Chemistry 21-23 Paper 4

2
1 This question is about states of matter.
(a) Complete the table, using ticks ( ) and crosses ( ), to describe the properties of gases, liquids
™ and solids.
Cambridge IGCSE
particles particles have particles are
state of matter
are touching random movement regularly arranged
gas
liquid
*8417627571*
solid
CHEMISTRY0620/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2021 [3]
1 hour 15 minutes
(b) Substances can change state.
You must answer on the question paper.
(i) Boiling and evaporation are two ways in which a liquid changes into a gas.
No additional materials are needed.
Describe two differences between boiling and evaporation.
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions. 1 ...........................................................................................................................................
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. 2 ...........................................................................................................................................
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided. [2]
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes. (ii) Name the change of state when:
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units. ● a gas becomes a liquid .................................................................................................
● a solid becomes a gas. .................................................................................................

INFORMATION [2]
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.
This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
IB21 11_0620_42/3RP
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over
© UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21

3 4
(c) A substance boils at temperature X and melts at temperature Y. 2 Acids are important laboratory chemicals.
Complete the graph to show the change in temperature over time as the substance cools from (a) Some acids completely dissociate in water to form ions.
temperature A to temperature B.
(i) State the term applied to acids that completely dissociate in water.
A ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Complete the equation to show the complete dissociation of sulfuric acid in water.
X
H2SO4 → ..................................................................................... [2]
temperature (iii) State the colour of methyl orange in sulfuric acid.
Y ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
B (b) The equation for the reaction between powdered zinc carbonate and dilute nitric acid is shown.
ZnCO3....... + 2HNO3....... → Zn(NO3)2....... + H2O....... + CO2.......

time
[2] (i) Complete the equation by adding state symbols. [2]
(ii) A student found that 2.5 g of zinc carbonate required 20 cm3 of dilute nitric acid to react
(d) A solution is a mixture of a solute and a solvent. completely.
(i) Name the process when a solid substance mixes with a solvent to form a solution. Calculate the concentration of dilute nitric acid using the following steps:
........................................................................................................................................ [1] ● calculate the mass of 1 mole of ZnCO3
(ii) Name the type of reaction when two solutions react to form an insoluble substance.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] .............................. g
[Total: 11] ● calculate the number of moles of ZnCO3 reacting
.............................. moles
● determine the number of moles of HNO3 reacting
.............................. moles
● calculate the concentration of HNO3.
.............................. mol / dm3

[4]
[Total: 10]
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5 6
3 Atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons. 4 Chlorine reacts with carbon monoxide to produce phosgene gas, COCl 2(g). A catalyst is used.
(a) Complete the table to show the relative mass and the relative charge of a proton, a neutron Cl 2(g) + CO(g) COCl 2(g)
and an electron.
The reaction is exothermic.
relative mass relative charge
(a) Explain why the reaction is exothermic in terms of the energy changes of bond breaking and
proton bond making.
neutron .....................................................................................................................................................
1 .....................................................................................................................................................
electron 1840
[3] ............................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) The table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in some atoms and ions. (b) (i) Complete the energy level diagram for this reaction.
Complete the table. On your diagram show:
● the product of the reaction

atom number of number of number of
● an arrow representing the energy change, labelled ∆H
or ion protons neutrons electrons
● an arrow representing the activation energy, labelled A.
16S
32
19K
39 +
35 44 36
[5] Cl 2(g) + CO(g)
energy
[Total: 8]
progress of reaction
[3]
(ii) State why a catalyst is used.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

7 8
(c) Describe and explain the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium when: (e) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of COCl 2.
(i) the pressure is increased O
.............................................................................................................................................. C
Cl Cl
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
Show outer electrons only.
(ii) the temperature is increased.
..............................................................................................................................................
O
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(d) The reaction between chlorine and carbon monoxide can be represented as shown.
O C
Cl Cl + CO C
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
When one mole of chlorine reacts with one mole of carbon monoxide, 230 kJ of energy is
released.
Some bond energies are shown in the table. [3]
bond bond energy in kJ / mol [Total: 17]

Cl –Cl 240
C=O 745
C–Cl 400
Use the information to calculate the energy of the bond between the C and the O in
carbon monoxide, CO.
bond energy in carbon monoxide, CO = .............................. kJ / mol [3]

9 10
5 Iron is a transition element. Potassium is a Group I element. (d) Chemical properties of some Group I elements are shown in the table.
(a) Iron and potassium have the same type of bonding.

flame test
element reaction with cold water reaction with oxygen
colour
Name and describe the type of bonding in these two elements.
● steadily effervesces
lithium very slowly forms an oxide layer red
name ........................................................................................................................................... ● forms a colourless solution
description .................................................................................................................................. ● strongly effervesces

sodium slowly forms an oxide layer
● forms a colourless solution
..................................................................................................................................................... ● ery strongly effervesces
v
potassium quickly forms an oxide layer
● forms a colourless solution
.....................................................................................................................................................
rubidium ruby red
.....................................................................................................................................................
[4]
(i) Add to the table:
(b) Transition elements and Group I elements have some similar physical properties. ● the flame test colours for sodium and potassium
● the predicted reactions of rubidium with water and with oxygen.
They can both: [4]
● e hammered into a shape

b (ii) Name the gas produced when Group I elements react with water.
● conduct electricity
● be stretched into wires. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(i) Name the term used to describe the ability of elements to be hammered into a shape. (iii) Name the solution formed when potassium reacts with water.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Describe what happens to the particles in iron when it is hammered into a shape. (iv) Predict the pH of the colourless solution formed when potassium reacts with water.
.............................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (v) Write the chemical equation for the reaction of sodium with oxygen.
(iii) Suggest why copper, rather than other transition elements, is used for wires which conduct ........................................................................................................................................ [2]
electricity.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (e) Iron is a typical transition element. It is the catalyst used in the Haber process.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction that occurs in the Haber process.
(c) Transition elements are harder and stronger than Group I elements.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
Describe how two other physical properties of transition elements are different from those of
Group I elements. (ii) State the temperature and pressure used in the Haber process. Include units.
1 .................................................................................................................................................. temperature .........................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................................. pressure ...............................................................................................................................

[2] [2]
[Total: 22]

11 12
6 Ethanol, C2H5OH, belongs to the homologous series called alcohols. (e) Ethane-1,2-diol has two alcohol functional groups.
(a) Write the general formula of alcohols. H H
............................................................................................................................................... [1] H O C C O H
H H
(b) Explain why ethanol cannot be described as a hydrocarbon.
One molecule of ethane-1,2-diol will react with two molecules of ethanoic acid to form
............................................................................................................................................... [1] molecule X.
X has two ester functional groups and a molecular formula of C6H10O4.

(c) Ethanol can be manufactured from different substances by reaction with steam or by
fermentation. (i) State the empirical formula of X.
(i) Give the formula of the substance which reacts with steam to form ethanol. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) Draw the structure of X.
(ii) Name a substance which will undergo fermentation to form ethanol. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) Ethanol is a fuel.
Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.
............................................................................................................................................... [2] [2]
(iii) Name the other substance formed in this reaction.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(f) Each alcohol functional group in ethane-1,2-diol reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII)
to form a different organic compound, Y.
(i) Name the functional groups formed in Y.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Draw the structure of Y.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.
[1]
[Total: 12]

2
1 Give the name of the process that is used:
(a) to produce ammonia from nitrogen

™
Cambridge IGCSE ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) to separate nitrogen from liquid air
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) to produce bromine from molten lead(II) bromide

*0998164444*
CHEMISTRY0620/41
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2021
1 hour 15 minutes
(d) to separate an undissolved solid from an aqueous solution
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) to produce amino acids from proteins

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
(f) to separate a mixture of amino acids.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
[Total: 6]
INFORMATION
IB21 06_0620_41/3RP
© UCLES 2021 0620/41/M/J/21

3 4
2 Complete the table to: 3 Potassium reacts with chlorine to form potassium chloride, KCl.
● educe the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the magnesium atom and copper ion
d (a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
shown
● identify the atom or ion represented by the final row. ............................................................................................................................................... [2]
number of number of number of

(b) Potassium chloride is an ionic compound.
protons electrons neutrons
12 Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in the outer shells of the ions present
12Mg
25
in potassium chloride.
29Cu
65 2+
36
Give the charges on both ions.
17 18 20
........ ........
[Total: 5]
K Cl
[3]
(c) Molten potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.
(i) State what is meant by the term electrolysis.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii)
Name the products formed at the positive electrode (anode) and negative electrode
(cathode) when molten potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.
anode ...................................................................................................................................
cathode ................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Concentrated aqueous potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.
(i) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Name the product formed at the positive electrode (anode).
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Name the potassium compound that remains in the solution after electrolysis.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
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5 6
(e) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of 4 Dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, decomposes into nitrogen dioxide, NO2. The reaction is reversible.
chlorine, Cl 2.
Show the outer electrons only. N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
colourless gas brown gas
A gas syringe containing a mixture of dinitrogen tetroxide and nitrogen dioxide gases was sealed
and heated. After reaching equilibrium the mixture was a pale brown colour.
Cl Cl mixture of dinitrogen tetroxide

and nitrogen dioxide
end sealed plunger

[1]
(f) The melting points and boiling points of chlorine and potassium chloride are shown. (a) State what is meant by the term equilibrium.
.....................................................................................................................................................
melting point boiling point
/ °C / °C .....................................................................................................................................................
chlorine –101 –35
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
potassium chloride 770 1500
(i) Deduce the physical state of chlorine at –75 °C. Use the data in the table to explain your (b) The plunger of the gas syringe is pushed in. The temperature does not change. The mixture
answer. initially turns darker brown. After a few seconds the mixture turns lighter brown because the
equilibrium shifts to the left.
physical state .......................................................................................................................
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
explanation .......................................................................................................................... colourless gas brown gas
.............................................................................................................................................. (i) Explain why the mixture initially turns darker brown.
[2]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why potassium chloride has a much higher
(ii) Explain why the position of equilibrium shifts to the left.
melting point than chlorine.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
Your answer should refer to the:
● types of particle held together by the forces of attraction
● types of forces of attraction between particles
(c) The forward reaction is endothermic.
● relative strength of the forces of attraction.
(i) State what happens to the position of equilibrium when the temperature of the mixture is
..............................................................................................................................................
increased.
.............................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) State what happens to the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the backward
reaction when the temperature of the mixture is increased.
..............................................................................................................................................
rate of the forward reaction ..................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
rate of the backward reaction ..............................................................................................
[Total: 19] [2]
[Total: 7]

7 8
5 This question is about salts. (c) Some sulfates are hydrated.
(a) Salts that are insoluble in water are made by precipitation. When hydrated sodium sulfate crystals, Na2SO4•xH2O, are heated, they give off water.
● Lead(II) iodide, PbI2, is insoluble in water. Na2SO4•xH2O(s) → Na2SO4(s) + xH2O(g)

● ll nitrates are soluble in water.
A
● All sodium salts are soluble in water. A student carries out an experiment to determine the value of x in Na2SO4•xH2O.
You are provided with solid lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2, and solid sodium iodide, NaI. step 1 Hydrated sodium sulfate crystals are weighed.
Describe how you would make a pure sample of lead(II) iodide by precipitation. step 2 The hydrated sodium sulfate crystals are then heated.
Your answer should include: step 3 The remaining solid is weighed.

● practical details
● a chemical equation for the precipitation reaction. (i) Describe how the student can check that all the water has been given off.
..................................................................................................................................................... ..............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... ..............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ [2]
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [5]
(b) Nitrates decompose when heated.
(i) When hydrated zinc nitrate is heated, oxygen gas is given off.
Describe a test for oxygen.
test .......................................................................................................................................
observations ........................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Complete the equation for the decomposition of hydrated zinc nitrate.
2Zn(NO3)2•6H2O → .....ZnO + .....NO2 + O2 + .....H2O[2]

9 10
(ii) In an experiment, 1.61 g of Na2SO4•xH2O is heated until all the water is given off. The 6 This question is about iron.
mass of Na2SO4 remaining is 0.71 g.
(a) Iron is extracted from its main ore in a blast furnace.
[Mr: Na2SO4,142; H2O,18]
waste gases
Determine the value of x using the following steps.
● Calculate the number of moles of Na2SO4 remaining.

raw materials:
coke,
iron ore,
limestone
.............................. mol
● Calculate the mass of H2O given off.
A
B
molten iron
.............................. g
(i) Name the main ore of iron used in the blast furnace.
● Calculate the number of moles of H2O given off.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Name the substance that enters the blast furnace at A.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Name the substance that leaves the blast furnace at B.

.............................. mol
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
● Determine the value of x.
(iv) Give two reasons for using coke in the blast furnace.
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
x = ..............................
[4]
(b) Another ore of iron is iron pyrites, FeS2. Iron pyrites contains the positive ion, Fe2+.
[Total: 15]
Deduce the formula of the negative ion in FeS2.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]

11 12
(c) Iron is a transition element. (ii) Explain why replacing the magnesium blocks with copper blocks will not prevent the
bottom of the boat from rusting.
A list of properties of iron is shown.
..............................................................................................................................................
● Iron is a good conductor of electricity.
● Iron forms soluble salts. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
● Iron forms coloured compounds.
● Iron has variable oxidation states. [Total: 13]
● Iron acts as a catalyst.
● Iron forms a basic oxide.
(i) Give two properties from the list in which iron differs from Group I elements.
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Give two properties from the list in which iron is similar to Group I elements.
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Steel consists mainly of iron.
Iron forms rust when it reacts with water and oxygen.
Magnesium blocks can be attached to the bottom of steel boats. The magnesium does not
completely cover the steel.
steel boat
water containing magnesium

dissolved oxygen blocks
(i) Explain how the magnesium blocks prevent iron from rusting.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

13 14
7 Many organic compounds contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. (ii) Draw the structure of compound Y. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.
(a) An organic compound V has the following composition by mass. Name compound Y.
C, 48.65%; H, 8.11%; O, 43.24%
Calculate the empirical formula of compound V.
name ....................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iii) Give the name used to describe a ‘family’ of similar compounds with the same general
empirical formula = .............................. [3] formula, similar chemical properties and the same functional group.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Compound W has the empirical formula CH4O and a relative molecular mass of 32.
Calculate the molecular formula of compound W. (d) Propene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. The formula of propene is shown.
CH3CH=CH2
(i) State the colour change observed when propene is added to aqueous bromine.
from ............................................................. to ............................................................. [1]
(ii) Propene can be produced by cracking long chain alkanes.

molecular formula = .............................. [1]
Pentadecane, C15H32, is cracked to produce an alkane and propene in a 1 : 2 molar ratio.
(c) Compounds X and Y have the same general formula. Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
X and Y are both carboxylic acids.

C15H32 → ....................................... + ....................................... [2]
Compound X has the molecular formula C2H4O2. (iii) Propene can be converted into poly(propene).
Compound Y has the molecular formula C4H8O2. Name the type of polymerisation that occurs when propene is converted into poly(propene).
(i) Deduce the general formula of compounds X and Y. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (iv) Complete the diagram to show a section of poly(propene).
C C C C
[2]
[Total: 15]

2
1 The symbols of the elements of Period 3 of the Periodic Table are shown.
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Cambridge IGCSE™
Answer the following questions about these elements.
Each element may be used once, more than once or not at all.
Write the symbol of an element which:
(a) is malleable
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
*9904169354*
CHEMISTRY0620/42
(b) has only two electrons in its outermost shell
1 hour 15 minutes ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
You must answer on the question paper. (c) forms an oxide which leads to acid rain
No additional materials are needed. ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
INSTRUCTIONS (d) forms an ion with a 2– charge

● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided. (e) is extracted from an ore called bauxite
● Do not write on any bar codes. ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units. (f) does not form an oxide
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80. (g) forms an oxide with a macromolecular structure
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper. ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) forms an amphoteric oxide
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(i) exists as diatomic molecules
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(j) forms a binary compound with hydrogen that is a strong acid.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]
IB21 06_0620_42/2RP
© UCLES 2021 0620/42/M/J/21

3 4
2 Silver has an atomic number of 47. (c) Aqueous silver nitrate is a colourless solution containing Ag+(aq) ions.
(a) Naturally occurring atoms of silver are 107Ag and 109Ag. (i) Describe what is seen when aqueous silver nitrate is added to aqueous sodium iodide,
NaI(aq).
(i) State the name given to atoms of the same element with different nucleon numbers.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous silver nitrate and aqueous
(ii) Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each atom sodium iodide.
and ion of silver shown. Include state symbols.
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
47Ag 47Ag
107 109 +
protons
(d) In the positive test for aqueous nitrate ions, aqueous sodium hydroxide and one other substance
are warmed with the nitrate ions.
neutrons
Name this other substance and the gas formed.
electrons
[3] name of substance .....................................................................................................................
(iii) Complete this definition of relative atomic mass. name of gas ................................................................................................................................
[2]
Relative atomic mass is the ............................... mass of naturally occurring atoms
of an element on a scale where the ............................... atom has a mass of exactly (e) When silver nitrate is exposed to sunlight, silver is formed.
............................... units. Name the type of reaction which needs light to make it happen.
[3]
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) A sample of silver has a relative atomic mass of 108.0.
Deduce the percentage of 107Ag present in this sample of silver. (f) Members of one homologous series only react with chlorine in the presence of sunlight.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (i) Name a member of this homologous series.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Silver nitrate is a salt of silver made by reacting silver oxide with an acid.
(ii) Name two products that form when the compound in (i) reacts with chlorine.
Write the formula of the acid which reacts with silver oxide to form silver nitrate.
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 19]

5 6
3 Sodium hydrogencarbonate is found in baking powder. 4 A student carries out an electrolysis experiment using the apparatus shown.
When sodium hydrogencarbonate is heated it forms three products.
2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 wire
(a) Name the type of reaction that takes place when sodium hydrogencarbonate reacts in this way.
+ – carbon electrodes
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide formed at room temperature and pressure when 12.6 g
of NaHCO3 is heated using the following steps: dilute aqueous
sodium chloride
● determine the mass of one mole of NaHCO3
The student uses dilute aqueous sodium chloride.
(a) State the name given to any solution which undergoes electrolysis.
.............................. g
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
● calculate the number of moles of NaHCO3 used
(b) Hydroxide ions are discharged at the anode.
(i) Complete the ionic half-equation for this reaction.

