Summary For Ielts-1-70

IELTS WRITING TASK 1, 2
Dbui821 - [2024]
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Writing Task 1
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PROCESS
MAN-MADE PROCESS
OUTLINE
Introduction
The picture illustrates the production of
The diagram demonstrates the process of producing/making…
shows
describes how… is produced/made.
the manufacturing process of …
the structure and operation of …
Overview
Overall, the process consists of … steps/stages, beginning with (1)… and ending with (2)…
(1): bước đầu tiên
(2): bước kết thúc
Overall, (1) … consists of … components, and its purpose is (2) …
(1): tên thiết bị
(2): mục đích sử dụng
Body Paragraphs
Depending on each process to divide into 2-3 body paragraphs (2-3 đoạn)
VOCABULARY
Raw materials
● To be picked /pɪkt/: Được hái
● To be harvested /ˈhɑːvɪstɪd/: Được thu hoạch
● To be collected /kəˈlektɪd/: Được thu gom
● To be delivered/ transported/ sent/ taken to somewhere

/dɪˈlɪvəd/ /trænsˈpɔːtɪd/ /sɛnt/ /ˈteɪkən/: Được đem tới
Processing stage
● To be dried in the sun /draɪd/: Được phơi dưới nắng
● To be cleaned/ washed /kliːnd/ /wɒʃt/: Được làm sạch / Được rửa
● To be roasted /ˈrəʊstɪd/: Được rang khô
● To be ground /ɡraʊnd/: Được xay thành bột
● To be put into/onto something /pʊt/: Được bỏ vào
● To be sorted/graded /ˈsɔːtɪd/: Được phân loại
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● To be fermented /fəˈmentɪd/: Được lên men

● To be molded /ˈməʊldɪd/: Được đúc khuôn
● To be boiled /bɔɪld/: Được đun sôi
● To be frozen /ˈfrəʊzn/: Được cấp đông
● To be cooled /kuːld/: Được làm lạnh
● To be removed /rɪˈmuːvd/: Được loại bỏ
● To be separated /ˈsepəreɪtɪd/: Được tách ra
● To be mixed with something /ˈsepəreɪtɪd/: Được trộn với
● To be crushed /krʌʃt/: Được nghiền nát
Finishing stage
• To be delivered/ transported/ sent/ taken to somewhere
/dɪˈlɪvəd/ /trænsˈpɔːtɪd/ /sɛnt/ /ˈteɪkən/: Được đem tới
• To be packaged /ˈpækɪdʒd/: Được đóng gói
• To be sold /səʊld/: Được bán
• To be delivered to …, ready to be sold/used/stored.
• To be sealed: được dán niêm phong
• To be labelled: được dán nhãn mác
SEQUENCING WORDS
Beginnings Middles Endings

• Initially • Secondly • Finally
• At first • thirdly • Eventually
• To start with • later • In time
• First of all • then • In the end
• Firstly • afterwards • Ultimately
• To begin with • at this point • Lastly
• In the beginning • meanwhile
• next
• after that
• subsequently
• later on
• during this time
SEQUENCING PHRASES
First of all, the beans must be dried.
The first step (in making coffee) is to dry the beans.

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The next/final stage (in the coffee-making process) is drying the beans.
The process (of making coffee) starts/begins with drying the beans.
After this, the beans are dried.
After/Once the beans have been harvested, they are dried.
Verb forms
Imperative – First, harvest the beans and then dry them
Present simple active – The workers dry the beans
Present simple passive – The beans are then dried
Present perfect passive – After the beans have been harvested, they are dried
Passive modal verbs – The beans must be dried
is + to + infinitive – The next step is to dry the beans

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The diagram illustrates the process by which waste paper is recycled.
In general, it can be seen that the process involves six main stages, starting from the collection
of waste paper from various sources and ending with the reproduction of usable paper.
The process of recycling used paper starts by collecting waste paper either from public paper
banks or from companies. This collected paper is then categorized by hand according to its grade
and during this process, unsuitable paper is removed. At the following stage, sorted paper is
delivered to a paper mill.
After being transported to the mill, the paper is then cleaned and turned into a pulp mixture.
Foreign matters such as staples are taken out during this cleaning process. This is followed by
another cleaning stage where ink and glue are removed from the mixture. Finally, the pulp is
treated in a machine and the final product – usable paper is made.
SAMPLE ANSWER
Exercise 1: The diagram below shows the recycling process of plastics.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons
where relevant..
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
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The given diagram illustrates the process of plastic recycling.
Overall, there are essentially six stages in the plastic recycling process, beginning with the buying,
using and discarding of new plastic products and ending with newly recycled products entering
the market again.
In the first stage, new products displayed in shops are purchased, used and thrown away. Plastic
bags, along with other garbage, are sent and buried in landfill sites. Plastic bottles and containers
however, are collected for recycling. After being gathered, the plastic bottles are then taken to
sorting houses where they are divided into different categories.
Once the plastic has been sorted, it is then loaded onto trucks and transported to factories where
it is processed and made into new plastic products. These new, recycled plastic products are then
finally distributed back to retail shops where they are sold, reused and discarded once again,
thereby continuing the process.
Exercise 2: The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for
the building industry.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
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The diagram gives information about the manufacturing process of construction bricks.
Overall, the whole process consists of generally seven steps, beginning with the collection of raw
materials and ending with packaging finished products to different locations.
To begin with, the clay is collected by a digger machine and then the clay is passed through a
metal grid to grind them. The smashed clays are transported to a roller and sand and water are
mixed with this. The mixture later either moves through a brick cutter, which is the shape of bricks,
or is placed into a mould in which the shape of a brick is formed.
At the following stage, these brick-shaped parts are put into a drying oven and stay there for 24
to 48 hours. Next, they are transferred to the first kiln for heating, whose temperature is moderate,
200 to 980 C. After this, they are heated in the second kiln at the high temperature from 870-
1300C. Subsequently, in a cooling chamber, they are cooled for two to three days before they are
packaged and delivered to the construction sites.
Exercise 3: The diagram below shows the production of olive oil.
where relevant.
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The diagram illustrates the process by which olive oil is produced.
Overall, this is a step-by-step process that involves seven stages, from the harvesting of the
mature fruit from olive trees, to the packaging and sale of the finished products.
Initially, ripe olives are harvested from trees by farmers and then taken to a rinsing machine where
they are washed in cold water. After being rinsed, the olives are transferred via conveyor belt to
another machine which grinds the olives to separate the fruit from the seeds. During this stage,
the olives are ground into a paste, and the olive stones are removed.
The olive paste is then placed in a type of perforated bag before being put through a pressing
machine, followed by another process where any excessive water is separated from the oil. And
finally, the olive oil is packaged and delivered to shops where it can be sold.
Exercise 4: The diagram below shows one way of manufacturing ceramic pots.
where relevant.
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The diagram illustrates the steps by which ceramic pots are manufactured.
Overall, it can be easily seen that the process consists of ten steps, beginning with the collection
of raw materials, to the colouring and decoration of the finished products.
Looking into the diagram for more details, the process commences when raw materials are dug
out of the ground by a machine called digger before being transported by trucks to a factory where
the following eight stages will be conducted. At the factory, the raw materials are crushed twice
to become powder. The next step involves mixing the powder with water, then the resulting
mixture is poured into moulds to form the shape of ceramic pots. After that, the moulds are dried
for 4 to 6 hours.
At the following stage, the assembled clay pots in the previous step are placed into an oven and
heated at the temperature of over 1,000 degrees Celsius. The pots are subsequently coloured
before undergoing colour firing to become finished pots which are finally ready for sale or for use.
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MAP
VOCABULARY
The difference between ‘to’ and ‘in/on/at’:

“B is to the west/left of A”: B is not a part of A. (Vietnam is to the east of Laos)
“B is in the south-west/on the bottom right-hand corner of A”: B is a part of A. (Vietnam is in the
south-east of Asia)
Buildings Built, constructed, erected: Được xây lên

Rebuilt, Renovated, reconstructed, modernized: Được xây
lại
Converted, transformed (into something): Được biến đổi
thành …
Replaced (by/with something): Được thế chỗ bởi …
Moved/Relocated (to somewhere): Được di dời tới …
Extended, expanded: Được mở rộng
Demolished, knocked down, flattened: Bị dỡ bỏ
Trees/forest Cut-down, chopped down: Bị chặt hạ

Cleared (to make way for): Bị xóa sổ để dành chỗ cho
Planted: Được trồng
Bridge, port, road, Constructed, built, erected: Được xây lên

railway Extended, expanded: Được mở rộng
Reopened: Được khôi phục
Amenities Opened up, set up, established: Được xây dựng

(Swimming pool, spa, Developed, expanded: Được mở rộng
workout facilities,…)
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STRUCTURE
Number Structures Examples

1 1. One of the major changes One of the major changes is that the outdoor
was that … area was developed.
2 In …, there was a … + In 2002, there was a library in the center of the

[direction]. campus. Now/Over the next five years, it was
replaced by an art gallery.
In …, the … was
located/situated + [direction].
In 2002, there was a library in the center of the
campus. It was then replaced by an art gallery.
3 Over the next … years,/After
… years, it was Vp.p.
It was then Vp.p.
4 [Direction], a/a new/the/the In the bottom right-hand corner of the map, the
old … was Vp.p. old gym was demolished.
On the left-hand side of the map, a new car park

was built.
5 The area + [direction], The area to the west of the village, previously an
previously a/an …, was Vp.p industrial area, was replaced by residential
buildings.
6 The/ A new… was Vp.p + A new library was built next to the car park.
[direction] + [place]
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OUTLINE
Paragraph 1: Introduction – paraphrase the question
The illustrate the transformation of a + [place] after some from …. to …..

