Sericulture: Management and Practices of Mulberry Silkworm: March 2022

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Sericulture: management and practices of mulberry silkworm
Article · March 2022

DOI: 10.35629/7781-07023546
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International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications
Volume 7, Issue 2 Mar-Apr 2022, pp: 35-46 www.ijprajournal.com ISSN: 2456-4494
Sericulture: management and practices of mulberry silkworm

Sajal Saha[1], Pravesh Kumar[2], Shubham Raj[3], Babita Mog Choudhury[4],
Sentisuba[5]
[1,5]
PhD research scholar, Nagaland Central University,SASRD, India
[2]
M.Sc Agri, Chaudhary Charan singh University, Meerut, U.P., India
[3]
MBA (Agriculture), Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, India
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Submitted: 01-03-2022 Accepted: 13-03-2022
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ABSTRACT: Silk is called as the queen of all often outlined because the culture of the mulberry
fabric materials over thousands of years. It's become plant. Mulberry plant is a vital plant that may be
associate in Nursing in divisible a part of Indian helpful in some ways. It's wide used as feed for the
culture and tradition. Silk fiber in Asian country is mulberry silkworm, fuel, creating baskets, getting
usually thought-about to be as additional ancient and ready jam and jelly from its fruits. In Asian nation
wont to wear in special occasions and events. There we have a tendency to manufacture every type of
are variety of alternative beliefs and mythological silk. Sericulture has become one among the foremost
thoughts that are thought-about to be connected to necessary bungalow industries in a variety of states
silk fiber, therefore, the silk non inheritable the place like China, Japan, India, Korea, Brazil, Russia,
of queen of fiber. European nation and France. Today, China and
Asian nation square measure the 2 main producers,
I. INTRODUCTION along producing over hour of the planet production.
In India, it's a rural primarily based agro Production of raw silk in Asian nation was twenty
business providing employment to rural population, three,060 MT (matric ton) in 2011-12, of which,
though sericulture is taken into account to be a mulberry raw silk output mass to eighteen,272 MT
subsidiary occupation and technical innovation (79.24%). The remaining four,788 MT (20.76%)
created it doable to get a lot of employment. it's the was tasarsilk. Mulberry sericulture is principally
foremost labor intensive section for the economy practiced in 5 states specifically, Karnataka,
that provides keep to an oversized section of province, state, Tamilnadu and Jammu & Jammu
population. Sericulture or silk farming is that the and Kashmir together account for regarding ninety
rearing of silkworm for production of raw silk. seven of the entire mulberry silk production within
Though there square measure many industrial the country. Asian nation is that the largest client of
species of silkworms, Bombyxmoris, the foremost raw silk within the world.
wide used and intensively studied. Silkworm larvae
square measure fed mulberry leaves and when the Area with mulberry in India
molt, climb a twig placed close to them and spin Mulberry foliage is that the solely food for
their smooth cocoons. This method is achieved by the silkworm (Bombyx mori) and is grownup
the worm through a dense fluid secreted from its beneath varied atmospheric condition starting from
structural glands, ensuing fiber of cocoon. The silk temperate to tropical. Mulberry leaf may be a major
could be a continuous-filament fiber consisting of economic part in sericulture since the standard and
fibroin macromolecule, secreted from 2 secretion amount of leaf created per unit space have an
glands within the head of fauna and a gum known as immediate pertaining to cocoon harvest. In India,
sericin, that cements the 2 filaments along. The most states have preoccupied sericulture as a very
sericin is removed by inserting the cocoons in important agro-based business in numerous places of
predicament, that frees the silk filaments and readies Bharat with wonderful results. In India, there square
them for reeling. This can be referred to as the measure several species of magnoliopsid genus, of
degumming method. The immersion in predicament that Morusalba, M. indica. M. serrata and M.
additionally kills the silkworm pupae. Single laevigata grow wild inthe chain of mountains. many
filaments square measure combined to make thread. different varieties are introduced that square measure
This thread is drawn below tension through many M. multicaulis, M. nigra, M. sinensis and M.
guides and spherical into reels. The threads could philippinensis. Most of the Indian types of mulberry
also be plied along to make yarn. Moriculture are belong to M. indica.
DOI: 10.35629/7781-07023546 | Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 35
CSRTI, Mysore the chemical composition of the leaf

Leaf chemical composition is as follows:
It differs according to variety and maturity.
However, on the basis of the analysis carried out at
Table 1: Leaf chemical composition

