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    Basic Thermodynamic Cycles

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    The Rankine cycle is the idealized cycle for steam power plants. It consists of four processes: 1) Water is pumped into the boiler at high pressure. 2) Water is converted to steam in the boiler at constant pressure. 3) Steam expands in the turbine. 4) Steam is condensed back to water in the condenser at constant pressure. The Rankine cycle has a lower efficiency than the Carnot cycle due to the average temperature at which heat is added being lower than the constant temperature of heat addition in the Carnot cycle. However, the Rankine cycle is preferred for steam power plants due to practical considerations around pumping liquid-vapor mixtures and superheating steam

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    Basic Thermodynamic Cycles

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    The Rankine cycle is the idealized cycle for steam power plants. It consists of four processes: 1) Water is pumped into the boiler at high pressure. 2) Water is converted to steam in the boiler at constant pressure. 3) Steam expands in the turbine. 4) Steam is condensed back to water in the condenser at constant pressure. The Rankine cycle has a lower efficiency than the Carnot cycle due to the average temperature at which heat is added being lower than the constant temperature of heat addition in the Carnot cycle. However, the Rankine cycle is preferred for steam power plants due to practical considerations around pumping liquid-vapor mixtures and superheating steam

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    The Rankine cycle is the idealized cycle for steam power plants. It consists of four processes: 1) Water is pumped into the boiler at high pressure. 2) Water is converted to steam in the boiler at constant pressure. 3) Steam expands in the turbine. 4) Steam is condensed back to water in the condenser at constant pressure. The Rankine cycle has a lower efficiency than the Carnot cycle due to the average temperature at which heat is added being lower than the constant temperature of heat addition in the Carnot cycle. However, the Rankine cycle is preferred for steam power plants due to practical considerations around pumping liquid-vapor mixtures and superheating steam

    Copyright:

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views4 pages

    Basic Thermodynamic Cycles

    Uploaded by

    api-3830954
    The Rankine cycle is the idealized cycle for steam power plants. It consists of four processes: 1) Water is pumped into the boiler at high pressure. 2) Water is converted to steam in the boiler at constant pressure. 3) Steam expands in the turbine. 4) Steam is condensed back to water in the condenser at constant pressure. The Rankine cycle has a lower efficiency than the Carnot cycle due to the average temperature at which heat is added being lower than the constant temperature of heat addition in the Carnot cycle. However, the Rankine cycle is preferred for steam power plants due to practical considerations around pumping liquid-vapor mixtures and superheating steam

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    Vapour Power Cycles Prof. U.S.P. Shet , Prof. T. Sundararajan and Prof. J.M .

    Mallikarjuna

    5.2 Rankine Cycle:


    Rankine cycle is the idealized cycle for steam power plants. This cycle is shown on p-v,

    T-v, h-s, diagram in the above figures. It consists of following processes:

    3
    BOILER

    TURBINE

    CONDENSER

    PUMP 1
    Fig.5.2(a). Rankine vapour power cycle

    3''
    2' 3' 3 5

    2
    1 1' 4' 4 4''

    a b s

    Fig.5.2(b). T-s diagram Rankine power cycle

    Indian Institute of Technology Madras


    Vapour Power Cycles Prof. U.S.P. Shet , Prof. T. Sundararajan and Prof. J.M . Mallikarjuna

    2 2' 3' 3 3''

    1 4' 4 4''

    Fig.5.2(c). p-v diagram Rankine power cycle

    3''

    3
    3'
    h
    2 2'

    4''
    4' 4
    1

    s
    Fig.5.2(d). h-s diagram Rankine power cycle

    Indian Institute of Technology Madras


    Vapour Power Cycles Prof. U.S.P. Shet , Prof. T. Sundararajan and Prof. J.M . Mallikarjuna

    Process 1-2: Water from the condenser at low pressure is pumped into the boiler at

    high pressure. This process is reversible adiabatic.

    Process 2-3: Water is converted into steam at constant pressure by the addition of heat

    in the boiler.

    Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatic expansion of steam in the steam turbine.

    Process 4-1: Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser to convert condensate

    into water.

    The steam leaving the boiler may be dry and saturated, wet or superheated. The

    corresponding T-s diagrams are 1-2-3-4-1; 1-2-3’-4’-1 or 1-2-3”-4”-1.

    Thermal Efficiency of Rankine Cycle:


    Consider one kg of working fluid, and applying first law to flow system to various

    processes with the assumption of neglecting changes in potential and kinetic energy,

    we can write,

    δq - δw = dh

    For process 2-3, δw = 0 (heat addition process), we can write,

    ( δq )boiler = ( dh )boiler = ( h3 - h2 )

    For process 3-4; δq = 0 (adiabatic process)

    ( δw )turbine = - ( dh )turbine = ( h 3 - h4 )

    Similarly,

    ( δq )cond = ( h1 - h 4 )
    ( δw )pump = ( h1 - h 2 )
    ( δw )net = ( δw )turbine + ( δw )pump = (h 3 - h 4 ) + (h1 - h 2 ) = (h 3 - h 4 ) - (h 2 - h1 )

    Indian Institute of Technology Madras


    Vapour Power Cycles Prof. U.S.P. Shet , Prof. T. Sundararajan and Prof. J.M . Mallikarjuna

    Net work ( δw )net


    Now, Thermal efficiency = ηth = =
    heat sup plied ( δq )boiler
    ( h3 - h 4 ) - (h 2 - h1 ) area 122 '341
    ηrankine = ηth = =
    (h 3 - h 2 ) area a22 '3ba

    The pump work ( δw )pump is negligible, because specific volume of water is very small.

    Therefore,

    h3 - h 4 area 12 '341
    ηrankine = = (Neglecting pump work)
    h3 - h 2 area a12 '3ba

    Note that the rankine cycle has a lower efficiency compared to corresponding Carnot

    cycle 2’-3-4-1’ with the same maximum and minimum temperatures. The reason is that

    the average temperature at which heat is added in the rankine cycle lies between T2

    and T12 and is thus less than the constant temperature T12 at which heat is added to the

    Carnot cycle.

    Reasons for Considering Rankine Cycle as an Ideal Cycle For Steam

    Power Plants:
    1) It is very difficult to build a pump that will handle a mixture of liquid and vapor
    at state 1’ (refer T-s diagram) and deliver saturated liquid at state 2’. It is
    much easier to completely condense the vapor and handle only liquid in the
    pump.
    2) In the rankine cycle, the vapor may be superheated at constant pressure from
    3 to 3” without difficulty. In a Carnot cycle using superheated steam, the
    superheating will have to be done at constant temperature along path 3-5.
    During this process, the pressure has to be dropped. This means that heat is
    transferred to the vapor as it undergoes expansion doing work. This is difficult
    to achieve in practice.

    Indian Institute of Technology Madras

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