(PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) SOLID STATE

EXERCISE (O-II)
1. Identical 4 spheres are taken and are arranged in a layer of square packing touching each other
as shown

The percentage of vacant space is

 3   
(A) 100 1 −  (B) 100  1 −  (C) 100 − 3 (D) 
 8   6 8 6

2. A crystal is made of particles A and B. A forms FCC packing and B occupies all the octahedral
voids. If all the particles along the plane as shown in figure are removed, then, the formula of the
crystal would be :

(A) AB (B) A5B7 (C) A7B5 (D) None of these

3. In a solid, S2– ions are packed in fcc lattice. Zn2+ occupies half of the tetrahedral voids in an
alternating arrangement. Now if a plane is cut (as shown) then the cross-section would be:

Zn2+
S2–

(A) (B) (C) (D)

4. The density of CaF2 (fluorite structure) is 3.18 g/cm3. The length of the side of the unit cell is
(A) 253 pm (B) 344 pm (C) 546 pm (D) 273 pm
5. Correct statement(s) for the packing of identical disc in two dimensions is/are:
(A) For square close packing, coordination number is 4.
(B) For hexagonal close packing, coordination number is 6.
(C) There is only one void per atom in both, square and hexagonal close packing.
(D) Hexagonal close packing is more efficiently packed than square close packing.
6. Choose the correct option/options-
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(PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) SOLID STATE
(A) Two adjacent face centre atoms present on a horizontal plane doesn't touch each other in fcc
unit cell
(B) If the radius of cations and anions are 0.2 Å and 0.95 Å then coordination number of cation
in the crystal is 4.
(C) Minimum distance between two cubical voids in simple cube unit cell lattice will be a where
a is length of edge of unit cell
(D) NaCl is a ‘AB’ crystal lattice that can be interpreted to be made up of two individual fcc unit
cells of A+ and B– fused together in such a manner that the corner of one unit cell becomes
the edge centre of the other.
7. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct –
(A) In a face centred cubic unit cell, the edge centre is an octahedral void.
(B) In a face centred cubic unit cell, the body centre is an octahedral void.
(C) In FCC unit cell, octahedral and tetrahedral voids are equal in number.
(D) Coordination number of FCC unit cell is 12
8. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(A) In an anti-fluorite structure anions form FCC lattice and cations occupy all tetrahedral voids.
(B) Number of nearest Na+ ions of another Na+ in Na2O crystal will be 8.
(C) Each sphere is surrounded by six voids in two dimensional hexagonal close packed layers
(D) 8 Cs+ ions occupy the second nearest neighbour locations of a Cs+ ion
9. Which of the following are true -
(A) Ratio of nearest neighbours in simple cubic cell to next nearest neighbours in FCC is 1
(B) Packing efficiency of a unit cell in which atoms are present at each corner and each edge
centre is 26 % in metallic crystal.
(C) Ratio of nearest neighbours in simple cubic cell to next nearest neighbours in BCC 1
(D) If number of unit cell along one edge are 'x' then total number of unit cell in cube = x3
10. Which statements is correct about HCP and CCP lattice
(A) Number of tetrahedral voids are twice of octahedral holes
(B) 2 tetrahedral and 1 octahedral voids are present in HCP unit cell per atom.
(C) Tetrahedral voids = 2 × octahedral voids, is valid for ccp and hcp.
(D) Distance between two hexagonal planes in CCP or HCP arrangement is same for a metal exist
in both forms.
11. Correct statement for ccp is:
(A) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres and each sphere is surrounded by 4
octahedral voids

