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Challenges And Opportunities For Women Entrepreneurs In India

Sheweta Gaur* & Vijay Kulshreshtha** & Dr. Ravi Chaturvedi***
*Research Scholar, Faculty of Media and Mass Communication, Pacific Academy of Higher
Education and Research University, Udaipur.
**Supervisor and Professor, Pacific University, Udiapur.
***Co- Supervision,VIPS, New Delhi.

Received: May 08, 2018 Accepted: June 22, 2018

ABSTRACT Entrepreneurs play an important role in an economy. These are the people who have the skills and
initiative, necessary to take good new ideas to market and make the right decisions to make the idea profitable. The
reward for the risks taken is the potential economic profits the entrepreneur could earn. Technically, a "women
entrepreneur" is any women who organizes and manages any enterprise, usually with considerable initiative and risk.
Women entrepreneurship is gaining importance in India in the wake of economic liberalization and globalization. The
policy and institutional framework for developing entrepreneurial skills, providing vocation education and training has
widened the horizon for economic empowerment of women. However, women constitute only one third of the economic
enterprises. There exist a plethora of successful business women entrepreneurs both in social and economic fields in
India. The present paper endeavors to study the concept of women entrepreneur and challenges faced by them in India.
This paper is mostly based on secondary data and observations. An extensive literature review is done on women
entrepreneurs. At the end some major problems faced by Indian women entrepreneurs, factors influencing women
entrepreneurship.
Keywords: Entrepreneurs, Women Entrepreneurs, India, Economy

INTRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship has been globally felt as a developmental and progressive idea for business
world Scott, (1986). Therefore entrepreneurship is considered as vital ingredient for not only globalization
but at the same time for creating diverse opportunities for future potential performer (Mitra, 2002).
To exploit the human resource to their optimum potential is one of the greatest challenges faced by
innumerable business organizations in the contemporary economic world, where progress is quantified and
consumed as an entity Brush, (1992). The origin of the basic word “entrepreneurship” is from a French
word “Entree”, “To enter” and “Prendre” “to take” and in general sense applies to any person starting a new
project or trying a new opportunity. Entrepreneurship refers to the act of setting up a new business or
reviving an existing business so as to take advantages from new opportunities. An entrepreneur is a person
who starts an enterprise. A number of definitions have been given of an entrepreneur- The economists view
him as a fourth factor of production along with land labour and capital. The sociologists feel that certain
communities and cultures promote entrepreneurship like for example in India we say that Gujaratis and
Sindhis are very enterprising. Still others feel that entrepreneurs are innovators who come up with new
ideas for products, markets or techniques. Thus, entrepreneurs shape the economy by creating new wealth
and new jobs and by inventing new products and services.
Entrepreneurship has been a male-dominated phenomenon from the very early age, but time has
changed the situation and brought women as today's most memorable and inspirational entrepreneurs. It is
estimated that women entrepreneurs presently comprise about 10% of the total number of entrepreneurs
in India, with the percentage growing every year. If the prevailing trends continue, it is likely that in another
five years, women will comprise 20% of the entrepreneurial force (Saidapur et.al, 2012). Entrepreneurship
is not just confined to any one gender now rather due to multi-faceted economic pressures women have
turned up & realized that the survival of their families & their own potential lies only in working side by
side with men. Marlow, (2002).
Education of woman have no doubt given them immense confidence & encouragement to serve &
discover new business avenues. However the ground realities do differ to a great extent as far as
geographical boundaries are concerned. Globally women are considered as weaker gender physically and
emotionally, therefore prospects open for them to develop into business professionals is an area still quite
unexplored and needs attention. Wennekers, (1999).