pictures describe developments between … and
The maps demonstrate …
The plans how a [place] changed/ transformed after over a …-year
some developments period
in … compared
a number of changes which took place in to …
[place] in … and in …
Ex:
The maps below compare 2 plans of one trade conference held in 2009 and 2010.
The given maps illustrate the transformation of a conference hall in 2010 compared to 2009.
The plans below show the layout of a public park in 1990 and in 2020.
The maps below show the development of the village of Ryemouth between 1995 and present.
The plans below show a public park when it first opened in 1920 and the same park today.
The maps below show an island, before and after the constructions of some tourist facilities.
Paragraph 2: Overview – general description and the most significant differences

Overall, the area witnessed radical changes with the most noticeable
being + [changes]
Overall, the + [place] + was totally transformed in a number of …, especially in the area +
different ways [direction]
Overall, the + [place] + has been completely transformed after
the constructions of several facilities.
Note: [changes] =
1. The relocation and expansion of + ABC: sự di dời và mở rộng của + ABC

2. The replacement of ABC for XYZ: sự thay thế của cái cũ (ABC) cho cái mới
(XYZ)
3. The addition of ABC: sự thêm vào của ABC
4. The erection/construction of ABC: sự xây dựng thêm ABC
5. The disappearance of ABC: sự biến mất của ABC
Ex:
Overall, the library witnessed radical changes with the most noticeable being the replacement of
a concert hall and a meeting room for an exhibition area.
Overall, the campus witnessed various changes with the most noticeable being the addition of
more recreational facilities, especially in the area in the bottom right-hand corner.
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Paragraph 3: Main paragraph 1

One of the major changes was that …
In 1990, … was located …

Over the period shown, …
Paragraph 4: Main paragraph 2

To the … of the (area), …
Meanwhile, …
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SAMPLE ANSWER
Exercise 1:
The two maps describe a number of changes which took place in Islip town during a 10-
year period starting from 2005.
Overall, the town has been completely transformed after the constructions of several
facilities.
In 2005, the main road running from east to west was lined with shops. There were two
housing areas to the south of this road while the northern side remained a rural area. A
school was located to the west of the residential areas and there was a park to the east
of the accommodations. Both the school and the park were connected to the main road
by minor roads.
As can be seen from the second picture, the most notable change that took place in Islip
in 2010 was the construction of a dual carriageway surrounding the town. Besides, the
main road was converted into a pedestrian precinct and the shops on the north side of it
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were demolished. A bus stop and a car park were built and in the middle of these areas,
a shopping mall was established. In addition, there was also a new housing area which
can be accessed via a minor road connecting with the divided highway. Finally, more
accommodations were also built on the south side of the pedestrian zone and the park
was made smaller to make way for this development.
Exercise 2:
The maps illustrate a number of changes in the layout of an art gallery in Australia between
1950 and the present day.
Overall, the area has witnessed radical changes with the most noticeable being the addition of
new rooms at the expense of the courtyard. Meanwhile, most areas on the left hand and right
hand side have remained relatively unchanged.
In 1950, a courtyard was located at the rear of the building. This has been replaced by an art
school for children, a room for Australian art, and a room for Australian Aboriginal art. The café
located behind the temporary exhibition area on the left hand side is now half the size as it was
in 1950 and shares the space with a block of toilets.
The entrance and sculpture room have remained intact, however, the room which previously
housed the Australian art at the front right side of the building is now a room for Asian art.
Exercise 3: The maps below show a school library 5 years ago and now.
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Sample 1
The pictures illustrate the transformation of a school library over five years.
Overall, the library witnessed various changes with the most noticeable being the addition of
several rooms and facilities, especially in the area in the southwest.
One of the major changes is that a recording studio was constructed to replace the classroom
area. While the meeting room remains in the same place after 5 years, the space for the borrowing
and returning desk was separated into 2 different rooms.
In the center of the library, more private tables were set up for students to study at the moment
than before. Additionally, there were 2 areas for book shelves in the north and south of the library
5 years ago; however, the one in the south and the desk for computers in the top right-hand corner
were converted into desks for student’s laptops. Meanwhile, the library office in the bottom right-
hand corner was removed to make way for a new conference room.
Sample 2
The pictures illustrate how the layout of a school library has changed over five years.
Overall, significant changes have been made in terms of the library’s interior space design,
especially in the area to the southwest of the library.
A recording studio has been constructed to replace the classroom area. While the meeting room
remains in the same place after 5 years, the space for the borrowing and returning desk has been
separated into 2 different rooms.
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In the center of the library, more private tables have been set up for students to study at the
moment than before. Additionally, there were 2 areas for book shelves to the North and South of
the library 5 years ago; however, the one to the South as well as the desk for computers in the
North East corner has been converted into desks for student’s laptops. Further down the south, it
can be seen that the library office has been removed to make way for a new conference room.
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CHARTS/GRAPHS
1. TRENDS: xu hướng
Trends Verbs Nouns

động từ danh từ
Tăng increase an increase

rise a rise
grow a growth
go up an upward trend
climb
skyrocket
Giảm decrease a decrease

decline a decline
fall a fall
drop a drop
a downward trend
slump a slump
plunge a plunge
plummet a plummet
Ổn định remain stable Stability

remain unchanged
stabilize
Dao động fluctuate a fluctuation
Mức cao nhất hit the highest point of

reach a peak of
peak at
Mức thấp nhất hit the lowest point of

hit a low of
2. ADJ/ADV: tính từ và trạng từ mô tả thay đổi
ADJECTIVES ADVERBS
tính từ trạng từ
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Nhẹ/ít slight slightly

marginal marginally
moderate moderately
Đều/chậm steady steadily

gradual gradually
slow slowly
Mạnh/đáng kể dramatic dramatically

substantial substantially
remarkable remarkably
significant significantly
Nhanh quick quickly

sharp sharply
rapid rapidly
3. STRUCTURES: cấu trúc câu mô tả thay đổi
STRUCTURE 1:
S + V + ADV
The number of students increased significantly to 2,000 in 2006.
Số lượng học sinh tăng đáng kể lên 2000 vào năm 2006.
STRUCTURE 2:
There was + N/N.P + in the …
There was a significant increase of 500 in the number of students in 2006.

Có một sự tăng đáng kể thêm 500 học sinh vào năm 2006.
STRUCTURE 3:
S + witnessed/experienced + N/N.P
The number of students witnessed a significant increase of 500 in 2006.

Số lượng học sinh chứng kiến một sự tăng đáng kể thêm 500 vào năm 2006.
STRUCTURE 4:
N/N.P + was seen + in the …
A significant increase of 500 was seen in the number of students in 2006.

Một sự tăng đáng kể thêm 500 về số lượng học sinh được nhìn thấy vào năm 2006.
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STRUCTURE 5:
The year … + witnessed + N/N.P + in the …
The year 2020 witnessed a significant increase of 500 in the number of students.
Năm 2020 chứng kiến một sự tăng đáng kể thêm 500 về số lượng học sinh.
STRUCTURE 6:
S+ V, (which was) followed by
There was a fall to 1,500 in the number of students in 2015, which was followed by an increase
to 2,000 in 2016.
STRUCTURE 7:
S+V, but later + V
The number of students declined slightly to 1,500 in 2015, but later went up sharply by 500 in
2016.
STRUCTURE 8:
S+V before V-ing
The number of students declined slightly to 1,500 in 2015 before experiencing a sharp increase
of 500 in 2016.
STRUCTURE 9:
S+V after V-ing
The number of students experienced a sharp increase of 500 in 2016 after declining slightly to
1,500 in 2015.
STRUCTURE 10:
Starting at + số liệu + năm, S + V
Starting at 100 students in 2015, the number of students increased significantly to reach a peak
of 400 students in 2016.
4. PROJECTIONS (số liệu dự đoán)

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It is forecast that the proportion of the 15-

1. It is forecast that there will be 64-year-old population will decline
+N/NP significantly to 45% in 2040.
2. It is forecast that S + V (will)
The anticipated figure for people aged 65

3. The anticipated figure for … will and above will reach half of the total
increase/decrease… population in 2040.
The estimated figure for 14-year olds

4. The estimated figure for … will and below will drop slowly by roughly
(reach)… 20% from 2020 to 2030.
The projection for 14-year-olds will

5. The projection for … will … skyrocket by 20% in 2030.
The proportion of households with two

6. The figure for … is expected to + cars is expected to increase dramatically
increase/decrease … to just over 40% in 2030.
5. PREPOSITION: AT, TO, BY, OF, AROUND, BETWEEN
AT: ở mức
The crime rate stood at 5% in 2000.
The figure for rice export in Vietnam remained stable at $15 million in 2015.
The amount of electricity produced peaked at 10,000 units in 2000.
Hit the highest point of
Reach a peak of
Hit the lowest point of
TO: VERB/NOUN + TO: lên đến, giảm xuống

The number of students increased to 10,000 after 2 years.
There was an increase to 10,000 in the number of students after 2 years.
BY (tăng thêm/giảm đi): VERB + BY: giảm đi, tăng thêm

The number of students increased by 500 after 2 years.
OF (tăng thêm/giảm đi): NOUN + OF: giảm đi, tăng thêm

There was an increase of 500 in the number of students after 2 years.
The amount of electricity produced reached a peak of 10,000 units in 2006.
AROUND/BETWEEN…AND…: ở khoảng/từ…đến…
The unemployment rate of Vietnam fluctuated around 10% from 2006 to 2020.
The unemployment rate of Vietnam fluctuated between 8% and 12% from 2006 to 2020.
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6. PERCENTAGE
10% a tenth
20% a fifth
25% a quarter/ a fourth
33% a third
50% a half
66% two-thirds
75% three-fourths/ three quarters
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OUTLINE - DYNAMIC CHARTS

(Biểu đồ thay đổi theo năm)
INTRODUCTION: Paraphrase the question
The table shows the number of … between … and …