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(PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) SOLID STATE
(B) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres and each sphere is surrounded by 6
octahedral voids
(C) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres and each sphere is surrounded by 8
octahedral voids
(D) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres and each sphere is surrounded by 12
octahedral voids
12. Which of the following statements is correct in the rock-salt structure of ionic compounds?
(A) coordination number of cation is four whereas that of anion is six.
(B) coordination number of cation is six whereas that of anion is four.
(C) coordination number of each cation and anion is four.
(D) coordination number of each cation and anion is six.
13. Select correct statement(s)
(A) Density of crystal always increases due to substitutional impurity defect.
(B) An atom/ion is transferred from a lattice site to an interstitial position in Frenkel defect.
(C) In AgCl, the silver ion is displaced from its lattice position to an interstitial position. Such a
defect is called a Frenkel defect
(D) By defects in solids density of solids either remains constant or decreases but it can never
increase.
14. Select the correct statement (s) :
(A) CsCl mainly shows Schottky defect
(B) ZnS mainly shows Frenkel defect
(C) NaCl unit cell contain 4Na+ and 4Cl—
(D) In NaCl one Na+ is surrounded by 6 Cl— then 12 Na+ and then 8 Cl— .
Comprehension: (Q. 15 & 16)
Solid balls of radius 17.32 cm crystallises in bcc pattern, during one such crystallisation some
oxygen gas is trapped. This trapped oxygen at 640K creates pressure of 5 atm.
Assume:
(i) BCC arrangement is not disturbed due to trapping of gas.
(ii) Gas is uniformly distributed inside unit cell

[Take R = 0.08 atm-litre/mole-K, NA = 6 × 1023, Mass of a solid ball = 64 g]

15. Calculate number of oxygen molecules present in a unit cell

(A) 24 × 1023 (B) 12 × 1023 (C) 6 × 1023 (D) 3 × 1023
16. Calculate percentage increase in density due to trapping of gas
(A) 16.67 % (B) 33.33 % (C) 100% (D) 50%
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(PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) SOLID STATE
Comprehension: (Q. 17 to 19)
Calcium crystallizes in a cubic unit cell with density 3.2 g/cc. Edge-length of the unit cell is 437
pm
17. The type of unit cell is:
(A) Simple cubic (B) BCC (C) FCC (D) Edge-centred
18. The nearest neighbour distance is:
(A) 154.5 pm (B) 309 pm (C) 218.5 pm (D) 260 pm
19. The number of nearest neighbours of a Ca atom are:
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12
20. If the metal is melted, density of the molten metal was found to be 3 g/cc. What will be the
percentage of empty space in the liquid metal?
(A) 31% (B) 36% (C) 28% (D) 49%
Comprehension: (Q. 21 & 22)
There is large variety of non-stoichiometric inorganic solids which contain an excess or
deficiency of one of the elements. Such solids showing deviations from the ideal stoichiometric
composition form an important group of solids. For example in the vanadium oxide, VO x, x can
be anywhere between 0.6 and 1.3. There are solids which are difficult to prepare in the
stoichiometric composition. Thus, the ideal composition in compounds such as FeO is difficult to
obtain (normally we get a composition of Fe0.95 O but it may range from Fe0.93 O to Fe0.96O). Non-
stoichiometric behaviour is most commonly found for transition metal compounds though are
also known for some lanthanides and actinides.
Zinc oxide loses oxygen reversibly at high temperatures and turns yellow in colour.
The excess metal is accommodated interstitially, giving rise to electrons trapped in the
neighborhoods. The enhanced electrical conductivity of the non-stoichiometric ZnO arises from
these electrons.
Anion vacancies in alkali halides are produced by heating the alkali halide crystals in an
atmosphere of the alkali metal vapour. When the metal atoms deposit on the surface they diffuse
into the crystal and after ionisation the alkali metal ion occupies cationic vacancy whereas
electron occupies anionic vacancy. Electrons trapped in anion vacancies are referred to as F-
centers (from Farbe the German word for colour) that gives rise to interesting colour in alkali
halides. Thus, the excess of potassium in KCl makes the crystal appear violet and the excess of
lithium ions LiCl makes it pink.
21. When LiCI is heated into the vapour of lithium, the crystal acquires pink colour. This is due to
(A) Schottky defects (B) Frenkel defects
(C) Metal excess defect leading to F-centers (D) Electronic defect