.............................. moles
..........OH–(aq) → ........................... + O2(g) + 4e–[2]
● determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide formed
(ii) Explain how the ionic half-equation shows the hydroxide ions are being oxidised.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
.............................. moles
● calculate the volume of carbon dioxide formed at room temperature and pressure. (c) Describe what the student observes at the cathode.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
.............................. dm3 (d) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction at the cathode.
[4]
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Limewater is aqueous calcium hydroxide. Carbon dioxide turns limewater milky because a
white precipitate forms.
Write the formula of:
● calcium hydroxide ................................................................................................................
● the white precipitate that forms when limewater turns milky. ...............................................
[2]
[Total: 7]

7 8
(e) The student repeats the experiment using concentrated aqueous sodium chloride. 5 This question is about compounds of nitrogen.
(i) Describe what the student observes at: (a) Nitrogen reacts with lithium to form lithium nitride, Li3N.
● the cathode ................................................................................................................... (i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between lithium and nitrogen.
● the anode. ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

[2]
(ii) Lithium nitride is ionically bonded.
(ii) The student added litmus to the solution after the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride. Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of the nitride ion.
Show the charge on the nitride ion.
State the colour seen in the solution. Give a reason for your answer.
........
colour of solution .................................................................................................................
reason .................................................................................................................................. N
[2]
[2]
(f) Carbon electrodes are used because they are inert.
State another element that can be used instead of carbon.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 12]

9 10
(b) Nitrogen reacts with fluorine to form nitrogen trifluoride, NF3. (iii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
NF3.
(i) The chemical equation can be represented as shown.
Use dots for nitrogen electrons and crosses for fluorine electrons.
N≡N + 3 F–F 2 F–N–F
F Show outer electrons only.
Some bond energies are shown in the table.

F N F
bond bond energy in kJ / mol
N≡N 945
F–F 160 F
N–F 300
alculate the energy change for the reaction between nitrogen and fluorine, using the
C [3]
following steps:
● energy taken in to break bonds (c) Lithium nitride melts at 813 °C. Nitrogen trifluoride melts at –206 °C.
Explain in terms of attractive forces why lithium nitride has a much higher melting point than
nitrogen trifluoride.
.............................. kJ
In your answer refer to the types of attractive forces between particles and their relative
● energy released when bonds are formed strengths.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.............................. kJ .....................................................................................................................................................
● energy change during the reaction. .....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [3]
.............................. kJ / mol
[3]
(d) Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, is a compound of nitrogen.
(ii) se your answer to (i) to deduce whether this reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
U
Explain your answer. (i) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
percentage by mass of nitrogen = .............................. [2]
(ii) State a use of ammonium nitrate in agriculture.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State the name of a compound that will displace ammonia from ammonium nitrate.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

11 12
(e) Ammonia is a base which forms a weakly alkaline solution when dissolved in water. 6 Molecules A and B can form condensation polymers.
(i) Define the term base. A B
........................................................................................................................................ [1] HO OH HOOC COOH
(ii) Suggest the pH of aqueous ammonia. (a) Each molecule has two identical functional groups.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (i) Name the functional group in B.
[Total: 20] ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Draw the part of the structure of the synthetic polymer that would form when two molecules
of A and two molecules of B combine. Show all of the bonds in the linkages.
[3]
(iii) Name the other product formed when molecules of A and B undergo polymerisation.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Molecule A is a simple sugar unit which can be made by hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates.
(i) Draw part of the complex carbohydrate that could be hydrolysed to make molecules of A.
Include one linkage and show all of the bonds in the linkage.
[1]
(ii) State two sets of conditions which could be used to hydrolyse the complex carbohydrate
to form A.
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Name the technique used to identify the individual sugar units made by the hydrolysis of a
complex carbohydrate.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

13 14
(c) Ethanol can be made from the simple sugar glucose, C6H12O6. BLANK PAGE
(i) State the name of this process.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
C6H12O6 →[2]
[Total: 12]

2
1 Give the name of the process that is used:
(a) to produce large molecules from monomers

™
Cambridge IGCSE ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) to separate oxygen from liquid air
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) to make ethanol from glucose

*8479859252*
CHEMISTRY0620/43
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
1 hour 15 minutes
(d) to separate water from aqueous sodium chloride
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) to produce aluminium from aluminium oxide in molten cryolite

INSTRUCTIONS
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) to separate the products of hydrolysis of long chain carbohydrates
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) to separate an aqueous solution from an undissolved solid.
INFORMATION
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
IB21 06_0620_43/3RP
© UCLES 2021 0620/43/M/J/21

3 4
2 Complete the table to: 3 Sodium reacts with fluorine to form sodium fluoride, NaF.
● educe the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the boron atom and chloride ion
d (a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
shown
● identify the atom or ion represented by the final row. ............................................................................................................................................... [2]
number of number of number of

formula (b) Sodium fluoride is an ionic compound.
protons electrons neutrons
5 Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in the outer shells of the ions present
5B
11
in sodium fluoride.
17Cl
35 –
17
Give the charges on both ions.
24 21 30
........ ........
[Total: 5]
Na F
[3]
(c) Aqueous sodium fluoride undergoes electrolysis.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) ame the products formed at the positive electrode (anode) and the negative electrode
N
(cathode) when dilute aqueous sodium fluoride undergoes electrolysis.
anode ...................................................................................................................................
cathode ................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Molten sodium fluoride undergoes electrolysis.
(i) ame the products formed at the positive electrode (anode) and the negative electrode
N
(cathode) when molten sodium fluoride undergoes electrolysis.
anode ...................................................................................................................................
cathode ................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

5 6
(e) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of 4 Hydrogen iodide, HI, decomposes into iodine and hydrogen. The reaction is reversible.
fluorine, F2.
Show the outer electrons only. 2HI(g) I2(g) + H2(g)
colourless gas purple gas colourless gas
A gas syringe containing a mixture of hydrogen iodide, iodine and hydrogen gases was sealed.
After reaching equilibrium the mixture was a pale purple colour.
F F equilibrium mixture of hydrogen iodide,
iodine and hydrogen
end sealed plunger

[1]
(f) The melting points and boiling points of fluorine and sodium fluoride are shown. (a) State what is meant by the term equilibrium.
.....................................................................................................................................................
melting point boiling point
/ °C / °C
.....................................................................................................................................................
fluorine –220 –188
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
sodium fluoride 993 1695
(i) Deduce the physical state of fluorine at –195 °C. Use the data in the table to explain your (b) The plunger of the gas syringe is pushed in. The position of equilibrium does not change. The
answer. colour of the gaseous mixture turns darker purple.
physical state ....................................................................................................................... The temperature remains constant.
explanation ..........................................................................................................................
2HI(g) I2(g) + H2(g)
colourless gas purple gas colourless gas
..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(i) Explain why the position of equilibrium does not change.
(ii) xplain, in terms of structure and bonding, why sodium fluoride has a much higher melting
E
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
point than fluorine.
(ii) Suggest why the colour of the gaseous mixture turns darker purple even though the
Your answer should refer to the:
position of equilibrium does not change.
● types of particle held together by the forces of attraction
● types of forces of attraction between particles
● relative strength of the forces of attraction. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
..............................................................................................................................................
(c) The forward reaction is endothermic.
..............................................................................................................................................
(i) State what happens to the position of equilibrium when the temperature is decreased.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 18]

7 8
(ii) State what happens to the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the backward 5 This question is about salts.
reaction when the temperature of the mixture is decreased.
(a) Salts that are soluble in water can be made by the reaction between insoluble carbonates and
rate of the forward reaction .................................................................................................. dilute acids. Zinc sulfate is soluble in water.
rate of the backward reaction .............................................................................................. You are provided with solid zinc carbonate, ZnCO3, and dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4.
[2]
Describe how you would make a pure sample of zinc sulfate crystals.
[Total: 7]
Your answer should include:
● practical details
● how you would make sure that all the dilute sulfuric acid has reacted
● a chemical equation for the reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [5]
(b) Some sulfates decompose when heated.
When hydrated iron(II) sulfate is heated strongly, sulfur dioxide gas is given off.
(i) Describe a test for sulfur dioxide.
test .......................................................................................................................................
observations ........................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Complete the equation for the decomposition of hydrated iron(II) sulfate.
.....FeSO4•7H2O → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 + .....H2O[2]

9 10
(c) Some chlorides are hydrated. 6 This question is about metals.
When hydrated barium chloride crystals, BaCl 2•xH2O, are heated they give off water. (a) Iron is extracted from its main ore in a blast furnace.
BaCl 2•xH2O(s) → BaCl 2(s) + xH2O(g) waste gases
A student carries out an experiment to determine the value of x in BaCl 2•xH2O.
step 1 Hydrated barium chloride crystals are weighed.
step 2 The hydrated barium chloride crystals are then heated.
step 3 The remaining solid is weighed.
(i) Describe how the student can be sure that all the water is given off.
..............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. air air

........................................................................................................................................ [2] slag
A
(ii) In an experiment, 4.88 g of BaCl 2•xH2O is heated until all the water is given off. The mass
of BaCl 2 remaining is 4.16 g.
(i) Coke and iron ore are added at the top of the blast furnace.
[Mr: BaCl 2, 208; H2O, 18]
Name one other substance that is added at the top of the blast furnace.
Determine the value of x using the following steps.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
● Calculate the number of moles of BaCl 2 remaining.
(ii) Name the substance that leaves the blast furnace at A.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
.............................. mol
(iii) Iron ore is mainly iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3.
Name a substance that reduces iron(III) oxide to iron in the blast furnace.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
.............................. g
(iv) Temperatures inside a blast furnace can reach 2000 °C.
ame two substances that react together, in the blast furnace, to produce this high
N
temperature.
.............................. mol
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
● Determine the value of x.
(v) Name two waste gases that leave the blast furnace.
x = ..............................
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[Total: 15]
[2]

11 12
(b) Zinc is extracted from zinc blende. 7 Many organic compounds contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.
(i) Name the main zinc compound that is present in zinc blende. (a) An organic compound R has the following composition by mass.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] C, 69.77%; H, 11.63%; O, 18.60%
(ii) When zinc is extracted, it is formed as a gas. Calculate the empirical formula of compound R.
The gaseous zinc is then converted into molten zinc.
State the name of this physical change.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) Name the alloy that contains zinc and copper only. empirical formula = .............................. [2]
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Compound S has the empirical formula CH2O and a relative molecular mass of 60.
(d) Copper has the following properties. Calculate the molecular formula of compound S.
● It has a high melting point.

● It has a high density.
● It is a good conductor of electricity.
● It has variable oxidation states.
● It forms a basic oxide.
● It forms soluble salts.
(i) Give two properties from the list in which copper differs from Group I elements. molecular formula = .............................. [2]
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
(c) Compounds T and V have the same molecular formula, C3H6O2.
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2] ● Compound T is an ester.
● Compound V contains a –COOH functional group.
(ii) Give two properties from the list in which copper is similar to Group I elements.
(i) State the name given to compounds with the same molecular formula but different
1 ........................................................................................................................................... structures.
2 ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ [1]

[2]
(ii) Name the homologous series that V is a member of.
[Total: 13]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

13 14
(iii) Draw a structure of compound T. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds. BLANK PAGE
Name compound T.
name ....................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iv) Draw the structure of compound V. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.
Name compound V.
name ....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Ethanol can be produced from long chain alkanes such as decane, C10H22, in a two-step
process.
step 1 step 2
decane ethene ethanol
or each of the two steps:

F
● name the type of chemical reaction that occurs
● write a chemical equation.
step 1: decane to ethene
type of reaction ...........................................................................................................................
chemical equation .......................................................................................................................
step 2: ethene to ethanol
type of reaction ...........................................................................................................................
chemical equation .......................................................................................................................

[4]
[Total: 15]

2
1 The table shows the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in particles A to I.
particle protons neutrons electrons

Cambridge IGCSE™ A 1 0 0
B 6 6 6
C 6 8 6
D 10 10 10
E 16 16 18
F 17 18 17
*1443180407*
CHEMISTRY0620/42 G 18 22 18
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) February/March 2021 H 19 20 19
1 hour 15 minutes I 20 20 18
You must answer on the question paper. Answer the following questions about particles A to I. Each letter may be used once, more than
once or not at all.
(a) State which of the particles A to I:
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions. (i) is an anion ................................................ [1]
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. (ii) are cations .................... and .................... [2]
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid. (iii) are noble gas atoms .................... and .................... [2]
● You may use a calculator. (iv) is a halogen atom ................................................ [1]
(v) is a Group I atom ................................................ [1]
INFORMATION (vi) have the same nucleon number .................... and .................... [1]
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. (vii) causes acidity in aqueous solutions ................................................ [1]
(viii) is used to define the relative atomic mass of elements................................................. [1]
(b) Explain why B and C are isotopes of the same element.
.....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 12]
IB21 03_0620_42/2RP
© UCLES 2021 0620/42/F/M/21

3 4
2 The elements shown are gases at room temperature and pressure. 3 This question is about ammonia.
hydrogen (a) Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia in an industrial process.
nitrogen
oxygen N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
chlorine
(i) Name this industrial process.
(a) State which one of these gases is green.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the meaning of the symbol .
(b) The gases shown exist as diatomic molecules.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
State the name of another element which has diatomic molecules and is a gas at room
temperature and pressure. (iii) State the conditions used in this industrial process. Include units.
............................................................................................................................................... [1] temperature ......................................................
(c) When separate samples of each of these gases are placed in a container they will diffuse. pressure ............................................................
[2]
(i) Describe why these gases diffuse.
(iv) Name the catalyst used in this industrial process.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State which of these four gases has the highest rate of diffusion.
(v) If the pressure is increased, the yield of ammonia increases.
Explain your answer.
Explain why, in terms of equilibrium.
gas .......................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
explanation ..........................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
[2] ........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(d) Nitrogen, oxygen and other substances are found in clean, dry air. (vi) If the temperature is increased, the rate of reaction increases.
(i) State the percentage of nitrogen in clean, dry air. Explain why, in terms of particles.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] ..............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Other than nitrogen and oxygen, identify another element found in clean, dry air. ..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1] ..............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Identify a compound found in clean, dry air. ..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1] ........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(iv) Nitrogen and oxygen can be separated from liquid air. (b) Ammonia reacts with sulfuric acid to make a compound which is used as a fertiliser.
State the name of this process. Write the chemical equation for the reaction between ammonia and sulfuric acid.
........................................................................................................................................ [2] ............................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10] [Total: 12]
© UCLES 2021 0620/42/F/M/21 [Turn over © UCLES 2021 0620/42/F/M/21

5 6
4 A student wanted to make some zinc chloride crystals. (h) Some salts can be made by titration.
The student followed the procedure shown. In a titration experiment, 20.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide reacts exactly with 25.0 cm3 of
0.100 mol / dm3 dilute sulfuric acid to make sodium sulfate.
step 1 Add excess zinc powder to dilute hydrochloric acid to form aqueous zinc chloride.
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
step 2 Remove unreacted zinc powder from the aqueous zinc chloride.
(i) Circle the name of the type of reaction that takes place.
step 3 Heat the solution until it is saturated.
decomposition neutralisation precipitation reduction
step 4 Allow the saturated solution to cool and remove the crystals that form. [1]
(a) Write the equation for the reaction in step 1. Include state symbols. (ii) Calculate the concentration of the aqueous sodium hydroxide in g / dm3 using the following
steps.
............................................................................................................................................... [3]
● Calculate the number of moles of dilute sulfuric acid used.
(b) Explain why excess zinc powder is added in step 1.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Suggest how unreacted zinc powder is removed in step 2.

.............................. mol
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
● etermine the number of moles of sodium hydroxide which react with the dilute
D
sulfuric acid.
(d) A saturated solution is formed in step 3.
Suggest what is meant by the term saturated solution.

.............................. mol
.....................................................................................................................................................
● Calculate the concentration of the aqueous sodium hydroxide in mol / dm3.
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) Explain why crystals form as the solution cools in step 4.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) Name two zinc compounds which react with dilute hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride.
.............................. mol / dm3
.....................................................................................................................................................
● Calculate the concentration of the aqueous sodium hydroxide in g / dm3.
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(g) If excess calcium metal is used instead of excess zinc powder in step 1, pure calcium chloride
crystals do not form.
.............................. g / dm3
Explain why. [5]
..................................................................................................................................................... [Total: 17]
............................................................................................................................................... [1]

7 8
5 The table shows the names or structures of organic compounds P to U.
P Q R
H H H
H C C C H propanoic acid but-1-ene
H H H
S T U
H H H
propan-1-ol methyl butanoate C C C H
H H
(a) Give the letters of the organic compounds, P to U, that are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Describe the test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
QUESTION 5 STARTS ON THE NEXT PAGE. test ..............................................................................................................................................
observations ...............................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) But-1-ene is an unbranched molecule.
(i) Name the unbranched isomer of but-1-ene.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Draw the structure of a branched isomer of but-1-ene. Show all of the atoms and all of the
bonds.
[1]
(d) Dodecane is an alkane with 12 carbon atoms. Dodecane can be cracked.
(i) Write the formula of dodecane.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Give the letters of all the organic compounds, P to U, that can be formed when dodecane
is cracked.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

9 10
(e) Name the reagent and suggest the conditions needed to convert organic compound U into 6 Polymers are large molecules built up from small molecules.
organic compound S.
(a) State the name given to the small molecules from which polymers are made.
reagent .......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
conditions ...................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) The formula of a polymer is shown.
(f) Organic compound S can be converted to organic compound Q by reaction with an acidified H H
reagent.
C C
(i) Name the type of chemical change that happens to organic compound S.
CH3 CH3 n
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Name the acidified reagent added to organic compound S. (i) Draw the structure of the small molecule from which this polymer is made. Show all of the
atoms and all of the bonds.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(g) Organic compound T is made by reacting two compounds together.
(i) Name the homologous series that organic compound T belongs to.
[2]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State the type of polymerisation used to make this polymer.
(ii) Name the two compounds which react together to make organic compound T.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
Draw the structures of each compound you have named. Show all of the atoms and all of
the bonds.
(c) Three amino acids are shown. They combine to form part of a natural polymer.
name ....................................................................................................................................
H 2N COOH H 2N COOH H 2N COOH
structure
(i) Name the type of natural polymer formed when amino acids combine.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
name .................................................................................................................................... (ii) Complete the diagram to show part of the structure of the natural polymer that forms when
these three amino acids combine. Show all of the bonds in the linkages.
structure
[3]
[4]
(iii) Name the type of chemical reaction that takes place when this natural polymer is converted
(iii) Deduce the molecular formula of organic compound T. back to amino acids.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] ........................................................................................................................................ [1]

2
1 This question is about the first 30 elements in the Periodic Table.
Name the element which:

™
Cambridge IGCSE (a) is 78% of clean, dry air �� [1]
(b) has atoms with an electronic structure of 2,8,1 �� [1]
(c) is extracted from hematite �� [1]

*1831070697*
CHEMISTRY0620/42 (d) forms an oxide with a giant covalent structure �� [1]
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) February/March 2022

(e) is the gas with the slowest rate of diffusion at room temperature
1 hour 15 minutes

�� [1]

(f) has an anhydrous chloride which turns pink when water is added
INSTRUCTIONS
�� [1]
(g) has aqueous ions which form a white precipitate when added to aqueous silver ions
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(h) forms a blue hydroxide which dissolves in aqueous ammonia
��[1]
INFORMATION
(i) is added to molten iron to remove impurities in the steel making process
�� [1]
(j) is used to galvanise iron. �� [1]
[Total: 10]
IB22 03_0620_42/3RP
© UCLES 2022 0620/42/F/M/22

3 4
2 A student adds excess large pieces of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, to dilute hydrochloric acid, (d) The graph shows how the volume of carbon dioxide gas changes with time.
HCl, and measures the volume of carbon dioxide gas, CO2, given off.
(a) Add the missing state symbols to the chemical equation for the reaction.
MgCO3 ..... + 2HCl ..... → MgCl 2(aq) + H2O ..... + CO2 ..... [1]
(b) C
omplete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement of the ions in volume of
magnesium chloride. carbon dioxide gas
The inner shells have been drawn.
Give the charges on the ions.
....... ....... 0
0
time
Mg Cl
(i) Describe how the graph shows that the rate of this reaction decreases as time increases.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
....... (ii) Explain, in terms of particles, why the rate of this reaction decreases as time increases.
Cl . ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The student repeats the experiment using powdered MgCO3 instead of large pieces.
[3] All other conditions stay the same.
On the grid, draw the line expected when powdered MgCO3 is used instead of large

(c) C
omplete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of pieces. [2]
carbon dioxide.
Show outer shell electrons only.
O C O
[2]

5 6
(e) D
etermine the volume of CO2 gas given off when excess MgCO3 is added to 25.0 cm of 3
3 Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is an atmospheric pollutant and is formed in car engines.
0.400 mol / dm3 HCl at room temperature and pressure.
(a) Explain how nitrogen dioxide is formed in car engines.
MgCO3 + 2HCl → MgCl 2 + H2O + CO2
....................................................................................................................................................
Use the following steps.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
● Calculate the number of moles of HCl in 25.0 cm3 of 0.400 mol / dm3 of acid.
(b) Nitrogen dioxide causes respiratory problems.
State one other adverse effect of nitrogen dioxide.

