Music Carnatic music

Focus more on sahitya

Hindustani music
Several parts
1. Drupad =oldest and grandest form even mention in
Pallavi
natya shastra .reached to zenith during akbar time
in hindi called mukhra
prominent singer was Tansen, baba gopal das , swami
Anu pallavi.
haridas and even baiju bawra and even in court of raja
Follow the pallavi sung in begining and in end also repeat.
man singh tomar of gwalior.
Charana
It start with aalap. Instrument tanpura and pakhawaj.
is final and longest verse and conclude thr song.
Four sub gharanas
Imp fact.
1. Dagari gharana example gundecha brothers
Annamacharya 1 st known composer of carnatic music.
2. Darbhanga gharana example mallik family
Composition mainly in telugu a.k.a grandfather of telugu
3. Bettiah gharana example mishras family
song writting.
4. Talwandi gharana sing khandar wani of pakistan

Trinity of carnatic music

2. Khayal
Tyagraja. Muthuswami dikshitar. And syama sastri all born
Attribute to amir khusrau
in tiruvarur.
Of two types bada khayal Chota khayal
Major gharana
A. Gwalior gharana oldest famous artist nathu khan and
Folk music
vishnu palushakar . 1. Baul. Of bengali baul caste a form of sufi song famous is
B. Kirana gharana of up famous artist pundit bhimsen lalon fakir
joshi 2. Wanawan. Of jammu and kashmir sung during wedding
C. Agra gharana a k.a rangeela gharanagive emphasis to 3. Pandwani. Based on epic mahabharat and bhim as hero.
bandish . Well famous artist teejanbai from CG won padma shree
D. Patiala gharana famous artist bade gulam ali khan padma bhushan .
E. Bhendibazaar gharana .. control breath for long time 4. Alha. Form mp heroic ballad song
5. Panihari. Of rajasthan realted to water
3. Tarana style 6. Ovi. Of महाराष्ट and goa. Usually sung by women during
Fast tempo invented by amir khushro also used by guru leisure time
govind singh famous singer pandit rattan mohan sharma of 7. Pai song. Of mp sung in rainy season festival for good
mewati gharana. monsoon and harvest and saira dance is also performed
8. Lavani of maharashta and mp
Semi classical style in hindustani 9. Maand. Of rajasthan sung the glory of rajput rulers.
Lighter version of ragas and taal. Faster in tempo. Close to thumri aur gazal. Famous kesariya balam padharo
Emphasis more on bhav and alap jor jhala mahre desh.
A. Thumri. 10. Dandiya of gujrat on holi and on krishna lila
Based on mixed raag either romatic or devotional. 11. Powada of maharashtra sung for hero of past like
Inspired by bhakti movement. shivaji
Also linked with kathak dance. 12. Khongjom parba. Of manipur narrate battle of
Main gharana based in varansi and lucknow. khongjom btw british and manipur state in 1891
Famous singer begum akhtar girja devi 13. Bhavageete. Of karnataka and maharashtra emotional
song close to ghazal. Theme araound nature and love.
B. Tappa. 14. Mando. Of goa
Rythm play imp role. 15. Kolannalu or kolattam of andhra pradesh similar yo
Orginate form folk song. dandiya
Very quick trun of phrases are seen.
Fusion of classical and folk
C. Ghazal. 1. Bhajan origin in bhakti movement prominent meera
Consist of rythemic couplets. kabir tulsi surdas etc.
Origin in iran. 2. Shabad rise in sikhism sung in gurudwaras.
Amir khusrau was first to use it. 3. Qawwali. Praise of allah and profet Mohammed.
Traditionally deals with one subject ex love Composed in single raag. Tempo generally built up. Amir
khusrau is the orginatior of qawaali.
4. Abhanga in maharashtra to praise vithobha god. Sung
by tukaram namdev.
5. Bhatiali. In west bengal by boat drivers Mostlly represent eternal conflict of good and evil. Themes
6. Tevaram. In tamil nadu. Sung by shaiviate community taken from epic and puranas. Lagaunge used is
7. Kirtan. In west bengal. manipravalam mixture of malyalam and sanskrit.

Rabindra sangeet. 4. Mohiniattam represent air

Currently more than 2000 ravindra sangeet sung by music Solo dance. Performed in kerala. Malyali poet v n menon
lover in bengal. along with kayani amma revived it.