The bar chart illustrates the percentage of … from … to …
The pie chart demonstrates the proportion of … in …
The line graph compares in the year …
…
gives information about …
provides data about …
OVERVIEW: Main features
• Trends: Increase/decrease
• Volumes: Highest/lowest figures
Overall, … witnessed an upward trend while the opposite (pattern) was true for… In addition, the
highest/greatest/lowest figure was seen/recorded in the number/percentage of …
(or The highest figure was seen/recored in …, but it was overtaken by … in (year)).
BODY PARAGRAPH 1: group of figures (1,2,3..) with similar trends
• Sentence 1: show the number of figures (1,2,3…) in the first year
In (first year), the most significant number/percentage was (number), recorded for/in …It was
followed by … whose figure was lower, standing at …. The figure(s) for … and …., on the other
hand, only started at … and …., respectively.
Or
In (first year), … stood at … as opposed to/in comparison with/compared to … of/in …
Or give comparisons
In (first year), … stood at …, (twice) as much as that of …
In (first year), … stood at …, … higher than that of…

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• Sentence 2 and more: show the changes of these figures since then to the end of the
period
Over the next/following … years, …
BODY PARAGRAPH 2: group of figures (4,5,6..) – the rest
Similar to BODY PARAGRAPH 1

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SAMPLE ANSWER
Exercise 1:
The line graph illustrates the amount of money invested in four different studies by the US
government over a period of 28 years starting from 1980.
It is clear that US government expenditure for all researches increased over the period. It is also
noticeable that health was by far the most popular research field during the given period.
As can be seen from the graph, approximately 8 million dollars were disbursed on health, as
opposed to about 2.5 million dollars on energy sector in 1980. Since then, despite a considerable
decrease in the first 4 years, the US spending for health then rose dramatically to over $20 million
in 2004, before decreasing slightly by $2 million in 2008. Meanwhile, although remaining
unchanged until 1992, the amount of money poured into energy witnessed a significant growth to
just over $5 million in the last year.
Of the other research fields, the US government spent an equal amount of about $7 million on
other and space study in 1980. Over the following 28 years, after decreasing to $5milion in 1984,
the figures for space and other experienced fluctuations before ending at nearly $10 million and
$ 7 million at the end of the period respectively.
Exercise 2: The table below gives information about international tourist arrivals to five
countries in millions.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons
where relevant. Write at least 150 words.
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Countries/year 1995 2000 2005 2010
USA 70 85 90 87
France 30 60 70 87
Malaysia 20 30 35 51
Brazil 9 10 11 15
Egypt 9 11 15 20
The table illustrates how many foreigners travelled to five different countries, namely the USA,
France, Malaysia, Brazil and Egypt over a period of fifteen years starting from 1995.
Overall, every country saw an upward trend in the total international arrivals over the given period.
In addition, the highest figure was seen in the United States while France recorded the most
significant increase.
In 1995, America welcomed more than 70 million tourists, which outnumbered that of their
counterparts. Ten years later, there was a moderate increase to 90 million, followed by a slight
decline of 3 million in 2010. Despite the decline, the USA’s 2010 figure was still significantly higher
than it was in 1995. Similarly, France witnessed a nearly three-fold growth of 57 million from the
starting point of 30 million tourists during the same period. In terms of Malaysia, the figure steadily
went up to reach just over 50 million in 2010.
Exercise 3: The chart shows the average daily minimum and maximum levels of air pollutants in
4 cities 2000.
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The given bar chart presents the daily minimum and maximum levels of SO2 and N2O which
caused pollution in 4 different cities (Los Angeles, Calcutta, Beijing and Mexico City) in the year
2000. Overall, Mexico City was by far the most contaminated by the two mentioned pollutants
among the four cities.
In Los Angeles, the quantity of SO2 emitted into the atmosphere was the lowest of all cities, with
a minimum average of 2 micro-grams per m3 and a maximum average five times as much, at 10
micro-grams. The levels of N2O emissions were much higher with the maximum daily average
level reaching up to more than 100 micro-grams per m3. Meanwhile, the atmosphere in Mexico
City was severely polluted by SO2 and N2O emissions with the daily minimum and maximum
averages of 80 and 113 micro-grams per m3 respectively.
In contrast to Los Angeles and Mexico City, the amount of pollution caused by N2O in Calcutta
and Beijing was less than that caused by SO2. The daily average maximum figures for SO2
emissions were 59 micro-grams per m3 in Calcutta and 130 micro-grams per m3 in Beijing while
the average maximum figures for N2O were just over 50 micro-grams per m3 in both cities.
Exercise 4: The chart shows the proportion of renewable energy in total energy supply in 4
countries from 1997 to 2010.
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The given bar chart presents data about the percentages of renewable energy with regards to the
total energy production in four different countries (Australia, Sweden, Iceland and Turkey) in three
years; 1997, 2000 and 2010.
Overall, Sweden and Iceland witnessed an upward trend in the use of renewable energy sources
in the three examined years. It can also be seen that among the four countries, this type of energy
was most popular in Iceland.
In 1997, almost half of the total energy produced in Iceland came from renewable resources. This
figure continued to climb steadily to 60% in 2000 and more than 70% in 2010. Meanwhile, in 1997,
only approximately 5% of the entire amount of energy produced was generated from natural
resources in Sweden, who experienced a similar trend to that of Iceland in regards to proportion
of renewable energy produced.
Regarding Australia, nearly 10% of the energy supply was from renewable resources in 1997,
and this figure decreased slightly to around 5% in 2010. Similarly, the percentage of renewable
energy used in Turkey experienced a decline over the years from approximately 37% in 1997
down to just under 35% in 2010.
Exercise 5: The chart below shows the unemployment rate and the number of people leaving
Ireland from 1988 to 2008.
29
The chart gives information about the percentage of unemployed Irish citizens and the number of
emigrants leaving the country from 1988 to 2008.
Overall, there was a significant decline in the unemployment rate in Ireland, and in addition to
this, the number of those leaving the country also reduced over the examined period.
Regarding Ireland’s rate of unemployment, after a mild decrease from roughly 17% in 1988 to
13% in 1990, it experienced a slight recovery to about 15% over the following two years. The
figure then plummeted to 4% in 2000, followed by a six-year period of stability. However, the
unemployment rate of Ireland increased to nearly 6% in the final year.
Starting with approximately 60,000 emigrants in 1988, this number fell to about 55,000 in 1990
before plunging to over 32,000 two years later. The number of Ireland’s emigrants continued to
go down to around 27,000 over the next 12 years, and suddenly surged back up to 50,000 in
2008.
Exercise 6: The charts show the sources of electricity produced in 4 countries between 2003 and
2008.
30
The given pie charts detail information about the proportion of three different sources of electricity
in four countries (India, Sweden, Morocco and Vietnam) from 2003 to 2008.
Overall, Vietnam and Morocco did not use any nuclear power for electricity production. It can also
be seen that while fossil fuelswere the largest source of electricity supplyin Vietnam and India,
theyonly occupied a relatively marginal proportionin Morocco and Sweden during the examined
years.
In Vietnam, 56% of the total amount of electricity was produced from fossil fuels, while the figure
for Morocco was only 5%. The rest of the electricity, in both nations, was produced solely from
hydro power.
In India however, electricity from fossil fuelscontributed to 82% of the entire quantity of
electricityproduced, which was also the highest figure for fossil fuel use among the four countries.
Meanwhile, fossil fuelswere only responsible for 4% of the total generated electricity in Sweden,
with hydro power and nuclear powercontributing 52% and 44% respectively.
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Exercise 7: The charts detail the proportion of Australian secondary school graduates who were
unemployed, employed or further education in 1980, 1990, and 2000.
The given pie charts detail the proportion of Australian secondary school graduates who were
unemployed, employed or pursuing further education, in 1980, 1990, and 2000.
Overall, from 1980 to 2000, the proportion of Australian students who were employed grew, while
there was a decline in both the proportion of those pursuing higher levels of education and those
who were unemployed.
In 1980, half of the Australian secondary school leavers chose to continue their education. After
a 10-year period, this number dropped to only 38% and remained almost unchanged in 2000.
Meanwhile, the figures for those who were unemployment were the smallest, at only 10% in 1980,
12% in 1990, and finally dropping back down to 8% in 2000.
On the other hand, over the years Australia saw an increase in the percentage of students who
received a job after graduation from secondary school, from 40% in 1980 to 55% in 2000, which
was the largest figure among all examined categories.
Exercise 8: The charts show the main methods of transport of people travelling to one university
in 2004 and 2009.
.
32
The given pie charts compare the percentage of students using five different means of
transportation (Car, Train, Bus, Bicycle, and Walking) to travel to a particular university during
2004 and 2009.
It is noticeable that travelling by train was the least favored form of transportation, while there was
a change, from cars to buses, for the most commonly used form of transport over the five year
period.
In 2004, just over half of students traveled to the university by car, with only a third taking a bus.
The remaining students rode a bike, went on foot or took a train, with the figures being 9%, 4%,
and 3% respectively.
However, with the construction of a new bus stop in 2008 and the introduction of car parking fees
in 2006, in 2009 the number of students commuting by car dropped to 28%, and consequently
the number of students travelling by all other methods increased. Those travelling by bus
increased to 46%, bicycle user’s rose to 16%, and both train travelers and walkers increased by
1% and 2% respectively.
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OUTLINE - STATIC GRAPHS

(Biểu đồ chỉ có 1 năm duy nhất hoặc không đề cập năm)
INTRODUCTION
Paraphrase the question
OVERVIEW
The purpose of the overview paragraph is to give a short summary of the main features. Static
graphs show data in only one time period, so the main overall features are
usually proportions or popularity of different categories. These features can include the most
popular, the highest amount, the most chosen or the least popular, the lowest or least
preferred.
Importantly, (just like dynamic graphs) you should describe these proportions in words – do
not use any specific numbers or data points from the graph.
Here are some useful phrases you can use to describe these main features in words.
Template:
Overall, the most significant percentage can be seen in/was in …while the opposite was true for
… In addition, the largest discrepancy/biggest difference was recorded in the figure for …
BODY PARAGRAPH 1: group of figures (1,2,3..) with similar NUMBER
BODY PARAGRAPH 1: group of figures (4,5,6..) – the REST
NOTE: if it is a bar chart with 2 bars a and b, COMPARE a and b to group figures to 2 body
paragraphs.
For example:
figures 1,2,3 with a>b → body 1
figures 4,5,6 with a<=b → body 2