.............................. mol
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
● Determine the number of moles of CO2 gas given off.
(c) N
itrogen dioxide emissions can be reduced by adding an aqueous solution of urea, (NH2)2CO,
to car exhaust gases.
.............................. mol
The heat of the exhaust gases breaks down the urea into simpler substances.
● Calculate the volume of CO2 gas given off in cm .3
(i) ame the type of reaction which occurs when a substance is heated and breaks down into
N
simpler substances.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
.............................. cm3
(ii) ne molecule of urea breaks down to form one molecule of ammonia and one other
O
[3] molecule.
[Total: 14] omplete the chemical equation to show the formula of the other molecule formed in this
C
reaction.
(NH2)2CO → NH3 + ...................... [1]
(iii) State the test for ammonia.
test . .....................................................................................................................................
observations ........................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) The ammonia formed reacts with nitrogen dioxide to form nitrogen and water.
(i) Balance the equation for this reaction.
..........NO2 + ..........NH3 → ..........N2 + 12H2O [2]
(ii) State how the equation shows that the nitrogen in nitrogen dioxide is reduced.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

7 8
(iii) This reaction is a redox reaction. 4 This question is about chemical reactions and electricity.
State the meaning of the term redox. (a) The diagram shows the apparatus used in the production of electrical energy in a simple cell.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1] voltmeter

V
(e) 135 moles of urea, (NH2)2CO, is stored in the tank of a car. zinc electrode iron electrode
Calculate the mass, in kg, of the stored (NH2)2CO.
electrolyte
The zinc electrode dissolves in the electrolyte forming Zn2+(aq) ions.
(i) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of electron flow. [1]
mass of (NH2)2CO = .............................. kg
[2] (ii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction that occurs when the zinc electrode dissolves.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(f) A
nother oxide of nitrogen formed in car engines is nitrogen monoxide, NO. A catalytic converter
removes NO by reacting it with a gas formed by incomplete combustion of the fuel. Two
non‑toxic gases are formed. (b) T
he reading on the voltmeter can be increased if either zinc or iron is replaced by another
metal.
(i) Name the gas formed by incomplete combustion of the fuel.
(i) Name a metal that can replace zinc and increase the reading on the voltmeter.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name the two non‑toxic gases formed.
(ii) Name a metal that can replace iron and increase the reading on the voltmeter.
............................................................... and �� [1]
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 15]
(c) Fuel cells are used to generate electricity.
(i) Name the reactants in a fuel cell.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name the waste product of a fuel cell.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

9 10
(d) Electricity can be used to break down aqueous or molten ionic compounds. 5 This question is about alkanes and alkenes.
(i) Name the process which uses electricity to break down aqueous or molten ionic compounds. (a) Short-chain alkanes and alkenes can be formed from long-chain alkanes in a chemical reaction.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1] (i) Name the type of chemical reaction which forms short‑chain alkanes and alkenes from
long‑chain alkanes.
(ii) Explain why the ionic compound needs to be aqueous or molten.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Decane has 10 carbon atoms. It forms ethane and ethene as the only products in this type
of chemical reaction.
(e) Brine is concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.
Write the chemical equation for this reaction.
(i) Name three substances which are manufactured by passing electricity through brine.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
1 . .........................................................................................................................................
2 . ......................................................................................................................................... (b) E
thane reacts with chlorine at room temperature to form chloroethane, C2H5Cl, and one other
product.
3 . .........................................................................................................................................
[3] (i) Name the other product formed.
(ii) Name a different substance formed when molten sodium chloride is used instead of . ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.
(ii) State the condition needed for this reaction to take place.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 13]
(c) Ethene reacts with chlorine at room temperature to form dichloroethane, C2H4Cl 2.
C2H4 + Cl 2 → C2H4Cl 2
(i) State why this is an addition reaction.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

11 12
(ii) The chemical equation for this reaction can be represented as shown. 6 The names of four esters are listed.
H H H H methyl propanoate
C C + Cl Cl Cl C C Cl ethyl propanoate
propyl propanoate
H H H H
butyl propanoate
The energy change for the reaction is –180 kJ / mol.
(a) E
sters are a family of organic compounds with similar chemical properties. They can be
Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the bond energy of a C–Cl bond, in kJ / mol. represented by the formula CnH2nO2.
(i) State the name given to a family of organic compounds with similar chemical properties.
bond C–H C=C Cl –Cl C–C
bond energy in kJ / mol 410 610 240 350 . ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why members of a family of organic compounds have similar chemical properties.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
step 1 Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.
(iii) State the name given to a formula such as CnH2nO2.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Determine the value of ‘n’ in butyl propanoate.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
energy needed to break bonds = .............................. kJ
step 2 se your answer in step 1 and the energy change for the reaction to determine
U
(b) All four of the esters in the list are liquids at room temperature.
the energy released when bonds are formed.
Name the technique used to separate ethyl propanoate from a mixture of the four esters.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) All four esters can be made by reacting different alcohols with the same substance.
energy released when bonds form = .............................. kJ
(i) Name this substance and draw its structure. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.
step 3 se your answer in step 2 and bond energy values to determine the energy of
U
a C–Cl bond.
name .......................................................
structure
bond energy of a C–Cl bond = .............................. kJ / mol

[2]
[4]
(ii) Name the alcohol used to make methyl propanoate.
[Total: 11]
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

13 14
(d) O
ther esters, not in the list, have the same molecular formula as propyl propanoate, but different BLANK PAGE
structures.
(i) tate the term used to describe substances with the same molecular formula but different
S
structures.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name two esters with the same molecular formula as propyl propanoate.
1 . .........................................................................................................................................
2 . .........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(e) Polyesters can be made from the two different molecules shown.
O O
H O C C O H
and
H O O H
(i) omplete the diagram to show a section of the polyester made from these two molecules.
C
Include all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the linkages.
[3]
(ii) Name the type of polymerisation that takes place when this polymer forms.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Name a polyester.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 17]

2
1 The names of the elements of Period 2 of the Periodic Table are shown.
lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon

™
Cambridge IGCSE Answer the following questions about these elements.
Each element may be used once, more than once or not at all.
Identify the element which:
(a) is a product of photosynthesis
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
*5656332582*
CHEMISTRY0620/41
(b) has an oxide found in clean, dry air
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2022
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
1 hour 15 minutes

(c) forms a basic oxide with the formula X2O
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
INSTRUCTIONS
(d) is a main component of fertilisers used to improve crop growth
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) has the highest rate of diffusion at room temperature
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
INFORMATION
(f) produces a red flame in a flame test
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) has only 5 electrons in each of its atoms
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) has an oxide responsible for acid rain.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
IB22 11_0620_41/2RP
© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22

3 4
2 Potassium is a Group I element. (c) When potassium is added to water, it reacts vigorously and a coloured flame is seen.
The equation for the reaction is shown.
(a) Name and describe the bonding in potassium.
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
name ...........................................................................................................................................
(i) State the colour of the flame seen.
description ..................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
.....................................................................................................................................................
(ii) The solution formed is potassium hydroxide, a strong alkali.
.....................................................................................................................................................
State the formula of the ion responsible for alkalinity in a solution.
.....................................................................................................................................................
[4] ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State the colour of litmus in a strong alkali.

(b) Potassium combines with sulfur to form an ionic compound, potassium sulfide, K2S.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(i) Give two physical properties of ionic compounds.
(iv) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of hydrogen gas formed when 2.34 g of potassium is added
1 ........................................................................................................................................... to excess water at room temperature and pressure.
2 ........................................................................................................................................... Use the following steps.

[2]
● Calculate the number of moles of potassium added.
(ii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of
the ions in potassium sulfide.
....... .......
= .............................. mol
K S ● Determine the number of moles of hydrogen gas formed.
....... = .............................. mol
● Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas formed.

K
[3] volume = .............................. cm3

[3]

5 6
(d) Aqueous potassium hydroxide reacts with a dilute acid to produce aqueous potassium chloride, 3 Ammonia is made in an industrial process starting with nitrogen. The equation for the reaction is
KCl (aq), which is a salt. shown.
(i) Name the dilute acid used. N2 + 3H2 2NH3
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (a) Name the industrial process used to make ammonia.
(ii) State the type of reaction taking place. ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) State the raw material from which nitrogen is obtained.
(iii) Name the experimental technique used when salts are made by reacting a dilute acid with
an aqueous alkali. ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) State what is meant by the symbol .
(e) When aqueous silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq), is added to aqueous potassium chloride, a precipitate ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
is formed.
(i) State the colour of the precipitate formed. (d) State the temperature and pressure used in this industrial process.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] temperature = .............................. °C
(ii) Name the precipitate formed. pressure = .............................. atm

[2]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction. Include state symbols. (e) Name the catalyst used in this industrial process.
........................................................................................................................................ [3] ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 23]
(f) The forward reaction is exothermic.
State the effect, if any, on the position of the equilibrium when the following changes are made.
Explain your answers.
temperature is reduced
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
pressure is reduced
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
[4]

7 8
(g) Explain, in terms of particles, what happens to the rate of reaction when the temperature is 4 A student prepares calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, by adding calcium carbonate to dilute nitric acid.
reduced.
(a) Write the chemical equation for this reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
.....................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... (b) Describe two observations during this reaction.
..................................................................................................................................................... 1 ..................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [3] 2 ..................................................................................................................................................

[2]
(h) Give the formula of the compound formed when sulfuric acid reacts with ammonia.
(c) The student continues to add calcium carbonate until it is in excess. The student then removes
............................................................................................................................................... [1] the excess calcium carbonate by filtration and collects the aqueous calcium nitrate.
[Total: 14] State the general term given to a solution collected from filtration.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) The student gently heats the aqueous calcium nitrate until the solution is saturated.
(i) Suggest what is meant by the term saturated solution.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Describe how crystals are produced from a hot saturated solution.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

9 10
(e) Calcium nitrate crystals are hydrated and have the formula Ca(NO3)2•xH2O where x is a whole 5 Ethene is an alkene which reacts with bromine as shown in the equation.
number of molecules of water.
C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2
The student heats the crystals to remove the molecules of water.
(a) Write the general formula of alkenes.
Ca(NO3)2•xH2O(s) → Ca(NO3)2(s) + xH2O(g)
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(i) State the term used to describe the calcium nitrate after the molecules of water have been
removed.
(b) Describe the colour change seen when ethene is bubbled through aqueous bromine.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
from ................................................................ to ................................................................. [1]
(ii) The student heats a sample of Ca(NO3)2•xH2O and forms 2.46 g of Ca(NO3)2 and
0.0600 moles of H2O.
(c) In this reaction only one product is formed from two reactants.
Determine the value of x. Use the following steps.
Name this type of organic reaction.
● Calculate the Mr of Ca(NO3)2.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Part of the energy profile diagram of this reaction is shown.
Mr = ..............................
● Determine the number of moles of Ca(NO3)2 formed.

C2H4 + Br2
energy
moles of Ca(NO3)2 formed = ..............................
● Determine the value of x in Ca(NO3)2•xH2O.

(i) The reaction is exothermic.
Complete the energy profile diagram for this reaction.

x = .............................. Include:
[3]
● the position of the products
(f) Nitrates decompose on heating. ● an arrow to show the activation energy, labelled as A
Write the chemical equation for the reaction when solid sodium nitrate is heated. ● an arrow to show the energy change for the reaction.
[3]
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 14]

11 12
(ii) The chemical equation for the reaction can be represented as shown. 6 Ester Y has the structure shown.
H H H H O H
C C + Br Br Br C C Br H C O C H
H H H H H
Some bond energies are given. (a) (i) Name ester Y.
bond energy ........................................................................................................................................ [1]

bond
/ kJ mol
(ii) Deduce the empirical formula of ester Y.
C–H 410
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
C=C 610
Br–Br 190
(b) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of
C–C 350
ester Y.
C–Br 290
Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change in this reaction.
O
Use the following steps. H
● Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.
H C O C H
H
energy = .............................. kJ
● Calculate the energy released in making bonds. [3]
energy = .............................. kJ
● Determine the energy change in this reaction.
energy change in this reaction = .............................. kJ / mol

[3]
[Total: 9]

13 14
(c) Ester Y can be made by reacting two organic compounds together. BLANK PAGE
Name the compounds and draw their structures.
name ..............................................................
structure
name ..............................................................
structure
[4]
(d) (i) Describe what is meant by the term structural isomer.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Name a carboxylic acid which is a structural isomer of ester Y.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 12]

2
1 Diamond and graphite are different solid forms of carbon. The carbon atoms in diamond and
graphite are arranged in different ways.
(a) State the number of covalent bonds each carbon atom has in diamond.
Cambridge IGCSE™
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) State the term used to describe the structure of diamond.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
*4909270147*
CHEMISTRY0620/42 (c) Name an oxide that has a similar structure to diamond.
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2022 .............................................................................................................................................. [1]

1 hour 15 minutes

(d) Describe the arrangement of atoms in graphite.
No additional materials are needed. ....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
INSTRUCTIONS
(e) Explain how graphite conducts electricity.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) Buckminsterfullerene is a simple molecular form of carbon.
The relative molecular mass of Buckminsterfullerene is 720.
INFORMATION
Determine the number of carbon atoms in one molecule of Buckminsterfullerene.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) All forms of carbon burn to produce carbon dioxide.
Name the substance used to test for carbon dioxide.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
IB22 11_0620_42/3RP
© UCLES 2022 0620/42/O/N/22

3 4
2 Sodium is a reactive metal. (c) S

odium reacts vigorously with water to form aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH, which is a
strong base.
(a) Suggest why sodium is stored under oil.
(i) Explain in terms of proton transfer what is meant by a base.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Sodium burns in air to form sodium oxide, Na2O. (ii) State a pH number that indicates the presence of a strong alkali.
(i) State the term given to a reaction in which a substance burns. . ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) State the colour of methyl orange in aqueous sodium hydroxide.
(ii) State the colour of the flame seen when sodium burns. . ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1] (iv) The equation for the reaction is shown.
(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction which takes place when sodium burns in air to 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
form sodium oxide.
alculate the concentration of NaOH(aq) formed, in g / dm3, when 0.345 g of sodium is
C
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2] added to 50.0 cm3 of distilled water. Assume there is no change in volume.
(iv) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of Use the following steps.
the ions in sodium oxide.
● Calculate the number of moles of Na added.
....... .......
Na O
= .............................. mol
● Determine the number of moles of NaOH formed.
....... = .............................. mol
Na ● Calculate the concentration of NaOH in mol / dm3.
[3]
concentration of NaOH = .............................. mol / dm3
● Determine the Mr of NaOH and calculate the concentration of NaOH in g / dm3.
concentration of NaOH = .............................. g / dm3

[5]

5 6
(d) When NaOH(aq) is added to aqueous iron(III) chloride, FeCl 3(aq), a solid product is formed. 3 ulfuric acid is manufactured by an industrial process. Sulfur is obtained from sulfur-containing
S
metal ores.
(i) Name the type of reaction where a solid is formed from two solutions. The sulfur in the metal ore is converted to sulfur dioxide which is then oxidised to sulfur trioxide as
shown.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
(ii) State the colour of this solid product.
(a) Name a metal ore which contains sulfur.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Name this solid product.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Describe the process which converts metal ores to sulfur dioxide.
(iv) Write the ionic equation for the reaction. Include state symbols. .............................................................................................................................................. [1]
. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Name the industrial process used to manufacture sulfuric acid.
[Total: 22]
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) The reaction that produces sulfur trioxide is an equilibrium. The forward reaction is exothermic.
(i) State the temperature and pressure used to make sulfur trioxide.
temperature = .............................. °C
pressure = .............................. atm

[2]
(ii) Name the catalyst used.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Describe two features of an equilibrium.
1 . .........................................................................................................................................
2 . .........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iv) State the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium when the following changes are
made.
Explain your answers.
temperature is increased .....................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
pressure is increased ..........................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
[4]

7 8
(v) xplain, in terms of particles, what happens to the rate of reaction when the temperature
E 4 A student prepares magnesium sulfate crystals, MgSO4, by adding excess magnesium to dilute
is increased. sulfuric acid.
. ............................................................................................................................................ (a) Write the chemical equation for this reaction.
. ............................................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................. [1]
. ............................................................................................................................................
(b) Describe two observations which show the reaction has finished.
. ............................................................................................................................................
1 .................................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
2 .................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(e) Name the compound formed when sulfuric acid reacts with ammonia.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1] (c) The excess magnesium is removed by filtration.
[Total: 16] State the general name given to a solid separated from a solution by filtration.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) The aqueous magnesium sulfate is heated until crystals begin to appear.
(i) Suggest the name for a solution in which no more solute can dissolve.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why more crystals of magnesium sulfate appear on cooling.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) M
agnesium sulfate crystals have the formula, MgSO4•xH2O, where x is a whole number of
molecules of water.
The student heats the crystals to remove the molecules of water.
MgSO4•xH2O(s) → MgSO4(s) + xH2O(g)
(i) Name the term given to crystals containing molecules of water.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

9 10
(ii) The student heats a sample of MgSO4•xH2O and finds it has lost 0.140 moles of H2O and 5 Ethane is an alkane which undergoes a photochemical reaction with chlorine as shown.
has 2.40 g of MgSO4 remaining.
C2H6(g) + Cl 2(g) → C2H5Cl (l) + HCl (g)
Determine the value of x. Use the following steps.
(a) Write the general formula of alkanes.
● Calculate the Mr of MgSO4.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) State why this reaction is described as a photochemical reaction.

Mr = ..............................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
● Determine the number of moles of MgSO4 formed.
(c) In this reaction, an atom of hydrogen is replaced with a chlorine atom.
State the name of this type of organic reaction.

moles of MgSO4 formed = ..............................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
● Determine the value of x in MgSO4•xH2O.
(d) In this reaction, one of the products is chloroethane.
Name the other product.
x = .............................. .............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[3]
(e) The energy profile diagram of this reaction is shown.