Feature
Gana sangeet. Footwork is gentle. Narrate feminine dance of vishnu.
Sung in chorus. All about patriotic feel other than protest. Lasya aspect ( beauty and grace) is dominent. Mainly by
Genrally try to bring social change. Ex vande matram. female dancer.

Haveli sangeet. 5. Odissi. represent water

Mostly in Rajasthan and Gujrat. Udaygiri and khandegiri caves give early example of dance
Primarily practiced by maharis patronized by kharavela
dance ruler.
Classical dance form Gotipuas =male dressed as female
1. Bharatnayam Nartala= practice in royal court
Also refers as dashiattam mean dance of devdasis in tamil Similar to Bharatnatyam in mudras and postures.
nadu. E krishna iyer freedom fighter revived it. Initially Tribhanga posture is innate in Odissi
pwrformed by female only. Rukmani devi arundale Dueing dance lower body remain largely static and
proponent figure in it. movement of torse
Element of bharatnatyam Dancer creat geomatrical shape hence k.a. mobile
A. Alarippu= blessing of god sculpture.
B. Jatiswaram= nritta component devoid of rxpression Elements of odissi
C. Shabdam = include abhinay in song Mangalacharan is beginning
D. Varnam= nritya component dance and emotion Batu nritya has tribhanga and chowk posture
component . Lallavi has facial expressions
E. Padam mastry over abhinay Tharijham pure dance and conclusion
F. Jawali= short love lyrucs on fast tempo Conclude in two forms 1 is moksha include joys another is
G. Thillana = concluding part pure dance compreise called trikhanda majura.
nritta
Karan, [13-03-2024 05:50]
2 . Kuchipudi = sybolize earth Classical dance
Of Andhra pradesh in 17 century siddherndra yogi 6. Manipuri. Prominent in 15 c when vaishnavism
formalize it. emerged. Got prominence in shantiniketan.
S9me features Features.
Difficult foot movement. Genrally team performance. Emphasis on devotion and not sensuality.
Based on stoires of bhagwat purana but with secular Both tandav and lasya ephasis on latter.
them. Shringar ras. Principal character introduce them Focus on slow and gracious movemet.
through "daaru" all three component of dance found Nagabandha mudra imp dance mudra
nritta natya qnd nritya. Both lasya and tandava element Ras leela recurring theme
are important in it. Thang ta and sankirtana influenced by manipuri dance.
Famous artist jhaveri sisters
3. Kathakali Represent sky
Combinatoin of music dance and drama 7. Kathak
Revived in 1930 by v n menon under mukunda raja Of up derived ne form kathika or story teller. Influence by
Features persian costume. Revived by lady leela sokhey in 20 c.
All male troupe performance Features.
Ellobrate facial makeup with different colure Have different gharanas
Green show nobility divinity Lucknow. Reached its peak during nawab wajid ali shah of
Red on nose show royality awadh ,Jaipur initated by bhanuji ,Raigharh under raja
Black shoew evil chakradhar singh ,And banaras gharana develop by
Yellow for saint amd women janakiprasad.