Review of Literature
Bowen &Hisrich, (1986), compared & evaluated various research studies done on entrepreneurship
including women entrepreneurship. It summaries various studies in this way that female entrepreneurs are
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relatively well educated in general but perhaps not in management skills, high in internal locus of control,
more masculine, or instrumental than other women in their values likely to have had entrepreneurial
fathers, relatively likely to have first born or only children, unlikely to start business in traditionally male
dominated industries & experiencing a need of additional managerial training.
Tovo, (1991), observed that self-employed women faced several problems in small scale enterprises due to
limited access to capitals, inputs and markets. The study also shows that a large number of small
enterprises share one market segment which cause competition to be fierce and prices to be low. Hence, the
products of small enterprises extremely dependent on a limited number of supplier and wholesalers. This
made the women entrepreneur economically vulnerable and often exposing her to exploitation.
Papisetty Rama &MohanaRao,(2004 ), found in the research study that Inadequate infrastructure, high
labour mobility, shortage of electricity and delayed realization of debtors were the main problems faced by
women entrepreneurs.
Damwad, (2007), describes the experiences, initiatives & obstacles faced at five Nordic countries like
Finland, Denmark, Iceland, Norway & Sweden towards women entrepreneurship. It broadly identifies few
obstacles like financing, lack of knowledge &skills in business life, markets & entrepreneurial activity, work
life balance including lack of growth & wishes to grow and most importantly women as other groups are
heterogeneous. The study compares early stage entrepreneurial male & female activity among Nordic
countries with the same of USA. It also compares various programme & schemes developed by Nordic
countries & agencies that provide support to them.
Singh, (2008), identifies the reasons & influencing factors behind entry of women in entrepreneurship. He
explained the characteristics of their businesses in Indian context and also obstacles & challenges. He
mentioned the obstacles in the growth of women entrepreneurship are mainly lack of interaction with
successful entrepreneurs, social unacceptance as women entrepreneurs, family responsibility, gender
discrimination, missing network, low priority given by bankers to provide loan to women entrepreneurs. He
suggested the remedial measures like promoting micro enterprises, unlocking institutional frame work,
projecting & pulling to grow & support the winners etc. The study advocates for ensuring synergy among
women related ministry, economic ministry & social & welfare development ministry of the Government of
India.
Lall&Sahai, (2008), conduct a comparative assessment of multi-dimensional issues &challenges of women
entrepreneurship& family business. The study identified Psychographic variables like degree of
commitment, entrepreneurial challenges and future plan for expansion, based on demographic variables.
Through stratified random sampling &convenience sampling the data have been collected from women
entrepreneurs working in urban area of Lucknow. The study identified business owner’s characteristics as
self perception self esteem, Entrepreneurial intensity and operational problem for future plans for growth &
expansion. The study suggested that though, there has been considerable growth in number of women
opting to work in family owned business but they still have lower status and face more operational
challenges in running business.
Objectives of the study
 To understand the concept and emergence of women entrepreneurship in India.
 To find out the factors which encourage women to become entrepreneurs.
 To explore the challenges for women entrepreneurs.
 To find out appropriate measures through which women face such obstacles.
 To elaborate on work life balance.
 Existence of gender biasness on various parameters.
 To draw conclusion and offer suggestions.
Research Methodology
This paper is a descriptive study in nature. The secondary data and information have been analyzed for
preparing the paper extensively. The secondary information have been collected from different scholars and
researchers, published books, articles published in different journals, periodicals, conference paper,
working paper, blogs and websites.
Women Entrepreneurship
Women Entrepreneurship as defined by Manorama Vaid, as an adult woman who undertakes to organize
own and run an enterprise. Her illustration about women entrepreneurs in India, represents a group of

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women who have broken away from the beaten track and exploring new vistas of economic participations.
The task of women entrepreneurs has been full of challenges and yet they have steer clear of prejudice
opposition, constraint and have established themselves as successful entrepreneurs.
When we speak about the term “Women Entrepreneurship” we mean, an act of business ownership and
business creation that empowers women economically, increases their economic strength as well as
position in society. Hence women-entrepreneurs have been making a considerable impact in all most all the
segments of the economy which is more than 25% of all kinds of business. In India “Entrepreneurship” is
very limited amongst women especially in the formal sector, which is less than5% of all the business.
Women are doing a wonderful job striking a balance between their house and career. Women
entrepreneurs are key players in any developing country particularly in terms of their contribution to
economic development. In recent years, even among the developed countries like USA and Canada,
Women's role in terms of their share in small business has been increasing. (Dr. Vijaya Kumar, A. and Jaya
Chitra, S.)
According to Kamal Singh “A woman entrepreneur can be defined as a confident, innovative and creative
woman capable of achieving self economic independence individually or in collaboration, generates
employment opportunities for others through initiating, establishing and running the enterprise by keeping
pace with her personal, family and social life.”
STATUS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA
The educated women do not want to limit their lives in the four walls of the house. They demand
equal respect from their partners. However, Indian women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights
and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up has been a
male dominated one. Women are considered as weaker sex and always made to depend on men folk in their
family and outside, throughout their life. The Indian culture made them only subordinates and executors of
the decisions made by other male members, in the basic family structure. While at least half the brainpower
on earth belongs to women, women remain perhaps the world's most underutilized resource.
Female entrepreneurship has attracted increasing attention in recent years in light of concrete
evidence of the importance of new business creation for economic growth and development (Acs et al.,
2005; Langowitz and Minniti, 2007). Not only does female entrepreneurship contribute to economic growth
and employment creation, but it is increasingly recognized to also enhance the diversity of
entrepreneurship in any economic system (Verheul et al., 2006) and to provide avenues for female
expression and potential fulfillment (Eddleston and Powell, 2008). These benefits are rarely leveraged in a
systematic way, however, given that female entrepreneurship talent and potential remain largely untapped
in many contexts (Baughn et al., 2006).
Tambunan, (2009), made a study on recent developments of women entrepreneurs in Asian developing
countries. The study focused mainly on women entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises based on
data analysis and review of recent key literature. This study found that in Asian developing countries SMEs
are gaining overwhelming importance; more than 95% of all firms in all sectors on average per country. The
study also depicted the fact that representation of women entrepreneurs in this region is relatively low due
to factors like low level of education, lack of capital and cultural or religious constraints. However, the study
revealed that most of the women entrepreneurs in SMEs are from the category of forced entrepreneurs
seeking for better family incomes.
A woman entrepreneur is a woman who starts and owns an enterprise by investing at least 51% in an
enterprise. World widely divide the women Entrepreneurs categories are given below
Categories of Women entrepreneurs
1. Women in organized and unorganized sector
2. Women in traditional and modern industries
3. Women in urban and rural areas
4. Women in large scale and small scale industries
5. Single woman and joint venture
Categories of women entrepreneurs in practice in India
1st category
1. Established in big cities
2. Having higher level technical and professional qualifications
3. Non- traditional items
4. Sound financial position