(f) If the student uses dilute nitric acid instead of dilute sulfuric acid, the salt formed is
magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction when solid magnesium nitrate is heated.
A
.............................................................................................................................................. [2] C2H6 + Cl 2
energy
[Total: 12] B
C2H5Cl + HCl
(i) Name the energy change labelled A.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name the energy change labelled B.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State how the energy profile diagram shows this is an exothermic reaction.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

11 12
(f) The equation for the reaction can be represented as shown. 6 A carboxylic acid Y has the structure shown.
H H H H O
H C C H + Cl Cl H C C Cl + H Cl H C O H
H H H H (a) State the general formula of carboxylic acids.
Some bond energies are given. .............................................................................................................................................. [1]
bond energy
bond (b) Name carboxylic acid Y.
/ kJ mol
C–H 410 .............................................................................................................................................. [1]
C–C 350
Cl –Cl 240 (c) Write the molecular formula of carboxylic acid Y.
C–Cl 340 .............................................................................................................................................. [1]
H–Cl 430
Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change in this reaction. (d) C
omplete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of
carboxylic acid Y.
● Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.

O
H C O H
energy = .............................. kJ
● Calculate the energy released in making bonds.
[3]
energy = .............................. kJ
● Determine the energy change in this reaction.
energy change in this reaction = .............................. kJ / mol

[3]
[Total: 10]

13 14
(e) Carboxylic acid Y will react with propan-1-ol, C3H7OH, to form ester Z and one other product. BLANK PAGE
(i) Name and draw the structure of ester Z.
name ..........................................................
structure
[3]
(ii) Name the other product formed when carboxylic acid Y reacts with propan-1-ol.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Name:
● an ester which is a structural isomer of ester Z
. ............................................................................................................................................
● a carboxylic acid which is a structural isomer of ester Z.
. ............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 12]

2
1
Atoms and ions are made from small particles called electrons, neutrons and protons.
(a) Complete the table.

™
Cambridge IGCSE particle relative charge relative mass
1
electron –1 1840
neutron
proton
*3722913434*
CHEMISTRY0620/43 [2]

1 hour 15 minutes (b) Information about atoms and ions, A, B and C, is shown in the table.
You must answer on the question paper. Complete the table.
No additional materials are needed. atom number of number of number of

symbol
or ion electrons neutrons protons
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions. A 18 20 20Ca
42 2+
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. B 18 17Cl
35

● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid. C 18 16 16
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units. [6]
[Total: 8]
INFORMATION
IB22 11_0620_43/4RP
© UCLES 2022 0620/43/O/N/22

3 4
2 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical conductivities of six substances, D, 3 Aluminium is extracted from its ore by electrolysis.
E, F, G, H and I.
(a) Name the ore of aluminium which consists mainly of aluminium oxide.
melting point boiling point conducts electricity conducts electricity
substance ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
/ °C / °C when solid when liquid
D 1083 2567 yes yes
(b) State what is meant by the term electrolysis.
E –117 79 no no
F 3550 4827 no no .....................................................................................................................................................
G 119 445 no no ............................................................................................................................................... [2]
H –210 –196 no no
I 801 1413 no yes (c) Electrolysis is carried out on aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite.
(a) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is: waste gases
(i) a liquid at 25 °C �� [1]
(ii) a gas at 25 °C �� [1] positive electrode
(iii) a solid consisting of simple molecules at 25 °C. �� [1] negative electrode aluminium oxide dissolved
in molten cryolite
(b) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is a metal. Give a reason for your choice.
aluminium
substance ...................................................................................................................................
(i) Give two reasons why the electrolysis is carried out on aluminium oxide dissolved in
reason ......................................................................................................................................... molten cryolite instead of electrolysing molten aluminium oxide only.
[2]
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
(c) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which has a macromolecular structure. Give two 2 ...........................................................................................................................................
reasons for your choice. [2]
substance ................................................................................................................................... (ii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the negative electrode.
reason 1 ...................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ [2]
reason 2 ...................................................................................................................................... (iii) The positive electrodes are made of carbon.

[3]
Explain why the positive carbon electrodes are replaced regularly.
(d) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is an ionic solid. Give a reason for your choice. ..............................................................................................................................................
substance ................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ [2]
reason .........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 10]

5 6
(d) Aluminium is more reactive than copper. 4 This question is about compounds of phosphorus.
When aluminium is added to aqueous copper(II) sulfate, no immediate reaction is seen. (a) Gaseous phosphorus(V) chloride decomposes into gaseous phosphorus(III) chloride and
gaseous chlorine.
Explain why.
When the three gases are present in a closed container the system reaches equilibrium.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
PCl 5(g) PCl 3(g) + Cl 2(g)
(e) Aluminium reacts with oxygen to form an amphoteric oxide. (i) Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.
(i) State what is meant by the term amphoteric.

effect on the rate of effect on the equilibrium
the forward reaction yield (PCl 3(g) and Cl 2(g))
..............................................................................................................................................
increasing the temperature increases
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
decreasing the pressure
(ii)
The reaction between aluminium oxide and aqueous sodium hydroxide forms a salt
containing the negative ion Al O2–. The only other product is water.
adding a catalyst no change
Write a chemical equation for the reaction between aluminium oxide and aqueous
sodium hydroxide. [4]
........................................................................................................................................ [2] (ii) The table shows that when the temperature increases, the equilibrium yields of PCl 3(g)
and Cl 2(g) increase.
(f) Gallium is in the same group as aluminium and forms similar compounds. State what conclusion can be made from this.
Predict the formulae of: ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
gallium(III) chloride ....................................................................................................................

(b) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
gallium(III) sulfate. ..................................................................................................................... phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl 3. Show outer shell electrons only.
[2]
[Total: 15]
Cl P Cl
Cl
[2]

7 8
(c) Phosphorus oxychloride has the formula POCl 3. BLANK PAGE
Phosphorus oxychloride is the only product of the reaction between phosphorus(V) chloride,
PCl 5, and phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10.
Write a chemical equation for the reaction between phosphorus(V) chloride and
phosphorus(V) oxide.
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Compound X has the following composition by mass.
H, 3.66%; P, 37.80%; O, 58.54%
Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.
empirical formula = .............................. [2]
(e) Compound Y has the empirical formula H3PO4 and a relative molecular mass of 98.
Deduce the molecular formula of compound Y.
[Total: 12]

9 10
5 This question is about sulfuric acid, H2SO4, and salts that can be made from sulfuric acid. (c)
Dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous potassium hydroxide are used to make aqueous
potassium sulfate.
(a) Sulfuric acid is manufactured by the Contact process.
H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O
stage 1 Molten sulfur burns in air to produce sulfur dioxide.
The method includes use of the following apparatus.
stage 2 Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide, SO3.
stage 3 Sulfur trioxide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum, H2S2O7.
stage 4 Oleum is converted into sulfuric acid. dilute sulfuric acid
(i) The equation for the reaction in stage 2 is shown.
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
State the temperature and pressure used in stage 2.
Name the catalyst used in stage 2.

conical flask
temperature �� °C
25.0 cm3 of aqueous
pressure ........................................................................................................................ atm potassium hydroxide
catalyst ................................................................................................................................
[3] (i)
Calculate the volume of 0.0625 mol / dm3 dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4, that completely
reacts with 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol / dm3 potassium hydroxide, KOH, to produce aqueous
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in stage 3. potassium sulfate.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] Use the following steps.
(iii) Name the substance that reacts with oleum in stage 4. ● Calculate the number of moles of KOH in 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol / dm3 KOH.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Name the black solid that is produced when concentrated sulfuric acid is added to sugar,
C12H22O11.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
= .............................. mol
● Deduce the number of moles of H2SO4 that react with KOH.
= .............................. mol

11 12
● Calculate the volume of H2SO4 required. 6 (a) Chloroethene (CH2=CHCl ) can be manufactured from 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2Cl CH2Cl ).
The equation can be represented as shown.
Cl H Cl H
H C C Cl C C + H Cl
H H H H
volume = .............................. cm3
[3] (i) Some bond energies are given.
(ii) The experiment is repeated using the same volume and concentration of potassium
bond energy
hydroxide and the same concentration of dilute sulfuric acid. In this second experiment, bond
in kJ / mol
the product is aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate, KHSO4.
C–C 350
H2SO4 + KOH → KHSO4 + H2O
C=C 610
Use your answer to (c)(i) and the equation to deduce the volume of H2SO4 required. C–Cl 340
C–H 410
H–Cl 430
volume = .............................. cm3 [1]
Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change, in kJ / mol, of the
reaction.
(d)
Aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate, KHSO4(aq), contains the ions K (aq), H (aq) and + +
SO42–(aq). Use the following steps.
Describe the observations in the following tests. ● Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.
(i) A flame test is carried out on aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Solid copper(II) carbonate is added to aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
energy = .............................. kJ
(iii)
An acidic solution containing aqueous barium ions, Ba2+(aq), is added to aqueous
potassium hydrogensulfate. ● Calculate the energy released when bonds form.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(e) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in (d)(iii).
Include state symbols.
............................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 17] energy = .............................. kJ

13 14
● Calculate the energy change of the reaction. (c) Proteins are natural polymers.
Proteins are broken down into amino acids. The process is similar to how complex
carbohydrates are broken down to give simple sugars.
(i) Name the type of reaction in which proteins are broken down into amino acids.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
energy change of the reaction = .............................. kJ / mol (ii) Name two types of substance that are used to break down proteins into amino acids.
[3]
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Deduce whether the energy change for this reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
Give a reason for your answer. [2]
.............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Amino acids are colourless.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] A sample containing a mixture of amino acids is separated. Each amino acid is detected
and identified.
(b) Part of a synthetic polymer is shown. ● Name the process used to separate the amino acids.
C 2H 5 H C 2H 5 H ..............................................................................................................................................
C C C C ● Name the type of substance used to detect the amino acids.
H H H H ..............................................................................................................................................
(i) State the number of monomer units that are needed to make the part of the polymer ● ive the symbol of the value used to determine the identity of each amino acid after
G
shown. separation and detection.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] ..............................................................................................................................................

[3]
(ii) Name and draw the structure of the monomer used to make this polymer. Show all of the
(d) Proteins are natural polymers. Proteins contain amide linkages.
name .....................................................
Synthetic polyamides also contain amide linkages.
structure
(i) Name a synthetic polyamide.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Identify the two functional groups present in the monomers used to produce synthetic
polyamides.
[3]
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
(iii) State the empirical formula of the polymer.
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1] [2]
[Total: 18]

2
1 A list of substances is shown.
aluminium oxide carbon dioxide chlorine diamond ethanol

™
Cambridge IGCSE glucose iron(III) oxide limestone nitrogen oxygen
Answer the questions using the list of substances.
Each substance may be used once, more than once or not at all.
State which of the substances:
(a) is a reactant in photosynthesis

*8032813939*
CHEMISTRY0620/41
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
1 hour 15 minutes
(b) is the main constituent of bauxite
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) are two products of fermentation

INSTRUCTIONS
.................................................................... and ................................................................... [2]
(d) is used as a fuel
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) is a gas used to convert iron into steel
INFORMATION
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) is a greenhouse gas
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) is a gas that is approximately 78% of clean, dry air
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) is a form of carbon.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
IB22 06_0620_41/4RP
© UCLES 2022 0620/41/M/J/22

3 4
2 (a) Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. Atoms of the same element are known as 3 This question is about sodium and compounds of sodium.
isotopes.
(a) (i) Describe the bonding in a metallic element such as sodium.
(i) Complete the table.
You may include a diagram as part of your answer.
particle relative charge relative mass
1
electron 1840
neutron
proton +1
[2]
12Mg and 12Mg are isotopes of magnesium.

(ii)
24 25
Complete the table to show the numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons in these
isotopes of magnesium.
..............................................................................................................................................
number of number of number of ..............................................................................................................................................
isotope
electrons neutrons protons
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
12Mg
24
(ii) Describe how solid sodium conducts electricity.

12Mg
25
[2] ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Explain why magnesium ions have a charge of 2+.

(b) Some properties of sodium chloride are shown:
..............................................................................................................................................
● elting point of 801 °C
m
........................................................................................................................................ [1] ● non-conductor of electricity when solid
● conductor of electricity when molten
● soluble in water.
(b) Mg2+ ions have the electronic structure 2,8.
(i) Name the type of bonding in sodium chloride.
Give the formula of the following particles which have the same electronic structure as Mg2+
ions. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
● a cation (positive ion) (ii) Explain why sodium chloride conducts electricity when molten.
..................................................................................................................................................... ..............................................................................................................................................
● an anion (negative ion) ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
.....................................................................................................................................................
● an atom
.....................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 8]

5 6
(c) A student determines the concentration of a solution of dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4, by titration 4 This question is about compounds of sulfur.
with aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
(a) Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is manufactured using the Contact process. This manufacture involves
step 1 25.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol / dm3 NaOH is transferred into a conical flask. four stages.
step 2 Three drops of methyl orange indicator are added to the conical flask. stage 1 Molten sulfur burns in air to produce sulfur dioxide.
step 3 A burette is filled with H2SO4. stage 2 Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide.
step 4 The acid in the burette is added to the conical flask until the indicator changes colour. stage 3 Sulfur trioxide combines with concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum, H2S2O7.
The volume of acid is recorded. This process is known as titration.
stage 4 Oleum reacts to form concentrated sulfuric acid.
step 5 The titration is repeated several times until a suitable number of results is obtained.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction occurring in stage 1.
(i) Name the piece of apparatus used to measure exactly 25.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol / dm3 NaOH
in step 1. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) State the essential conditions that are necessary for stage 2. Write an equation for the
chemical reaction that occurs.
(ii) State the colour change of the methyl orange indicator in step 4.
..............................................................................................................................................
from ............................................................. to ............................................................. [1]
..............................................................................................................................................
(iii) State how the student decides that a suitable number of results have been obtained.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [4]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction occurring in stage 3.
(iv) 20.0 cm3 of H2SO4 reacts with 25.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol / dm3 NaOH.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
The equation for the reaction is shown.
(iv) Name the substance that reacts with oleum in stage 4.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
Calculate the concentration of H2SO4 using the following steps.
● Calculate the number of moles in 25.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol / dm3 NaOH. (b) Hydrogen sulfide has the formula H2S.
(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
hydrogen sulfide. Show outer shell electrons only.
.............................. mol
● Determine the number of moles of H2SO4 that react with the NaOH.
H S H
.............................. mol
● Calculate the concentration of H2SO4. [2]
(ii) Balance the chemical equation for the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with sulfur dioxide
shown.
.............................. mol / dm 3
[3] .....H2S + SO2 → .....S + .....H2O[1]

7 8
5 Ethanoic acid is manufactured by the reaction of methanol with carbon monoxide. (e) Ethanoic acid is a member of the homologous series of carboxylic acids.
An equilibrium mixture is produced. State the general formula of this homologous series.
CH3OH(g) + CO(g) CH3COOH(g) ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(a) State two characteristics of an equilibrium.

(f) Draw the structure of the carboxylic acid containing three carbon atoms. Show all of the atoms
1 .................................................................................................................................................. and all of the bonds.
2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) The purpose of the industrial process is to produce a high yield of ethanoic acid at a high rate
of reaction.
The manufacture is carried out at a temperature of 300 °C.
The forward reaction is exothermic. [2]
Use this information to state why the manufacture is not carried out at temperatures:
(g) When carboxylic acids react with alcohols, esters are produced.
● below 300 °C
The formula of ester X is CH3CH2CH2COOCH3.
.....................................................................................................................................................
(i) Name ester X.
● above 300 °C.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
.....................................................................................................................................................
[2] (ii) Give the name of the carboxylic acid and the alcohol that react together to produce ester X.
carboxylic acid .....................................................................................................................

(c) Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.
alcohol .................................................................................................................................
[2]
the forward reaction yield of CH3COOH(g)
adding a catalyst no change (h) Ester Y has the following composition by mass:
C, 48.65%; H, 8.11%; O, 43.24%.

Calculate the empirical formula of ester Y.
[3]
(d) Suggest which of the following metals is a suitable catalyst for the reaction. Give a reason for
your answer.
aluminium calcium cobalt magnesium potassium
suitable catalyst ..........................................................................................................................

reason .........................................................................................................................................
[2]

9 10
(i) Ester Z has the empirical formula C2H4O and a relative molecular mass of 88. 6 This question is about zinc and its compounds.
Determine the molecular formula of ester Z. (a) Zinc is extracted from its ore which is mainly zinc sulfide, ZnS.
The steps for this extraction are shown.
step 1 Zinc sulfide is converted into zinc oxide.
step 2 The zinc oxide is then reduced to zinc in a furnace. The zinc formed becomes a gas.
step 3 The zinc gas is cooled to form molten zinc.
(i) Name the ore of zinc, which is mainly zinc sulfide.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 19]
(ii) Describe how zinc sulfide is converted into zinc oxide in step 1.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Name the reducing agent used in step 2.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) Explain why the zinc forms a gas in step 2 inside the furnace.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(v) State the name of the physical change occurring when zinc gas is converted into molten
zinc.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Zinc sulfate crystals, ZnSO4•7H2O, are hydrated.
Zinc sulfate crystals are made by reacting zinc carbonate with dilute sulfuric acid.
The equation for the overall process is shown.
ZnCO3 + H2SO4 + 6H2O → ZnSO4•7H2O + CO2
step 1 Large pieces of solid zinc carbonate are added to dilute sulfuric acid until the zinc
carbonate is in excess. This forms aqueous zinc sulfate.
step 2 The excess zinc carbonate is separated from the aqueous zinc sulfate.
step 3 The aqueous zinc sulfate is heated until a saturated solution is formed.
step 4 The saturated solution is allowed to cool and crystallise.
step 5 The crystals are removed and dried.

11 12
(i) In step 1, zinc carbonate is in excess when no more zinc carbonate dissolves. 7 The Periodic Table can be used to classify elements.
State one other observation that indicates the zinc carbonate is in excess in step 1. (a) Group I elements react with cold water to form alkaline solutions.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (i) Place the Group I elements caesium, lithium, potassium, rubidium and sodium in their
order of reactivity with water.
(ii) Name a different substance, other than zinc carbonate, that can be added to dilute
sulfuric acid to produce aqueous zinc sulfate in step 1. Put the most reactive element first.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] most reactive least reactive
(iii)
Step 1 is repeated using powdered zinc carbonate instead of large pieces.
All other conditions are kept the same.

[1]
The rate of reaction increases.
(ii) Name the alkaline solution formed when caesium reacts with cold water.
Give a reason why the rate of reaction increases. Explain your answer in terms of particles.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
..............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. (b) Group I elements have lower melting points than transition elements.
........................................................................................................................................ [2] Describe one other difference in the physical properties of Group I elements and transition
elements.
(iv) Suggest what is observed when the solution is saturated in step 3.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
..............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. (c) Group VII elements are known as the halogens.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] Astatine is below iodine in Group VII.
(v) The formula of zinc sulfate crystals is ZnSO4•7H2O. Predict the physical state of astatine at room temperature and pressure.
Give the formula of the solid formed if the crystals are heated to dryness in step 3. ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) Some Group VII elements react with aqueous solutions containing halide ions.
[Total: 11]
When aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous potassium bromide a reaction occurs.
The ionic half-equations for the reaction are shown.
Cl 2(aq) + 2e– → 2Cl –(aq)
2Br –(aq) → Br2(aq) + 2e–
(i) Describe the colour change of the solution.
original colour of potassium bromide solution .....................................................................
final colour of reaction mixture .............................................................................................