White beard show higher conciousness and divinity
Elements. 23. Singhi chham mask dance of sikkim symbolise snow
Ananda introduction part lion and worsship kanchenjunga
Thaat soft and vaired movement 24. Kummi of tamil nadu and kerala by women during
Todas and tukdas small piece of fast rythem pongal without music only thorugh rythemic clapping
Jugalbandi a competition play 25. Mayilattam of kerala and tamil nadu by young girls
Padhant dressed as peacock a.k.a peacock dance
Tarana pure rythemic movement 26. Butta bommalu by west godavari dist of andhra
Karmalaya concluding piece pradesh
Gat bhaav without any music or chanting 27. Kaikottikali of kerala by both male and female on
Usually accompaind with dhrupad music. onam for rich harvest
Famous burju maharaj. Lacchu maharaj. Sitara devi. Etc 28. Padayani martial dance of kerala dancer wear huge
mask k.a kolams to workship goddes kali
8. Sattriya. 30. Kolkali parichakali in kerala and Lakshadweep dancer
Intorduce by vaishnav saint shankar dev in 15 cen in uses mock weapon
assam. Inspired by bhakti movement. 31. Pata kunitha of mysore by men used long bamboo
Features. pole
Mainly in assam by ojapali and devdasi. Devotional aspect 32. Chakyar koothu of kerala dressed himself as snake
of dance narrate mythological stories of vishnu. Performed 33. Jhoomer by sikh of punjab in harvest season
by male monk group k.a. bhokots. Custom was dhoti aur 34. Karma naach of chota nagpur tribal
paguri and female wear ghuri and chador. 35. Raut naach of CG by yadav community on diwali
Ankia naat. A type of satturya written in brajwali another 36. Dumhal by jammu and kashmir by wattal tribe
similar form is bhaona based on story of krishna. 37. Fugdi by konkan region of maharashtra and goa by
women
Folk dances 38. Cheraw of mizoram uses bamboo stiks
1 chhau dance Three types 39. Dalkhai of odisha on dussrea by tribrs
Saraikella chhau jharkhand 40. Hulivesha of coastal karnaktaka to honour durga in
Mayurbhanj chhau oddisha navratra
Purulia chhau west bengal 41. Tippani of gujarat by women
In 2010 comes under unesco intengible cultural hertiage 42. Garadi of puducherry for victory of lord ram
2 garba gujrat 43. Tera tali by kamar of rajasthan
3dandiya raas 44. Hojagiri of tripura only involve movement of lower half
4 tarangamel Goa on dussera and holi of the body.
5 ghoomer or gangore by bhil tribe of rajasthan
6 kalbelia by kalbelia community of rajasthan In 2010 Theatre
comes under unesco intengible cultural hertiage Indian theatre
7 charba of himachal pradesh on dusshera Introduction..
8 bhangra or giddha punjab giddha is female counterpart sitabena and jogimara caves represent world oldest
9 dadra uttar pradesh popular in lucknow region amphitheater.
10 jawara on harvest season in budelkhand of mp
11 matki of malwa region on festival and marriage Classical sanskrit theatre
12 gaur muria by muria tribr of bastar region CG Rupaka. Drishyakavya. Preksakavya. Other words used of
13 alkap in jharkhand and malda of west bengal natak.
14. Biraha another vRient is bidesia in rural bihar In ancient india two types of play-
15. Paika martial dance by odisha with long spear Lokadharmi. Depection of daily life
16. Bagurumba by bodo of assam related to nature and Natyadharmi. More styled narration and over symbolism.
environment Sariputraprakarana by ashvgosh is first example of classical
17. Jat jatin in north bihar in mithila sanskrit drama.
18. Jhumair harvest dance by tribr of jharkhand and Another was bhasa who composed 13 play.
odisha Sudraka was 1 to intorduce the essence of conflict in play
19. Danda jatra one of the oldest folk dance mainly in mricchakatika.
odisha Kalidas malvikaagnimitram abhijananashakuntalam
20. Bihu assam dance classical treties of indian drama.
21. Thang ta martial dance of manipur Others are uttarm ram charitam . Mahavir charitram of
22. Rangma war dance of nagas bhavbhuti and mudarakshasa by vishakhadutt also thr
ratnavali of harshavardhana.
 12 bhand pather. Of jammu and kashmir.
Classical sanskrit play have some bound convention 13. Bhaona. Of assam
1. Generally 4 to 7 act play. 14. Dashavtar. Of konkan region
2. Have always happy ending. 15. Naqal aur bhand. Of punjab and up.
3. Protagonist was male always achieve desired goal at
end. C. Theatre of south india
4. Play have opening. Progression. Development. Pause. Emphasis on dance
And conclusion. 1. Villu paatu. Bow song of kerala and tamil nadu story of
ramayana.
Sanskrit play follow almost ritualistic progression 2. Yakshagana. Oldest theatre tradition. Of karnaktaka and
1. Start with pre play rituals kerala. Origin in vijaynagar empire.
2. Follwed by sutradhar manager offer worship to diety 3. Bhurra katha. Of Andhra pradesh
3. Play announc3d by sutradhar 4. Pagati veshaalu. Of telanagana and Andhra pradesh
4. Stages were two stored 5. Bayalata. Of karnataka of radha krishna love
5. Curtain used. Mask were not used. 6. Tal maddale. Predecessor of yakshgana of karnataka and
kerala
Character in sanskrit play 7. Theyyam of kerala similar to bhuta kola of karnaktaka.