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2nd Category
1. Established in cities and towns
2. Having sufficient education
3. Both traditional and non- traditional items
4. Undertaking women services – kindergarten, crèches, beauty parlours, health clinic
3rd Category
1. Illiterate women
2. Financially weak
3. Involved in family business such as agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, dairy, fisheries, agro
forestry, handloom, power loom etc.
If we see the data given by World Bank Doing Business in India 2009 than we find out that the women work
participation in India is 31.6 percent ,USA -45 percent, U.K- 43 percent, Indonesia- 40 percent, Sri Lanka-
45 percent, Brazil -35 percent.
REASONS FOR WOMEN TO BECOME AN ENTREPRENEUR

Women become entrepreneurs by choice Women become entrepreneurs by

Due to the following reason necessity
due to the following reasons
1. Start own business 1. Job dissatisfaction
2. Contribute something to the society 2. Necessity
3. Get economic independence 3. Flexible work environment
4. To be the boss 4. Had skill set to commence the business
5. To gain social prestige 5. Increasing standard of living
6. Success stories of friends and relatives 6. Continue her family business
7. High profit margin in this business 7. Encouragement from family members
8. Use government subsidies, incentives and 8. Encouragement from support agencies
concession 9. Aspiration about my children
9. Availability of raw material 10. Share family economic burden
10. Heavy demand for product/service 11. Death or sickness of bread earner of
11. To materialize idea into a capital the family member
12. To prove herself among family members
13. Liberty to take decisions
14. Generation of employment
15. Self-identity
16. For a bright future

Women by nature preferably choose to work in service sector like education, social services and household
services such as domestic work. But at the same time the startup motivations vary from industry to
industry. Women in low income countries have strong incentives to create their own work environments
that are compatible with their child rearing and household responsibilities at the same time. Women
entrepreneur of21st century is potentially motivated for change in order to improve the living conditions of
her family, provide a sharing hand to her husband in income generation, provide quality education to her
children, contribute positively by creating job opportunities, empowering other women and bringing out
the society out of economic disparity and unemployment.