34
Example: The chart below shows information about students studying six main subjects at a US
university in 2010.
Sample
The bar chart compares the number of male and female undergraduates selecting six different
subjects as their major in a US college.
Overall, finance was the most chosen area of qualification among both genders, whereas the
opposite was true for engineering. In addition, the largest discrepancy was seen in the number of
males and females enrolling in mathematics.
35
Structure for Body Paragraphs:

SO SÁNH GẤP MẤY LẦN
1. The number of male economics students stood at 150 students, two times as much as
that of/double that of their female counterparts. Accounted for, made up, constituted.
triple
2. At 150 students, the figure for male economics students was two times as much as
that/double that of their female counterparts.
3. The number of male economics students stood at over 150 students, 75 higher/lower than
that of their female counterparts.
SO SÁNH HƠN
4. Females accounted for over 90% of the teaching staff at Primary school as opposed
to/compared to/in comparison with only 10% male counterparts.
5. In 2009, boys read about 50 books per year, (which was) followed by 20 books read by
girls.
6. The number of books read by girls was the same as (that of) boys (100 books) in 2011.
7. The UAE produced the same amount of oil as Saudi Arabia.
8. The Middle East produces as much oil as Europe.
SO SÁNH NHẤT
9. Beef was by far the most popular/preferred of the four types of meat.
10. Of the three countries, Japan has the lowest proportion of employees in the industrial
sector.
11. The second/third/fourth/fifth most popular subject among males was mathematics with 200
students.
12. The second highest number was … recorded in/for …

36
SAMPLE
Introduction: The graph provides data about the average age of married couples, as well as their
average number of children per couple in a variety of countries in 2010.
Overview: Overall, we can see that there are large discrepancies between certain countries in
terms of marriage age and family size. A select group of countries, Australia, the Netherlands, the
UK and Denmark, had the latest marriage age and a similar number of children. Meanwhile, the
nations with the youngest marriage age, namely Kenya and India, had some of the highest
numbers of children per couple. China and the United States are the only notable outliers of these
two trends.
Body 1: (marriage age together)
Beginning with the latest marriage age, 4 nations waited until after 30 years old to get married,
including Australia, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Denmark. Danish couples had the
highest average of around 33 years old. In contrast, Kenyan, Indian and Chinese couples were
notably younger. The average in Kenya was 22 years old, while India’s was 24 and China’s a year
older than that.
Body 2: (number of children together + Exceptions)
Kenya and India, however, both had higher numbers of children per couple. Kenyan and Indian
couples had on average 3 and 2.5 children respectively. American couples averaged the same
number of children per couple, although their marriage age was closer to that of the 4 highest
nations, which only typically had just under 2 children. China was another outlier in this regard,
listing only 1.5 children per couple. (255 words)
37
The pie chart gives information on UAE government spending in 2000. The total budget was AED
315 billion.
The pie chart shows the UAE government’s budget spending of 315 billion AED in different sectors
in 2000.
Overall, the UAE government’s maximum spending went in social security and healthcare sectors
while the least amounts were spent on transport, law and order, housing and industry/agriculture
and employment sectors.
According to the pie chart, the UAE administration allocated AED 100 billion in social security
from their national budget of AED 315 billion. This single sector cost the UAE government almost
one-third of the total budget. This year the government’s expense was 53 million on health and
personal social services, which was the second largest sector in terms of expenditure made by
the UAE government. 38 million AED was spent on education while 23 billion both in debt and
other expenditures.
The government used 22 billion in the Defence sector while 15 billion of the budget was spent on
housing and the environment. Next, the government spent 13 billion for the industry, employment
38
and agriculture sectors. Finally, The lowest amount of money, only 9 billion, went to the transport
sector.
39
The bar charts below give information on road transport in a number of European
countries.
40
The bar charts give information about methods of travel and commuting times for six
European countries, as well as the average figure for the European Union. From the
information, we can see that car use is highest in Denmark at about 12,500 kilometres per
person a year, and lowest in Spain and Germany.
Perhaps surprisingly, the Danish also make far greater use of alternative transport than
people in other countries, travelling over 3,000 kilometres a year by bus, tram, metro or bike,
which is more than double the EU average. By comparison, the British and French travel less
than a third of that distance by public transport.
When it comes to commuting times, British drivers spend about 47 minutes each day
travelling to work, which is more than any other country. In Denmark and Italy, on the other
hand, where many more people use public transport, commuting times are significantly lower.
(151 words)
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Writing Task 2
42
SINGLE-IDEA & MULTIPLE-IDEA

PARAGRAPHS
SINGLE-IDEA PARAGRAPH
The main benefit of modern technology is that people’s lives are much more convenient. This is
because we are able to do many things without having to stay at the office or home, something
which is extremely important given the busy lifestyles of today. For example, most people now
have a mobile phone or laptop, and wifi is available in virtually every place. As a result, people
are able to do their work, keep in touch with their colleagues or friends, and check their emails
anywhere such as in the coffee shops or while traveling on the train or bus. There is no doubt that
this has improved people’s lives in many ways and this would not have been possible without
improved technology.
OUTLINE OF A SINGLE-IDEA PARAGRAPH
MULTIPLE-IDEA PARAGRAPH
[1] There are several reasons why some people approve of animals being used for medical
research. [2] Firstly, this practice helps to advance medical knowledge. By conducting
experiments on animals, scientists can obtain more knowledge about how living things work. [3]
Such understanding can then be applied to further studies of the human body, as many animals
share similar biological characteristics with human beings. [4] This can be explained by the fact
that certain animals are biologically similar to human beings. [5] Second, the use of animals in
medical fields can ensure the safety of humans. [6] Some people assume that animals have no
rights like people do, so it is acceptable to perform experiments on them and therefore are used
to test new medicines. [7] This helps to minimize any harm to people’s health.
OUTLINE OF A MULTIPLE-IDEA PARAGRAPH

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INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION

OPINION ESSAY
● To what extent do you agree or disagree?

● Do you agree or disagree?
● What is your opinion?
You can either fully agree, fully disagree or partly agree with the statement.
1. Partly agree - Balanced essay

Introduction:
Sentence 1: Paraphrase the question
Sentence 2: Answer the question – Thesis Statement
While/Although it is true that …, I believe that …
Conclusion: Paraphrase the thesis statement
Example 1: Some people say that the government should not put money on building theatres
and sports stadiums. They should spend more money on medical care and education. Do you
agree or disagree?
● Agree: should spend money more money on medical care and education
● Disagree: also necessary to build theatres and sports stadiums
Introduction:
Many people claim that the government should invest in health care and education instead of
constructing theatres and stadiums. While it is true that the authorities should put money on
health care and education, I believe it is also necessary to build theatres and sports stadiums.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, while the government should allocate money to health care and education, I
believe that constructing theatres and stadiums should also be invested in.
44
Example 2: Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part
of high school programs (for example working for a charity, improving the neighborhood, or
teaching sports to younger children). To what extent do you agree or disagree?
● Agree: unpaid community service can be beneficial to students

● Disagree: shoudn’t be compulsory
Introduction:
Many people say that unpaid voluntary work should be obligatory in high school
curriculum. While it is true that this type of work can be beneficial for students to some
extent, I would argue that it should not be compulsory/ I disagree with the idea that it should be
compulsory.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, while unpaid community service can bring about some advantages to students, I
do not think high school students should be forced to take part in voluntary work.
2. Totally agree/disagree – One-sided essay

Introduction:
Sentence 2: Answer the question – Thesis Statement
Personally, I strongly/firmly/totally agree/completely agree/disagree with this

In my opinion, view for several reasons.
From my point of I strongly/firmly/totally agree/completely agree that _____________.
view,
Example 1: Some people say that the government should not put money on building theatres
and sports stadiums. They should spend more money on medical care and education. Do you
agree or disagree?
Introduction:
Many people claim that the government should invest in health care and education instead of
constructing theatres and stadiums (paraphrase đề bài). In my opinion, I completely
agree/disagree with this view for several reasons.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, I totally agree that the government should allocate money to health care and
education instead of constructing theatres and stadiums.
Example 2: Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part
of high school programs (for example working for a charity, improving the neighborhood, or
teaching sports to younger children). To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Introduction:
Many people say that unpaid voluntary work should be obligatory in high school
curriculum. From my point of view, I totally agree with this view for several reasons (due to the
considerable benefits it brings to high school students.)
Conclusion:
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In conclusion, unpaid community service can bring about some advantages to students;
therefore, I think high school students should be forced to take part in voluntary work.
INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION

DISCUSSION – CAUSE/EFFECT/SOLUTION – TWO-PART QUESTION
1. Dạng Discussion
● Discuss both views and give your opinion?

● Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
● Is this a positive or negative development?
Introduction:
sentence 1 sentence 2
People have different views about whether S While/Although…

+ V. Ex: While/Although there are some
There are different opinions on whether S + benefits/advantages/positive impacts of …,
V. I would argue that it has more drawbacks.
Some people argue that… while others Both arguments seem valid, yet I believe that the
say that… former/latter is more convincing.
It is considered by some…. while there are
others who think…. In this essay, I will consider each of these
It is often argued that... whilst others think… opinions/arguments and give my own view.
It is commonly believed that… However, there is a more persuasive argument

that…

While/although
Đề bài: Some people believe that studying at university or college is the best route to a
successful career, while others believe that it is better to get a job straight after school.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Introduction: People have different views about what young individuals should do after
graduating from high school. While there are some benefits of applying for a job right after school,
I would argue that it is better for people to continue to attend higher education if they want to
achieve success.
Conclusion: In conclusion, while getting a job after high school is beneficial for young people to
some extent, I believe choosing to go to university is a better option.
46
Đề bài: Nowadays there are many advertisements. Do you think the advantages of
advertising outweigh the disadvantages?
Introduction: There are currently a great number of advertisements on television or the Internet.
While advertising is beneficial to some extent, I would argue that it has more drawbacks
Conclusion: In conclusion, while advertising can have several advantages, I believe that its
disadvantages are greater
Đề bài: Pressure on the school and university students is increasing and students are
pushed to work hard when they are young. Do you think it is a positive or negative
development?
Introduction: University students are currently being required to study very hard when they are
still young. While this trend can be positive to some extent, I would argue that it is more negative.
Conclusion: In conclusion, while forcing young students to work hard has several positive
impacts, I believe the drawbacks of this tendency are much greater.
2. Dạng Cause – Effect – Solution

Introduction:
Sentence 2: Thesis statement
Answer question 1, and Answer question 2.
Note:
Causes:
● A happens because of some reasons.

● There are several causes of A.
● A is caused by several factors/ elements.
Effects:
● A is likely to lead to some effects/ impacts on society/ individuals.

● Some effects/impacts might be caused by A.
● There are several impacts of A on society/ individuals.
Solutions:
● Effective solutions should be proposed/ produced to deal with/ tackle/ address/ solve +
A/this problem.
● Several actions need to be taken to solve A.
● The government/ individuals should come up with solutions to A.

Ví dụ: The crime rate among teenagers has increased dramatically in many countries in
recent years. What are the causes, and what are the solutions?
Introduction: The crime rate among young people has become an emerging trend in many
nations. There are several causes of this problem and several actions need to be taken to solve
this issue.
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Conclusion: In conclusion, the crime rate in teenagers is caused by several elements, and there
are some effective solutions that can be proposed to solve this issue.
3. Dạng two-part question

Ví dụ: In some countries, people spend long hours at work. Why does this happen? Is it a
positive or negative development?
Introduction: Nowadays, working overtime is becoming an emerging trend for employees in
many different parts of the world. This phenomenon can be caused by some elements and I
believe this brings more harm than good to people.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the tendency of working extra hours is caused by the increasing living
expenses and overwhelming workload. Personally, I believe this brings more negative impacts to
individuals.
INTRODUCTION & CONCLUSION

(FOR MOST OF THE ESSAYS – ADVANCED)
INTRODUCTION:
(4 sentences)
• General introductory sentence to the topic
• 1 or 2 sentences paraphrasing the question
• Explanation sentence
• (Opinion sentence – if being asked): give your own opinion, negative or positive
development, outweight, …
1. General introductory sentence to the topic

• The issue of sports stars’ wages has become a strongly debated topic today.
• Sports stars nowadays receive extremely high salaries.
• In several major sports leagues around the world, there is growing concern over the
exorbitant salaries granted to top athletes.
2. 1 or 2 sentences paraphrasing the question

• Some people claim that professional athletes earn too much, while others believe they
work hard for their salaries.
• Some people laim that people who do sport as a profession earn too much while there is
another belief that they work hard for their salaries.
3. Explanation sentence = Thesis statement

48
• This essay will first look at the argument for this before turning to those against.
• I will first focus on arguments in favour of this before moving on to look at those against.
• In this essay, I will examine the challenges of the job that justify this high rate of income,
while also looking at the moral arguments against it.
4. Opinion sentence
In spite of the arguments against, it is my firm opinion that the money sports personalities get is
warranted.
CONCLUSION:
Role of the conclusion:
Summarise the main message of the essay
Summarise the two sides of the argument/main points of in the body paragraphs
Give your view for the first time/restate your view
(3 sentences)
• General topic summary
• Main points summary
• Restate your view
1. General topic summary
• In summary, mixed-gender schools offer several advantages over separate schools for
girls and boys, but not without problems.
• In conclusion, it is undeniable that GM foods (genetically modified foods) bring about

abundant benefits, but not without problems.
2. Main points summary: present different sides of the argument which is explained in
Body 1 and 2
Body 1: • Although the long-term health
It is possible that we do not know the full, consequences of consuming GM
long-term effects of eating genetically foods are still unknown due to its
modified foods, as they have only recently recent invention, GM crops produce
been introduced to global diets. more food which will prevent deaths
from starvation and malnutrition.
Body 2:
However, there is no doubt that GM plants,
like rice or wheat, can produce a much
greater amount of food, which could help to
stop people dying from hunger.
3. Restate your view:

• In my opinion, we should be careful about experimenting with GM foods, because it
could be harmful to our health.
49
• Personally, I avoid eating GM foods, due to the health risks, but I believe they do play an
important role in feeding people.
50
OPINION ESSAY
TOTALLY AGREE/DISAGREE
OUTLINE:
Introduction
● Paraphrase the question
● Thesis statement: I totally/ completely/ strongly agree/… with this opinion because of
several reasons.
Body 1 - reason 1
● The main reason why I believe/disagree is because….
First of all,/ To begin with,..
● Explanation/effect-cause
● Example
Body 2 - reason 2
● Another reason is that….
Moreover,/On top of that,...
● Example
Conclusion: paraphrase the thesis statement

● In conclusion, I completely agree/… that …. because (reason 1+2)
● Give a final recommendation or opinion
Given this situation, it seems that…
For these reasons, …
EXAMPLE:
1. Many things can influence the academic achievement and emotional growth of a
student. In this regard, peers have more of an impact than teachers do. To what
extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Opinion: Agree
Body 1
● Reason 1: academic success: motivated by competing with classmates
● Explanation: have a desire to outperform peers
● Example: survey: peers motivated them to study more
Body 2
● Reason 2: emotional development: grow through relationships
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● Explanation: classmates provide new ideas, beliefs

● Example: study: adolescents control tempers & cooperate by interacting
Sample:
Introduction
It is a common belief that a student’s school performance and emotional development are
influenced more by teachers than by classmates. However, I firmly believe that classmates are
more influential because students are motivated academically by their peers and become more
mature by socializing with them.
Body 1
Reason 1: academic To begin with, students are motivated by competing with their
success: motivated by fellow classmates (1). Students usually have a desire to
competing with classmates outperform their peers by demonstrating broader knowledge and
(1) achieving higher scores. Competition is especially fierce in the
classroom, where students study the same material in the same
Explanation: have a place (2). According to a recent survey, students overwhelmingly
desire to outperform peers stated that their peers motivated them to study more than their
(2) teachers. This is because competition played a key role in their
motivation. This study offers strong proof that classmates
Example: survey: peers significantly affect a student’s academic achievement (3).
motivated them to study
more (3)
Body 2
Reason 2: emotional On top of that, socializing at school allows children to grow
development: grow emotionally through cultivating relationships with peers (1).
through relationships (1) Students spend a large amount of their time in the classroom and
classmates help them grow emotionally by providing them with
Explanation: classmates new ideas, beliefs, and experiences. This can help students
provide new ideas, beliefs develop a better ability to control their emotions and get along with
(2) others (2). One study, for example, shows that adolescents learn
how to control their tempers and cooperate with others mostly by
Example: adolescents interacting with their friends at school. This demonstrates how
control tempers & important relationships with classmates are for a child’s emotional
cooperate by interacting development (3).
(3)
Conclusion
To sum up, it is clear that classmates create scholarly competition and help students mature. For
these reasons, I totally agree that a student’s academic achievement and interpersonal
development are affected more by peers than educators.
0. Some people believe that the fast pace and stress of modern life is having a
negative effect on families. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
52
There is currently a contentious argument over whether family is being harmed by the high-speed
and pressure of contemporary lifestyles. I totally agree with this opinion because the fast pace
leads to less time for families to be together, and stress leads to arguments among family
members.
The main reason why I believe family life is being compromised is because families have less
time to be with each other. This is due to family members being busier at work and with their
social lives. As well as this, people have many things they have to do these days such as checking
email, updating their online status and so less time is left for family life. To illustrate, I spend about
two hours online every night attending to daily correspondence before chatting with my family
members, whereas five years ago I would spend time with my family as soon as I walked in the
door.
Another reason why I support the notion that families are being impacted negatively is that the
pressure of life these days means that even when families do get together arguments are more
likely. This is because everyone feels tired and they are more likely to get irritated and to react to
their heightened emotional levels.
In conclusion, I completely agree that the rapid pace and stressful nature of contemporary
lifestyles are having negative consequences on family relationships. This is because family
members have less time, and when they are together they feel less relaxed. Given this situation,
it seems that family members should try to be more supportive to one another and also parents
need to set aside regular times for families to relax together.
53
OPINION ESSAY
PARTLY AGREE
OUTLINE:
Introduction
● Paraphrase the question
● Thesis statement: While it is true that …, I believe that …
Body 1 – for (giải thích khía cạnh đồng tình)

● On the one hand,
The main reason why … is that …
● Example
Body 2 – against (giải thích khía cạnh không đồng tình)

● On the other hand,
● However,
● Example
Conclusion: paraphrase the thesis statement