1. Nayaka hero 8. Krishnaattam. Of kerala
2. Nayika heroine 9. Kuruvanji. Of tamil nadu.
3. Vidusaka. Clown comic Character usually friend of hero.
Indian puppetry
Reason for decline of sanskrit play. Indian puppetry
Sanskrit play writer diverge to poetry. A.String puppet
Rigid orthodoxy restrict creative space 1. Kathputli Of rajasthan unique feature absense of legs.
Sanskrit lang is tough enough not catch the masses 2. Kundhei Of odisha have more joints
Advent of muslim ruler sanskrit play took back seat as 3. Gombeyatta Of karnataka. Use of more than one
dance and music got prominence. puppeteer
4. Bommalattam Of tamil nadu it is largest and heaviest
Folk theatre marionettes in india
A. Ritual theatre
1. Ankia naat. One act play of assam start by sankardev B. Shadow puppet
depict incidence of krishna life 1. Togalu gombeyatta Of karnataka. Unique feature
2. Ramlila. Of up. variation of puppet size. Based on social status ex king.
3. Raslila. Og gujrat region Religoius figure have big puppet.
4. Bahuta ardhana. Of karnaktaka. Worshipping dead 2. Ravanchhaya Of odisha. Made of deer skin donot have
ancestors any joints
5 ramman of garhwal region of uttrakhand. Dedicate to 3. Tholu bommalata Of andhra pradesh. Have mythological
bhumiyal devta. and devotional tales of epics.

B. Theatre of entertainment of north west and estern C. Glove puppets

part. 1. Pavakoothu Of kerala influence of kathakali dance
1. Bhavai of rajasthan
2. Daskathia. Of odisha to praise lord shiva D. Rod puppets
3. Garoda of gujrat use painted picture. 1 yampuri of bihar made of wood have no joints.
4. Jatra. Of estern india intiated by chaitnya mahaprabhu. 2. Putul nachh. Of bengal odisha assam region have
5. Kariyila. Of himachal pradesh. generally three joints.
6. Maach. Of malwa in mp. Of mahabharat and ramayan
theme.
Martial art in india
7. Nautanki of north india also mention in ain i akhbhari of
1. Kalaripayattu Of kerala. Imp key is foot work.
abul fazal
2. Silambam. Kind of staff fencing. Of tamil nadu. Evidence
8. Ojapali of assam
found in silappadikaram in tamil of 2 ad.
9. Powada of maharashtra depict heroic deeds of shivaji
3. Thang ta and sarit sarak Of manipur. Lethal combat.
10. Swang. Of rajathan and haryana.
Sarit sarak is unarmed art. Thang refers to sword and ta
11. Tamasha. Of maharashtra known for heroic and exotic
refers to spear. Thang ta and sarit sarak togather called
content.
huyen langlon.
 Other sanskrit work
4. Cheibi gad ga Of manipur use sword and sheild Rajtarangini of kalhana book on history of kings of kashmir
5. Pari khanda By rajput of bihar. Widely used in chahu and Somadeva katha sarit sagar a poetic work.
dance.
6. ThodaOf himachal pradesh. Held during baisakhi. Literature in pali and prakrit
7 gatka. Of sikh of punjab. Use talwar kirpan nad kataar. Buddhist literature
8. Mardani khel Of maharashtra. Widely in kolhapur. divided into canonical and non canonical works.
Shivaji performed it. A. Canonical work includes tripitaka or basket of
9. Lathi. World oldest weapon. In punjab and bengal knowledge in pali language.
majorly practiced. 1. Vinay pitika. Cover rules and regulation followed by
10. Inbuan wrestling. Of mizoram monks
11. Kuttu varisai 1 mention in sangam litreature. Mainly in 2. Sutta pitika contain speech of budha dwals with
tamil nadu. morality and righteous dharma
12. Musti yudda Of varansi unarmed martial art . 3. Abhidhamma pitaka. Contain discussion on ethics.
Theory of knowledge. And pyscology.