FACTORS INFLUENCING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

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1 Push Factors- Push factors are elements of necessity such as insufficient family income, dissatisfaction
with salaries job, difficulty in finding work and a need for flexible work schedule because of family
responsibilities. These factors may have more importance for women than for men.
2 Pull Factors -Factors that work as entrepreneurial drive factors relate to independence, self-fulfillment,
entrepreneurial drive and desire for wealth, power and social status, co-operation and support of family
members and a strong network of contacts. The most prominent factor is self achievement expressed in
terms of challenge which helps women to start, run their own business and turn it into a profitable venture.
When a strong need for achievement could not be fulfilled through a salaried position or when there was a
desire to transform a perceived opportunity into a marketable idea, then these factors work for a women to
start their own venture.
CHALLENGES FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Even though entrepreneurship has its own advantages, it is not free of problems. For this there are a
number of factors (Samiti, 2006), (Tan, 2000) classified the basic factors that affect entrepreneurs in to two
broad categories –economic and social. The economic factors include competition in the market; lack of
access to the market, lack of access to raw material, lack of capital or finance, lack of marketing knowledge;
lack of production/ storage space; poor infrastructure; inadequate power supply and lack of business
training The social factors include lack of social acceptability; having limited contacts outside prejudice and
class bias; society looks down upon; attitude of other employees; and relations with the work force. Besides
this, Gemechis (2007), Hisrich (2005), ILO (2009) added Social and cultural attitude towards youth
entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship education; administrative and regulatory framework; and business
assistance and support; barriers to access technology are crucial factors that affect entrepreneurial success.
1. Balance between family and career- Women in India are very emotionally attached to their home and
families. They are supposed to attend to all the domestic work, to look after the children and other
family members. They are overburdened with family responsibilities like taking care of husband,
children and in laws which takes away a lot of their time and energy. In such situation, it is very difficult
to concentrate and run an organization successfully and efficiently.
2. Limited access to finance - Access to finance is a key issue for women. Accessing credit, particularly
for starting an enterprise, is one of the major constraints faced by women entrepreneurs. Women often
have fewer opportunities than men to gain access to credit for various reasons, including lack of
collateral, an unwillingness to accept household assets as collateral and negative perceptions of female
entrepreneurs by loan officers (Mahbub, 2000). Women entrepreneurs suffer a lot in raising and
meeting the financial needs of the business. Bankers, creditors and financial institutes do not come
forward to provide financial assistance to women borrowers on the ground of their less credit
worthiness. They also face financial problem due to blockage of funds in raw materials, inventory,
work-in-progress, finished goods and non receipt of payment from customers on time.
3. Inadequate Marketing skills -The ability to tap into new markets requires expertise, knowledge and
contacts. Women often lack access to training and experience in on how to participate in the market
place and are therefore unable to market goods and services strategically. Thus, women-owned SMEs
are often unable to take on both the production and marketing of their goods. In addition, they have
often not been exposed to the international market, and therefore lack knowledge about what is
internationally acceptable. The high cost of developing new business contacts and relationships in a
new country or market is a big deterrent and obstacle for many SMEs, in particular women-owned
businesses. Women may also fear or face prejudice or sexual harassment, and may be restricted in their
ability to travel to make contacts (UNECE, 2004). Since most women cannot run around for marketing,
distribution and money collection, they have to depend on middle men for the above activities. Middle
men tend to exploit them in the appearance of helping. They work in order to add their own profit
margin which results in less sales and lesser profit for women entrepreneurs.
4. Illiteracy or low level of Education- Women in India are lagging far behind in the field of education.
Even after more than 70 years of independence many women are still illiterate. Those who are
educated are provided either less or inadequate education than their male counterpart partly due to
early marriage, partly due to household responsibilities and partly due to poverty. Due to lack of proper
education, most women entrepreneurs remain in dark about the development of new technology, new
methods of production, marketing, networking and other governmental support which will encourage
them to rise in the field of management.