Component Range
Moisture 65-78 %
Protein 19-25 %
Minerals 10-15 %
Reducing sugars 1.2-1.9 %
Sugars 10-15 %
Climatic requirement: quality seed, preparation of land, and seed ought

Mulberry thrives beneath various climate to be elect specified will positively germinate.
ranging from temperate to tropical placed north of ii) Vegetal Propagation:- In vegetal kind of
the equator between 28° N and 55°N latitude. The propagation vegetative plant elements area unit
most effective vary of temperature is from twenty used.
four to 28°C. Mulberry grows well in places with iii) In mulberry the propagation is principally of 3
associate in nursing annual precipitation ranging sorts.
from 600 to 2,500 mm. In areas with low • Propagation by Cutting.
precipitation, growth is through wet stress, resulting • Propagation by affixation.
in low yields. On average, mulberry desires • Propagation by Budding.
340m3/ha of water every ten days simply just in case
of loamy soils and fifteen days in clay soils. Region Land preparation:
condition at intervals the vary of 65-80 p.c is true for If the land contains a mild slope, it are often
mulberry growth. Sunshine is one altogether the levelled by minor land shapingand providing
important factors dominant growth and leaf quality. appropriate kind of bunds across the slope. If the
slope is larger, contour bunding terrace planting or
Soil condition: isometric planting are often adopted. in additional
Mulberry thrives well in soils that are flat, sloping areas, platforms for individual plants on
deep, fertile, well drained, loamy to clay, and porous contour lines area unit a lot of appropriate since this
with smart wet holding capability. the most effective involves less soil cutting. Application of fertilizers:
vary of soil hydrogen ion concentration is half a Fertilizers conjointly should be used as per the
dozen.2 to 6.8 pH, the optimum being half a dozen.5 counseled dosage mainly N.P.K. The counseled
to 6.8. pH Soil amendments is additionally indefinite quantity of N.P.K are within the
accustomed correct the soil to urge the desired quantitative relation of assorted from place to
hydrogen ion concentration position. Usually N.P.K. are within the quantitative
relation of two.5:1:1 for irrigated conditions and
Propagation of Mulberry: 2:1:1 of N.P.K for rain fed conditions. In unsmooth
Mulberry are often propagated by 2 method:- areas the counseled N.P.K. area unit 100:40:40.
i) Sexual Propagation:- In mulberry the sexual
propagation is thru seedlings, significantly seed Spacing:
propagation carries a varied population, For For mild slopes, 3´ x 3´, 5’ x 5‟ could also
seed germination sure stipulations area unit be adopted. In sloping a lot of land 10‟ x 10‟ are
required to be consummated like choice of often adopted. Pits area unit to be ready for
plantation. In deep rough-textured loose soils, forty
five x forty five cm and in exhausting shallow soils by 1) leaf selecting, 2) branch cutting / shoot
60x60x60 cm pits area unit to be ready. for every pit, harvest. Leaf harvest in time is extremely essential
five kilogram (one iron pan) of FYM or compost as mature leaf contain low nutrient price & silk
should be applied. worms fed upon them become malady inclined
Planting: harvest.
Saplings of 5 months past with five to 6 Leaf Picking: In India principally leaf selecting is
roots area unit appropriate for planting during the practiced. However, this is often a lot of labor
regular onset of the monsoon. The saplings ought to intensive. Presently this methodology is being
be supported with a continue guarantee straight followed by most of the farmers. In an exceedingly
growth. year 5-6 harvests are potential. Initial leaf harvest
Maintenance: takes place when (10) weeks of bottom pruning.
Once one month, all the buds except the
highest 5 to 6 ought to be removed carefully while Types of silkworm rearing in India
not damaging the bark. Weeds round the plant ought Silk worm rearing is started with
to be removed and regular pot watering given. Once production of egg that's additionally called the
3 months of plantings second weeding ought to be grainage then followed by the Chawki rearing and
done and 25g of suphate/plant ought to be applied in late age rearing. Silk that's created in Republic of
an exceedingly trench and will be coated with soil. A India is principally of four varieties as follows-
second dose of plant food (25 g urea/plant) ought to a) Mulberry:
be applied before halt of the monsoon. Plants should Bombyx mori is reared on the mulberry,
be shielded from grazing. considering the economical conditions, such as
:rainfall and therefore the nature of soil, completely
Mulberry cultivation and practices different systems of plantations for raising mulberry
Mulberry is cultivated in an exceedingly ar practiced in Republic of India. The silkworm
big selection of soil. Favorable soils for mulberry Bombyx mori are reared throughout the year. the
growth are sandy dirt, dirt and clayey dirt. The whole lifetime of this silkworm is fifty days, out of
mulberry is even full-grown on slopes of those egg stage is ten days, larval stage is 25-30 days
mountainous areas, that don't seem to be vulnerable and therefore the insect stage is ten days. At the top
to water work. Just in case of slightly sloppy lands, of the larval length, the silkworm emits silk from its
correct drain should be provided. In irrigated land mouth and constructs a cocoon on a system. the
the suggested organic manure like oxen dung typical annual yield of cocoons in Republic of India
compost @20 tones per hector or @ ten tones per is as low as one hundred fifty kilo below rain fed
square measure in rain fed conditions should be conditions, and below irrigated conditions it's
applied and mixed with soil by plowing 2-3 times. regarding four hundred kilo.
b) Eri silk worm:
Inter Cultivation: This silk created by Philosamiaricini is
To eliminate the weeds and to loosen the named eri silk worm. it's principally fully grown in
soil permanently aeration, around mulberry plant, state ineastern components of Republic of India. The
lightweight hoeing ought to be done 2 months when food plants of this silkworm is castor (Ricinus
plantation. communis) the choice food plants are Heteropanax
Pruning: fragans, Manihotutilissima, Earica papaya, flowering
Pruning of mulberry trees ought to be done tree sp., Plumeriaacutifolia. This silkworm is multi
when one year of plantation. By pruning the voltine and is reared inside. The worms molt
mulberry branches, leaf yield is raised and fourfold throughout its larval amount of 30-32 days.
production of leaf is synchronic with silkworm It's typically hardy and not liable to malady.
rearing schedules throughout the seasons. Care c) Tasar:
ought to be taken throughout pruning; bark mustn't For the extraction of tasar silk 3 species of
get in the altogether off since cut wounds don't heal, Anthereaare used in republic of India. They are
that leads infections and diseases. Anthereamylitta, A. perniyi and A. royeli. This
silkworm is reared on trees of Terminaliatomentosa,
Leaf Harvesting: Terminaliaarjuna. Tasar silkworms ar reared wild in
In conjunction with leaf production, leaf nature. They are usually inexperienced in color.
utilization is additionally necessary. Leaf harvest d) Muga:
depends upon sort of rearing apply. Leaf harvested
Anthereaassama manufacture golden Life cycle of mulberry silk production:

yellow silk. This process is found solely within the The life cycle of moth started when a
river depression of Republic of India. it's semi female moth lays eggs. The larvae are hatched from
domesticated. The worms are raised on the eggs. The worm feed on mulberry leaves and
Machilusbombycina and Litsaeapolyantha trees grown up to a pupa. After that it swings its head,
spinning a fiber made of a protein and becomes a
Mulberry silk production: silk fiber, silk worm protected and covered by this
Silk production is an process as follows- fiber than we called it cocoon.
Egg Production (grainage): "Grainages". Grainages play a significant role not

Grainage may be a method chargeable for solely in production of seed however conjointly
the providing egg for normal rearing of the within the entire seed organization. Throughout the
silkworm. final production of egg is to supply grainage operation one should apprehend the seed
cocoons to induce silk yarn. Advance designing, quality for a specific space before cathartic
quality production, timely offer of seed is that the commercially.
vital factors in egg production. The egg is created in
Rearing: conjointly facilitate the rearing on most scientific

Silkworm is domesticated over thousands of years lines and price wise it's most economical.
and therefore the sole food forth growth of silkworm b. Late Age Rearing:
is mulberry leaf. Late age rearing once third molt doesn't
Types of Rearing: need warm temperature and wetness compared to
Rearing of silkworm is completed in numerous ways chawki rearing. Late age rearing may be a very little
in several areas. easier method than chawki rearing. Throughout late
Mainly the rearing of silkworm is of 2 types: age the amount of mulberry leaf needed is quite
a. Chawki Rearing: ninetieth of total larval amount.
Rearing of young age silk worms is termed
Chawki rearing. Here worms ar reared upto third Climatic requirements: -
molt and distributed to the producer for late age Under ideal conditions silkworm completes
rearing. Chawki rearing in mass at every CRC won't cocoon formation in 24-28 days from the day of
solely management the attack of diseases however hatching. The following required
temperature/humidity/spacing should be provided:
S.No. Stage Temperature0C Humidity% Spacing(for100dfl‟s) in Sq. ft

