Unit I-1

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EC3354-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS PPGIT, Coimbatore

UNIT-I
PART-A

1. Define a causal system?


The causal system generates the output depending upon present and past inputs only.
A causal system is non anticipatory.

2. What are the properties linear system should satisfy?


A linear system should follow superposition principle. A linear system should satisfy,
F[a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)] = [a1y1 (t)+a2y2(t)]
where Y1(t) = f[x1(t)]
Y2(t) = f[x2(t)]

3. What is the criteria for the system to possess BIBO stability?


A system is said to be BIBO stable if it produces bounded output for every bounded
input.

4. Define shift invariance?


If the system produces same shift in the output as that of input, then it is called shift
invariance or time invariance system. i.e.,
F[x(t – t1)] = y(t – t1)

5. Define (a) Random signal and (b) Deterministic signal?


Random signal: A random signal has some degree of uncertainty before it actually occurs.
The random signal cannot be defined by mathematical expression.

Deterministic signal: There is no uncertainly about the deterministic signal. It is completely


represented by mathematical expression.

6. Classify the following signals as energy signals or power signals and find the
normalized energy /power. Signals are defined over -<f <
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2t
(a) cost+2 cos 2t (b)e .cost+2cosw2t
This is a periodic signal. Hence it is power signal. Its power is given as,

T0/2
P=1/T0  (cost+cos2t)dt =5/2
-T0/2
2t :
e This is non periodic signal. Hence it is energy signal.

7. Determine whether the following systems are time invariant or not.


y(t) = Sinx(t)
y(t) = x(t)
(a)y(t) = Sinx(t):
y(t) = sinx(t)
Let us determine the output of the system for delayed input x(t-
t1).i.e., Y(t,t1) = f(t – t1)]
= sin x (t – t1)
Here y(t,t1) represents output due to delayed input.
Now delay the output y(t) by t1. Hence we have to replace t by t-t1
in y(t) = sinx(t). i.e.,
y(t – t1) = Sin x (t – t1)
On comparing the above equation with equation (a) we find that
y(t – t1) = y (t – t1)
Hence the system is time invariant.
Any signal can be broken into a sum of two signals, one of which is odd equal to …… and
other equal to …..
Even part xe (t) = ½[x(t)+x(-t)]
Odd part x0 (t) = ½[x(t)-x(-t)]
m

9. Is the discrete time system described by the equation y(n) = 1/2m+1  x(n –k)
k= -m
Causal or noncausal? Why?
In the given equation when k = - m,
y(n) = 1/2m+1 x(n+m)
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th
Thus output at n moment depends upon future input x(n+m). This makes the system
noncausal.

10. Is the discrete time system described by the expression y(n) = nx(n) time invariant
or
not? Why?
Is the system described by following equation stable or not? Why?

Y(n) = nx(n)
The given discrete time system equation is
(a) Y (n) = T [x (n)] = nx (n)
When input x(n) is delayed by ‘k’ samples the response is
(b) y(n,k) = T[x(n-k)]
=nx(n-k)
Here observe that only input x(n) is delayed. The multiplier ‘n’ is not part of the input.
Hence it cannot be written as (n-k). Now let us shift or delay the output y(n) given by
equation (a) by ‘K’ samples. i.e.,
© y(n,k) = (n-k)x(n-k)
Here both n and x(n) in the equation y(n) = nx(n) will be shifted by ‘k’ samples since they
are part of the output sequence. It is clear from equation (b) and equation (c) that
Y (n,k)  y(n-k)
Hence the system is shift variant
11. Is the system described by following equation stable or not? Why?

Y(t) = x() d 
-

This is unstable system, since it integrates function x(t) from -. Hence even though x(t) is
bounded, the integration can be unbounded.

12. Define periodic and non-periodic signals. Give an example in each case?

A periodic signal repeats after fixed period. But nonperiodic signal never
repeats. Periodic signal : x(t) = Sint
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2t
Non periodic signal : x(t) = e
A discrete time signal is periodic if its frequency can be expressed as ratio of two
integers. i.e.,
Frequency f0 = K/N
Here K and N are integer and N is the period of discrete time signal.