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5. Socio-cultural barriers- The traditions and customs prevailing in Indian societies sometimes stand as
an obstacle before women which stop them from growing and prospering. Castes and religions
dominate our society and hinder women entrepreneurs too. In rural areas, they face even greater social
barriers. They are always seen with an eye of suspicion.
6. Access to networks -Women have fewer business contacts, less knowledge of how to deal with the
governmental bureaucracy and less bargaining power, all of which further limit their growth. Since
most women entrepreneurs operate on a small scale, and are generally not members of professional
organizations or part of other networks, they often find it difficult to access information. Most existing
networks are male dominated and sometimes not particularly welcoming to women but prefer to be
exclusive. Even when a woman does venture into these networks, her task is often difficult because
most network activities take place after regular working hours. There are hardly any women-only or
women-majority networks where a woman could enter, gain confidence and move further. Lack of
networks also deprives women of awareness and exposure to good role models. Few women are
invited to join trade missions or delegations, due to the combined invisibility of women-dominated
sectors or sub sectors and of women as individuals within any given sector (Mahbub, 2000).
7. Access to policymakers - Most women have little access to policymakers or representation on
policymaking bodies. Large companies and men can more easily influence policy and have access to
policymakers, who are seen more as their peers. Women tend not to belong to, and even less reach
leadership positions in, mainstream business organizations, limiting their input into policymaking
through lobbying.
8. Entrepreneurial Skill- Lack of entrepreneurial aptitude is a matter of concern for women
entrepreneurs. They have limited entrepreneurial abilities. Even after attending various training
programmes on entrepreneurship women entrepreneurs fail to overcome the risks and troubles that
may come up in an organisational working.
9. Lack of Self-Confidence-Women entrepreneurs because of their inherent nature, lack self-confidence
which is essentially a motivating factor in running an enterprise successfully. They have to work hard to
strike a balance between managing a family and managing an enterprise. Sometimes they have to
sacrifice their entrepreneurial urge in order to strike a balance between the two which results in loss of
a prospective entrepreneur.
10. Mobility Constraints- Women mobility in India is highly limited and has become a problem due to
traditional values and limited driving skills. Moving alone and asking for a room to stay out at night for
business purposes is still looked upon with suspicious eyes. Sometimes, inexperienced women feel
uncomfortable in dealing with men who show extra interest in them other than work related aspects.
SUGGESTION FOR CHANGING CHALLENGES INTO POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITIES
1. Women should understand and implement the new way to balance work and life.
2. There should be a continuous attempt to inspire, encourage, motivate and co-operate women
entrepreneurs.
3. An Awareness programme should be conducted on a mass scale with the intention of creating
awareness among women about the various areas to conduct business.
4. Women entrepreneurs should spend some time to study and observe the nature of challenges women
face in business.
5. The government should organize training programmes to develop professional competencies in
managerial, leadership, marketing, financial, production process, profit planning, maintaining books
of accounts and other skills. This will encourage women to undertake business and Women should
attend training programs, seminars, workshop and conferences. This may help to reduce the
challenges they face in business.
6. Women should start their business from micro or small level and allow it to grow gradually. Women
in business should be offered soft loans & subsides for encouraging them into industrial activities.
The financial institutions should provide more working capital assistance both for small scale venture
and large scale ventures.
7. Educational institutes should tie up with various government and non-government agencies to assist
in entrepreneurship development mainly to plan business projects.
8. Skill development to be done in women's polytechnics and industrial training institutes. Skills are put
to work in training-cum-production workshops. Women should try to upgrade themselves in the
changing times by adapting the latest technology benefits. Women must be educated and trained
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constantly to acquire the skills and knowledge in all the functional areas of business management.
This can facilitate women to excel in decision making process and develop a good business network.
9. The weaker section could raise funds through various schemes and incentives provided by the
government to develop entrepreneurs in the state. E.g. the Prime ministers Rozgar Yojana, The Khadi
and Rural village industries scheme, Entrepreneurial Development programme , Women’s
Development Corporations , Indira Mahila Yojana ,Indira Mahila Kendra, Mahila Samiti Yojana,
MahilaVikasNidhi, Micro Credit Scheme ,Rashtriya Mahila Kosh, Mahila Vikas Nidhi ,SBI’s Stree Shakti
Scheme etc.
10. Women’s entrepreneurship must be examined both at the individual level (i.e. the choice of becoming
self-employed) and at the firm level (the performance of women owned and managed firms) in order
to fully understand the differences between men’s and women’s entrepreneurship.

CONCLUSION
From the various research papers studied several challenges faced by women entrepreneurs have
come into focus. These include balance between family and career, socio-cultural barriers, male dominated
society, illiteracy or low level of education, dearth of financial assistance, lack of technical knowledge,
marketing and entrepreneurial skills, lack of self-confidence and mobility constraints. Now the time has
come for women to come out of the burden of housework and give way to their creativity and
entrepreneurship. Social and political developments in India have also been responsible for determining the
role of women in a changing society. The government schemes, incentives and subsidies have stimulated
and provided support measures to women entrepreneurs. With the increase in the number of women
getting education, there is considerable awareness among women to be self employed thus leading to
change in the role of women in the society
Since the 21th century the status of women in India has been changing as a result to growing
industrialization and urbanization, spasmodic mobility and social legislation. Over the years, more and
more women are going for higher education, technical and professional education and their proportion in
the workforce has also been increased. With the spread of education and awareness, women have shifted
from kitchen, handicrafts and traditional cottage industries to non- traditional higher levels of activities.
Even, the government has laid special emphasis on the need for conducting special entrepreneurial training
programe for women to enable them to start their own ventures. Financial institutions and banks have also
set up special cell to assist women entrepreneurs. This has boomerang the women entrepreneurs on the
economic scene in the recent years although many women’s entrepreneurship enterprises are still
remained a much neglected field. I observed that Women are very good entrepreneurs, and prefer to choose
the same as they can maintain work life balance. Even though we have many successful Women
Entrepreneurs in our country, but as we have a male dominated culture there are many challenges which
women entrepreneurs face from family & Society.

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