[2]

13 14
(ii) Identify the species that is oxidised. BLANK PAGE
Explain your decision.
species oxidised ..................................................................................................................
explanation ..........................................................................................................................
[2]
(e) Bromine monochloride, BrCl, is made by the reaction between bromine and chlorine. The
chemical equation is shown.
Br2(g) + Cl 2(g) → 2BrCl (g)
bond bond energy in kJ / mol

Br–Br 190
Cl –Cl 242
Br–Cl 218
Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction using bond energies.
● alculate the total amount of energy required to break the bonds in 1 mole of Br2(g) and
C
1 mole of Cl 2(g).
.............................. kJ
● alculate the total amount of energy released when the bonds in 2 moles of BrCl (g) are
C
formed.
.............................. kJ
● Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction.
.............................. kJ / mol
[3]
[Total: 11]

2
1 The symbols of the elements of Period 3 of the Periodic Table are shown.
Cambridge IGCSE™
Answer the following questions about these elements.
Each symbol may be used once, more than once or not at all.
Write the symbol of the element which:
(a) forms a stable ion with a 2+ charge �� [1]

*6148594183*
CHEMISTRY0620/42 (b) is the least reactive in the period �� [1]

1 hour 15 minutes (c) is used in water treatment �� [1]

(d) forms an oxide which is the main impurity in iron ore �� [1]
INSTRUCTIONS (e) is an important component of fertilisers �� [1]

● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. (f) is stored under oil �� [1]
● Do not write on any bar codes. (g) is used in food containers �� [1]
(h) is found in the ore zinc blende. �� [1]
INFORMATION [Total: 8]
IB22 06_0620_42/3RP
© UCLES 2022 0620/42/M/J/22

3 4
2 Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, is slightly soluble in water.
(a) Calcium hydroxide can be made by the reaction of calcium with water.
(i) Write the chemical equation for this reaction.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Name another substance that reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) When calcium hydroxide dissolves in water, it dissociates into ions and forms a weakly alkaline
solution.
(i) Suggest the pH of aqueous calcium hydroxide.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Give the formula of the ion responsible for making the solution alkaline.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
Question 2 starts on the next page.

(c) Limewater is a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2(aq).
(i) Name the gas limewater is used to test for.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Suggest what is meant by the term saturated solution.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) Describe how you would make a sample of limewater starting with solid calcium hydroxide.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iv) Describe how you would test for the presence of calcium ions in a sample of limewater.
test .......................................................................................................................................
observations ........................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
[3]

5 6
(d) A 25.0 cm sample of limewater is placed in a conical flask. The concentration of Ca(OH)2 in the
3
3 Transition elements are found in the middle block of the Periodic Table.
limewater is determined by titration with dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl.
(a) Chromium has several isotopes. Manganese has only one isotope.
(i) Name the item of apparatus used to measure the volume of acid in this titration.
(i) State what is meant by the term isotopes.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
..............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State the type of reaction which takes place.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State the nucleon number of manganese.
(iii) As well as limewater and dilute hydrochloric acid, state what other type of substance must
be added to the conical flask. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (iii) Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in a 24
52
Cr3+ ion.
(iv) The equation for the reaction is shown.

protons neutrons electrons
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl → CaCl 2 + 2H2O
20.0 cm of 0.0500 mol / dm3 HCl reacts with the 25.0 cm3 of Ca(OH)2.
3 [3]
Determine the concentration of Ca(OH)2 in g / dm3. Use the following steps.

(b) One chemical property of transition elements is that they form coloured compounds.
● Calculate the number of moles in 20.0 cm3 of 0.0500 mol / dm3 HCl.
(i) Give the colours of the following hydrated salts.
● hydrated copper(II) sulfate ��
.............................. mol ● hydrated cobalt(II) chloride ��

[2]
● Determine the number of moles of Ca(OH)2 in 25.0 cm3 of the limewater.
(ii) State two other chemical properties of transition elements.
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
.............................. mol
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
● Calculate the concentration of Ca(OH)2 in mol / dm3. [2]
(c) T
ransition elements and Group I elements are metals. They share many physical properties
including the ability to:
.............................. mol / dm3 ● conduct electricity
● be hammered into shape.
● Determine the concentration of Ca(OH)2 in g / dm3.
(i) Explain why transition elements and Group I elements conduct electricity.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State the property that describes a material which can be hammered into shape.
.............................. g / dm3
[5] ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 21]

7 8
(d) Transition elements and Group I elements differ in other physical properties. Transition 4 Fluorine and chlorine are halogens.
elements are harder and stronger than Group I elements.
(a) Suggest the appearance of fluorine.
Describe two other ways in which the physical properties of transition elements differ from
Group I elements. ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
1 ..................................................................................................................................................
(b) Fluorine reacts with sulfur to form a compound which has 25.2% sulfur by mass and a relative
2 .................................................................................................................................................. molecular mass of 254.
[2]
Determine the molecular formula of this compound.
[Total: 14]
(c) Nitrogen trichloride, NCl 3, is a covalent compound.
Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of NCl 3.
Show outer electrons only.
Cl N Cl
Cl
[3]

9 10
(d) Lithium chloride, LiCl, is an ionic compound. 5 The reaction scheme shows five organic reactions, numbered 1 to 5.
Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of the carbon dioxide + water
ions in lithium chloride.
..... ..... 2
1 3 4
sugar ethanol alkene A alkane B
Li Cl
5
compound C
[3]
(a) Name reaction 1.
(e) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why LiCl is a solid at room temperature ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
but NCl 3 is a liquid with a relatively low boiling point.
..................................................................................................................................................... (b) Name reaction 2 and write the chemical equation for this reaction.
..................................................................................................................................................... name ...........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [3] equation ......................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 13]
(c) Reaction 3 forms ethanol from alkene A.
(i) Identify alkene A.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State the type of reaction that occurs during reaction 3.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State the reagents and conditions needed for reaction 3.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(d) Alkene A is converted into alkane B in reaction 4.
(i) State the reagent and conditions for reaction 4.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) State the general formula of alkanes.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

11 12
(e) Ethanol is oxidised in reaction 5 by heating it with dilute sulfuric acid and one other reagent. 6 This question is about polymers.
(i) Identify the other reagent in reaction 5. (a) Polymer X is a condensation polymer.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] Part of the structure of polymer X is shown.
(ii) Name the homologous series compound C belongs to. O O O
........................................................................................................................................ [1] C O O C C O
(iii) Draw the structure of compound C. (i) How many molecules of water are produced when this part of polymer X is formed from its
monomers?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Complete the structures of the two monomers used to make polymer X.
[1] Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the functional groups.
[Total: 15]
and
[2]
(iii) What type of condensation polymer is X?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Part of polymer Y has the structure shown.
O O O
C O C O C O
State the number of different types of monomer needed to make polymer Y.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]

13 14
(c) Part of polymer Z has the structure shown. BLANK PAGE
CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H
C C C C C C
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
(i) Draw and name the structure of the monomer which forms polymer Z.
name ...............................................
[3]
(ii) Name the chemical process used to make the monomer that forms polymer Z.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 9]

2
aluminium oxide carbon dioxide carbon monoxide chlorine copper

™
Cambridge IGCSE glucose iron(III) oxide limestone nitrogen oxygen
Answer the questions using the substances in the list.
State which substance is:
(a) a product of respiration

*3760474789*
CHEMISTRY0620/43
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
1 hour 15 minutes
(b) the main constituent of hematite
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) an element which has a sulfate that is used to test for water
INSTRUCTIONS
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) a colourless toxic gas
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) a reactant in fermentation
INFORMATION
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) a reducing agent in the extraction of iron
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) a conductor of electricity when solid
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) a gas that is approximately 21% of clean, dry air.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
IB22 06_0620_43/2RP
© UCLES 2022 0620/43/M/J/22

3 4
3 This question is about nitrogen and compounds of nitrogen.

2 (a) 16S S are isotopes of sulfur.
32 33
and 16
(a) Nitrogen molecules have the formula N2.
Use your knowledge of protons, neutrons and electrons to answer the following questions.
Some properties of nitrogen are shown:
(i) Describe how these isotopes of sulfur are the same and how they are different.
● elting point of –210 °C
m
same ....................................................................................................................................
● boiling point of –196 °C
● non-conductor of electricity when solid
..............................................................................................................................................
● insoluble in water.
different ................................................................................................................................
(i) Name the type of bonding between the atoms in an N2 molecule.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[3]
(ii) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why nitrogen has a low melting
(ii) Explain why each of these isotopes have an overall charge of zero.
point.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Explain why both isotopes have the same chemical properties.
(iii) Explain why nitrogen does not conduct electricity.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Sulfide ions, S2–, have the electronic structure 2,8,8.

(b) Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia, NH3, in the Haber process.
(i) Explain why sulfide ions have a charge of 2–.
State the essential conditions in the Haber process. Write an equation for the chemical reaction.
..............................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
.....................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give the formula of:
.....................................................................................................................................................
● an anion which has the same electronic structure as S2–
.....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [4]
● a cation which has the same electronic structure as S2–.
(c) Ammonia is made in the laboratory by heating ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide.
..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
Balance the chemical equation for the reaction.
[Total: 8]
.....NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 → .....NH3 + CaCl 2 + .....H2O[1]

5 6
(d) Hydrazine, N2H4, is another compound that contains nitrogen and hydrogen. 4
Ethanol is made industrially by the reaction of ethene with steam. The reaction occurs at a
temperature of 300 °C and a pressure of 60 atmospheres.
Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
hydrazine. Show outer electrons only. C2H4(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(g)
A catalyst is used in this reaction.

H H
The forward reaction is exothermic.
(a) State what is meant by the term catalyst.

N N
.....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
H H
(b) Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.
[2]
the forward reaction yield of C2H5OH(g)
(e) Ammonia and hydrazine are weak bases.
increasing the temperature
The chemical equation for the reaction between one molecule of ammonia and one molecule
of water is shown. decreasing the pressure
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH–

[4]
(i) State the meaning of the term base.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (c) Ethanol is a member of the alcohol homologous series.
(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between one molecule of hydrazine, N2H4, and Members of the same homologous series have the same general formula.
one molecule of water.
(i) State the general formula of alcohols.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 12]
(ii) State two general characteristics, other than the same general formula, of all homologous
series.
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

7 8
(iii) One alcohol containing three carbon atoms is propan-1-ol. (f) Ester Z has the empirical formula C3H6O and a relative molecular mass of 116.
Draw the structure of one other alcohol containing three carbon atoms. Show all of the Calculate the molecular formula of ester Z.
Name the alcohol you have drawn.
[Total: 18]
name ....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) When alcohols react with carboxylic acids, esters are produced.
(i) The structure of ester X is shown.
H H H O
H C C C C H H
H H H O C C H
H H
Name ester X.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Give the name of the alcohol and the carboxylic acid that react together to produce ester X.
alcohol .................................................................................................................................
carboxylic acid .....................................................................................................................

[2]
(e) Ester Y has the following composition by mass:
C, 58.82%; H, 9.80%; O, 31.37%.
Calculate the empirical formula of ester Y.

9 10
5 This question is about copper and its compounds. (c) The formula for crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate is CuSO4•5H2O.
(a) Describe the bonding in a metallic element such as copper. Hydrated copper(II) sulfate is made by reacting copper(II) oxide with dilute sulfuric acid.
You may include a diagram as part of your answer. The overall equation is shown.
CuO + H2SO4 + 4H2O → CuSO4•5H2O
The crystals are made using the following steps:
step 1 50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol / dm3 dilute sulfuric acid is heated in a beaker. Powdered
copper(II) oxide is added until the copper(II) oxide is in excess. Aqueous
copper(II) sulfate is formed.
step 2 The excess copper(II) oxide is separated from the aqueous copper(II) sulfate.
step 3 The aqueous copper(II) sulfate is heated until a saturated solution is formed.
.....................................................................................................................................................
step 4 The saturated solution is allowed to cool and crystallise.
.....................................................................................................................................................
step 5 The crystals are removed and dried.
............................................................................................................................................... [3]
Calculate the maximum mass of copper(II) sulfate crystals, CuSO4•5H2O, that can form using
the following steps.
(b) A metal spoon is electroplated with copper.
● Calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 in 50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol / dm3 H2SO4.
State what is used as:
the positive electrode (anode) ....................................................................................................
the negative electrode (cathode) ................................................................................................
the electrolyte. ............................................................................................................................ .............................. mol

[3]
● Deduce the number of moles of CuSO4•5H2O that can form.
.............................. mol
● The Mr of CuSO4•5H2O is 250.
Calculate the maximum mass of CuSO4•5H2O that can form.
.............................. g
[3]

11 12
(d) State one observation that indicates the copper(II) oxide is in excess in step 1. 6 The Periodic Table can be used to classify elements.
............................................................................................................................................... [1] (a) The Group I metals react with cold water. Transition elements do not react with cold water.
(i) Describe two other differences in the chemical properties between Group I metals and
(e)
Step 1 is repeated without heating the dilute sulfuric acid. transition elements.
All other conditions are kept the same. 1 ...........................................................................................................................................
The rate of reaction decreases. 2 ...........................................................................................................................................

[2]
Give a reason why the rate of reaction decreases. Explain your answer in terms of particles.
(ii) Describe the observations when potassium is added to cold water. Write a balanced
..................................................................................................................................................... equation for the reaction. Include state symbols.
..................................................................................................................................................... observations ........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... ..............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... ..............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [3] ..............................................................................................................................................
equation ...............................................................................................................................
(f) Name a substance, other than copper(II) oxide, that can be added to dilute sulfuric acid to [5]
produce copper(II) sulfate in step 1.
............................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Transition elements are stronger than Group I metals.
Describe two other differences in the physical properties of Group I metals and transition
(g) Name the process used to separate excess copper(II) oxide from aqueous copper(II) sulfate elements.
in step 2.
1 ..................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(h) Suggest what is meant by the term saturated solution in step 3.
..................................................................................................................................................... (c) Some Group VII elements react with aqueous solutions containing halide ions.
..................................................................................................................................................... When aqueous bromine is added to aqueous potassium iodide a reaction occurs.
............................................................................................................................................... [2] The ionic half-equations for the reaction are shown.
Br2(aq) + 2e– → 2Br –(aq)

(i) The phrase ‘heating to dryness’ means heating until no more water is given off.
2I–(aq) → I2(aq) + 2e–
Explain why aqueous copper(II) sulfate is not heated to dryness in step 3.
(i) Describe the colour change of the solution.
.....................................................................................................................................................
original colour of potassium iodide solution .........................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
final colour of reaction mixture .............................................................................................
[Total: 18] [2]

13 14
(ii) State the name of the general term given to the type of reaction in which electrons are BLANK PAGE
transferred from one species to another.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Identify the oxidising agent in this reaction. Give a reason for your answer.
oxidising agent .....................................................................................................................
reason ..................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Use the key to complete the table to show the results of adding aqueous halogens to aqueous
solutions of halides. One has been completed for you.
halides
KCl (aq) KBr(aq) KI(aq)
Cl 2(aq) key
✓ = reaction
✗ = no reaction
halogens Br2(aq) ✓
I2(aq)
[2]
[Total: 16]

2
1 A list of gases is shown.
ammonia
™
Cambridge IGCSE carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
ethene
fluorine
oxygen
sulfur dioxide
xenon
Answer the following questions using only the gases from the list.
*0306701071*
CHEMISTRY0620/41 Each gas may be used once, more than once or not at all.
Give the name of the gas that:
1 hour 15 minutes
(a) causes acid rain
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
INSTRUCTIONS (b) forms an alkaline solution when dissolved in water

● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid. (c) is inert
● You may use a calculator. ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) is a product of photosynthesis

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80. ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) can form a polymer
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) is produced in the test for nitrate ions.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
IB23 11_0620_41/2RP
© UCLES 2023 0620/41/O/N/23

3 4
2 Boron and aluminium are Group III elements. (c) Aluminium is extracted from its purified ore as shown in Fig. 2.1.
(a) Boron has only two naturally occurring isotopes, B and B.

10 11 + power –
supply
wires
Complete Table 2.1 to show the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom of 11B. anodes
Table 2.1
+ +
cathode
number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons electrolyte
molten aluminium
[2]
Fig. 2.1
(b) The relative atomic mass of boron to one decimal place is 10.8.
(i) Name the ore of aluminium.
(i)
Determine the relative abundance of 10
B present in boron. Give your answer as a
percentage. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) The electrolyte contains aluminium oxide and one other substance.
Name the other substance and explain why it is used.
.............................. % [1] name ....................................................................................................................................
(ii) Use the relative atomic mass of boron to calculate the number of atoms in 0.540 g of explanation ..........................................................................................................................
boron. Give your answer in standard form.
..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction at the cathode.
number of atoms = .............................. [2] ........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iv) Explain why the anodes need frequent replacement.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(d) State two physical properties of aluminium that make it suitable for use in overhead electrical
cables.
1 ..................................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]

5 6
(e) Explain the apparent unreactivity of aluminium. 3 Order of reactivity can be determined by displacement reactions.
..................................................................................................................................................... (a) A student investigates the reactivities of four metals by carrying out a series of experiments.
............................................................................................................................................... [2] Each of the metals lead, manganese, silver and zinc are added separately to aqueous metal
nitrates of the other metals.
(f) Aluminium reacts with fluorine to form aluminium fluoride, Al F3, an ionic compound. (i) Table 3.1 shows some of the results.
(i) Write the symbol equation for this reaction. Table 3.1
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
lead manganese silver zinc
aqueous solution
Pb Mn Ag Zn
(ii)
omplete Fig. 2.2 to show the electronic configuration of one aluminium ion and one
C
fluoride ion. lead(II) nitrate ✓
Show the charges on the ions.
manganese(II) nitrate
..... .....
silver nitrate ✓ ✓ ✓
Al F
zinc nitrate ✗ ✗
key
Fig. 2.2 ✓ = displacement reaction occurs
[3] ✗ = displacement reaction does not occur
[Total: 21] Complete Table 3.1 and place the four metals in their order of reactivity with the most
reactive first.
1 ......................................... most reactive
2 .........................................
3 .........................................
4 .........................................
[3]
(ii) Suggest why the metal nitrates and not the metal sulfates of these four metals are used
as the aqueous solutions.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Write the symbol equation for the reaction between zinc and silver nitrate.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]

7 8
(b) The reactivity of Group VII elements can be investigated experimentally. 4 Aqueous hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, slowly forms water and oxygen at room temperature and
pressure, r.t.p. This reaction is catalysed by manganese(IV) oxide.
A student bubbles chlorine gas into a test-tube containing aqueous potassium bromide.
The equation is shown.
(i) Describe the colour change seen in the test-tube.
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
from .............................................................. to ............................................................ [2]
(a) State the test for oxygen gas.
(ii) Complete the ionic equation for this reaction.
test ..............................................................................................................................................
observations ...............................................................................................................................
............ + ....Br –(aq) → .................... + .................... [3] [1]
(iii) The reactivity trend seen in Cl, Br and I applies to all the elements in Group VII. (b) A student investigates the rate of formation of oxygen gas when manganese(IV) oxide is
added to aqueous hydrogen peroxide.
Use the Periodic Table to identify the Group VII element which cannot displace any other
Group VII elements. The volume of oxygen gas formed is measured at regular time intervals at r.t.p. The results are
plotted onto the graph in Fig. 4.1.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 12]
volume of
oxygen gas
0
0 t1 t2
time
Fig. 4.1
(i) State how the graph in Fig. 4.1 shows the rate of reaction at time t2, is lower than at
time t1.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain, using collision theory, why the rate of reaction at time t2 is lower than at time t1.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) On Fig. 4.1, sketch the graph obtained when the experiment is repeated using aqueous
hydrogen peroxide at a higher temperature. All other conditions remain the same. [2]

9 10
(c) Manganese(IV) oxide is added to 20 cm of aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The total volume of
3
5 Methane reacts with steam to produce hydrogen gas.
oxygen gas produced is 72 cm3 at r.t.p.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) ∆H = +200 kJ / mol
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
The reaction takes place at 1000 °C and 100 kPa pressure.
Calculate the concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide in g / dm3 using the following
steps. (a) The reaction is reversible and reaches an equilibrium in a closed system.
● Calculate the number of moles of oxygen gas produced. State two features of an equilibrium.
1 ..................................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]
.............................. mol
(b) State and explain, in terms of equilibrium, what happens to the concentration of hydrogen
when:
● Determine the number of moles of hydrogen peroxide which reacts.
(i) the pressure is increased
.............................. mol ..............................................................................................................................................
● Calculate the concentration of aqueous hydrogen peroxide in mol / dm3. ........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) the temperature is increased
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
.............................. mol / dm3
(iii) a catalyst is used.
● Calculate the concentration of aqueous hydrogen peroxide in g / dm3.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(c) Methane is a greenhouse gas which contributes to global warming.