13. Distinguish between energy and power signals.


For the power signal, normalized average power is finite and nonzero. Energy of the
power signal is infinite.
For the energy signal, total normalized energy is finite and nonzero. Power of the
energy signal is zero. More details are given in Table

Power signal Energy Signal


1. The normalized average power is finite Total normalized energy is finite and
and nonzero. nonzero.
2. Practical periodic signals are power Non periodic signals are energy signals.
signals
3. These signals can exist over infinite These signals are time limited.
time.
4. Energy of the power signal is infinite Power of the energy signal is zero over
over infinite time. infinite time.
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PART-B
1.Explain the Classification of CT & DT signals.

Signals are classified into 2 categories

I ) Continuous time signals


II) Discrete time signals

I) Continuous time signals:

The signal that is specified for every value of time ‘t’ is called Continuous time
signal and it is denoted by‘t’.

II) Discrete time signals


Discrete signals are represented as a sequence of numbers and it is denoted by ‘n’

Classification of CT and DT Signals:

1. Deterministic and random signals


2. Periodic and periodic signals
3. Energy and power signals
4. Even and odd signals
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1. Deterministic and random signals:

 A Signal is said to be deterministic signal if it is expressed by mathematical


expressions.
Ex: x(t)=A Sint

 A Signal is said to be random signal which cannot be easily expressed or


determined by mathematical expressions.

2. Periodic and Aperiodic signals

 A signal is said to be periodic signal which maintains the regular intevels is


called periodic signals
 A signal is said to be Aperiodic signal which is not in the regular intervals

3. Energy and power signals

 A signal is said to be Energy signal if the total energy of the signal is finite
and non zero.

 A signal is said to be Power signal if the total power of the signal is finite and
non zero

Expression for energy and power signals- CT Signal


T

E=Lt ∫ | x (t) |2 dt

T- ∞ -T
T

P= Lt 1/2T ∫ | x (t) |2 dt

T- ∞ -T

Expression for energy and power signals- DT Signal



2
E= ∑ | x(n)|
n=-∞

N
2
P= Lt 1/(2N+1) ∑ | x(n)|
n=-∞ n= -N
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4. Even and Odd signals:

 A signal is said to be even signal it satisfies the following relationship.. Even signals
are also called as Symmetric signals.
x(-t)= x(t) for all t; x(-n)= x(n) for all n

 A signal is said to be odd signal it satisfies the following relationship. Odd signals are
also called as Anti Symmetric signals.
x(-t)= -x(t) for all t; x(-n)= -x(n) for all n

Even and odd part of the signals:


Even part of the signals can be denoted as Xe(t) and Odd part of the signal can be
denoted as Xo(t) .

Xe(t) = ½ [x(t)+x(-t)] For CT Signals


Xo(t) =½ [x(t) - x(-t)]

Xe(n) = ½ [x(n)+x(-n)] For DT Signals


Xo(t) =½ [x(n) - x(-n)]
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2. Explain –Classification of CT & DT Systems


1. Linear and Non linear systems
2. Causal and non causal systems
3. Static and dynamic systems
4. Time invariant and time variant systems
5. stable and unstable systems

1. Linear and Non linear systems


A System is said to be linear system ii satisfies the superposition
principle. Consider the systems y1(t), y2(t).
y1(t) = F{ x1(t)}

y2(t) = F{ x2(t)}

y3(t)= a1y1(t)+a2y2(t)

y3’(t)= F{a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)}


y3(t)= y3’(t) ------ Linear system


y3(t)≠ y3’(t) ------ Non Linear system

2. Causal and Non causal system:

 A System is said to be causal system if the output of the system


depends on the present and past outputs
Ex: x(t). x(t-a)

 A system is said to be non causal if the output of the system depends on


future inputs also.
2
Ex: x(t ), x(t+a)

3. Static and dynamic systems:


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 A System is said to static if the output depends on present input


only. Ex: x(t)cos t

 A System is said to be dynamic if the output depends on past and


future inputs

4. Time invariant and time variant system:

 A System is said to be time invariant if the time shift in the input


signal results in corresponding time shift in the output

 Let y(t)=F{x(t)}, if x(t) is delay by time ‘t 1’ , then the output will also be
with same delay.

 The time invariant system satisfies the following


relationship F{x(t-t1)}=y(t-t1)


y(t, t1) = y(t-t1) ------ Time invariant system

y(t, t1) ≠y(t-t1) ------ Time variant system

5. Stable and unstable systems:

 When the system produces bounded output for the bounded input then the
system is called stable system and also called BIBO stable systems.

