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210170-210176-Telecomm-B Ecd Lab Report No 2

This document describes an experiment measuring the frequency responses of low-pass and high-pass RC circuits. It includes objectives, equipment used, procedures for building and testing low-pass and high-pass filter circuits, data tables of results, calculations of cutoff frequencies, and bode plots of gain versus frequency.

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Hadiqa Rehman
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33 views7 pages

210170-210176-Telecomm-B Ecd Lab Report No 2

This document describes an experiment measuring the frequency responses of low-pass and high-pass RC circuits. It includes objectives, equipment used, procedures for building and testing low-pass and high-pass filter circuits, data tables of results, calculations of cutoff frequencies, and bode plots of gain versus frequency.

Uploaded by

Hadiqa Rehman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AIR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 2

Lab Title: Frequency Response of RC Circuit as Low Pass and High Pass Filter

Student Name: Junaid Abid , Hadiqa Rehman Reg. No:210176 , 210170

Objective:

• To measure the frequency responses of low-pass and high-pass RC circuits.


• Plot frequency response graphs (Bode plots) of the gain vs frequency.

LAB ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory


Attributes (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Ability to Conduct
Experiment
Ability to assimilate the
results
Effective use of lab
equipment and follows the
lab safety rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory


Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Data presentation

Experimental results

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:


Date: Signature:

ECD Lab Report No 2

Frequency Response of RC Circuit as Low Pass and High Pass Filter

Objective:
 To measure the frequency responses of low-pass and high-pass RC circuits.
 Plot frequency response graphs (Bode plots) of the gain vs frequency.

Equipment’s Required:
 Function Generator
 Oscilloscope
 Resistors
 Capacitor

Lab Task 1:

Low Pass Filter:

A low-pass filter (LPF) is a circuit that only passes signals below its cutoff frequency
while attenuating all signals above it. It is the complement of a high-pass filter, which
only passes signals above its cutoff frequency and attenuates all signals below it.

Low-pass filters can also be used in conjunction with high-pass filters to form bandpass,
band-stop, and notch filters. A bandpass filter passes a range of frequencies while
attenuating all frequencies outside of the band. A band-stop filter (also called a band
reject filter) does the opposite, attenuating signals within its stopband while passing all
frequencies outside of it.

LowPass Filter
Procedure:

 Build the low pass filter circuit shown in Figure.


 Set up CHANNEL 1 and CHANNEL 2 of the oscilloscope for AC coupling and
a 1x probe.
 With the function generator connected to the circuit, set V in(t) to be sinusoidal
at a frequency of 1Hz and 10 V p-p, with 0 V DC offset. (Note that all specified
frequencies are approximate. You will measure the actual frequency that you
are using.) Using the oscilloscope measure and record the peak amplitude of
Vin(t) and Vout(t) in Data
Table
 Using the values for R = 470 ohm and C=1uF from Figure , calculate the Cut
off frequency for the low pass filter by using formula given below.
1
cut off

2 RC
cut off

f c (Hz) 2

Data Table 1 :
Measured Low Pass Filter Response

Input
Gain in
Frequency Vin(peak) Vout(Peak) Gain (Vout/Vin)
dB
(Hz)
10.56 V 10.64 V 10.64/10.56=1.007 0.06
10
100 10.56 V 10.0 V 10/10.56=0.94 -0.53
1000 10.0 V 3.16 V 3.16/10=0.31 -10.1
10kHz 10.0 V 440mV 440mV/10=0.044 -27.1
100kHz 10.0 V 200mV 200mV/10=0.02 -33.9
1000KHz 10.0 V 120mV 120mv/10=0.012 -38.4

Calculation for Cut off Frequency = w=1/2πRC = 1 / 2(3.14)(470Ω)(1µF)=338.7


Hz

Measured cutoff frequency= 348.1 Hz


Error in calculated and measured value=Measured-Calculated/ Calculated *100
=348.1-338.7/338.7 * 100
=2.77%
Bode Plot:

Frequency Response of Low Pass Filter


Lab Task 2:

High Pass Filter:

A high-pass filter (HPF) is an electronic filter that passes signals with a


frequency higher than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies
lower than the cutoff frequency. The amount of attenuation for each frequency depends
on the filter design. A high-pass filter is usually modeled as a linear time-invariant
system. It is sometimes called a low-cut filter or bass-cut filter in the context of audio
engineering. In electronics, a filter is a two-port electronic circuit which removes
frequency components from a signal (time-varying voltage or current) applied to its
input port. A high-pass filter attenuates frequency components below a certain
frequency, called its cutoff frequency, allowing higher frequency components to pass
through. This contrasts with a low-pass filter, which attenuates frequencies higher than
a certain frequency, and a bandpass filter, which allows a certain band of frequencies
through and attenuates frequencies both higher and lower than the band.

High Pass Filter


Procedure:
 Build the high pass filter circuit shown in Figure .
 Set up CHANNEL 1 and CHANNEL 2 of the oscilloscope for AC coupling and
a 1x probe.
 With the function generator connected to the circuit, set V in(t) to be sinusoidal
at a frequency of 1Hz and 10 V p-p, with 0 V DC offset. (Note that all specified
frequencies are approximate. You will measure the actual frequency that you
are using.) Using the oscilloscope measure and record the peak amplitude of
Vin(t) and Vout(t) in Data Table 2.
 Using the values for R = 470 ohm and C=1uF from Figure , calculate the Cut
off frequency for the high pass filter by using formula given below.

1
cut off

2 RC
cut off

f c (Hz) 2

Data Table 2:

Measured High Pass Filter Response

Input
Gain in
Frequency Vin(peak) Vout(Peak) Gain (Vout/Vin)
dB
(Hz)
10 10.2 V 350mV 350mV/10.2=0.034 -29.3
100 10.2 V 2.68V 2.68/10.2 = 0.26 -11.7
1000 10.2 V 8.4 V 8.4/10.2 = 0.82 -1.72
10kHz 10.8 V 9.6 V 9.6 / 10.8 = 0.88 -1.11
100kHz 10.8 V 10.6 V 10.6 / 10.8 = 0.98 -0.17
1000KHz 10.6 V 10.4 V 10.4 / 10.6 = 0.98 -0.17

Calculation for Cut off


Frequency=w=1/2πRC=1/2(3.14)(470Ω)(1µF)=338.7Hz
Measured Cut off Frequency= 347 Hz
Error between measure and calculated values=
Measured-Calculated/Calculated*100
=347-338.1/338.1 *100
=2.45 %
Bode Plot:

Frequency Response of High Pass Filter

Conclusion:
In this Lab we have have pracitically learned and observed the frequency
responses of High and low Pass Filters ,their cut-off frequency was
approximately same and after that frequency they behave as high or low pass
filters.

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