.............................. g / dm3
[5] (i) Name a greenhouse gas found in clean, dry air.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) Suggest the identity of one other metal oxide which also catalyses this reaction.
(ii) Explain, in terms of thermal energy, how greenhouse gases cause global warming.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
..............................................................................................................................................
[Total: 12]
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
[Total: 12]

11 12
6 Ethanol is manufactured by two methods: (d) Give one advantage of each method of production of ethanol.
method 1 fermentation of aqueous glucose method 1 .....................................................................................................................................
method 2 catalytic addition of steam to an alkene. method 2 .....................................................................................................................................

[2]
(a) Method 1 takes place at room temperature and pressure.
State two other conditions needed in method 1. (e) Ethanol can be converted to ethanoic acid by reacting it with an acidified oxidising agent.
1 .................................................................................................................................................. (i) Name the acidified oxidising agent.
2 .................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]

[2]
(ii) State, in terms of redox, what type of reagent ethanol is in this reaction.
(b) (i) State the typical temperature and pressure used in method 2. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
temperature ............................... °C
(f) Ethanoic acid reacts with calcium to form a salt and one other product.
pressure ..................................... kPa
[2] (i) Name the salt.
(ii) Name the alkene used in method 2. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) Write the formula of the salt.
(iii) State why the reaction in method 2 is referred to as an addition reaction. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (iii) Identify the other product.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) The catalyst in method 2 is phosphoric acid, H3PO4. Dilute phosphoric acid is a weak acid
which contains phosphate ions, PO43–. [Total: 17]
(i) State what is meant by the term acid.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State the meaning of weak in the term weak acid.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Determine the oxidation number of phosphorus in the PO43– ion.
Show your working.
oxidation number = .............................. [2]

2
barium nitrate
™
Cambridge IGCSE carbon monoxide
hydrated cobalt(II) chloride
copper(II) oxide
anhydrous copper(II) sulfate
ethane
potassium iodide
propene
sodium bromide
*5023388906*
CHEMISTRY0620/43 sulfur dioxide

zinc oxide
1 hour 15 minutes Answer the following questions using only the substances from the list.
Give the name of the substance that:
(a) gives a lilac colour in a flame test
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions. ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided. (b) forms a cream precipitate when its aqueous solution reacts with acidified aqueous silver nitrate
● Do not write on any bar codes. ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) is an acidic oxide
INFORMATION ............................................................................................................................................... [1]

● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper. (d) is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) is a product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) is used to test for the presence of water.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
IB23 11_0620_43/3RP
© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23

3 4
2 Table 2.1 gives information about particles A, B, C, D, E and F. 3 This question is about nitrogen and some of its compounds.
Table 2.1 (a) Nitrogen is converted into ammonia, NH3, in the Haber process.
number of number of number of (i) Nitrogen is obtained from air.

particle
electrons neutrons protons
State the percentage of nitrogen in clean, dry air.
A 5 6 5
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
B 10 11 10
C 10 14 13 (ii) State the source of hydrogen for the Haber process.
D 18 17 16
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
E 18 17 17
(iii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 3.1 for a molecule of ammonia.
F 15 16 15
Show the outer shell electrons only.
(a) Give the letters of all the particles which are:
(i) atoms
........................................................................................................................................ [1] H
(ii) ions with a charge of 2–
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) cations.
H N H
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) State the atomic number of A.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
Fig. 3.1
[2]
(c) Determine the number of nucleons in D.
(iv) Write a chemical equation for the reaction occurring in the Haber process and give the
............................................................................................................................................... [1] typical reaction conditions. Include units where appropriate.
chemical equation ................................................................................................................

(d) State the electronic configuration of D.
reaction conditions:
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
temperature .........................................................................................................................
(e) State the group number of F.
pressure ...............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
catalyst ................................................................................................................................
[5]
(f) State the period number of B.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]

5 6
(b) Ammonia is converted into nitric acid. (c) In the second stage, nitric acid is produced.
The first stage of this conversion uses a catalyst and occurs at a temperature of 900 °C and a Balance the symbol equation for this reaction.
pressure of 5 atmospheres.
.....NO + .....O2 + .....H2O → .....HNO3[1]
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
[Total: 21]
(i) Suggest which of the following elements is most likely to be used as a catalyst.
Draw a circle around your answer.
calcium lead platinum sodium sulfur[1]
(ii) State the oxidation number of nitrogen in:
NH3 ......................................................................................................................................
NO .......................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to explain whether the nitrogen in ammonia undergoes oxidation
or reduction.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) Complete Table 3.1 using the words increases, decreases or no change.
Table 3.1
effect on the equilibrium effect on the rate of

yield of NO(g) the forward reaction
decreasing the temperature decreases
removing the catalyst decreases
[4]
(v) Decreasing the temperature causes the rate of the forward reaction to decrease.
Explain, using collision theory, why the rate of the reaction is slower at the decreased
temperature.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]

7 8
4 This question is about sulfuric acid and salts that are made from sulfuric acid. (c) Nickel(II) sulfate crystals contain water of crystallisation.
(a) Zinc reacts with dilute sulfuric acid. Aqueous zinc sulfate is one of the products. When nickel(II) sulfate crystals, NiSO4•xH2O, are heated, they give off water.
Powdered zinc is added to dilute sulfuric acid. The mixture is stirred. More zinc is added, with NiSO4•xH2O(s) → NiSO4(s) + xH2O(g)
stirring, until the zinc is in excess.
A student carries out an experiment to determine the value of x in NiSO4•xH2O.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
step 1 Nickel(II) sulfate crystals are weighed.
The mixture is then filtered.
step 2 Nickel(II) sulfate crystals are heated.
(i) Name the limiting reactant.
step 3 The remaining solid is allowed to cool and is then weighed.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
step 4 The remaining solid is heated again, allowed to cool and is then weighed.
(ii) State two observations that indicate the zinc is in excess.
step 5 Step 4 is repeated until there is no change in mass.
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
(i) State the term used to describe crystals that contain water of crystallisation.
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2] ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Name the filtrate. (ii) State why step 4 is repeated until there is no change in mass.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) Name two compounds which both react with dilute sulfuric acid to produce aqueous (iii) In an experiment, 0.454 g of nickel(II) sulfate crystals, NiSO4•xH2O, is used. The mass of
zinc sulfate. anhydrous nickel(II) sulfate, NiSO4, remaining is 0.310 g.
1 ........................................................................................................................................... [Mr: NiSO4, 155; H2O, 18]
2 ........................................................................................................................................... Determine the value of x in NiSO4•xH2O.

[2]
(b) Zinc sulfate crystals are produced by heating aqueous zinc sulfate until a saturated solution is ● Calculate the number of moles of NiSO4 remaining.
formed. When the saturated solution cools down, crystals of zinc sulfate start to form.
(i) State what is meant by the term saturated solution.
.............................................................................................................................................. moles of NiSO4 = ..............................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Explain why crystals form when the saturated solution cools down.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] mass of H2O = .............................. g
moles of H2O = ..............................

9 10
● Calculate the value of x. 5 This question is about iron.
(a) (i) Describe the bonding in a metallic element such as iron.
You may include a labelled diagram as part of your answer.

x = ..............................
[4]
[Total: 15]
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) Explain why iron conducts electricity when it is solid.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

11 12
(b) Iron is extracted from hematite in the blast furnace as shown in Fig. 5.1. (c) Most iron is converted into steel. Steel is an alloy.
waste gases Steel is more useful than pure iron because it is harder and stronger.
Explain why the structure of alloys causes them to be harder and stronger than pure metals.
coke,
You may include a diagram as part of your answer.
hematite,
limestone
air air
slag
molten iron
Fig. 5.1 .....................................................................................................................................................
(i) Give two reasons why coke is added to the blast furnace. ............................................................................................................................................... [2]
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
(d) Iron forms rust.
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2] Rusting is prevented by coating iron with zinc.
(ii) Explain how limestone removes the impurities in the hematite. (i) Name the substances that react with iron to form rust.
.............................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Name the process in which zinc is used to coat iron to prevent rusting.
........................................................................................................................................ [2] ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Hematite contains iron(III) oxide. (iii) Explain how the coating of zinc prevents rusting if the zinc is not scratched.
Write a symbol equation for the conversion of iron(III) oxide to iron in the blast furnace. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [2] (iv) When zinc is scratched the iron becomes exposed.
(iv) Suggest why the iron produced in the blast furnace is molten. Explain how the zinc continues to prevent rusting.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] ..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 18]

13 14
6 (a) Esters are members of a homologous series of organic compounds. (e) Polymers containing ester linkages are known as polyesters.
Give two characteristics that are the same for all members of a homologous series. Polyamides are another type of polymer. Nylon is a polyamide.
1 .................................................................................................................................................. The structure of nylon is shown in Fig. 6.2.
2 .................................................................................................................................................. O O
[2]
C C N N
(b) Ester X has the structure shown in Fig. 6.1. H H
H H O Fig. 6.2
H C C C H H (i) State the term used to describe the type of polymerisation used to produce polyesters and
polyamides.
H H O C C H
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
H H
(ii) Complete Fig. 6.3 to show the structures of the monomers used to produce nylon. Show
Fig. 6.1 all of the atoms and all of the bonds.
Name ester X.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) (i) Ester Y has the structural formula HCOOCH2CH2CH3.
Name the alcohol and the carboxylic acid used to make ester Y.
alcohol .................................................................................................................................
Fig. 6.3
carboxylic acid .....................................................................................................................
[2]
[2]
(ii) State the molecular formula of ester Y.

(f) Naturally occurring polyamides are found in food.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(i) State the name given to naturally occurring polyamides.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) Ester Z has the molecular formula C4H8O2.
(ii) Name the type of monomer which forms naturally occurring polyamides.
State the empirical formula of ester Z.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 12]

2
1 This question is about gases found in clean, dry air and gases found in polluted air.
(a) Name one gas found in clean, dry air which contributes to global warming.
™
Cambridge IGCSE ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State the percentage of nitrogen in clean, dry air.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Name the substance used to remove sulfur dioxide in flue gas desulfurisation.
*5375001254*
CHEMISTRY0620/42
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) February/March 2023
1 hour 15 minutes
(d) Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is formed in car engines.
Name the equipment in a car exhaust used to remove the NO2 formed in car engines.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
INSTRUCTIONS
(e) All gases diffuse.
(i) Choose from the list of formulae the gas which diffuses most quickly.
Draw a circle around your answer.
CO CO2 CH4 NO2 SO2
[1]
(ii) Explain your answer to (i).

INFORMATION
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(f) State one adverse effect of carbon monoxide on human health.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) Carbon dioxide, CO2, is a reactant in photosynthesis.
Name the two products of photosynthesis.
................................................................... and �� [2]
This document has 12 pages.
IB23 03_0620_42/3RP
© UCLES 2023 0620/42/F/M/23

3 4
(h) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 1.1 for a molecule of CO2. 2 Lithium, sodium and potassium are Group I elements.
Show outer shell electrons only. (a) Name the type of bonding in these elements.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Sodium reacts with cold water to form hydrogen gas and a solution of a strong alkali.
O C O (i) State the test for hydrogen gas.
test .......................................................................................................................................
positive result .......................................................................................................................

[1]
(ii) Suggest the pH of a solution of a strong alkali.

Fig. 1.1
[2]
pH = .............................. [1]
[Total: 11]
(iii) Name a substance which can be used to confirm the pH of a solution of a strong alkali.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) Write the symbol equation for the reaction between sodium and cold water.
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(c) Lithium has two naturally occurring types of atoms, 6Li and 7Li.
(i) State the name given to atoms of the same element with different nucleon numbers.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Complete Table 2.1 to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom
and ion of lithium shown.
Table 2.1
6
Li 7
Li+
protons
neutrons
electrons
[3]

5 6
(iii) Table 2.2 shows the relative abundance of the two naturally occurring atoms of lithium. 3 The Haber process is used to manufacture ammonia.
Table 2.2 (a) State the main source of each gas used in the Haber process.
atom 6
Li 7
Li nitrogen .......................................................................................................................................
relative abundance 10% 90% hydrogen .....................................................................................................................................

[2]
Calculate the relative atomic mass of lithium to one decimal place.
(b) The equation for the Haber process is shown.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ∆H = –92 kJ / mol
The reaction is reversible. The forward reaction is exothermic.
(i) State what is meant by the symbol ∆H.
relative atomic mass = .............................. [2] ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii)
∆H for the forward reaction is –92 kJ / mol.
(d) Potassium oxide, K2O, is an ionic compound.
State why this value shows that the forward reaction is exothermic.
omplete Fig. 2.1 to show the electronic configurations of the ions in potassium oxide.
C
Show the charges on the ions. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State the typical conditions and name the catalyst used in the Haber process.
...... ...... ......
temperature .............................. °C
K O K pressure .................................. kPa
catalyst ..........................................
[3]
(iv) omplete Table 3.1 to show the effect, if any, when the typical conditions in the Haber
C
Fig. 2.1 process are changed. Use only the words increases, decreases or no change.
[3]
Table 3.1
[Total: 16]
change to effect on the rate of effect on the concentration
typical conditions the forward reaction of NH3(g) at equilibrium
temperature increases increases
pressure decreases
no catalyst decreases
[4]

7 8
(v) Explain in terms of collision theory why increasing the temperature increases the rate of 4 Copper is element 29 in the Periodic Table.
the reaction.
(a) Brass contains copper.
..............................................................................................................................................
(i) Name the other metal in brass.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
..............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State the term given to a mixture of a metal with another element.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(b) Copper can be stretched into wires. Copper wires conduct electricity.
(c) Ammonia reacts with an acid to form ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4.
(i) Name the property of metals which means that they can be stretched into wires.
(i) State the formula of the acid used.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Name the particles responsible for the conduction of electricity in solid copper.
(ii) State one use of ammonium sulfate.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Calculate the percentage composition by mass of nitrogen in (NH4)2SO4. (c) Copper is a transition element.
Some physical and chemical properties of transition elements are shown.
physical properties:
● high density
● high strength
percentage of nitrogen = ............................... % [2]
chemical properties:
[Total: 18] ● form coloured compounds
● have ions with variable oxidation numbers
(i) State one other physical property of transition elements.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State one other chemical property of transition elements.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

9 10
(d) Hydrated copper(II) sulfate is a coloured compound. It exists as hydrated crystals which 5 Propane, propene, propan-1-ol and propanoic acid are members of different homologous series.
contain water molecules. Molecules of these substances contain three carbon atoms.
(i) State the term given to water molecules present in hydrated crystals. (a) Explain why members of a homologous series have similar chemical properties.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] ............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the colour of hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals.

(b) Name the homologous series to which propanoic acid belongs.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Write the formula of hydrated copper(II) sulfate.
........................................................................................................................................ [2] (c) State the general formula of the homologous series to which propanoic acid belongs.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Copper(II) oxide is formed when copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2, is heated.
2Cu(NO3)2(s) → 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) (d) Propan-1-ol has an unbranched isomer.
(i) State the class of oxide to which copper(II) oxide belongs. ● Name this isomer.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] .....................................................................................................................................................
(ii) State the meaning of the Roman numeral (II) in the name copper(II) oxide. ● Draw the displayed formula of this isomer.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) 0.0200 moles of Cu(NO3)2 is heated.
Calculate the mass of 0.0200 moles of Cu(NO3)2.