1 1st Instar 26-28 85-90 4-14
2 2nd Instar 26-28 85-90 15-45
3 3rd Instar 25-26 80-85 46-90

th
4 4 Instar 24-25 70-75 91-100
5 5th Instar 23-24 70 181-360
Rearing shed: that contain sugar, less quantity of fiber, starch but,
Rearing shed should be made with high wetness and super molecule that area unit
East/West direction, ideally with the thatched appropriate for chawki worms. Harvested leaf ought
roofing, mud walls or any roofing should not to be transported in wet bagging luggage or baskets
replicate heat on the biological body growth of created of bamboo. Such leaf ought to be preserved
silkworm. Keeping smart range of windows, correct in an exceedingly separate area or in an exceedingly
ventilation, light, mistreatment country tiles for corner of rearing area or in specially designed leaf
roofing can serve the aim of maintaining needed preservation chamber created of wood with decent
atmospheric conditions within the rearing house range of ventilators. Leaf requirement:
with reduced price. Silkworm attains nearly 10,000 times of weight
Leaf quality: ranging from hatching to spinning stage, therefore,
Leaf quality plays a crucial role within the feeding quality leaf plays a crucial role within the
production of quality cocoons. The young age development of silkworm
worms area unit fed with tender, succulent leaves
Leaf Requirement (about 400 eggs per DFL‟s)
S.No. Silkworm Stage Quantity of mulberry leaf Required (approx.) (Kg)
1 1st Instar 2-4
2 2nd Instar 4-8
3 3rd Instar 30-40
4 4th Instar 80-90
5 5th Instar 600-650
Rearing Equipments: Incubation:

The following equipments are required for silkworm The eggs ought to be unbroken in cooler
rearing. places at 250C temperature and 80%humidity. For
1. Mesh 2) Formalin 3) Sprayer 4) Mats 5)Leaf uniform hatching all the egg cards or loose eggs
preservation chamber ought to be unbroken in dark and cooler atmosphere.
6. Chopping board 7) Chopping knife 8) Chop On the day of pin head or blue egg stage all the eggs
sticks 9) Feathers square measure lined with a black sheet or unbroken
10. Ant wells 11) Foam pads 12) Paraffin Paper in recording machine and called black boxing. On
13) Hygrometer the day of hatching all the eggs square measure
14. Thermometer 15) Bed cleaning net 16) Wash suddenly exposed to bright lightweight within the
basin early morning at around eight a.m. in order that
17. Plastic buckets/Mugs 18) Rearing stands 19) ninety fifth hatching is achieved.
Rearing trays Brushing:
20. Feeding stand Brushing is transferring of recently hatched
larvae into rearing trays. The recently hatched larvae
Disinfection: when one hour of hatching make preparations to go
Disinfection may be a method of after mulberry leaf. They're fed with finely cut
destructing the un-wellness casual organisms. tender mulberry leaf.
There's a break of carrying the pathogens or germs
through the rearing instrumentation if there's any un- Feeding of Leaf:
wellness attack within the previous crop. Therefore, Feeding recently hatched larvae daily at
medical care is important to guard the crop from un- nine a.m. within the morning is very important.
wellness attack. Before taking on rearing all the throughout the first arthropod relying upon the
rearing equipments together with the rearing house silkworm strain and different factors (environmental
ought to be disinfected totally. There square measure conditions and leaf quality) the desired mulberry leaf
numerous strategies of medical care like physical per a hundred DFL are going to be around 2-2.5 kg.
and chemical. Physical disinfections square measure The first arthropod stays for 3-31/2 days and bear
sun drying, steaming. In chemical medical care, all molt. Shedding amount last for a few day. This may
the rearing instrumentation likewise because the rely upon the environmental conditions.
rearing house ought to be totally disinfected with Spacing: -
two formal and dried. The number of trays and space required for each
instar will increase.
Stage of
silkworm No.of trays required for 100 DFL‟s Space required
(Diameter of tray 3 ½‟) (Bi and Multi x Bi hybrids)
Beginning End of stage Begin End
1st instar 2 2 4 to 15 Sq.ft

nd
2 instar 2 5-6 15 to 45 Sq.ft
3rd instar 5-6 10-12 46 to 90 Sq.ft
4th instar 10-12 20 91 to 180 Sq.ft.
th
5 instar 20 40 181 to 360 Sq.ft
Bed Cleaning: - cleansing internet. Throughout first arthropod, bed