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(PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) SOLID STATE
22. AgCl is crystallized from molten AgCl containing a little CdCl2. The solid obtained will have
(A) cationic vacancies equal to number of Cd2+ ions incorporated
(B) cationic vacancies equal to double the number of Cd2+ ions
(C) anionic vacancies
(D) neither cationic nor anionic vacancies
MATCH THE COLUMN
23. Match the column
Column I Column II
(A) Tetragonal and Hexagonal (P) are two crystal systems
(B) Cubic and Rhombohedral (Q) a = b  c
(C) Monoclinic and Triclinic (R) a  b  c
(D) Cubic and Hexagonal (S) a = b = c
24. Match the column:
Column I Column II
(A) Rock salt structure (P) Co-ordination number of cation is 4
3a
(B) Zinc Blend structure (Q) = r+ + r–
4

(C) Fluorite structure (R) Co-ordination number of cation and anion are same
a
(S) Distance between two nearest anion is
2

MATCHING LIST TYPE

25. Match the column
Column I Column II
(Arrangement of the atoms/ions) (Planes in fcc lattice)

(P) (1)

(Q) (2)

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(PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) SOLID STATE

(R) (3)

(S) (4)

Code:
P Q R S P Q R S
(A) 4 3 1 2 (B) 4 3 2 1
(C) 3 2 1 4 (D) 1 2 4 3
26. Column I Column II
[Distance in terms of edge length of cube (a)]
(P) 0.866 a (1) Shortest distance between cation & anion in CsCl structure.
(Q) 0.707 a (2) Shortest distance between two cation in CaF2 structure.
(R) 0.433 a (3) Shortest distance between carbon atoms in diamond.
(S) 1.414 a (4) the distance at which second nearest neighbour is present in
simple cubic unit cell
Code :
P Q R S P Q R S
(A) 4 3 1 2 (C) 3 2 1 4
(B) 1 2 3 4 (D) 1 2 4 3

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(PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) SOLID STATE
EXERCISE (S-II)
1. How many spherical balls of radii 2 cm can be placed completely inside a cubical box of edge = 8
cm?

2. Calculate the density of diamond from the fact that it has face centered cubic structure with two
atoms per lattice point and unit cell edge length of 3.569 Å.
3. An element crystallizes into a structure which may be described by a cubic type of unit cell
having one atom on each corner of the cube and two atoms on one of its body diagonals. If the
volume of this unit cell is 24×10–24 cm3 and density of element is 7.2 g cm–3, calculate the number
of atoms present in 200 g of element.
4. What is the percent by mass of titanium in rutile, a mineral that contain Titanium and oxygen, if
structure can be described as a closet packed array of oxide ions, with titanium in one half of the
octahedral holes. What is the oxidation number of titanium? (Ti = 48)
5. A solid A+ and B– had NaCl type closed packed structure. If the anion has a radius of
250 pm, what should be the ideal radius of the cation? Can a cation C+ having a radius of
180 pm be slipped into the tetrahedral site of the crystal of A+B–, without disturbing the crystal?
Give reasons for your answer.
6. What will be packing fraction of solid in which atoms are present at corners and cubic void is
occupied? The insertion of the sphere into void does not disturb simple cubic lattice.
7. For ABCABC packing distance between two successive tetrahedral void is X and distance

y 2
between two successive octahedral void is y in a unit cell, then is.
X
8. Calculate the perimeter of given plane in HCP unit cell (Given that radius of atoms = R Å).

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(PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) SOLID STATE
2
9. An element 'M' crystallizes in ABAB....type packing if adjacent layer A & B are 10 pm apart,
3
then calculate radius of largest sphere which can be fitted in the void. (in pm) without disturbing

the lattice arrangement (Given: 2 = 1.414 )