Literature B. Non cononcial work include jatakas stories of previous
A. Hindu literature of ancient india birth of budha also contain story of bodhisattva. There are
1. Vedas. 2. Brahamanas. 3. Aranyakas. 4. Upnishads. 550 birth of budhha
5. Mahabharat and ramayan. 6. Puranas. 7. Upa puranas. Another example is buddhacharitra by asvaghosha was
There are 19 upa purana based on 5 major subject given buddhist literature in sanskrit.
by amarsimha of gupta era. That is sarga. Pratisarga. Other buddhist literary texts are.
Manvantra. Vansa. Vanshanucharita. Dipavamsa. Written in srilanka consider chronical of island
mention budhha visit to srilanka
Classical sanskrit literature. Milinda panho. Consist of dialogue between meander and
1. Sanskrit drama. Rules regarding performance and acting buddhist monk nagsena
gesture illustrate in natya shastra of bharata. Mahavamsa. Epic poem in pali similar yo dipvamsa
Major drama Mahavastu. Contain jataka and avadana tales. Written in
Kalidas. Malvikaagnimitram. Abhigyana shakuntalam mixed sanskrit pali and prakrit.
Sudrak. Mricchakatika Lalitavistara sutra. An imp mahayana text consist story of
Vishakhadutta. Mudarakshasa budhha life form its first serman.
Bhavbhuti. Uttam ram charitam Udana. Oldest theravada mean old school of buddhist text.
Harshvardhana. Ratnavali. Nagananda. Priyadarshika. Bodhi vamsa. Prose poem written in 12 c in srilanka. By
upatissa in sanskritised pali language.
2. Sanskrit poetry. Visuddhimagga. Written by buddhaghosa in 5 century in
Kalidas. Kumarsambhava. Meghaduta. Ritusamhara sri lanka. Text of theraveda doctrine. Contain discussion on
Harisena of samudra gupta court wrote poems to praise various teaching of buddha.
samdragupta even written on ashoka pillar of allahbad.
Gita govind of jaydev in 12 c. Jain Literature
Apart form prakrit and ardha magdhi jain also wrote in
3. Other Sanskrit texts other languages ex wrote in tamil during sangam age. Also
Arthshastra by chanakya in sanskrit shauraseni gujrati and marathi.
Other scientific texts are They also diveded into canonical called jain agmas and
A. Pingala book on maths called chandasatra agam. And non canonical literary works.
B. Charak samhita by charak on medicine
C. Sushruta. Worte sushruta samhita book on surgery. Jain agamas
D. Madhava. Worte madhav nidana book on pathology Sacred text contain teaching of jain tiryhankars. Orginally
E. Varahamihira. Worte pancha sidharata book on maths compiled by ganadharas who was cheif deciples of
astrology And brihat samhita book on geology palentry mahavir.
movement etc Present angas re complied in coincil of vallabhi gujrat by
F. Aryabhata. Wrote aryabhatiya book on astronomy and svetambar monks. Which rejected by digambars.
maths. Agamas comprises 46 texts. Have 12 angas 12 upangas 10
G. Lagadha. Wrote vedanga jyotisha. prakirnakasutras 4 mulasutras 6 chedasutras 2
culikasutras. They are written in ardh magdhi prakrit
language.
Digambar gave sacred status to two works one is poems colleected and compiled into tolkappiyam.
karmaprabhrita and the kashayaprabharita. Tolkappiyam is a book on tamil Grammer.
3. Under pandya of madurai. Headed by nakkirar in which
Other imp jain works most of the existing corpus writtrn.
Bhadrabahu wrote uvasaggaharam stotra. Kalpa sutra( In sangam Literature 30000 line of poetry arranged in 8
biography of jain tirthankar) belong to digambar sect. anthologies called. Ettuthogai.
Acharya kundkunds. Worte samayasara and niyamasara Tamil saint thiruvalluvar contribute tirukkural to sangam
discuss jain philosophy. Literature. Divided into 3 parts, epic polity governance and
Samanta bhadra wrote ratna karanda sravakachara and love.
aptamimansa written around 2 ad. Avvaiyar female saint contribute to sangam.