● In conclusion, I completely agree/… that …. because (reason 1+2)
● Given this situation, it seems that (give a final recommendation or opinion)
For these reasons, …
EXAMPLE:
1. Some people think the qualities a person needs to become successful in today’s
world cannot be learned at a university or similar academic institution. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
Many people believe that universities and other academic institutions cannot equip students
with the qualities necessary for their success in life. Nevertheless, I think that these qualities
can be admittedly learned at school as long as the student is conscious of self-improvement.
Students can acquire qualities that are necessary for their life success such as time-management
and leadership skills through doing assignments at school. First, they can learn how to
successfully manage their time budget by attempting to finish all the homework assigned before
the deadline. Second, they can also better their ability to lead a team thanks to group projects in
which they are provided a chance to practice being a leader. After many years, students are
enabled to become better-organized with improved leadership abilities so that they can better
deal with deadlines and get used to working as a team leader, which increases their chances of
promotion at work and success in life.
54
However, only proactive students who have a thirst for improvement can make good use of their
school life to equip themselves with the necessary qualities for their success. When
understanding that it is necessary for them to enhance their abilities of managing their time as
well as leading their team, they will have more motivation to make progress. However, if students
are unaware of how important being adept at organizing their time is, they tend to procrastinate
and fail to meet deadlines, so they can hardly excel at time management. Also, some of them
who avoid taking the role of a leader due to their passiveness and laziness can ruin their own
chance of honing their leadership skills.
In conclusion, academic institutions including universities are good places for students to gain
qualities essential for their successful life. However, only those who are active enough can seize
such opportunities and stand a better chance of future success.
2. The most essential component of a person’s life is his or her time at the workplace,
and life turns meaningless once no job satisfaction is obtained. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
These days, there is a big focus on job satisfaction. Some people believe that without it, their life
would be meaningless. I completely disagree with this idea because although job satisfaction is
important, I believe it is not the only thing that can bring meaning to a person’s life. In fact, I believe
there are many other things that can bring far greater meaning to a person’s life than their career
choice.
On the one hand, being satisfied with your job is of some importance. Most people spend
approximately 40 hours a week or more at work, and therefore it is important to have a job that
brings the highest level of satisfaction to enrich our lives. Having a job that provides meaning to
a person’s life, also brings that person a sense of purpose and fulfillment, which are two of the
key ingredients for true happiness. Those who find themselves stuck in boring jobs for years may
end up developing a low sense of self-worth and suffer from some form of mental illness, such as
depression or anxiety.
On the other hand, that is not to say that without career satisfaction you cannot have a
meaningful life. These days, many people do not have the luxury of being able to choose the
career of their choice as they may not have had the opportunity to pursue it, due to lack of
education or money. These people can still find meaning in other parts of their life, whether it be
in raising their children and taking care of their family, or even pursuing their passions and hobbies
outside of work hours. For example, someone may find the most meaning in their life by creating
art, but may not be able to make a living by doing this and therefore have to get a job that may
not bring them much satisfaction.
In conclusion, there are several other aspects of people’s lives where meaning can be found, be
it children, hobbies, or even religion. That is not to say that job satisfaction is not important, but
rather just one possible source of happiness out of many.
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3. As a part of education, students should spend a period of time living in another

country to learn its language and culture. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people say that in order to learn more about the language and culture of a country,
students should spend several years studying overseas. Despite some issues regarding cultural
shock or language barriers, I still believe that studying abroad is a good way for young people
to widen their knowledge of foreign cultures and enhance their linguistic ability.
Undeniably, a few years spent in another country would be a golden opportunity to learn new
cultures and languages. Compared to reading books and magazines, by which people can only
see local traditions through pictures and texts, studying in a foreign nation allows students to
experience the locals’ activities directly. For instance, when foreign students studying in Vietnam
attend the Flower Festival in Dalat city, they can not only deeply understand many kinds of
flowers, but also give gardening a try. Regarding linguistic ability, students having daily
interactions with native people are obviously given countless chances to sharpen their fluency as
well as pick up new vocabulary used in different contexts.
Some might say that students studying abroad would be faced with language barriers and culture
shocks. Admittedly, there would be those who did not have good control of the native language,
and therefore find it difficult to integrate into the local community. However, the process of
absorbing a foreign language takes students a certain amount of time to familiarize themselves
and practice every day, irrespective of their language ability. After only a few months of trial and
error, individuals who are persistent enough can overcome language difficulties and confidently
pursue more knowledge of cultures and traditions.
In conclusion, it is a great idea to spend a period of time living and studying in a new country.
This would help students enhance their knowledge of the country’s culture and improve their
language skills.
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DISCUSSION ESSAY
OUTLINE
1. Introduction:
sentence 1 sentence 2
People have different views While/Although…

about whether S + V.
Ex: While/Although there are some
There are different opinions benefits/advantages/positive impacts of …, I would argue that
on whether S + V. it has more drawbacks.
Some people argue that… Both arguments seem valid, yet I believe that the former/latter
while others say that… is more convincing.
It is considered by some….
while there are others who
think…. In this essay, I will consider each of these
opinions/arguments and give my own view.
It is often argued that...
whilst others think…
It is commonly believed However, there is a more persuasive argument that…

that…
2. Body Paragraph 1: Discuss View 1

On the one hand,
3. Body Paragraph 2: Discuss View 2

On the other hand,
4. Conclusion: Paraphrase the thesis statement
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EXAMPLE:
1. Some people believe that the development of artificial intelligence will make human
labors obsolete, others think that work performed by humans will always be
important. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
Outline:
● Opinion: work performed by humans will always be important
● Body 1: replace humans with machines: auto. program – efficient and generate more
income
● Explanation: robots take over humans’ role in workplaces
● Example: car company: efficiency – more profits
● Body 2: humans = essential part of the workforce: machines cannot be as good as

humans
● Explanation: Ability of machines – limited to very few professions
● Example: robotic surgery – limited, need supervision of surgeons/doctors
It is commonly believed that by developing artificial intelligence humans will be

superseded by robots in the workforce. However, there is a more persuasive argument
that people will always play a vital role in many occupations. This is because machines
will never be able to perform at the same level as humans in most jobs.
On the one hand, people think that artificial intelligence will lead to humans being replaced
by machinery or computers since automated programs are able to work much more
efficiently and generate more income than people. Robotic machines have already taken
over roles that traditionally were occupied by humans in factories and other workplaces.
For example, one major automobile company was able to increase its efficiency by
replacing workers with automated machines. Since machines can operate continually at
higher speeds, the company reduced production time significantly and cut the cost of
manufacturing by 30 percent, resulting in a considerable increase in profits.
Nevertheless, humans will always be an essential part of the workforce because there are
many tasks that machines are not able to do as well as humans. In fact, the ability of
machines to match or exceed human efficiency is currently limited to very few professions.
For instance, although the technology to perform surgery with machines was developed
long ago, the procedures that they can complete are limited, and humans still carry out
most surgical operations. Furthermore, even if robotic surgeons were to be utilized more,
it is likely that they would only be used under the supervision of trained surgeons who
could step in if something went wrong.
To sum up, while it is apparent that there is concern that artificial intelligence will make the
work of humans redundant, it is undeniable that people will never be totally removed from
the workplace.
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0. Some people say that devoting one's time to family activities is more important than
spending time working. Others believe that dedicating one's time to work is more
important. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Outline:
● Opinion: devoting time to family activities is more important
● Body 1: worktime: important to family’s financial well-being

● Explanation: no working, cannot make a living – cannot ensure family happiness
● Example: parents miss out on children’s events, not because they do not care, just
trade-off to have a better life in the future
● Body 2: should contributes more to individuals and family’s happiness

● Explanation: Family time = fun and relaxing, work = stressful
● Example: survey: 85% enjoy time with family, while 60% experience stress at their
jobs
3. Some people believe that in a city, the best way to travel is by car, while other
people argue that bicycles are a better way of travelling in a city. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
While some argue that cars are the superior solution for urban travel, others firmly believe that
bicycles are preferrable. In my opinion, although cars are convenient in certain circumstances,
bicycles are by far a better option due to their flexibility.
Cars are undeniably useful in particular instances. Firstly, they provide convenience and comfort,
especially during adverse weather conditions or when carrying heavy loads. Individuals
commuting to work or transporting groceries are likely to find cars more practical and efficient.
During these trips cars also offer greater privacy by allowing commuters to enjoy personal space
and listen to their preferred music or podcasts during the journey. If a person is making a longer
journey or lives in an area where the weather is often inhospitable, then traveling by car is
essentially a necessity. Those who suffer from medical conditions that prevent the use of a
bicycles will require a private vehicle to an even greater extent.
However, the overriding concern in most urban areas today is traffic congestion. Cars, although
comfortable for individual commuters, contribute to increased traffic volume and gridlock. These
long traffic queues not only waste valuable time but also result in heightened stress levels among
drivers and potentially can exacerbate pre-existing medical conditions. Relatedly, cars require
ample parking space, which poses a significant challenge in densely populated cities. The scarcity
of parking spots often leads to illegal parking and traffic violations, contributing to congestion
problems. Bicycles, in contrast, not only offer health benefits by promoting physical activity, but
also greatly reduce traffic issues due to their flexibility on streets and the relative ease of parking.
In conclusion, despite the minor conveniences engendered by cars, bicycles make city life more
livable generally. By prioritizing cycling infrastructure and promoting a cycling culture, cities can
create a greener, healthier, and more efficient urban environment for all residents.
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4. The increasing availability of low-cost airlines now lets people travel around the
world. Some feel this is a positive development while others think it is negative
overall. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.
The rise of low-cost airlines has made it possible for the public at large to travel abroad with
relative ease. In my opinion, despite the advantages this creates for less affluent citizens, it is a
net negative given the repercussions of the tourist industry to local nations.
One positive aspect of this development is the increased accessibility of travel. In the past, air
travel was mainly reserved for the wealthy and the middle class, however, with the advent of low-
cost airlines, even those on a more limited budget can afford to go on vacation domestically or to
foreign countries. For example, a round-trip flight from London to Barcelona can now be
purchased for as little as £20, making it possible for even students and young adults to explore
new places. This equitable phenomenon is particularly valuable in less developed nations where
in past generations only the truly wealthy could afford to travel regularly.
Nonetheless, the expansion of low-cost airlines has also led to issues of overcrowding and
overtourism in certain destinations. For example, locales like Ha Long Bay in Vietnam and
Boracay in the Philippines have struggled to cope with the influx of domestic and international
tourists, leading to concerns about the impact on local communities and cultural heritage. Many
of these communities now almost exclusively cater to tourism and there is less interest in older
means of making a living, such as by producing a local handicraft or traditional garment. This has
led to calls for more sustainable tourism practices and greater regulation of the industry to ensure
that it benefits and sustains local communities.
In conclusion, although increased accessibility is an equitable development, it has also

contributed to issues of overcrowding and overtourism. It is important for the aviation industry and
governments to collaborate to address these negative impacts while continuing to make travel
available to a wider range of residents.
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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