Fill your answer as sum of digits (excluding decimal places) till you get the single digit answer.
10. Find packing fraction of unit cell of AAAAA.......type hypothetical arrangement in which hexagonal
packing is taken in layer.
11. A cubic unit cell contains manganese ions at the corners and fluoride ions at the center of each
edge.
(a) What is the empirical formula of the compound?
(b) What is the co-ordination number of the Mn ion?
(c) Calculate the edge length of the unit cell, if the radius of Mn ion is 0.65 Å and that of F– ion is
1.36 Å.
12. Potassium crystallizes in a body-centered cubic lattice with edge length, a = 5.2 Å.
(a) What is the distance between nearest neighbours?
(b) What is the distance between next-nearest neighbours?
(c) How many nearest neighbours does each K atom have?
(d) How many next-nearest neighbours does each K atom have?
13. AgCl has the same structure as that of NaCl. The edge length of unit cell of AgCl is found to be 555
pm and the density of AgCl is 5.561 g cm–3. Find the percentage of sites that are unoccupied.
rNa + rNa +
14. KCl crystallizes in the same type of lattice as does NaCl. Given that = 0.5 and = 0.7
rCl− rK +

Calculate:
(a) The ratio of the sides of unit cell for KCl to that for NaCl and
(b) The ratio of densities of NaCl to that for KCl.
15. Prove that void space in fluorite structure per unit volume of unit cell is 0.374.
16. Ice crystallizes in a hexagonal lattice. At the low temperature at which the structure was
determined, the lattice constants where a = 4.53 Å, and b = 7.60 Å How many molecules are
contained in a given unit cell?
[density (ice) = 0.92 gm/cm3)]

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(PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) SOLID STATE
17. The olivine series of minerals consists of crystals in which Fe and Mg ions may substitute for
each other causing substitutional impurity defect without changing the volume of the unit cell.
In olivine series of minerals, oxide ion exist as FCC with Si4+ occupying 1/4th of octahedral voids
and divalent ions occupying 1/4th of tetrahedral voids. The density of forsterite (magnesium
silicate) is 3.21 g/cc and that of fayalite (ferrous silicate) is 4.34 g/cc. Find the formula of
forsterite and fayalite minerals and the percentage of fayalite in an olivine with a density of 3.88
g/cc.
18. In the 1980’s a class of ceramic materials was discovered that exhibits superconductivity at the
unusually high temperature of 90 K. One such material contains yttrium, barium, copper and
oxygen and is called “YBCO”. It has a nominal composition of YBa2Cu3O7, but its actual
composition is variable according to the formula YBa2Cu3O7- (0 <  < 0.5).
(a) One unit cell of the idealized crystal structure of YBCO is shown below. Identify which circles
correspond to which elements in the structure.

c
b
x
a

The true structure is actually orthorhombic (a  b  c), but it is approximately tetragonal,

with a  b  (c/3).
(b) Estimate the density of this sample of YBCO (with  = 0.25) in g cm–3. Use a = 500 pm and
c = 1500 pm. Ba (137.33), Y (88.91), Cu (63.5), O (16).

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(PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) SOLID STATE

EXERCISE (O-II)
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (C) 5. (ABD) 6. (ACD)
7. (ABD) 8. (AC) 9. (ABCD) 10. (ABCD) 11. (B)
12. (D) 13. (BC) 14. (ABCD)
Comprehension: (Q. 15 & 16)
15. (B) 16. (D)
Comprehension: (Q. 17 to 20)
17. (C) 18. (B) 19. (D) 20. (A)
Comprehension: (Q. 20 & 21)
21. (C) 22. (A)
23. A → P, Q ; B → P,S ; C → P,R ; D → P
24. A → R,S ; B → P,Q,R,S ; C → Q
25. (A) 26. (B)

EXERCISE (S-II)
1. 8 2. 3.5 g cm–3 3. 3.48 × 1024 atoms 4. 60%, +4
5. 103.4 pm, No 6. 0.7285 7. 2 8. 14.53 R 9. 2.07
10. 0.605
11. (a) MnF3, (b) 6, (c) 4.02Å
12. (a) 4.5 Å, (b) 5.2 Å, (c) 8, (d) 6, (e) 0.92 g/cm3
13. 0.24 14. (a) 1.143, (b) 1.172 15. Not Available
16. 4 molecules of H2O 17. Mg2SiO4, Fe2SiO4, 66.32%
18. (a)

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