Unit I-1
Unit I-1
Unit I-1
UNIT-I
PART-A
6. Classify the following signals as energy signals or power signals and find the
normalized energy /power. Signals are defined over -<f <
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2t
(a) cost+2 cos 2t (b)e .cost+2cosw2t
This is a periodic signal. Hence it is power signal. Its power is given as,
T0/2
P=1/T0 (cost+cos2t)dt =5/2
-T0/2
2t :
e This is non periodic signal. Hence it is energy signal.
9. Is the discrete time system described by the equation y(n) = 1/2m+1 x(n –k)
k= -m
Causal or noncausal? Why?
In the given equation when k = - m,
y(n) = 1/2m+1 x(n+m)
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th
Thus output at n moment depends upon future input x(n+m). This makes the system
noncausal.
10. Is the discrete time system described by the expression y(n) = nx(n) time invariant
or
not? Why?
Is the system described by following equation stable or not? Why?
Y(n) = nx(n)
The given discrete time system equation is
(a) Y (n) = T [x (n)] = nx (n)
When input x(n) is delayed by ‘k’ samples the response is
(b) y(n,k) = T[x(n-k)]
=nx(n-k)
Here observe that only input x(n) is delayed. The multiplier ‘n’ is not part of the input.
Hence it cannot be written as (n-k). Now let us shift or delay the output y(n) given by
equation (a) by ‘K’ samples. i.e.,
© y(n,k) = (n-k)x(n-k)
Here both n and x(n) in the equation y(n) = nx(n) will be shifted by ‘k’ samples since they
are part of the output sequence. It is clear from equation (b) and equation (c) that
Y (n,k) y(n-k)
Hence the system is shift variant
11. Is the system described by following equation stable or not? Why?
Y(t) = x() d
-
This is unstable system, since it integrates function x(t) from -. Hence even though x(t) is
bounded, the integration can be unbounded.
12. Define periodic and non-periodic signals. Give an example in each case?
A periodic signal repeats after fixed period. But nonperiodic signal never
repeats. Periodic signal : x(t) = Sint
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2t
Non periodic signal : x(t) = e
A discrete time signal is periodic if its frequency can be expressed as ratio of two
integers. i.e.,
Frequency f0 = K/N
Here K and N are integer and N is the period of discrete time signal.
PART-B
1.Explain the Classification of CT & DT signals.
The signal that is specified for every value of time ‘t’ is called Continuous time
signal and it is denoted by‘t’.
A signal is said to be Energy signal if the total energy of the signal is finite
and non zero.
A signal is said to be Power signal if the total power of the signal is finite and
non zero
E=Lt ∫ | x (t) |2 dt
T- ∞ -T
T
P= Lt 1/2T ∫ | x (t) |2 dt
T- ∞ -T
N
2
P= Lt 1/(2N+1) ∑ | x(n)|
n=-∞ n= -N
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A signal is said to be even signal it satisfies the following relationship.. Even signals
are also called as Symmetric signals.
x(-t)= x(t) for all t; x(-n)= x(n) for all n
A signal is said to be odd signal it satisfies the following relationship. Odd signals are
also called as Anti Symmetric signals.
x(-t)= -x(t) for all t; x(-n)= -x(n) for all n
y2(t) = F{ x2(t)}
y3(t)= a1y1(t)+a2y2(t)
y3’(t)= F{a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)}
y3(t)= y3’(t) ------ Linear system
y3(t)≠ y3’(t) ------ Non Linear system
Let y(t)=F{x(t)}, if x(t) is delay by time ‘t 1’ , then the output will also be
with same delay.
y(t, t1) = y(t-t1) ------ Time invariant system
y(t, t1) ≠y(t-t1) ------ Time variant system
When the system produces bounded output for the bounded input then the
system is called stable system and also called BIBO stable systems.
When the system produces unbounded output for the bounded input it is
called unstable systems.
Solution:
(i) u (t-2) u(t)
1
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t
a
u (t-2)
t
2
ii) 2u (t-2)
2u(t-2)
t
2
u (t-2)
t
2
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-3
-3u (t-2)
iv) u(-t+1)
u(t)
u(-t)
-t
u(-t+1)
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-t 0 1 t
0 1 2 t
X (t+2)
-t -2 -1 0
X (-t+1)
X (-t)
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-t -2 -1 0
X (-t+1)
-t -1 0 1 t
y1(t)=10x1(t)+5
y2(t)=10x2(t)+5
y3(t)=a1y1(t)+a2y2(t)
y3(t)=a1{10x1(t)+5}+a2{10x2(t)+5}
y3’(t)=F{a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)}
y3’(t)=10{ a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)}+5
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y3(t) ≠ y3’(t)
II) Static/dynamic:
The output of the system is depends on the present input. Hence the system is
Static
y (t-t1)= 10 x(t-t1)+5
y (t,t1) = y(t-t1)
b) y(t)=|x(t)|
I) Linear/ Non linear system:
y(t)=|x(t)|
y1(t)=|x1(t)|
y2(t)=|x2(t)|
y3(t)=a1y1(t)+a2y2(t)
y3(t)=a1|x1(t)|+a2|x2(t)|
y3’(t)=F{a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)}
y3’(t)=|a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)|
y3(t) ≠ y3’(t)
II) Static/dynamic:
The output of the system is depends on the present input. Hence the system is
Static
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y (t-t1)= | x(t-t1)|
y (t,t1) = y(t-t1)
C) y(n)=cos[x(n)]
I) Linear/ Non linear system:
y(n)=cos[x(n)]
y1(n)=cos[x1(n)]
y2(n)=cos[x2(n)]
y3(n)=a1y1(n)+a2y2(n)
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y3’(n) =F {a1x1(n)+a2x2(n)}
y3(n) ≠ y3’(n)
II) Static/dynamic:
The output of the system is depends on the present input. Hence the system is
Static
y (n-n1)=cos[x(n-n1)]
y (n,n1)= y(n-n1)
a) cost+sin3t
2л f1t = t
f1=1/2л, the given signal is aperiodic.
2л f2t =3 t
f2=3/2л, the given signal is aperiodic.
The entire signal is aperiodic
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2л f1n = n/8
f1=1/16л, the signal is aperiodic
2л f2n = n л /8