Umaswati wrote tattvartha sutra in sanskrit. Accepted by
both sects. Others tamil Literature
Jinasena digambar monk wrote mahapurana and Silappadikaram. tales of anklet. Written by ilango adigal.
adipurana. Manimekalai. Story of manimekalai written by satthanar.
Hemchandra suri famous jain scholar awarded a title
kalikalasarvajna. Mean the all knowing of kalyug. Text during bhakti movement between 7 to 12 century.
Btw 9 to 12 century pampa ponna and ranna are three Based on two groups alvars and nayanars. There are 12
jems of kannada writers wrote for jainism. alvars worship vishnu and its incarnation eg. Andal
(women). And nayanar worship shiv.
Sikh Literature Other secular tamil writing are. Periya puranam. And
Adi granth compiled by bhai gurdas. Under the aegis of 5 kambarramayanam.
guru arjun dev in 1604. It contain teaching of sikh guru and
15 bhagats of bhakti and sufi. Malyalam Literature
Guru granth sahib. Adi granth further expanded in 1678 2 major works of medival period are kokasandisan and
under 10 guru gobind singh and it regarded 11 and final bhasa kautilya( a commentry on arthshastra)
sikh guru. Written in gurmukhi script. And is in language Another work is ramacharutram epic poem by cheeraman
called santa bhasha. in 12 cen.
Teaching of bhagat includes ramaananda namdev ravidas Ezhuthachan strong proponent of bhakti movement
parmanada sain surdas etc 2 muslims kabir and baba farid. known as father of malyalam language.
Dasam granth. Hymns written by guru gobind singh
compiled in this book contain fables and puranic stories. Telugu Literature
However many donot agree wuth it. Nannayya 11 cent. 1 poet in telugu.
Telugu work reached its zeinth during vijaynagar empire.
Janamsakhis. Contian mythological and exaggerated Most successful work during this time was
stories of 1 guru guru nanak. Most popular book is bhai uttaraharivamsam by nachana somanatha well court poet
bala janamsakhi. of bukka 1.
Even krishnadevraya himself composed amuktamalyada.
Dravedian Literature Krishnadevraya court consist of ashtdiggaja. In which
Comprises 4 major dravidian language tamil kannada allasani peddana a.k.a andhra kavita pitamaha. Worte
telugu and malyalam. Among this tamil is oldest. Close to manu charita. And other wrote there composition.
sanskrit. Most famous work in tamil is sangam Literature. Krishnadev ray also patronize tamil poet haridas.

Tamil sangam Literature Kannada Literature

Contain 2381 poems attribute to 473 poets. Composed Jain scholar made 1 foray in kannda like
during sangam period 300 bc to 300 ad. dharmanathapurana written by madhav on life 15
Two major school of sangam Literature. tirthankar. Others like uritta vilasa by dharma parikeshe in
1. Aham or agam. Inner field. Concentrate on love sexual jain teaching. 1 recorde text in kannada id called
relation etc. kavirajamarga written by amoghavarsha 1. In 9 cen.
2. Puram school. Outer field. Discusses social life ethics. Rashtrakuta king.
Valour. Custom. Etc. Kannada have 3 gems
There are three sangam assembiles pampa 9 to 10 cen.
1. Under pandya king of madurai headed by agastya or Ponna 9 to 10 cen.
shiva and there are no book available today. Ranna 10 to 11 cen.
2. Under pandya of kapatapuram. Headed by initially by
agastya then his diciple tolkappiyar in which around 2000
 Pampa regarded as father of kannada worte adipurana in There are 4 sub section
champu style and vikramarjuna vijaya he atteched to court Bhartendu yug 1868 to 1893
of chalukya arikesari. Diwevedi yug 1893 to 1918
Ponna wrote shanti purana Chayawad yug 1918 to 1937
Ranna worte ajitha purana both attached to krishna lll Contemporary pwriod 1937 to now.
court
Several quasi religious text also composed. Narhari Swami dayanand worte satyarth praksdh in 1875. Other
composed torave ramayana. Said that 1 story of rama are munsi premchand surykanth tripathi nirala. Maithali
inspired by valmiki ramayana weitten in kannada. Another charan gupta. Karmbhoomi worte by premchand.
is jaimini bharata written by lakshmisha. Other noted writer are sumitranandan pant. Mandhari
Sarvajna the peoples poet worte tripadi singh dinkar. Harivansh rai bachhan who wrote
Hadibadeya( duty of devoute wife) dharma written by madhushala. Mahadevi verma. Jaishanksr prasad worte
honnamma. kamayani. In 1936.

