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    1.1) Gauss Method and REF

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    allviners610
    This document discusses Gauss's method for solving linear systems of equations. It defines the three elementary row operations of swapping rows, multiplying rows by non-zero scalars, and combining rows. It also defines the concepts of leading variables and row echelon form, and provides examples of using row operations to put a system into REF and then solve it.

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    1.1) Gauss Method and REF

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    allviners610
    11 views13 pages
    This document discusses Gauss's method for solving linear systems of equations. It defines the three elementary row operations of swapping rows, multiplying rows by non-zero scalars, and combining rows. It also defines the concepts of leading variables and row echelon form, and provides examples of using row operations to put a system into REF and then solve it.

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    1.1) Gauss Method and REF

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    This document discusses Gauss's method for solving linear systems of equations. It defines the three elementary row operations of swapping rows, multiplying rows by non-zero scalars, and combining rows. It also defines the concepts of leading variables and row echelon form, and provides examples of using row operations to put a system into REF and then solve it.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views13 pages

    1.1) Gauss Method and REF

    Uploaded by

    allviners610
    This document discusses Gauss's method for solving linear systems of equations. It defines the three elementary row operations of swapping rows, multiplying rows by non-zero scalars, and combining rows. It also defines the concepts of leading variables and row echelon form, and provides examples of using row operations to put a system into REF and then solve it.

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    You are on page 1of 13

    MATH1350H-A: Linear Algebra 1

    Lesson 1.1: Gauss’ method

    1 / 13
    In this section:

    ▶ Gauss’ Method.
    ▶ Elementary row operations.
    ▶ Row echelon form.

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    1.1 Gauss’ Method

    ▶ The final example from the previous section uses Gauss’


    Method to solve the linear system.
    ▶ We want to be sure that Gauss’ Method is “safe”. One may
    show that:
    ▶ It never loses solutions (any solution to the system before you
    apply the method is also a solution after)
    ▶ It never picks up extraneous solutions (any tuple that is not a
    solution before is also not a solution after).

    3 / 13
    Gauss’ Method

    Theorem (Gauss’ Method)


    If a linear system is changed to another by one of these operations
    1. an equation is swapped by another
    2. an equation has both sides multiplied by a nonzero constant
    3. an equation is replaced by the sum of itself and a multiple of
    another
    then the two systems have the same set of solutions.

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    Gauss’ Method

    Remark
    ▶ Multiplying a row by 0 is not allowed as it can change the
    solution set. (We lose information)
    ▶ Adding -1 times the row to itself has the effect of multiplying
    the row by 0.
    ▶ We are not allowed to do other operations such as multiplying
    rows together, or taking square roots.
    ▶ It does not make sense to do these operations with columns
    here.

    5 / 13
    Gauss’ Method

    Remark
    ▶ Care must be taken to do one step at a time (do not do
    another row operation with a row you have just changed!)
    ▶ (∗) On a test: Row operations MUST be indicated, and
    please use the following convention (or textbook convention)
    ▶ Put first the row being transformed, then second the row being
    added/swapped
    ▶ Example: R2 + 4R5 means “we add four times row five to row
    two”
    ▶ An acceptable variation of this would be R2 → R2 + 4R5 or
    R2′ = R2 + 4R5
    ▶ Use fractions not decimals whenever possible to avoid
    rounding error.

    6 / 13
    Gauss’ Method

    Definition (Elementary row operation)


    The three operations from Gauss’ Method are the
    elementary row operations (ERO). They are
    1. swapping,
    2. multiplying by a nonzero scalar (or rescaling)
    3. row combination.

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    Gauss’ Method

    Definition (Leading variable, row echelon form)


    ▶ In each row of a system, the first variable with a nonzero
    coefficient is the row’s leading variable. (Recall the order of
    the variables)
    ▶ A system is in row echelon form (REF) if:
    ▶ each leading variable is to the right of the leading variable in
    the row above it (except for the first row)
    ▶ any all-zero rows are at the bottom.

    Example
    Not in REF: REF:
    x1 +4x2 −4x3 = 0 x1 +4x2 −4x3 = 0
    6x3 = 12 −11x2 +7x3 = 3
    −11x2 +7x3 = 3 6x3 = 12

    8 / 13
    Example

    x +y = 0
    2x −y +3z = 3
    x −2y −z = 3

    9 / 13
    Example

    x1 +3x2 = 1
    2x1 +x2 = −3
    2x1 +2x2 = −2

    10 / 13
    Example

    Contrast the system in the last example with this one.


    x1 +3x2 = 1 R2 −2R1 x1 +3x2 = 1
    R3 −2R1
    2x1 +x2 = −3 −−−−−→ −5x2 = −5
    2x1 +2x2 = 0 −4x2 = −2
    Here the system is inconsistent: no pair of numbers (s1 , s2 ) ∈ R2
    satisfies all three equations simultaneously. Row echelon form
    makes the inconsistency obvious.
    x1 +3x2 = 1
    R3 −(4/5)R2
    −−−−−−−→ −5x2 = −5
    0 = 2

    ▶ Result: The solution set is empty (there is no solution to this


    system)

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    Exercise

    ▶ Put into REF and solve (homework)

    x +5y +7z = 0
    x +y +7z = 4
    −3y +4z = 3

    12 / 13
    Summary

    ▶ Learned about 3 elementary row operations used to transform


    a linear system.
    ▶ Identified leading variables in a system, and row echelon form
    (REF).
    ▶ Did examples of row reduction to REF then solving a system
    by back substitution.

    13 / 13

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