HYDROCARBONS

HYDROCARBON
WHAT IS A HYDROCARBON?
●Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only
●They are good sources of energy
●They are used for manufacture of polymers
●They are used for making dyes and drugs
●Example: petrol, diesel, kerosene etc. Contain mixture of
hydrocarbons
PAPER Drugs/
Medicine
FOOD
CLASSIFICATION OF OF
CLASSIFICATION
HYDROCARBONS
HYDROCARBONS
ALKANES (PARAFFINS )
●Saturated open chain hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon single
bonds
●Examples: methane, ethane, propane etc.
●General formula: CnH2n+2
●Nomenclature: by suffixing ‘ane’ to the parent name
●Shows chain isomerism in compounds
●Non polar molecules with weak forces of attraction especially in case
of lower members.
METHANE
● First member of the alkane family
● Chemical formula: CH4
● Tetrahedral structure
● Carbon atom lies at the centre
● Four hydrogen atoms lie at the corners
● Bond angle H-C-H is 109.50
● Overlapping takes place between sp3 hybrid
Orbitals of carbon and 1s orbitals of hydrogen atom
PREPARTION OF ALKANES
Petroleum and natural gas are main source of alkanes. However
alkanes are prepared by following method
1.From unsaturated hydrocarbons
When alkenes and alkynes undergo reduction in the presence of
platinum or nickel catalyst, they give alkanes.
2.FROM ALKYL HALIDES
Alkyl halides undergo reduction in the presence of zinc and dilute
hydrochloric acid to give alkanes.
CH3-Cl +H2 -----Zn/H+----> CH4

C2H5-Br --Zn/H+---------> C2H6
WURTZ REACTION
When alkyl halides reacts with metallic sodium in the presence of
dry ether we get alkanes having double number of carbon atom
present in the parent alkyl halide.
3.FROM DECARBOXYLATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Sodium salt of carboxylic acid is reacted with soda lime

to get corresponding alkanes.
RCOO-Na+ + NaOH/CaO R-H + Na2CO3

KOLBE'S ELECTROLYTIC METHOD
An aqueous solution of sodium or potassium salt of carboxylic acid on
electrolysis gives alkanes
Physical Properties
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF
ALKANES
SUBSTITUTION REACTION
One or more hydrogen atom of alkanes are replaced by

halogen, the reaction take place at higher temperature and or
in the presence of diffused sunlight .When methane is treated
with chlorine in the presence of sunlight, hydrogen atom of
methane can be successively replaced by chorine atom.
COMBUSTION REACTION
Alkanes on heating with oxygen gives carbon dioxide and water

CONTROLLED OXIDATION OF ALKANES
Alkanes on heating with regulated supply of oxygen at higher pressure

in the presence of suitable catalyst give variety of product
AROMATIZATION
WHEN NORMAL ALKANES HAVING SIX OR MORE CARBON ATOMS ON HEATING

TO 773K AT 10-20 ATM PRESSURE IN THE PRESENCE OF OXIDES OF VANADIUM,
MOLYBDENUM, OR CHROMIUM SUPPORTED OVER ALUMINA GET
DEHYDROGENATED AND CYCLISED TO BENZENE.
CONFORMATIONS OF ETHANE
ALKENES
●UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS CONTAINING ATLEAST ONE DOUBLE
BOND
●EXAMPLE: ETHENE, PROPENE, BUTENE
Structure – Plannar
●GENERAL FORMULA: CnH2n Bond Angle - 1200
●NOMENCLATURE: BY SUFFIXING ‘ENE’ TO THE PARENT NAME
●SHOWS CHAIN, POSITION, AND GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM
●EASILY ATTACKED BY ELECTROPHILIC REAGENTS
PREPARATION OF ALKENES
FROM ALCOHOLS
ALCOHOLS ON REACTING WITH CON H2SO4 GIVE

ALKENES
FROM ALKANES
ALKANES ON PARTIAL REDUCTION WE GET ALKENES.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS
OF ALKENES
REACTION WITH HYDROGEN HALIDES
HYDROGEN HALIDES ADDED TO UNSYMMETRICAL

ALKENES FORM ALKYL HALIDES. HERE THEY
OBEY MARKOVNIKOVS RULE.
ANTI MARKOWNIKOV’S RULE
ALKYNES
●USATURATED HYDROCARBONS WITH ATLEAST ONE TRIPLE BOND
●EXAMPLES: ETHYNE, PROPYNE, BUTYNE ETC.
●GENERAL FORMULA: CnH2n-2
●NOMENCLATURE: BY SUFFIXING ‘YNE’ TO THE PARENT NAME
●SHOWS CHAIN AND POSITION ISOMERS
●WEAKLY POLAR AND SHOWS ACIDIC BEHAVIOUR
PREPARATION OF ALKYNES
FROM CALCIUM CARBIDE
When calcium carbide is treated with water, ethyne is

released.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ALKYNES
REDUCTION
ADDITION OF HYDROGEN TO ALKYNES PRODUCES
ALKANES.
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
●ALSO KNOWN AS ‘ARENES’
●MOST OF THEM POSSESS ‘AROMA’-MEANING PLEASANT SMELL
●CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO BENZENOIDS AND NON BENZENOIDS
●MOST OF THEM ARE RING COMPOUNDS
●EXAMPLES: BENZENE, NAPHTHALENE, TOLUENE ETC.
BENZENE
BENZENE
●BENZENE CONSIDERED AS PARENT AROMATIC
COMPOUND
●CHEMICAL FORMULA: C6H6
●KEKULE STRUCTURE
●ALTERNATE SINGLE AND DOUBLE BONDS
●HIGHLY STABLE DUE TO RESONANCE
●SIX CARBON ATOMS FORM CLOSED CHAIN
●ONE HYDROGEN IS ATTACHED TO EACH CARBON
ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF BENZENE

HYDROCARBONS

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HYDROCARBON

CH3-Cl +H2 -----Zn/H+----> CH4

Sodium salt of carboxylic acid is reacted with soda lime

RCOO-Na+ + NaOH/CaO R-H + Na2CO3

One or more hydrogen atom of alkanes are replaced by

Alkanes on heating with oxygen gives carbon dioxide and water

Alkanes on heating with regulated supply of oxygen at higher pressure

WHEN NORMAL ALKANES HAVING SIX OR MORE CARBON ATOMS ON HEATING

ALCOHOLS ON REACTING WITH CON H2SO4 GIVE

ALKANES ON PARTIAL REDUCTION WE GET ALKENES.

HYDROGEN HALIDES ADDED TO UNSYMMETRICAL

When calcium carbide is treated with water, ethyne is

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