[2]
(e) Propane and propene can be manufactured by heating decane, C10H22, in the presence of a
catalyst. One other product is formed.
mass = .............................. g [2]
(i) Complete the equation for this reaction.
(iv) Calculate the total volume of gas, in dm at r.t.p., produced when 0.0200 moles of
3
Cu(NO3)2 is heated. C10H22 → ........................... + ........................... + ........................... [2]
(ii) Name this manufacturing process.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
volume = .............................. dm3 [2]
(v) Powdered aluminium reduces copper(II) oxide.
Write the symbol equation for this reaction.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 18]

11 12
(f) Propene forms a polymer named poly(propene).
oganesson
krypton
helium
VIII
xenon
Og
He
Ne
argon
Rn
radon
Xe
neon
Ar
Kr
131
118
10
20
18
40
36
84
54
86
2
–
(i) Draw the displayed formula of a section of poly(propene) showing three repeat units.
lawrencium
tennessine
bromine
chlorine
astatine
lutetium
fluorine
iodine
35.5
VII
Lu
Cl
Br
127
Ts
175
103
117
At
Lr
19
17
35
80
53
85
71
F
I
9
–
livermorium
ytterbium
polonium
nobelium
selenium
tellurium
oxygen
No
sulfur
Se
Po
Yb
Te
Lv
128
173
102
116
VI
O
16
16
S
32
34
79
52
84
70
8
–
mendelevium
phosphorus
moscovium
[2]
antimony
nitrogen
bismuth
arsenic
thulium
Tm
Md
Mc
Sb
As
122
209
169
101
115
Bi
N
P
14
15
31
33
75
51
83
69
V
–
(ii) State the type of polymerisation that occurs when propene forms poly(propene).
germanium
flerovium
fermium
carbon
erbium
Fm
silicon
Ge
Sn
Pb
207
Er
167
100
119
114
lead
Si
Fl
IV
C
12
14
28
32
73
50
82
68
tin
6
–
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
einsteinium
aluminium
nihonium
holmium
thallium
gallium
indium
Ga
boron
Nh
Ho
Es
204
165
In
115
113
Al
Tl
III
13
27
31
70
49
81
67
99
11
(g) Propanoic acid reacts with aqueous sodium carbonate to form a salt.
–
(i) Suggest the name of the salt formed.
copernicium
dysprosium
californium
cadmium
mercury
Cd
Hg
Cn
Dy
Zn
201
163
Cf
112
112
zinc
48
80
30
65
66
98
–
–
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
roentgenium
The Periodic Table of Elements
berkelium
terbium
copper
Cu
Rg
Ag
Au
silver
Tb
Bk
108
197
159
gold
111
(ii) Suggest the formula of the anion in this salt.
29
64
47
79
65
97
–
–
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
darmstadtium
gadolinium
palladium
platinum
Cm
curium
Gd
nickel
Pd
Ds
106
195
157
110
Ni
Pt
28
59
46
78
64
96
The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).
–
–
Group
(h) Propanoic acid forms an ester when it reacts with ethanol in the presence of a catalyst.
meitnerium
americium
europium
rhodium
Am
iridium
cobalt
Co
Rh
Eu
Mt
103
192
109
152
Ir
27
59
45
77
63
95
–
–
(i) Suggest a suitable catalyst.
ruthenium
samarium
plutonium
hydrogen
hassium
osmium
Sm
Ru
Os
Hs
Pu
Fe
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
101
190
108
150
iron
H
26
56
44
76
62
94
1
–
(ii) Name the ester formed.
promethium
manganese
technetium
neptunium
rhenium
bohrium
Pm
Mn
Np
Re
Bh
Tc
186
107
61
93
25
55
43
75
–
–
–
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
molybdenum
seaborgium
neodymium
chromium
tungsten
uranium
(iii) Draw the displayed formula of this ester.
Mo
Nd
Sg
Cr
144
238
184
106
W
U
60
92
24
52
42
96
74
–
atomic symbol
relative atomic mass
atomic number
praseodymium
protactinium
vanadium
tantalum
dubnium
niobium
Key
Nb
Db
name
Pa
Ta
181
105
Pr
141
231
23
V
51
41
93
73
59
91
–
rutherfordium
zirconium
hafnium
titanium
[2]
thorium
cerium
Ce
Th
Hf
178
104
Rf
140
232
Zr
Ti
22
48
40
91
72
58
90
–
[Total: 17]
lanthanoids
lanthanum
scandium
89–103
actinoids
actinium
57–71
yttrium
Ac
Sc
La
139
57
89
Y
21
45
39
89
–
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
magnesium
strontium
beryllium
calcium
barium
radium
Mg
Ca
Ra
Be
Ba
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
Sr
137
12
24
20
40
38
88
56
88
II
lanthanoids
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
actinoids
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
potassium
rubidium
francium
caesium
sodium
lithium
Na
Rb
Cs
133
Fr
Li
23
19
K
39
37
85
55
87
11
3
–
I
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2023 0620/42/F/M/23 © UCLES 2023 0620/42/F/M/23

2
1 Some symbol equations and word equations, A to J, are shown.
A Fe3+ + 3OH– → Fe(OH)3
Cambridge IGCSE™ B H+ + OH– → H2O

C ethane + chlorine → chloroethane + hydrogen chloride
D C12H26 → C8H18 + C4H8
E ethene + steam → ethanol
F chlorine + aqueous potassium iodide → iodine + aqueous potassium chloride
G C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
H ethanoic acid + ethanol → ethyl ethanoate + water
*3062140036*
CHEMISTRY0620/41 I calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2023 J 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
1 hour 15 minutes
Use the equations to answer the questions that follow.
You must answer on the question paper. Each equation may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
No additional materials are needed. Give the letter, A to J, for the equation that represents:
INSTRUCTIONS (a) a neutralisation reaction �� [1]

● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. (b) a precipitation reaction �� [1]
● Do not write on any bar codes. (c) the formation of an ester �� [1]
(d) photosynthesis �� [1]
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80. (e) fermentation �� [1]
(f) cracking. �� [1]
[Total: 6]
IB23 06_0620_41/3RP
© UCLES 2023 0620/41/M/J/23

3 4
2 (a) The symbols of the elements in Period 2 of the Periodic Table are shown. 3 This question is about ionic and covalent compounds.
Li Be B C N O F Ne (a) (i) Sodium reacts with oxygen to form the ionic compound sodium oxide.
The electronic configurations of an atom of sodium and an atom of oxygen are shown in
Use the symbols of the elements in Period 2 to answer the questions that follow. Fig. 3.1.
Each symbol may be used once, more than once or not at all.
sodium atom oxygen atom
Give the symbol of the element that:
(i) makes up approximately 78% of clean, dry air �� [1]

Na O
(ii) contains atoms with only three electrons in the outer shell �� [1]
(iii) contains atoms with only nine protons �� [1]

Fig. 3.1
(iv) exists as graphite �� [1]
Ions are formed by the transfer of electrons from sodium atoms to oxygen atoms.
(v) is an alkali metal �� [1]
Complete the dot-and-cross diagrams in Fig. 3.2 to show the electronic configuration of
(vi)
only has an oxidation number of zero. �� [1] one sodium ion and one oxide ion. Show the charges on the ions.
sodium ion oxide ion

(b) Boron, B, has two isotopes.
..... .....
(i) State the meaning of the term isotopes.
.............................................................................................................................................. Na O
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Table 2.1 shows the relative masses and the percentage abundances of the two isotopes
of boron. Fig. 3.2
[3]
Table 2.1
(ii) Write the formula of sodium oxide.
relative mass of isotope percentage abundance of isotope ........................................................................................................................................ [1]

10 20
11 80 (b) Carbon dioxide, CO2, is a covalent compound.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of boron to one decimal place. Complete the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 3.3 to show the electronic configuration in a
molecule of carbon dioxide. Show outer shell electrons only.
O C O
relative atomic mass = .............................. [2]
[Total: 10]
Fig. 3.3
[2]

5 6
(c) The melting points of sodium oxide and carbon dioxide are shown in Table 3.1. 4 Oxygen is produced by the decomposition of aqueous hydrogen peroxide. Manganese(IV) oxide,
MnO2, is a catalyst for this reaction.
Table 3.1
(a) State the meaning of the term catalyst.
melting point / °C
.....................................................................................................................................................
sodium oxide 1275
carbon dioxide –78 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(i) Explain, in terms of bonding, why sodium oxide has a high melting point.
(b) A student adds powdered manganese(IV) oxide to aqueous hydrogen peroxide in a conical
flask as shown in Fig. 4.1. The mass of the conical flask and its contents is measured at regular
..............................................................................................................................................
time intervals. The mass decreases as time increases.
.............................................................................................................................................. loosely fitting
cotton wool plug
..............................................................................................................................................
aqueous
........................................................................................................................................ [2] hydrogen peroxide powdered
manganese(IV) oxide
(ii) Carbon dioxide has a low melting point. (catalyst)
State the general term for the weak forces that cause carbon dioxide to have a low melting balance
point.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
Fig. 4.1
[Total: 9]
(i) State why the mass of the conical flask and its contents decreases as time increases.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) The rate of reaction is highest at the start of the reaction. The rate decreases and eventually
becomes zero.
Explain why the rate of reaction is highest at the start of the reaction.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Explain why the rate of reaction eventually becomes zero.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

7 8
(c) The experiment is repeated at an increased temperature. 5 This question is about electricity and chemical reactions.
All other conditions stay the same.
(a) The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous potassium bromide using graphite electrodes forms:
Explain in terms of collision theory why the rate of reaction is higher at an increased temperature. ● hydrogen at the cathode
● bromine at the anode.
.....................................................................................................................................................
The electrolyte becomes aqueous potassium hydroxide.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [3]
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(d) The equation for the decomposition of aqueous hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(aq), is shown. (ii) State why graphite is suitable for use as an electrode.
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g) ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
50.0 cm3 of a 0.200 mol / dm3 solution of H2O2(aq) is used. (iii) Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of hydrogen at the cathode.
Calculate the mass of O2 that forms. ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iv) Name the type of particle responsible for the transfer of charge in the conducting wires.
● Calculate the number of moles of H2O2 used.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(v)
Name the type of particle responsible for the transfer of charge in aqueous
.............................. mol potassium bromide.
● Determine the number of moles of O2 produced. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
.............................. mol (vi) State the names of the products formed when electricity is passed through dilute aqueous
potassium bromide using graphite electrodes.
● Calculate the mass of O2 produced.
at the anode .........................................................................................................................
at the cathode.......................................................................................................................
.............................. g [2]
[3]
(b) Bauxite is an ore containing aluminium.

tate the effect on the mass of oxygen produced if the mass of powdered manganese(IV) oxide
(e) S Aluminium is extracted by electrolysis of purified bauxite in molten cryolite using carbon
catalyst is increased. electrodes.
............................................................................................................................................... [1] (i) Name the aluminium compound in purified bauxite.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(f) Oxygen can also be produced by the decomposition of mercury(II) oxide, HgO.
The only products of this decomposition are mercury and oxygen. (ii) State two reasons why cryolite is used in this electrolysis.
Write a symbol equation for this decomposition. 1 ...........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2] 2 ...........................................................................................................................................

[2]
[Total: 14]

9 10
(iii) The anode is made from carbon. 6 This question is about sulfur and compounds of sulfur.
Explain why the carbon anode has to be replaced regularly. Sulfur is converted into sulfuric acid, H2SO4, by the Contact process.
.............................................................................................................................................. The process involves four stages.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] stage 1 Molten sulfur is converted into sulfur dioxide.

stage 2 Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide.
(c) Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells can be used to produce electricity in vehicles. stage 3 Sulfur trioxide combines with concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum, H2S2O7.
(i) Write the symbol equation for the overall reaction in a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell. stage 4 Oleum reacts to form concentrated sulfuric acid.
........................................................................................................................................ [2] (a) (i) In stage 1, iron pyrites, FeS2, can be used instead of molten sulfur.
The iron pyrites is heated strongly in air.
(ii) State one advantage of using hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells instead of petrol in vehicle
engines. Balance the equation for the reaction occurring when iron pyrites reacts with oxygen in the
air.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
.....FeS2 + .....O2 → .....Fe2O3 + .....SO2[1]
[Total: 16]
(ii) Name Fe2O3. Include the oxidation number of iron.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The equation for stage 2 is shown.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

The reaction is carried out at a temperature of 450 °C and a pressure of 2 atm.
Using explanations that do not involve cost:
(i) explain why a temperature greater than 450 °C is not used
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) explain why a pressure lower than 2 atm is not used.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) When sulfuric acid reacts with ammonia the salt produced is ammonium sulfate.
Write the symbol equation for this reaction.
............................................................................................................................................... [2]

11 12
(d) Lead(II) sulfate is an insoluble salt. 7 This question is about organic compounds.
Lead(II) sulfate can be made from aqueous ammonium sulfate using a precipitation reaction. (a) Butane reacts with chlorine in a photochemical reaction.
(i) Name a solution that can be added to aqueous ammonium sulfate to produce a precipitate C4H10 + Cl 2 → C4H9Cl + HCl
of lead(II) sulfate.
(i) State the meaning of the term photochemical.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Write an ionic equation for this precipitation reaction. Include state symbols.
(ii) An organic compound with the formula C4H9Cl is formed when one molecule of butane
........................................................................................................................................ [3] reacts with one molecule of chlorine.
(iii) The precipitate of lead(II) sulfate forms in an aqueous solution. Draw the displayed formulae of two possible structural isomers with the formula C4H9Cl
formed in this reaction.
Describe how pure lead(II) sulfate can be obtained from the mixture.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
[2]
[Total: 13]
(b) The structure of compound A is shown in Fig. 7.1.
COOH H
C C
H CH2OH
Fig. 7.1
(i) Deduce the molecular formula of compound A.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) There are three functional groups in compound A.
Name the homologous series of compounds that contain the following functional groups:
–C=C– .................................................................................................................................
–OH .....................................................................................................................................
–COOH. ...............................................................................................................................
[3]
(iii) State what is observed when compound A is added to:
aqueous bromine .................................................................................................................
aqueous sodium carbonate. ................................................................................................

[2]

13 14
(iv) Compound A can be used as a single monomer to produce two different polymers. BLANK PAGE
Draw one repeat unit of the addition polymer formed from compound A.
[2]
(v) Compound A can be converted into a dicarboxylic acid.
Name the type of condensation polymer formed from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 12]

2
1 A list of oxides, A to H, is shown.
A calcium oxide
™
Cambridge IGCSE B aluminium oxide
C silicon(IV) oxide
D sulfur dioxide
E carbon dioxide
F iron(III) oxide
G silver oxide
*7052172409*
H carbon monoxide
CHEMISTRY0620/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2023 Answer the following questions about the oxides, A to H.
Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.
1 hour 15 minutes
State which of the oxides, A to H:
(a) is responsible for acid rain
�� [1]
INSTRUCTIONS
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. (b) has a giant covalent structure
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided. �� [1]
● You may use a calculator. (c) is a reducing agent in the blast furnace
�� [1]
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80. (d) is the main constituent of bauxite
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper. �� [1]
(e) is the main impurity in iron ore
�� [1]
(f) can be reduced by heating with copper.
�� [1]
[Total: 6]
IB23 06_0620_42/3RP
© UCLES 2023 0620/42/M/J/23

3 4
2 Fluorine, chlorine and bromine are in Group VII of the Periodic Table. (iii) Table 2.3 shows the relative abundances of the two naturally occurring isotopes of bromine.
(a) State the name given to Group VII elements. Table 2.3
............................................................................................................................................... [1] isotope 79

Br 81
Br
relative abundance 55% 45%
(b) Explain why Group VII elements have similar chemical properties.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of bromine to one decimal place.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Complete Table 2.1 to show the colour and state at r.t.p. of some Group VII elements.
Table 2.1
element colour state at r.t.p.
fluorine pale yellow (e) Chlorine displaces bromine from aqueous potassium bromide but does not displace fluorine
from aqueous sodium fluoride.
chlorine
(i) Write the symbol equation for the reaction between chlorine and aqueous potassium
bromide.
bromine liquid
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
[3]
(ii) State why chlorine does not displace fluorine from aqueous sodium fluoride.
(d) Bromine has two naturally occurring isotopes, 79Br and 81Br.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(i) State the term given to the numbers 79 and 81 in these isotopes of bromine.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (f) Aqueous silver nitrate is a colourless solution containing Ag+(aq) ions.
(ii) Complete Table 2.2 to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom (i) Describe what is seen when aqueous silver nitrate is added to aqueous sodium chloride.
and ion of bromine shown.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
Table 2.2
(ii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous silver nitrate and aqueous
sodium chloride.
79
Br 81
Br –
protons Include state symbols.
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
neutrons
[Total: 18]
electrons
[3]

5 6
3 Over 200 million tonnes of sulfuric acid are manufactured every year. (iv) Complete Table 3.1 to show the effect, if any, when the following changes are applied to
the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
(a) State the name of the process used to manufacture sulfuric acid.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Part of the manufacture of sulfuric acid involves converting sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide. Only use the words increases, decreases or no change.
(i) Describe two methods by which sulfur dioxide is obtained. Table 3.1
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
effect on the rate of effect on the concentration
change
the forward reaction of SO3(g) at equilibrium
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2] temperature decreases decreases
The conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide is a reversible reaction which can reach
pressure increases
equilibrium.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) no catalyst decreases
(ii) State two features of an equilibrium. [4]
1 ........................................................................................................................................... (v) Explain in terms of collision theory why reducing the temperature decreases the rate of the
forward reaction.
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2] ..............................................................................................................................................
(iii) State the typical conditions and name the catalyst used in the conversion of sulfur dioxide ..............................................................................................................................................
to sulfur trioxide.
..............................................................................................................................................
temperature ........................................... °C
..............................................................................................................................................
pressure ................................................. kPa
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
catalyst ..................................................
[3]
(c) Sulfuric acid contains SO42– ions.
The oxidation number of O atoms in SO42– ions is –2.
Determine the oxidation number of S atoms in SO42– ions. Show your working.
oxidation number = .............................. [2]
[Total: 17]

7 8
4 Solid sodium hydroxide is a base which dissolves to form an aqueous solution, NaOH(aq). (f) Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, is a weak acid.
(a) State what is meant by the term base. (i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 4.1 of a molecule of ethanoic acid.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State the term given to a base which dissolves to form an aqueous solution.
H O
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) State the colour of thymolphthalein in NaOH(aq).

H C C
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Complete the word equation for the reaction of NaOH(aq) with ammonium chloride.
H O H
sodium ammonium ........................
+ → + ........................ + ........................
hydroxide chloride
........................
[3] Fig. 4.1

[3]
(e) Some metal oxides react with NaOH(aq). (ii) Suggest the pH of dilute ethanoic acid.
(i) State the term given to metal oxides which react with bases such as NaOH(aq). ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (iii) Complete the symbol equation to show the dissociation of ethanoic acid.
(ii) Name a metal oxide which reacts with NaOH(aq). CH3COOH ..................................................................................................................... [3]
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (iv) Write the ionic equation for the reaction when an acid neutralises a soluble base.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

9 10
(g) In a titration, 25.0 cm of 0.0800 mol / dm aqueous potassium hydroxide, KOH(aq), is neutralised
3 3
5 Propane and propene both react with chlorine.
by 20.0 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4(aq).
(a) When a molecule of propane, C3H8, reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light, one
2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) atom of hydrogen is replaced by one atom of chlorine.
Calculate the concentration of H2SO4, in g / dm3 using the following steps. (i) State the term given to reactions in which one atom in an alkane is replaced by another
atom.
● Calculate the number of moles of KOH used.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State the purpose of ultraviolet light in this reaction.

.............................. mol
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
● Determine the number of moles of H2SO4 which react with the KOH.
(iii) State the term given to any reaction which requires ultraviolet light.
.............................. mol ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
● Calculate the concentration of H2SO4 in mol / dm3. (iv) Write the symbol equation for the reaction between propane and chlorine.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
.............................. mol / dm3 (b) A molecule of propene, C3H6, is unsaturated and will react with chlorine at room temperature.
● Calculate the concentration of H2SO4 in g / dm3. (i) State why propene is an unsaturated molecule.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Give the structural formula of the product of this reaction.

.............................. g / dm3
[5] ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 21] (c) Propene undergoes addition reactions with steam.

There are two possible products, A and B.
Draw the displayed formula and name each product.
displayed formula of product A
name of product A ......................................................................................................................
displayed formula of product B
name of product B ......................................................................................................................