ESSAY
EXAMPLE:
1. The way that people work today have changed significantly due to the
development of technology. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
these changes.
It is a common belief that the changes brought about in the workplace by technological advances
have been largely negative. However, there is a more persuasive argument that these changes
have had an overall positive effect because they allow people to work and communicate from any
location.
On the one hand, technology has blurred the line between work hours and off-time. This is
because smartphones and other communication devices have made it much easier to contact
workers after they are finished with work. As a result, supervisors can now encroach upon the
private time of their employees. In fact, this became such a problem in France that led to a law
recognizing the right to disconnect once work had finished. French people felt that working after
their stated hours was an invasion of their personal time, so legislation was passed allowing
people to avoid communication when they are not on company time.
Nevertheless, the development of technology has benefited workers by giving them the ability to
perform their jobs in any physical location. Due to advances in Internet technology, people can
work closely together even if they are not in the same office. For instance, people nowadays can
hold video conference meetings with clients in different countries, saving them the time and
money it would take to travel to those destinations. Furthermore, the ability to check work
communications on phones or laptops offers people the freedom to work from anywhere.
To sum up, while there are some disadvantages to using new technologies in the professional
sphere, it is evident that the advantages of technological advances far outweigh the drawbacks.
2. Some colleges encourage students to create businesses while they are still
in school. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?
① It is a common belief that it is good for college and university business programs to make
their students start businesses while in school. ② However, there is a more persuasive
argument that the disadvantages of this outweigh the benefits. This is because running a
business can divert students' attention away from the basic goal of higher education.
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③ On the one hand, trying to get a business off the ground while still in college can help
students put their ideas into practice using theories presented during their classes. This
hands-on involvement offers the students a more engaging way of learning. ④ For example,
students may be asked to write out a business plan for a food truck in class, but they will not
know whether it would actually be successful without trying to bring their idea to life. If they
are encouraged to set up the business, they will be able to see how to implement their plan
and more easily gain practical knowledge that will be valuable in their future careers.
⑤ Nevertheless, students would struggle to concentrate on their studies if universities made

them create businesses. Starting a business involves a significant commitment of time and
energy, which students should be using to focus on studying. ⑥ According to recent research,
it takes an average of two years to get a business up and running. Furthermore, managing a
successful business is a full-time job, which usually requires people to work at least six hours
per day. Students would be unable to dedicate that amount of time to their businesses without
neglecting their studies to some extent, thus hindering their long-term professional
development.
⑦ To sum up, while there are some advantages to encouraging students to start businesses
as part of their studies, ⑧ it is evident that there are far more disadvantages to forcing
students to go into business while in college.
3. The number of people who decided not to have children has increased greatly.
① It is a common belief that deciding to remain childless negatively affects society as a whole.
②However, there is a more persuasive argument that choosing not to reproduce can be a
positive decision. In fact, with fewer children, society can provide better education and childcare
options.
On the one hand, ③a reduction in the number of children in a society will eventually lead
to a labor shortage. We need young people to continually join the workforce to foster economic
growth. However, with more couples deciding against having children, the number of available
workers will eventually decrease. ④As a matter of fact, recent research has shown that we are
headed towards what is known as a 'demographic cliff', a rapid reduction of the working age
population. This means that there will be fewer people of working age who can support both their
children and the increasing number of elderly retirees.
Nevertheless,⑤ societies with a lower birth rate can offer a better livelihood to the children
they do have. Since the funds available to a society are limited, providing sufficient childcare and
education becomes difficult when there are more children. However, with fewer children, societies
can offer better services with the same amount of resources. ⑥ To illustrate, a school with 100
students may have a budget that only allows for basic educational needs. Yet if the number of
students was halved, the extra money may permit the school to provide a better quality of
education using state-of-the-art tools. This would increase the school's efficiency and produce
well-educated students who are more prepared for professional life.
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To sum up,⑦ while there are some disadvantages to an increase in childless couples, ⑧it is
evident that there are more advantages to a country's birth rate decreasing.
63
CAUSE/PROBLEM & SOLUTION

OUTLINE
Sample Question:
In modern times, people are under more stress than ever. This has a negative impact on
their well-being.
State some of the causes and suggest possible solutions.
1. Sample Outline:
Introduction: Paraphrase the Question + Thesis Statement

Body Paragraph 1: Causes/Problems
Body Paragraph 2: Solutions
Conclusion: Summary (Paraphrase the Thesis Statement)
0. Sample:
Outline:
Nguyên nhân
● Cause: highly competitive society & ppl. under intense pressure to succeed
Nguyên nhân: xã hội cạnh tranh khốc liệt và con người phải chịu áp lực lớn để thành công
● Giải thích
- unstable job market & social demand for constant self-development
thị trường việc làm không ổn định và xā hội đòi hỏi sự phát triển bản thân liên tục
● Ví dụ
- ex) survey: 70% of Korean workers are under intense emotional strain
Ví dụ: 70% người lao động Hàn Quốc đang chịu đè nén cảm xúc nặng nề.
Giải pháp
● Solution: find a hobby
Giải pháp: tìm một sở thích
● Giải thích
-recreational activity w/ friends → forget worries & alleviate stress
các hoạt động giải trí với bạn bè giúp quên đi những lo âu và làm giảm căng thẳng
● Ví du
- ex) biking clubs: help revitalize physically & mentally
ví dụ: câu lạc bộ đi xe đạp: giúp nạp thêm năng lượng cả về thể chất lẫn tinh thần.
Introduction:
It is true that many people feel more stress nowadays than they used to, and this is leading to a
general decline in people’s mental health. While there are several causes of this serious
problem, it can be solved by taking up a hobby.
64
B.P 1:
Nguyên nhân
● Cause: highly competitive The main cause of stress is that society is highly
society & ppl. under intense competitive and people are under intense pressure to
pressure to succeed succeed.
Nguyên nhân: xã hội cạnh tranh
khốc liệt và con người phải chịu áp The unstable job market has contributed to making
lực lớn để thành công people think that they will lose their jobs if they cannot
compete.
Furthermore, society demands constant self-
● Giải thích development in order to remain successful.
- unstable job market & social
demand for constant self- As a result, people experience a high degree of
development tension and pressure at work, which has an extremely
thị trường việc làm không ổn định negative effect on their health.
và xā hội đòi hỏi sự phát triển bản
thân liên tục In fact, in a recent survey conducted on workers in
● Ví dụ Korea, over 70 percent of those questioned stated that
- ex) survey: 70% of Korean they are under intense emotional strain because of the
workers are under intense social pressure to remain competitive.
emotional strain
Ví dụ: 70% người lao động Hàn
Quốc đang chịu đè nén cảm xúc
nặng nề.
B.P 2:
Giải pháp However, there are solutions to this problem. One of the
● Solution: find a ways to deal with stress is to find a hobby that allows people
hobby to forget the pressures they face in their professional lives.
Giải pháp: tìm một sở thích
● Giải thích A recreational activity can help people stop thinking about
-recreational activity w/ friends their worries and unwind.
→ forget worries & alleviate
stress In addition, doing activities with friends can be a particularly
các hoạt động giải trí với bạn effective means of alleviating work-related stress.
bè giúp quên đi những lo âu
và làm giảm căng thẳng For example, biking clubs have recently become extremely
● Ví dụ popular in Seoul. People who join them claim that cycling
- ex) biking clubs: help with a group of like-minded people helps to revitalize them
revitalize physically & both physically and mentally. The positive energy they
mentally generate from this hobby helps them cope with work-
related anxiety.
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ví dụ: câu lạc bộ đi xe đạp:

giúp nạp thêm năng lượng cả
về thể chất lẫn tinh thần.
Conclusion:
To sum up, it is clear that intense pressure to succeed is generating high levels of stress which is
harmful to people’s health. Nevertheless, the issue can be resolved by finding a hobby one can
enjoy.
Useful format:
Intro:
● Paraphrase the question: Nowadays,…/More and more…/It is undeniable that…/…
● While there are several causes of this problem, it can be solved by + Ving
Body 1:
1 reason: The main/major cause of … is that …
2 or more reasons: There are several causes of …/… is caused by several factors.
First/Second…
Body 2:
However, there are a number of solutions to this problem. One of the ways to deal with it is to
Vinf /that S+V… Another possible way to handle this is …
Other useful expressions:
Explanation/Reason/Cause:
1. … can account for … : là lý do gây ra
A sedentary life can account for childhood obesity.
2. One further explanation/cause (for…) might be (N/to Vinf) … , resulting from (root cause)
One further explanation for a movement towards wearing jeans among young people today
might be to look more modern, resulting from globalization and integration.
Root cause can be:

Modernisation
Industrialisation
Globalisation
International integration
The pressure of economic development
The fear of unemployment
A never-ending tragedy - the overpopulation
The urban sprawl
Technological advancement
The wealth gap
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The generation gap

The over-exploitation of natural resources
The lack of proper education
The distance barrier
The language barrier
3. … might be attributable to … : được gây ra bởi