Medieval Literature Bengali odia and assamese Literature

Persian Raja ram mohan roy furst to worte in bengali and english.
Amir khusrau dehlavi worte divan ( poetry collection in Ishwar chandra vidyasagar and akshay kumar dutt.
persia)also worte nuh sipihr and duval rani khizr khan a Nationalist bengali Literature reached to zenith under
tragic love poem. bankim chandra chatterjee wrote anand math.
Barani wrote tarikh e firoz shahi. 1 indian to won nobel prize was rabindra nath tagore. For
Several travellor account eg ibn batuta. his geetanjali. In 1913. Others are shard chandra
Babur wrote baburnama in turkish. chatterjee and qazi nazrul islam and rc dutt contribute to
Jahagir wrote tuzuk i jahangiri autobiography. bengali Literature.
Gulbadan begam wrote humayun namah ( sister of Assamese Literature dominent by buranjis( court cronicles)
humayun). . Shankar dev composed devotional poetry in assamese. In
Abul fazl wrote ain e akbari and akbarnamah. modern assamese Literature padmanath gohain baruah
Badauni translate mahabharat into persia called qnd lakshminath bezbaroa are prominent.
razmnama. In odia language 1 work came from sarala das in 15 cen.
Malik mohd jayasi composed padmawat. Other are upendra bhanja worte in 18 cen. In modern
Inayat khan wrote shahjahannama. period radhanath ray and fakir mohan senapati.
Jafar zatalli wrote kulliyat( collection of poetry).
Abdul hamid wrote padshahnama about shah jahan reign. Gujrati rajasthani and sindh Literature
Narsinha mehta of 15 cen. Worte devotional song on
Urdu. kirshna. In 19 cen. Narmad worte poetry and govardhan
Mirza galib composed diwan ( collection of poetry) . ram wrote prose and classic gujrati novel saraswati
Iqbal wrote bang e dara. He also wrote sare jaha se accha. chandra.
Pinnacle achieved by km munshi wrote fiction and non
Hindi and its dilect. fiction work. His finest novel was prithivivallabh in 1928.
Evolve from apabhramsa in 7 to 14 century. Get boost in
bhakti movement. Rajasthani Literature main form of fictional writing called
Prithivi raj raso 1 hindi book. dingal and pingal. Most famous work is dhola maru.
Bulk written by kabir famous for his dohas. Writing of mira bai in braj.
Tulsi das give dohas in braj. Wrote ramcharitmanas.
Surdas wrote sur sagar about krsihna infancy and Literature in sindh influence by gujrati and rajasthani. Two
adolescent affair of gopi. prominent in sindhi Literature are dewan kauramal and
Rahim bhushan and raskhan also wrote about krishna mirza kalich beg of 18 and 19 cent.
devotion and in hindi.
Mira bai also wrote in bhakti movement. Kasmiri Literature
Bihari worte satsai in hindi. Kalhans rajtarangini wrote in sanskrit in 12 cen. In bhakti
movement kashmir saw its 1 female poetess called lal ded.
Modern Literature Buy major work done after persian and islam arrival in
Hindi. valley. Famous one is noor din a.k.a nund rishi. Bring hindi
Bhartendu harishchandra wrote drama andher nagri in and islamic tradition combinedly. Kashmir has been
1881. Also the bharat durdasha. He is known as father of ecliped by dogri language dur to comming of dogra family
modern hindi Literature. in jammu in 1846.
 Christian festival.
Punjabi Literature 1. Christmas. Birth anniversary of jesus christ. On 25 dec.
Adigranth wrote in gurumukhi. Also have doha of kabir Two things attached to it is Christmas and santa claus.
dadu and nanak. In hindi and braj. 2. Easter and good friday.