Bed cleansing in silkworm rearing clearing ought to be done once throughout pre-
receptacle is finished by varied strategies like molting, throughout 2d arthropod doubly, once
victimization of paddy husk, straw, and bed when molt and before next molt. Throughout third
arthropod thrice i.e when molt, before next molt and Feeding:
once within the middle. Throughout fourth and fifth It is estimated that 50% of the total weight will be
stage once in an exceedingly day just in case of increased in the 5th instar itself. The feeding
shelf rearing. schedule is: -
S.No. 1st feeding 2nd feeding 3rd feeding 4th feeding 5th feeding
1 6 A.M.-6.30 A.M 11-11.30 AM 3-3.30 PM 7-7.30 PM
2 7 AM – 7.30 AM 11-11.30 AM 2-2.30 PM 5-5.30 PM
3 6 AM – 6.30 AM 10-10.30 AM 2-2.30 PM 6-6.30 PM 10-10.30 PM
Mounting: The matured silkworm spins the outer

Transferring of matured silkworm to the protecting covering referred to as cocoon and
mountage or cocoon frames is named "mounting". remains in dormant stage within as insect. once
This is often a crucial and ball-hawking operation. mounting the ripen worms in chandrike the larvae
Any deviation in identification of maturity of worms sticks on to the mountage by oozing out the silk fluid
adversely have an effect on on seclusion For the aim which can harden like a shot once coming back in
the density of worms within the mountage ought to grips with air and sticks itself to the mountage. It
be restricted to 40-50 worms per sq.ft.to avoid starts to ooz out the silk by continuous movement of
formation of double cocoon, stained cocoon. The its head terribly} very specific manner to create the
matured worms picked up in any of the ways silk filament within the form of arithmetic figure `8’.
mentioned higher than area unit transferred to the Larvae moves its head incessantly concerning 70-80
mountages. In a neighborhood of one mt 800-900 times per minute until the compact shell referred to
worms will be mounted to avoid an excessive as cocoon is made and detaches itself from the last
amount of density within the mountage. In bound layer of silk of then reworking into insect. Silkworm
strain of silk worms around 250-300 worms will be completes the spinning in 2-4 days relying upon the
handily mounted in a very customary mountage of silkworm strain and climate provided.
ninety x sixty cm size. Throughout mounting care Harvesting of Cocoons:
ought to be taken to use the proper form of Harvesting of cocoons is finished on the
chandrike in convenient size and form. fifth day of spinning. Wherever as seed cocoons
There are different types of chandrike that are used ought to be harvested on eighth day or ninth day of
for the purpose of mounting spinning relying upon the part temperature.
a. Plastic Mountage Harvesting shouldn't be done like a shot once
b. Bamboo made Chandrike pupation. Further, harvest home ought to be done
c. Straw Mountage before the lepidopterous insect emerges out.
d. Bottle Brush Cocoons ar harvested usually with hand. In
e. Revolving Mountage advanced temperate countries like Japan
straightforward devices are accustomed harvest the
Cocooning: cocoons from turning mountage.
Reeling: reeling is completed singly to extend the standard of

Reeling may be a method of unreeling of silk. In bungalow basin change of state is completed
silk filament from the cocoon. Reeling method is a singly and therefore the reeling basins area unit
crucial activity. Relying upon the specified thickness mounted to a reel bench. There'll be 6-10 ends in
(denier) of silk thread filaments from variety of every basin. Arrangement to produce predicament to
cocoons area unit combined along and reeled. every basin and to empty out the dirt water
Associate degree economical realer can maintain the accumulated thanks to floss and sericin is formed.
fastened variety of cocoons per finish to provide Filature or multi-end reeling machine works on the
uniform denier silk. Reeling is meted out by principle of picture reeling and thread production on
distinctive strategies tiny reels at an outsized range of ends per basin.
Types Automatic reeling machine Bi-voltine cocoons area
unit best suited to automatic reeling machines. This
Charka machinery needs superior quality cocoons and
It is regarding five hundredth of total raw uniform size of cocoons with less floss. Usually the
silk production is contributed by charka. Reeling multi-voltine cocoons don't seem to be suited
machine is historically home engineered by automatic reeling. This is often notably thanks to
exploitation wood material with the help of black inferior quality. The silk made from automatic
smith and carpenter thus. Cottage Basin In bungalow reeling machine are going to be superior.
basin, the cocoons area unit soft-bo singly and re-
Hatching: harvested heap in same written account order.