 When the system produces unbounded output for the bounded input it is
called unstable systems.

3. Sketch the following type of signals.


u (t-2)
i) 2u (t-2)
ii) -3u (t-2)
iii) u(-t+1)

Solution:
(i) u (t-2) u(t)

1
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t
a

u (t-2)

t
2

ii) 2u (t-2)
2u(t-2)

t
2

iii) -3u (t-2)

u (t-2)

t
2
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-3

-3u (t-2)

iv) u(-t+1)

u(t)

u(-t)

-t

u(-t+1)
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-t 0 1 t

4. Sketch the signal x (t), Plot x(t+2) , x(-t+1)

0 1 2 t

X (t+2)

-t -2 -1 0

X (-t+1)

X (-t)
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-t -2 -1 0

X (-t+1)

-t -1 0 1 t

5. Determine whether the systems are Static/Dynamic, causal/Non causal,


Linear/Non linear, time invariant/variant systems.
a) y(t)=10x(t)+5
b) y(t)=|x(t)|
c) y(n)=cos[x(n)]

a) y(t) =10x (t)+5


I) Linear/ Non linear system:
y(t)=10x(t)+5

y1(t)=10x1(t)+5

y2(t)=10x2(t)+5

y3(t)=a1y1(t)+a2y2(t)

y3(t)=a1{10x1(t)+5}+a2{10x2(t)+5}

y3’(t)=F{a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)}

y3’(t)=10{ a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)}+5
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y3(t) ≠ y3’(t)

The given system is Non linear

II) Static/dynamic:

The output of the system is depends on the present input. Hence the system is
Static

III) Causal /Non causal system:


The output of the system is depends on the present input. Hence the system is
Causal
IV) Time invariant/variant
system: y (t,t1)= 10 x(t-
t1)+5

y (t-t1)= 10 x(t-t1)+5

y (t,t1) = y(t-t1)

The given system is time invariant.

b) y(t)=|x(t)|
I) Linear/ Non linear system:
y(t)=|x(t)|

y1(t)=|x1(t)|

y2(t)=|x2(t)|

y3(t)=a1y1(t)+a2y2(t)

y3(t)=a1|x1(t)|+a2|x2(t)|

y3’(t)=F{a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)}

y3’(t)=|a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)|

y3(t) ≠ y3’(t)

The given system is Non linear

II) Static/dynamic:

The output of the system is depends on the present input. Hence the system is
Static
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III) Causal /Non causal system:


The output of the system is depends on the present input. Hence the system is
Causal
IV) Time invariant/variant system:
y (t,t1)= | x(t-t1)|

y (t-t1)= | x(t-t1)|

y (t,t1) = y(t-t1)

The given system is time invariant

C) y(n)=cos[x(n)]
I) Linear/ Non linear system:
y(n)=cos[x(n)]
y1(n)=cos[x1(n)]

y2(n)=cos[x2(n)]

y3(n)=a1y1(n)+a2y2(n)
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y3(n) =a1 {cos[x1(n)]}+a2 {cos[x2(n)]}

y3’(n) =F {a1x1(n)+a2x2(n)}

y3’(n) =cos {a1x1(n)+a2x2(n)}

y3(n) ≠ y3’(n)

The given system is Non linear

II) Static/dynamic:

The output of the system is depends on the present input. Hence the system is
Static

III) Causal /Non causal system:


The output of the system is depends on the present input. Hence the system is
Causal

IV) Time invariant/variant system:


y(n)=cos[x(n)]
y(n,n1)=cos[x(n-n1)]

y (n-n1)=cos[x(n-n1)]

y (n,n1)= y(n-n1)

The given system is time invariant


6. Find whether the signals are periodic or aperiodic. If periodic determine its time
period. AUC NOV 08
a) cost+sin3t
b) cos (n/8) cos (nл/8)

a) cost+sin3t

2л f1t = t
f1=1/2л, the given signal is aperiodic.
2л f2t =3 t
f2=3/2л, the given signal is aperiodic.
The entire signal is aperiodic
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b) cos (n/8) cos (nл/8)

2л f1n = n/8
f1=1/16л, the signal is aperiodic
2л f2n = n л /8

f2=1/16, T=16, The signal is periodic


The entire signal is aperiodic

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