The growth in juvenile delinquency in many cities might be attributable to the lack of proper
education.
EXAMPLE:
1. Students leave high school without learning how to manage their money. What are
the reasons and solutions for this issue?
There is a common problem amongst high school graduates these days where students are
leaving school without any knowledge or skills in personal money management. This essay will
outline a number of reasons for this trend and a number of possible solutions to help tackle the
issue.
High school graduates’ lack of money management skills is attributed to various factors. One
main cause of this issue is that the majority of high school students live with their parents and are
completely financially dependent upon them. Most students do not need to work to earn money
while at high school, as their parents pay for all their needs, and therefore do not gain any
understanding of the realities of earning and saving money. Furthermore, the only money that
students receive is from their parents and this is typically in the form of pocket-money, which is
given with the intent on it being spent. Therefore, young people only really learn how to spend
money, and not how to earn, save or manage it wisely.
There are a number of viable solutions to help tackle this problem. To begin with, basic money
management skills could be included as a compulsory subject for students in their high school
years, which would help equip them with the knowledge and skills to manage their own personal
finances when they leave school, move out of home and enter employment. In addition, parents
need to take responsibility to make sure that their children are adequately educated in such
matters to ensure their children maintain a successful and independent financial situation after
graduating and leaving home.
In conclusion, although money management is a problem for a lot of school leavers, there are a
number of viable solutions to counteract this problem.
2. Environmental damage is a problem in most countries. What is the cause of this

damage? What should be done about this problem?
Environmental damage has become a pressing issue in numerous countries worldwide. The main
causes of this problem relate to human expansion and industry and must therefore be tackled by
relevant authorities and corporations.
The factors contributing to environmental damage stem from human activity. Firstly, industrial
activities and the burning of fossil fuels release harmful emissions, such as carbon dioxide, into
67
the atmosphere, leading to climate change. For instance, the excessive use of coal and oil in
power generation contributes significantly to rising temperatures and poor air quality. Secondly,
deforestation, driven by logging and agricultural expansion, destroys crucial ecosystems and
disrupts the delicate balance of the planet. The loss of forests not only reduces carbon absorption
but also leads to soil erosion and the endangerment and potential extinction of numerous plant
and animal species.
To address the problem of environmental damage requires a multifaceted approach from

governing bodies. Governments should prioritize the implementation of stringent environmental
regulations and promote sustainable practices across industries. For example, imposing strict
emission standards on factories and incentivizing the use of renewable energy sources can
significantly reduce air pollution and combat climate change. Relatedly, funding sustainable land
management practices, such as reforestation and afforestation programs, can help restore vital
ecosystems and preserve biodiversity. Governments can apply these solutions together with
companies that are heavily involved in environmental degradation.
Environmental damage poses a significant threat to the planet, but large organizations must work
collectively to mitigate this issue. Implementing sustainable practices, enforcing environmental
regulations, and encouraging corporate involvement are key steps toward preserving our
environment for future generations.
3. There is too much noise in many public places in cities. What are the causes of this
problem? What can be done to solve the problem?
Public areas in cities today are becoming increasingly noisy. In my opinion, this change is caused
by surging urban populations and shifting attitudes to personal space. The best solutions involve
innovative urban design.
The underlying reasons for higher noise levels in public spaces are growing residential figures
and changes in social behavior. Firstly, the migration of individuals from the countryside to cities
has been well documented over the last century. This trend shows no sign of abating and it is
self-evident that more residents talking, operating vehicles, and interacting in public areas will
create more noise. Moreover, people are now less self-conscious. This is a uniquely modern trend
and is most apparent on social media. Most people are now comfortable making videos in public,
taking photos, and talking loudly on their phones. This psychological shift has its benefits but one
drawback is the contribution to noise levels.
The most realistic solutions are adaptations by the authorities. I strongly believe that the trends
themselves cannot be countered since they follow the dictates of human nature. Attempting to
ban phones in public or restrict residency numbers in certain cities would in fact engender greater
problems. Instead, governments can make myriad minor adjustments. Public spaces could
include more structures, such as trees and statues, in order to absorb sound. On public transport,
there could be softer padding so that sound does not bounce and travel as far. There may also
be steps that could be taken in terms of traffic and residential areas that would encourage more
spread out cities with lower density. These are minor solutions to a large problem, however, their
impact in the aggregate would be meaningful.
In conclusion, although cities are becoming noisier as they become more populous and people
are more open today, this can be remedied if authorities devise novel counters. In the future, this
issue will only become more pressing.
68
● Carbon dioxide ≈ greenhouse gases (khí thải nhà kính) ≈ emissions (khí
thải)
● the greenhouse effect: hiệu ứng nhà kính
● average global temperatures ≈ the earth’s average temperatures ≈ our
planet’s average temperatures: nhiệt độ trung bình toàn cầu/trái đất
● human activity: hoạt động của con người
● deforestation ≈ forest clearance ≈ illegal logging (chặt cây trái pháp
luật) ≈ cutting and burning trees
● produce = release + khí thải + into….(v): thải khí thải ra đâu
● the burning of fossil fuels: việc đốt nhiên liệu hóa thạch
● ozone layer depletion: sự phá hủy tầng ô-zôn
● melting of the polar ice caps: việc tan chảy các tảng băng ở cực
● sea levels: mực nước biển
● extreme weather conditions: những điều kiện thời tiết khắc nghiệt
● put heavy pressure on…: đặt áp lực nặng nề lên…
● wildlife habitats: môi trường sống của động vật hoang dã
● the extinction of many species of animals and plants: sự tuyệt chủng
của nhiều loài động thực vật
● People’s health: sức khỏe của con người
● introduce laws to…: ban hành luật để….
● renewable energy from solar, wind or water power: năng lượng tái tạo
từ năng lượng mặt trời, gió và nước.
● raise public awareness: nâng cao ý thức cộng đồng
● promote public campaigns: đẩy mạnh các chiến dịch cộng đồng
● posing a serious threat to: gây ra sự đe dọa đối với
● power plants = power stations: các trạm năng lượng
● absorb: hấp thụ
● global warming = climate change: nóng lên toàn cầu/ biến đổi khí hậu
● solve = tackle = address = deal with: giải quyết
ĐỀ BÀI: Global warming is one of the most serious issues that the world is facing
today. What are the causes of global warming and what measures can
governments and individuals take to tackle the issue?
Dịch đề: Nóng lên toàn cầu là một trong những vấn đề nghiêm trọng nhất mà thế giới
đang đối mặt ngày nay. Nguyên nguyên của nóng lên toàn cầu gì gì? Những biện pháp
nào mà chính phủ và cá nhân có thể thực hiện để giải quyết vấn đề này?
Các từ/ cụm từ hay được in đậm gạch chân.

69
One of the most pressing environmental issues which is posing a serious threat to
the world is global warming. This essay will look at some primary causes of this and
suggest several possible solutions to this problem.
There are a number of reasons why the earth is getting warmer than ever before. The
first reason is the levels of greenhouse gassess released from power plants to the air
are rising at alarming rates. This leads to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide
in our atmosphere, acting as a roof of a greenhouse, trapping heat and causing global
warming. Another reason for rising global temperatures is deforestation. It is widely
known that trees help absorb carbon dioxide in the air and thus reduce climate change.
However, with large areas of forests being cut down for different purposes, carbon dioxide
and other heat-trapping gasses will continue to rise, contributing to global warming.
There are various measures that could be implemented to tackle the problem of global
warming. First, it is necessary for the government to encourage power stations and plants
to use more environmentally-friendly energy sources such as nuclear or renewable
energy instead of fossil fuels. Second, stricter punishments should be imposed for
illegal logging and forest clearance to make sure that forests are properly managed
and protected. As individuals, we can help mitigate global warming by planting more trees
in our gardens or taking part in environmental protection programmes such as
community planting. By taking these actions, this problem would be properly tackled.
In conclusion, there are various factors leading to global warming and steps need to be
taken to address this serious issue.

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IELTS WRITING TASK 1, 2

● To be delivered/ transported/ sent/ taken to somewhere

● To be fermented /fəˈmentɪd/: Được lên men

Beginnings Middles Endings

First of all, the beans must be dried.

The first step (in making coffee) is to dry the beans.

After this, the beans are dried.

After/Once the beans have been harvested, they are dried.

Imperative – First, harvest the beans and then dry them

Present simple active – The workers dry the beans

Present simple passive – The beans are then dried

Passive modal verbs – The beans must be dried

is + to + infinitive – The next step is to dry the beans

The diagram illustrates the process by which waste paper is recycled.

The given diagram illustrates the process of plastic recycling.

Exercise 3: The diagram below shows the production of olive oil.

The diagram illustrates the process by which olive oil is produced.

The difference between ‘to’ and ‘in/on/at’:

Buildings Built, constructed, erected: Được xây lên

Trees/forest Cut-down, chopped down: Bị chặt hạ

Bridge, port, road, Constructed, built, erected: Được xây lên

Amenities Opened up, set up, established: Được xây dựng

Number Structures Examples

2 In …, there was a … + In 2002, there was a library in the center of the

It was then Vp.p.

On the left-hand side of the map, a new car park

Paragraph 1: Introduction – paraphrase the question

The illustrate the transformation of a + [place] after some from …. to …..

Paragraph 2: Overview – general description and the most significant differences

1. The relocation and expansion of + ABC: sự di dời và mở rộng của + ABC

Paragraph 3: Main paragraph 1

In 1990, … was located …

Paragraph 4: Main paragraph 2

Trends Verbs Nouns

Tăng increase an increase

Giảm decrease a decrease

Ổn định remain stable Stability

Dao động fluctuate a fluctuation

Mức cao nhất hit the highest point of

Mức thấp nhất hit the lowest point of

2. ADJ/ADV: tính từ và trạng từ mô tả thay đổi

Nhẹ/ít slight slightly

Đều/chậm steady steadily

Mạnh/đáng kể dramatic dramatically

Nhanh quick quickly

3. STRUCTURES: cấu trúc câu mô tả thay đổi

There was a significant increase of 500 in the number of students in 2006.

The number of students witnessed a significant increase of 500 in 2006.

A significant increase of 500 was seen in the number of students in 2006.

4. PROJECTIONS (số liệu dự đoán)

It is forecast that the proportion of the 15-

The anticipated figure for people aged 65

The estimated figure for 14-year olds

The projection for 14-year-olds will

The proportion of households with two

5. PREPOSITION: AT, TO, BY, OF, AROUND, BETWEEN

TO: VERB/NOUN + TO: lên đến, giảm xuống

BY (tăng thêm/giảm đi): VERB + BY: giảm đi, tăng thêm