Chapter 4 - Building

Structural Systems

1
Course: Building Construction
Course Code: CEng-3207
Program: Civil Eng. (regular)
Credit Hours: 3
Lecture: 2hrs/wk
Lab: 3hr/wk

Course Instructor: Abdissa G.

2 Presentation Outline
Shell Structures
Framed Structures
RC Structures

Timber Structures

Dome Structure
3
Introduction

 Building is an assemblage of various systems like:

► Basic functional system
► Structural System
► Plumbing and drainage system
► Electrical system
► Security system etc.
4
Introduction (CoNT)

 Structural systems: are designed to form

part of a building’s structure either to
support the entire building or other live
loads to provide stability and durability.
 They are load-resisting sub-system of a
building.
 The structural system transfers loads
through interconnected elements.
5 Introduction (CoNT)
 Building Structural Systems:- greatly depend on materials and the
expected force systems.
 Based on force systems structural elements can be classified into:

► Foundation ► Dome, Shell

► Column ► Plate
► Beam ► Membrane
► Truss ► Arch
6 Introduction (CoNT...)
 Non-structural elements include:

► Wall system
► Doors and
windows

► Floor finish
► Wall finish
7
Reinforced Concrete Structures

What is reinforced concrete???

 Concrete is a mixture of:-

 It is known that plain concrete is quite strong in compression, weak in

tension.
8
Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)

What is reinforced concrete???

 Concrete is not a suitable material for the loading
conditions that generate flexure and shear.
 Weakness of concrete in tension can be
overcome by reinforcing it with steel bars
in the tensile regions.
9
Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)
 The two materials (plain concrete & reinforcing steel)
are best be utilized in logical combination.

 In this case, plain concrete is made

to resist the compressive stresses
and
reinforcing steel resists the tensile stresses.
10
Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)

 Both plain concrete & reinforcing steel bar together assumed to act as one
composite unit and it is termed as Reinforced Concrete (RC).

 The tensile stresses developed in the section are transferred to reinforcing

steel by the bond between the interfaces of the two materials.
11
Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)
 6mm, 8mm, 10mm size/diameter
of steel bars: stirrup formation

 8mm to 12mm size/diameter of

steel bars: are used in slab

 12mm to 25mm size/diameter of steel:

are used for beam and column.
12
Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)

► 32mm to 50mm: are used in formation of Hydraulic structure like

Bridge, Dam, Reservoir, adequet, etc,
Bridge pier

U bar reinforcement
► Preventing the concrete from slipping /sliding
under stress and moments.
13
Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)
14 Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)
 Many traditional materials such as bamboo and natural fibres have been
tried as reinforcement in earlier times.

 But steel is found to be the most appropriate form of reinforcement in RC.

This is due to:
► Steel is very strong in tension, compression, shear and torsion.
► Concrete develops very good bond with steel.
15 Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)

► Steel has ductile in behavior. Gives sufficient warning time

before failure.
► The steel bars can be cut, bent, lifted and welded easily with
commonly available tools and machines.

► Steel has longer life.

► Steel is easily available.
16 Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)
□ Uses of Reinforced Concrete
► Buildings
► Flyovers
► Water Tanks
► Road and Rail Bridges
► Chimneys and Towers
► Retaining Walls
► Bunkers and Silos
17
Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)

 Uses of Reinforced Concrete

Water Tank

Building

Shear wall
18
Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)

 Uses of Reinforced Concrete

Retaining wall Bunkers and Silos

19
Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)

 Uses of Reinforced Concrete

Flyovers
Dams
20
Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)

Reinforced concrete has the following advantages

► Strength: Good strength in tension as well as compression.

► Durability: They can last up to 100 years.

► Mouldability: They can be given any shape easily by properly

designing the formwork.

► Economy: Cheaper as compared to steel and prestressed concrete.

Using RC is economical because its maintenance cost is low.

21
Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)

► Ductility: The steel reinforcement imparts ductility to the RC structures.

► Transportation: Raw materials for RC. i.e. cement, sand, aggregate,

water and steel are easily available and can be transported easily.