[4]
[Total: 11]

11 12
6 Carboxylic acids can be converted to esters.
oganesson
krypton
helium
VIII
xenon
Og
He
Ne
argon
Rn
radon
Xe
neon
Ar
Kr
131
118
10
20
18
40
36
84
54
86
2
–
(a) Name the ester formed when butanoic acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, reacts with ethanol, CH3CH2OH.
lawrencium
tennessine
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
bromine
chlorine
astatine
lutetium
fluorine
iodine
35.5
VII
Lu
Cl
Br
127
Ts
175
103
117
At
Lr
19
17
35
80
53
85
71
F
I
9
–
livermorium
(b) Identify the other product formed in this reaction.
ytterbium
polonium
nobelium
selenium
tellurium
oxygen
No
sulfur
Se
Po
Yb
Te
Lv
128
173
102
116
VI
O
16
16
S
32
34
79
52
84
70
8
–
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
mendelevium
phosphorus
moscovium
antimony
nitrogen
bismuth
arsenic
thulium
Tm
Md
Mc
Sb
As
122
209
169
101
115
Bi
N
P
14
15
31
33
75
51
83
69
V
–
(c) Deduce the empirical formula of the ester formed.
germanium
flerovium
fermium
carbon
erbium
Fm
silicon
Ge
Sn
Pb
207
Er
167
100
119
114
lead
Si
Fl
IV
C
12
14
28
32
73
50
82
68
tin
6
–
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
einsteinium
aluminium
nihonium
holmium
thallium
gallium
indium
Ga
boron
Nh
Ho
Es
204
165
In
115
113
Al
Tl
III
13
27
31
70
49
81
67
99
11
(d) PET is a polyester. Part of the structure of PET is shown in Fig. 6.1.
–
O O O O
copernicium
dysprosium
californium
cadmium
mercury
Cd
Hg
Cn
Dy
Zn
201
163
Cf
112
112
zinc
48
80
30
65
66
98
–
–
C C O O C C O O
roentgenium
berkelium
terbium
copper
Cu
Rg
Ag
Au
silver
Tb
Bk
108
197
159
gold
111
29
64
47
79
65
97
Fig. 6.1
–
(i) Circle one repeat unit of this polymer. [1]
darmstadtium
gadolinium
palladium
platinum
Cm
curium
Gd
nickel
Pd
Ds
106
195
157
110
Ni
Pt
28
59
46
78
64
96
–
–
Group
(ii) Draw the structures of the monomers which make up PET. Draw the functional groups
using displayed formulae.
meitnerium
americium
europium
rhodium
Am
iridium
cobalt
Co
Rh
Eu
Mt
103
192
109
152
Ir
27
59
45
77
63
95
–
–
ruthenium
samarium
plutonium
hydrogen
hassium
osmium
Sm
Ru
Os
Hs
Pu
Fe
101
190
108
150
iron
H
26
56
44
76
62
94
1
–
promethium
manganese
technetium
neptunium
rhenium
bohrium
Pm
Mn
Np
Re
Bh
Tc
186
107
61
93
25
55
43
75
–
–
–
[2]
molybdenum
seaborgium
neodymium
chromium
tungsten
uranium
Mo
(iii) State the type of polymerisation used in making PET.
Nd
Sg
Cr
144
238
184
106
W
U
60
92
24
52
42
96
74
–
atomic symbol
relative atomic mass
atomic number
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
praseodymium
protactinium
vanadium
tantalum
dubnium
niobium
Key
Nb
Db
name
Pa
Ta
181
105
Pr
141
231
23
V
51
41
93
73
59
91
–
[Total: 7]
rutherfordium
zirconium
hafnium
titanium
thorium
cerium
Ce
Th
Hf
178
104
Rf
140
232
Zr
Ti
22
48
40
91
72
58
90
–
lanthanoids
lanthanum
scandium
89–103
actinoids
actinium
57–71
yttrium
Ac
Sc
La
139
57
89
Y
21
45
39
89
–
magnesium
strontium
beryllium
calcium
barium
radium
Mg
Ca
Ra
Be
Ba
Sr
137
12
24
20
40
38
88
56
88
II
lanthanoids
actinoids
potassium
rubidium
francium
caesium
sodium
lithium
Na
Rb
Cs
133
Fr
Li
23
19
K
39
37
85
55
87
11
3
–
I
© UCLES 2023 0620/42/M/J/23 © UCLES 2023 0620/42/M/J/23

2
1 Some symbol equations and word equations, A to J, are shown.
A H+ + OH– → H2O
Cambridge IGCSE™ B Cr3+ + 3OH– → Cr(OH)3

C methane + chlorine → chloromethane + hydrogen chloride
D propene + bromine → 1,2-dibromopropane
E C10H22 → C8H18 + C2H4
F chlorine + aqueous potassium bromide → bromine + aqueous potassium chloride
G methane + oxygen → carbon monoxide + water
H C2H5COOH + CH3OH → C2H5COOCH3 + H2O
*9534637521*
CHEMISTRY0620/43 I hydrogen + oxygen → water

Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2023 J 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
1 hour 15 minutes
Use the equations to answer the questions that follow.
You must answer on the question paper. Each equation may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
No additional materials are needed. Give the letter, A to J, for the equation which represents:
INSTRUCTIONS (a) photosynthesis �� [1]

● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. (b) an addition reaction �� [1]
● Do not write on any bar codes. (c) a precipitation reaction �� [1]
(d) incomplete combustion �� [1]
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80. (e) a displacement reaction �� [1]
(f) a substitution reaction. �� [1]
[Total: 6]
IB23 06_0620_43/2RP
© UCLES 2023 0620/43/M/J/23

3 4
2 (a) The symbols of the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table are shown.
Use the symbols of the elements in Period 3 to answer the questions that follow.
Each symbol may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Give the symbol of the element that:
(i) is present in purified bauxite �� [1]
(ii) contains atoms with a full outer shell of electrons �� [1]
(iii) is used to kill microbes in water treatment �� [1]
(iv) forms an amphoteric oxide �� [1]
(v) forms an oxide which causes acid rain �� [1]
(vi) has an oxidation number of –1 when it forms a compound with hydrogen.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The relative atomic masses of elements can be calculated from the relative masses of isotopes
Question 2 starts on the next page. and their percentage abundances.
(i) Identify the isotope to which all relative masses are compared.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Table 2.1 shows the relative masses and the percentage abundances of the two isotopes
in a sample of magnesium.
Table 2.1
relative mass of isotope percentage abundance of isotope

24 85
26 15
Calculate the relative atomic mass of magnesium to one decimal place.

5 6
(c) An ion contains 10 electrons, 13 protons and 14 neutrons. 3 Magnesium forms ionic compounds.
(i) State the nucleon number of the ion. (a) M

agnesium reacts with fluorine to form the ionic compound magnesium fluoride.
The electronic configurations of an atom of magnesium and an atom of fluorine are shown in
........................................................................................................................................ [1] Fig. 3.1.
(ii) Identify the element that forms this ion. magnesium atom fluorine atom
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 11] Mg F
Fig. 3.1
(i) Ions are formed by the transfer of electrons from magnesium atoms to fluorine atoms.
Complete the dot-and-cross diagrams in Fig. 3.2 to show the electronic configurations of
one magnesium ion and one fluoride ion. Show the charges on the ions.
magnesium ion fluoride ion
..... .....
Mg F
Fig. 3.2
[3]
(ii) Deduce the formula of magnesium fluoride.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) hen solid magnesium fluoride is dissolved in water it forms a solution that conducts
W
electricity.
State one other change that can be made to solid magnesium fluoride to allow it to conduct
electricity.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]

7 8
(b) Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl 4, and silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2, are covalent compounds. 4 Hydrogen is produced by the reaction between zinc and dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4.
Complete the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 3.3 to show the electronic configuration in a Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
molecule of silicon tetrachloride. Show outer shell electrons only.
(a) A student carries out an experiment using excess zinc and dilute sulfuric acid.
The student measures the volume of hydrogen produced at regular time intervals using the
apparatus shown in Fig. 4.1.
Cl
Lumps of zinc are used.
Cl Si Cl
gas syringe
dilute sulfuric acid

lumps of zinc
Cl
Fig. 4.1
Fig. 3.3 The rate of reaction decreases as the reaction progresses. The rate eventually becomes zero.
[2]
(i) Explain why the rate of reaction decreases as the reaction progresses.
(c) The melting points of silicon tetrachloride and silicon(IV) oxide are shown in Table 3.1. ..............................................................................................................................................
Table 3.1 ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain why the rate of reaction eventually becomes zero.

melting point / °C
silicon tetrachloride –69 ..............................................................................................................................................
silicon(IV) oxide 1710
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(i) Silicon tetrachloride has a low melting point because it has weak forces of attraction
between particles. (b) The experiment is repeated using powdered zinc instead of lumps of zinc.
All other conditions remain the same.
Name the type of particles that are held together by these weak forces of attraction.
Explain, in terms of collision theory, why the rate of reaction increases if powdered zinc is used.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
.....................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why silicon(IV) oxide has a high melting point.
.....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]

9 10
(c) The equation for the reaction is shown. 5 This question is about electricity and chemical reactions.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) (a) Aqueous copper(II) sulfate is an electrolyte.

The electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate using inert electrodes forms:
25.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol / dm3 H2SO4(aq) is added to excess zinc. ● copper at the cathode
● oxygen at the anode.
Calculate the volume of H2 formed at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.). The volume of
one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at r.t.p. (i) State what is meant by the term electrolyte.
..............................................................................................................................................
● Calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 used.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State the term given to the Roman numeral, (II), in the name copper(II) sulfate.
.............................. mol
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
● Deduce the number of moles of H2 produced.
(iii) State what happens to the colour of the aqueous copper(II) sulfate as this electrolysis
.............................. mol progresses.
● Calculate the volume of H2 formed at r.t.p. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of copper at the cathode.
.............................. dm3 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

[3]
(v) Give the formula of the ion that forms oxygen at the anode.
(d) Hydrogen can also be produced by the reaction of zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(i) Write a symbol equation for this reaction.

(b) The electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate is repeated using copper electrodes.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
State what happens to the anode.
(ii) State the test for hydrogen gas.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
test .......................................................................................................................................
positive result ....................................................................................................................... (c) Spoons can be electroplated with silver.

[1]
(i) Name the substances used as:
[Total: 10]
the anode (positive electrode) .............................................................................................
the cathode (negative electrode) .........................................................................................
the electrolyte. .....................................................................................................................

[3]
(ii) State two reasons why spoons are electroplated.
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

11 12
(d) Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells can be used to produce electricity to power cars. 6 This question is about nitrogen and compounds of nitrogen.
Petrol produces carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide when it powers cars.
(a)
Ammonia is manufactured by the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen in the Haber
(i) State one adverse effect of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. process.
carbon dioxide .....................................................................................................................
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
carbon monoxide .................................................................................................................
[2] (i) State the source of nitrogen for the Haber process.
(ii) State one disadvantage, other than cost, of using hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells to power ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
cars compared to using petrol.
(ii) State the source of hydrogen for the Haber process.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 16]
(iii) State the typical conditions used in the Haber process.
temperature .......................................... °C
pressure ................................................ atm

[2]
(iv) Name the catalyst used in the Haber process.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(v) State what is meant by the term catalyst.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) Ammonia is converted into nitric acid.
(i) he first stage is the conversion of ammonia into nitrogen monoxide, NO.
T
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
The reaction is carried out at a temperature of 900 °C and a pressure of 7 atm.

Using explanations that do not involve cost:
● explain why a temperature less than 900 °C is not used
..............................................................................................................................................
● explain why a pressure greater than 7 atm is not used.
..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

13 14
(ii) In the second stage, nitrogen monoxide reacts with water and oxygen to produce nitric acid. 7 This question is about organic compounds.
Balance the symbol equation for the reaction. (a) Propane and chlorine react at room temperature. An equation for the reaction is shown.
.....NO + .....O2 + .....H2O → .....HNO3[1] C3H8 + Cl 2 → C3H7Cl + HCl
(i) State the condition required for this reaction.

(c) A student makes aqueous copper(II) nitrate by adding an excess of solid copper(II) carbonate
to dilute nitric acid. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(i) Write the symbol equation for this reaction. (ii) Draw the displayed formulae of two structural isomers with the formula C3H7Cl.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State two observations that indicate the copper(II) carbonate is in excess.
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2] [2]
(iii) Name one compound, other than copper(II) carbonate, that can be added to dilute
nitric acid to produce aqueous copper(II) nitrate. (b) Alkenes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons.
........................................................................................................................................ [1] (i) State two characteristics that all members of the same homologous series have in
common.
[Total: 15]
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Addition polymers are made from alkenes.
Complete Fig. 7.1 to show one repeat unit of the addition polymer formed from but-2-ene.
C C
Fig. 7.1
[2]

© UCLES 2023
C
O
CH2

C
O

The polymer is made from two monomers.
O
15
Fig. 7.2
0620/43/M/J/23
CH2CH2
(ii) Name the type of condensation polymer in Fig. 7.2.

O
(c) A repeat unit of a condensation polymer is shown in Fig. 7.2.
(iii) Name the two homologous series to which the monomers in (i) belong.
(i) Draw the structures of the monomers used to produce the polymer in Fig. 7.2.
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 12]
[2]
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
Group
© UCLES 2023
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2
H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
16
85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
0620/43/M/J/23
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

Chemistry 21-23 Paper 4

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2

1 This question is about states of matter.

● a solid becomes a gas. .................................................................................................

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21

temperature (iii) State the colour of methyl orange in sulfuric acid.

ZnCO3....... + 2HNO3....... → Zn(NO3)2....... + H2O....... + CO2.......

........................................................................................................................................ [1] ● calculate the mass of 1 mole of ZnCO3

........................................................................................................................................ [1]  .............................. g

 [Total: 11] ● calculate the number of moles of ZnCO3 reacting

● determine the number of moles of HNO3 reacting

● calculate the concentration of HNO3.

 .............................. mol / dm3

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21 [Turn over © UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21

Complete the table. On your diagram show:

● the product of the reaction

(ii) State why a catalyst is used.

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21 [Turn over © UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21

(i) the pressure is increased O

Some bond energies are shown in the table. [3]

bond bond energy in kJ / mol  [Total: 17]

 bond energy in carbon monoxide, CO = .............................. kJ / mol [3]

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21 [Turn over © UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21

(a) Iron and potassium have the same type of bonding.

description .................................................................................................................................. ● strongly effervesces

●  e hammered into a shape

........................................................................................................................................ [1] ........................................................................................................................................ [1]

.............................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]

1 .................................................................................................................................................. temperature .........................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................................. pressure ...............................................................................................................................

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21 [Turn over © UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21

(a) Write the general formula of alcohols. H H

X has two ester functional groups and a molecular formula of C6H10O4.

........................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) Draw the structure of X.

(d) Ethanol is a fuel.

Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.

............................................................................................................................................... [2] [2]

(iii) Name the other substance formed in this reaction.

(i) Name the functional groups formed in Y.

(ii) Draw the structure of Y.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21 [Turn over © UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21

1 Give the name of the process that is used:

(a) to produce ammonia from nitrogen

(b) to separate nitrogen from liquid air

(c) to produce bromine from molten lead(II) bromide

(e) to produce amino acids from proteins

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

© UCLES 2021 0620/41/M/J/21

number of number of number of

(c) Molten potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.

(i) State what is meant by the term electrolysis.

(d) Concentrated aqueous potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.

(ii) Name the product formed at the positive electrode (anode).

© UCLES 2021 0620/41/M/J/21 [Turn over © UCLES 2021 0620/41/M/J/21

Cl Cl mixture of dinitrogen tetroxide

end sealed plunger

© UCLES 2021 0620/41/M/J/21 [Turn over © UCLES 2021 0620/41/M/J/21

5 This question is about salts. (c) Some sulfates are hydrated.

● Lead(II) iodide, PbI2, is insoluble in water. Na2SO4•xH2O(s) → Na2SO4(s) + xH2O(g)

1 This question is about states of matter.

● a solid becomes a gas. .................................................................................................

temperature (iii) State the colour of methyl orange in sulfuric acid.

........................................................................................................................................ [1] ● calculate the mass of 1 mole of ZnCO3

........................................................................................................................................ [1] .............................. g

[Total: 11] ● calculate the number of moles of ZnCO3 reacting

● determine the number of moles of HNO3 reacting

● calculate the concentration of HNO3.

.............................. mol / dm3

Complete the table. On your diagram show:

● the product of the reaction

(ii) State why a catalyst is used.

(i) the pressure is increased O

Some bond energies are shown in the table. [3]

bond bond energy in kJ / mol [Total: 17]

bond energy in carbon monoxide, CO = .............................. kJ / mol [3]

(a) Iron and potassium have the same type of bonding.

description .................................................................................................................................. ● strongly effervesces

● e hammered into a shape

(a) Write the general formula of alcohols. H H

........................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) Draw the structure of X.

(d) Ethanol is a fuel.

Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.

............................................................................................................................................... [2] [2]

(iii) Name the other substance formed in this reaction.

(i) Name the functional groups formed in Y.

(ii) Draw the structure of Y.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

1 Give the name of the process that is used:

(a) to produce ammonia from nitrogen

(b) to separate nitrogen from liquid air

(c) to produce bromine from molten lead(II) bromide

(e) to produce amino acids from proteins

(c) Molten potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.

(i) State what is meant by the term electrolysis.

(d) Concentrated aqueous potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.

(ii) Name the product formed at the positive electrode (anode).

5 This question is about salts. (c) Some sulfates are hydrated.

● Lead(II) iodide, PbI2, is insoluble in water. Na2SO4•xH2O(s) → Na2SO4(s) + xH2O(g)

Your answer should include: step 3 The remaining solid is weighed.

(b) Nitrates decompose when heated.

Describe a test for oxygen.

2Zn(NO3)2•6H2O → .....ZnO + .....NO2 + O2 + .....H2O[2]

● Calculate the number of moles of Na2SO4 remaining.

● Calculate the mass of H2O given off.

(ii) Name the substance that enters the blast furnace at A.

(iii) Name the substance that leaves the blast furnace at B.

(d) Steel consists mainly of iron.

Iron forms rust when it reacts with water and oxygen.

Calculate the empirical formula of compound V.

(ii) Propene can be produced by cracking long chain alkanes.

(i) Deduce the general formula of compounds X and Y. ........................................................................................................................................ [1]

........................................................................................................................................ [1] (iv) Complete the diagram to show a section of poly(propene).

Write the symbol of an element which:

(a) is malleable

INSTRUCTIONS (d) forms an ion with a 2– charge

(h) forms an amphoteric oxide

(i) exists as diatomic molecules

(j) forms a binary compound with hydrogen that is a strong acid.

........................................................................................................................................ [1] (i) Name a member of this homologous series.

When sodium hydrogencarbonate is heated it forms three products.

(b) Hydroxide ions are discharged at the anode.

(i) Complete the ionic half-equation for this reaction.

Write the formula of:

● calcium hydroxide ................................................................................................................

● the anode. ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

State another element that can be used instead of carbon.

Some bond energies are shown in the table.

● energy change during the reaction. .....................................................................................................................................................

(ii) State a use of ammonium nitrate in agriculture.

(i) Define the term base. A B

........................................................................................................................................ [1] (i) Name the functional group in B.

[Total: 20] ........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(i) State the name of this process.

(ii) Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.

1 Give the name of the process that is used:

(a) to produce large molecules from monomers

(b) to separate oxygen from liquid air

(c) to make ethanol from glucose

(e) to produce aluminium from aluminium oxide in molten cryolite