselor on a regular schedule. Most of the programs involve
individual or group drug counseling, or both. These programs typically offer forms of
behavioral therapy such as:

 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, which helps patients recognize, avoid, and cope

with the situations in which they are most likely to use drugs

 Multidimensional Family Therapy—developed for adolescents with drug abuse

problems as well as their families—which addresses a range of influences on
their drug abuse patterns and is designed to improve overall family functioning

 Motivational Interviewing, which makes the most of people's readiness to

change their behavior and enter treatment.

 Motivational Incentives (Contingency Management), which uses positive

reinforcement to encourage abstinence from drugs.

Inpatient or residential treatment can also be very effective, especially for those with
more severe problems (including co-occurring disorders). Licensed residential treatment
facilities offer 24-hour structured and intensive care, including safe housing and medical
attention. Residential treatment facilities may use a variety of therapeutic approaches,
and they are generally aimed at helping the patient live a drug-free, crime-free lifestyle
after treatment.

Examples of residential treatment settings include:

Therapeutic communities, which are highly structured programs in which patients

remain at a residence, typically for 6 to 12 months. The entire community, including
treatment staff and those in recovery, act as key agents of change, influencing the
patient’s attitudes, understanding, and behaviors associated with drug use.

 Shorter-term residential treatment, which typically focuses on detoxification as

well as providing initial intensive counseling and preparation for treatment in a
community-based setting.

 Recovery housing, which provides supervised, short-term housing for patients,

often following other types of inpatient or residential treatment. Recovery housing
can help people make the transition to an independent life—for example, helping
them learn how to manage finances or seek employment, as well as connecting
them to support services in the community.
LESSON 17

PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY

1. RE-ORGANIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT

SYSTEM

Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) - policy and strategy

formulating body.

Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) - as its

implementing arm

2. PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA)

Headed by Director General with the rank of

Undersecretary, appointed by the President.

The head of the PDEA is assisted by 2 deputy

Director Generals, with the rank of Assistant Secretary,
1 for Operations and 1 for Administration, also appointed
by the President.

PDDG Anselmo Avenido (Ret.)- was appointed as first

Director General of PDEA last July 2002.

The secretariat of the National Drug Law Enforcement and

Prevention Coordinating Center or DEP Center has been
absorbed by the new agency

 Narcotics Group of the PNP;

 Narcotics Division of the NBI; and
 Narcotics Interdiction Unit of the Bureau of Customs
have been abolished

PDEA Academy

Shall be established either in Baguio or Tagaytay, and in

such other places as may be necessary. It is responsible
for the recruitment and training of all.
PDEA AGENTS AND PERSONNEL

Recruits must be at least 21 years of age, with proven

integrity and honesty and a Baccalaureate degree holder.

The graduates of the Academy shall later comprise the

operating units of the PDEA after the termination of the
transition period of five years during which all the
intelligence network and standard operating procedure of
the PDEA has been set up and operationalized.

The Academy shall be headed by a Superintendent, with

the rank of Director. He /she shall be appointed by the
PDEA Director General.

The Narcotics Group of the PNP, the Narcotics Divisions

of the NBI and the customs narcotics Interdiction Unit
are hereby abolished.

POWER AND DUTIES OF PDEA

Cause the effective and efficient implementation

of the national drug control strategy,

 Enforcement of the provisions of Article II of this

Act,
 Undertake investigation, make arrest and apprehension
of violators and seizure and confiscation of
dangerous drugs,
  Establish forensic laboratories,
 Filing of appropriate drug cases,
 Conduct eradication programs,
 Maintain a national drug intelligence system,
 Coordination with local and international drug
agencies.

DANGEROUS DRUG BOARD (DDB)

Created by virtue of Republic Act 6425 otherwise

known as Dangerous Drug Act of 1972 subsequently repealed
by RA 9165.

The policymaking & strategy-formulating body in

the planning & formulation of policies & programs on drug
prevention & control.

It shall develop and adopt comprehensive,

integrated, unified and balanced national drug abuse
prevention and control strategy.

POWER AND DUTIES OF DDB

 Formulation of Drug Prevention and Control Strategy

 Promulgation of Rules and Regulation to carry out the
purposes of this Act
 Conduct policy studies and researches
 Develop educational programs and info drive
 Conduct continuing seminars and consultations
 Design special training
 Coordination with agencies for community service
programs’
 Maintain international networking,

COMPOSITION

DDB is composed of 17 members wherein 3 of which are

permanent members, the other 12 members are ex- officio
capacity and 2 regular members.
THREE (3) PERMANENT MEMBERS

 At least 7 years of training and experience in the

field of the ff: fields in law, medicine,
criminology, psychology or social work.
 Appointed by the president.
 One designated as the Chairman with the rank of
Secretary (with the term of 6 years) and the two
other regular members as undersecretary (one with 4
years term and the other 2 years but succeeding
appointment will serve six years and until their
successors shall have been duly appointed and
qualified.

TWELVE (12) EX- OFFICIO MEMBERS

 Secretary or representative of the following

Department
 DOJ, DOH, DND, DOF, DOLE, DILG, DSWD, DFA, DepEd,
 Chairman CHED, NYC
 Director General - PDEA

TWO (2) REGULAR MEMBERS

 President of Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP).

 Chairman or President of a non- government
organization involved in a dangerous drug campaign to
be appointed by the President.

NOTE: The Director of NBI and Chief, PNP are the

permanent consultants of the DDB.