► Fire Resistance: are more fire resistant than other steel and wood.
► Permeability: Almost impermeable to moisture.
► Seismic Resistance: They are extremely resistant to earthquake
22 Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)

 Disadvantage of RC: R C. has following disadvantages:

► RC. structures are heavier than structures of other materials like
steel, wood and glass etc.
► RC. needs lot of formwork, centering and shuttering to be fixed,thus
require lot of site space and skilled labour.
► Concrete takes time to attain its full strength.
► Thus, RC. structures can't be used immediately after construction
unlike steel structures.
 Reinforced Concrete Structures (CoNT...)
23

Disadvantage of RC

► It is difficult to demolish in case of repair or modification.

► It is too difficult to inspect after the concrete has been poured.
► Construction time
► Concrete quality control
► Cracking of concrete,
reinforcement corrosion
24 Framed Structures

 Framed structures: are a network of columns and beams joined up to

form the skeleton of the building.
 They carry the total loads of the building and transfer to the foundations.
25 Framed Structures (CoNT...)

 Advantageous features of framed structure

► Speedy construction due to simplicity in geometry:-consist of only
columns and beams (or partially by the floor slab) as the main
structural elements.
► Very rigid and stable:-able to resist tremendous vertical (dead load)
and lateral loads (wind).

► Reduced dead load:- absent of thick shear wall etc.

► Flexible utilization of space.
27
Framed Structures (CoNT)

Principle factors affecting choice of frame

 Production consideration
► Availability of materials, labour and plant
► Speed of construction
► Availability of mechanical plants
 Architectural Design consideration
► Size and shape of site
► Conditions of site
► Integration of mechanical elements
► Architectural or aesthetic requirements
28 Framed Structures (CoNT...)

 Structural Design consideration

► Foundation consideration
► Standardization of members or design
► Span and floor loads
► Fire resistance requirement
► Maintenance consideration
► Integration of architectural & structural elements
29 Framed Structures (CoNT...)
In-situ concrete frame construction
 Cast-in-place concrete or Cast-in-situ concrete: is a technology of
construction of buildings where walls and slabs of the buildings are
cast at the site in formwork.
 They are prepared, placed, and finished on the construction site.
30 Framed Structures (CoNT...)

Advantages of Cast in Situ Concrete

► This type of concrete easily adapts to any shape of building; that’s

why it is highly preferable and widely used all over the world.

► Cast in situ concrete can be more or less monolithic

► Are used for the two-way structural system.
► They are adaptable for post-tensioning.
► In this type of concrete placing, no crane is to be needed.
31 Framed Structures (CoNT...)

Disadvantages of Cast in Situ Concrete

► In cast in situ concrete, the formwork is very time-consuming, and it
requires more manpower.
► Cast in situ concrete must be cured before it is subjected to any other
loads.
► Quality control of the finished surface of this type of concrete is not
assured.

► More manpower is required, so it is not an economical process.

32 Framed Structures (CoNT...)

Applications of a cast in place concrete, those are-

 Cast-in-place concrete is widely used in different places like building
✓ Walls,
✓ Slabs.
✓ Foundations.
✓ Beams
✓ Columns
✓ Roof
✓ Rigid pavements of roads
33 Framed Structures (CoNT...)

Applications of a cast in place concrete

Slab
Column
34 Framed Structures (CoNT...)

Applications of a cast in place concrete

Foundations
Rigid pavement
 35
Framed Structures (CoNT...)

Steel Framed Structure

 Steel frame is a building technique that uses the combination of horizontal
I-beams and vertical columns to create a “skeleton frame” that supports
the general weight of a structure.
36 Framed Structures (CoNT...)

Advantage of steel framed structures

► Durability ► Non-Combustible
► High Tensile Strength ► Durability
► Time Efficient ► Less Maintenance
► Cost Savings ► Pests Free
37 Framed Structures (CoNT...)

Disadvantage of Steel Framed Structures

► High Maintenance Costs.

► Higher Initial Cost.
► Thermal Conductivity.
► Reduced Flexibility on-Site.
► Poor corrosion resistance
38 Timber Structure
 Timber: the wood which is suitable or fit for engineering construction or
engineering purose.