While brushing is taken some larvae stay usually cocoons confirming their folks square
un-brushed as a result of they're late born . Beside measure hybrid characters with live insect square
some eggs stay sterile , some dead eggs ,some un- measure known as sensible cocoons.
hatched eggs conjointly found on egg sheets. from Pupation percentage:
no. of larvae brushed late born larve square measure Each sensible cocoon is gently jolted
subtracted and divided by total no. of eggs. Its share holding it between finger and thumb close to our
is named hatching share. In total no. of eggs i.e. ears. If a transparent sound comes, it shows live
fecundity, inseminated eggs, dead eggs ,un-hatched insect within. Live insect divided by larvae
eggs and hatched egg shells square measure counted. preserved and increased by a hundred is named
Larval period: pupation share.
It's counted from brushing time to 1st molt SCW (Single cocoon weight):
time for 1st arthropod larvae, molt out time to once SCW, SSW, older usually ten males *10
more molt in time is counted for record of second , females insect square measure elect from plenty of
third and fourth stages. In fifth age amount from three hundred larvae preserved for analysis of those
molt bent on spinning is counted. Total larval on associate balance. Ten male or feminine cocoons
amount is counted by individual record of fifth stage with their insects within square measure weighted
of the silkworm. for SCW pupa and cast off square measure taken out
Yield: empty cocoons shells square measure weighted once
Yield /10000 larvae brushed. This more, this is often known as SCW. Point divided by
parameter for weight is counted on the premise of SCW and increased by a hundred is named SR share.
the great cocoons weight of space preserved (300 or
350) divided by no of larvae preserved and increased II. CONCLUSION
by ten thousand. For variety this parameter is As per the sensible expertise gained let me
counted on the premise of no. of fine cocoons created a conclusion that sericulture could be a large
(including double cocoons and also the cocoons field of nice economic importance and having plenty
within which pupae square measure shaped divided of potential. it's the capability to produce
by the no. of larvae. cocoons, flimsy cocoons, and employment to the landless in addition because the
sensible cocoons square measure sorted out from the little farmers which can improve the living
commonplace of the peoples. at the side of that silk [13]. Ganga, G. and Chetty, J. Sulochana 1991. An
that's made is have additional price than the other Introduction to Sericulture. Oxford and New
fiber and have capability to produce sensible returns Delhi: IBH Publishing Company.
to the economy. [14]. Geetha, G.S. and Indira, R. 2011. ‘Silkworm
Rearing by Rural Women in Karnataka: A
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Sericulture: management and practices of mulberry silkworm

Article · March 2022

Sajal Saha Shubham Raj

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Babita MOG Choudhury

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Sericulture: management and practices of mulberry silkworm

CSRTI, Mysore the chemical composition of the leaf

Table 1: Leaf chemical composition

Reducing sugars 1.2-1.9 %

Climatic requirement: quality seed, preparation of land, and seed ought

Anthereaassama manufacture golden Life cycle of mulberry silk production:

Egg Production (grainage): "Grainages". Grainages play a significant role not

Rearing: conjointly facilitate the rearing on most scientific

S.No. Stage Temperature0C Humidity% Spacing(for100dfl‟s) in Sq. ft

2 2nd Instar 26-28 85-90 15-45

3 3rd Instar 25-26 80-85 46-90

5 5th Instar 23-24 70 181-360

Leaf Requirement (about 400 eggs per DFL‟s)

S.No. Silkworm Stage Quantity of mulberry leaf Required (approx.) (Kg)

1 1st Instar 2-4

2 2nd Instar 4-8

3 3rd Instar 30-40

4 4th Instar 80-90

5 5th Instar 600-650

Rearing Equipments: Incubation:

Beginning End of stage Begin End

1st instar 2 2 4 to 15 Sq.ft

Bed Cleaning: - cleansing internet. Throughout first arthropod, bed

1 6 A.M.-6.30 A.M 11-11.30 AM 3-3.30 PM 7-7.30 PM

2 7 AM – 7.30 AM 11-11.30 AM 2-2.30 PM 5-5.30 PM

3 6 AM – 6.30 AM 10-10.30 AM 2-2.30 PM 6-6.30 PM 10-10.30 PM

Mounting: The matured silkworm spins the outer

Reeling: reeling is completed singly to extend the standard of

Hatching: harvested heap in same written account order.

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