 Timber building is a “light weight” building

where are timber is used to build its main

structural components.

 This method relies on timber frame beams as a means of structural support

for the proposed building.
 Over 70% of people in the developed world live in timber frame housing.
39 Timber Structure (CoNT...)
 A timber structure use to built up the building and take more times,
more cost but have an unique aesthetic value.

 Supported by main structure like beam and wall.

 The connection used is difficultly to install
insite, and need more skilled labour to built

up the house.
49 Timber Structure (CoNT...)
Uses of Timber

Roof truss

Cladding
41 Timber Structure (CoNT...)
Uses of Timber

Stair
Floor Column

Beam
42 Timber Structure (CoNT...)
Use of Timber:

Pergola
Panel

Formwork
Cabinet
43 Timber Structure (CoNT...)
Advantage of Timber
✓ Incredibly quick construction times
✓ Can incorporate a large variety of exterior finishes.
✓ It lends itself well to prefabrication and mass-production.
✓ By far the most environmentally friendly material
✓ High strength / weight ratio
✓ Easy to cut
✓ Good finishes and appearance
✓ Low heat and electrical conductivity
✓ High durability if properly treated
44 Timber Structure (CoNT...)
Dis-advantage of Timber
✓ Easy to catch fire (Combustibility)
✓ Susceptibility to attack by fungi and insects
✓ Shrinkage & swelling
✓ Poor acoustic insulation
✓ All wood will eventually rot
45 Prefabricated Building Systems
 Prefabrication: is the practice of assembling components of a structure
in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting to the
construction site where the structure is to be located.

Prefab. plant
46 Prefabricated Building Systems (CoNT...)

 A prefabricated building, informally a prefab, is a building that is

manufactured and constructed using prefabrication.
47 Prefabricated Building Systems (CoNT...)

 In prefabricated construction, the entire building or an assembly of its

components is manufactured at an offsite facility and assembled onsite.

 It consists of factory-made
components or units that are
transported and assembled on-
site to form the complete
building.
48 Prefabricated Building Systems (CoNT...)

 Prefab structures can be built out of steel, timber (including engineered

wood products), concrete or a combination of these.
49 Prefabricated Building Systems (CoNT...)

The major output obtained from using pre-fabricated members:-

✓ Beam ✓ Ditch
✓ Column ✓ Electrical pole
✓ Stair ✓ Deck of bridge
✓ Canal ✓ Water canal
✓ Tunnel ✓ Emergency stair
✓ Wall
50 Prefabricated Building Systems (CoNT...)

Prefabricated building elements:

51 Prefabricated Building Systems (CoNT...)

Prefabricated building elements:

52 Prefabricated Building Systems (CoNT...)

Advantage of Prefabricated building construction:

✓ Reduced need for labour
✓ Reduced on-site overcrowding, waste and pollution.
✓ Prefab buildings having a much lower life cycle energy
✓ Enables construction to commence earlier than usual
✓ Prefab construction reduces construction time
✓ The construction process is significantly less in danger to adverse weather,
resulting in an even faster construction.
53 Prefabricated Building Systems (CoNT...)

Disadvantage of Prefabricated building construction:

✓ Leakage occurs in joints in prefabricated parts.
✓ For huge prefabricated parts, transportation costs can be high.
✓ To ensure affordability through prefabrication, increased production
volume is required.

✓ Initial costs for construction are higher.

✓ The initial production of designs is time-consuming.
54
Shell and Dome Construction

 Shell structure: is a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied

forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of
the surface.

 They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh.

55
Shell and Dome Construction (CoNT...)

 A dome: is a self-supporting structural element that resembles the curved

hollow upper half of a sphere.
 Hemispherical structure evolved from
the arch, usually forming a ceiling or
roof.

 They have no angles and no corners.

 It enclose a large amount of space.
56 Shell and Dome Construction (CoNT...)
 For most dome builders, the common choice of materials are wood,
masonite, fiberglass, steel or aluminum
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