Guru govind singh contribute to adi granth and wrote Celebrate for resurrection of jesus christ. It signifies
savaiya poetry in punjabi. triumph of life over death. Jewish christan celebrate easter
Other is heer ranjha composed by waris shah. Suif poetry on 14 day of jewish month of nisan. But this confusion
of baba farid and bulleh shah composed many songs and ended in 325 ad. The good friday celebrated in month of
classicla composition called kafi. april for crucification of jesus.
Modern punjabi also affected by nationalistic hero bhagat
singh worte rang de basnti chola. Sikh festival
1. Gurupurab.
Marathi Literature To celebrate birth anniversary of all 10 guru specially for
Oldest is from 13 cen. By saint jnaneshwar. Begin kirtan in nanak dev ji. And guru govind singh jii.
maha. Worte detailed commentry on bhagvatgita. In 2. Prakash utsav dasveh patashah
marathi. Celebrate on birth anniversary of govind singh ji. On 31 jan
Others are namdev ..sena and gora. Oldest known female every year.
was janabai of 13 to 14 cent. 3. Maghi.
Most famous saint was eknath worte commentry on Celebrate annully in muktsar in memory of 40 sikh martyrs
bhagvat gita and ramayan. Other are tukaram and ramdas. fought with mughals Celebrate on 14 jan.
Bal gangadhar tilak aslo contribute to marathi through his 4. Hola mohalla.
kesri newspaper. Often took place in march.
Held in anand pur sahib. Started by guru govind singh ji.
Fair and festival For mock battles and military excercise after kirtan. A.k.a
Hindu festival sikh olympics.
1. Chatt puja. To offer sun god in bihar and jharkhand. 5. Vaishakhi or baisakhi
Predominantly. Celebrate on 13 and 14 april. Celebrate as birth of khalsa
panth. Spring harvest festival of sikh.
Muslim festival. 6. Lohri.
1. Eid ul fitr. Celebrate on 13 jan. Day before makar sankranti. Signifies
At last day of holy ramadan which is ninth month of islamic light over darkness.
calender. 7. Sodal mela.
2. Eid ul zuhu or eid al adha. Organise to pay homage to baba sodal. In maonth of
A.k.a bakri eid. Celebrate on 10 day of dhu al hijjah. 12 bhadon ( sept) in jalandhar. At samadhi of baba.
month of islamic calendar. Celebrate to honour prophet
ibrahim devotion to allah. After it there is beginning of Jain festival
sacred pwriod where people went to macca for hajj. 1 mahavir jayanti.
3. Milad un nabi Al jain temple decorated with saffron flag.
A.k.a barah wafat. Birth anniversary of prophet mohd. 2. Paryushana.
4. Muharram. Celebrate for 8 days in month of bhadrapada aug sept. By
Associate with death of hussain son of ali. Fall in 1 month svetamabar. Digambar Celebrate for 10 days. Festival wnd
of islamic calender. 10 day of muharram is known as yaum with the celebration of kashamavani ( forgiveness day) .
al ashura as observed day of mourning by shia muslim. 3. Mahamastak abhishek.
Observed of martyrdam of hussain bin ali grandson of Helf in 12 year in town of shravanabelagola in karnataka. It
prophet at karbala 680 ad. is the holy bathing of 57 ft high statue of siddha bahubali
4. Shab e barat son of rishabdev.
A.k.a night of emancipation. At 14 to 15 day of shaban 4. Gyana panchami.
month. Shia muslim Celebrate it as birth anniversary of 5th day of kartik known as gyana panchami. Considered
imam mohd al mahdi. knowledge day.
5. Shab e miraj. 5. Varshi tapa or akshay tritiya tapa.
Mean might of ascent. It is believe that prophet mohd Realated to rishabdev. Who fast for 13 month and 13 days.
reached near almighty on 27 day or rajab on 2 year before People who perform this fasting is known as varshi tapa.
hijra. And during this journey 5 time daily prayer made
obligatory.
6. Maun agiyara. 2. New year.
11th day of magshar month of jain calender. Oct to nove. Acc to local tradition lord brahma created the world on
Complete silence is observed in this day. Even meditation this day. In different parts of nation celebrate on different
is also performed. names.
7. Navapad oli. A. Ugadi or chaitra shudhadha paadyami in andra pradesh
Nine day oli is a period of semi fasting. During this days and karnataka.
jain take only one time meal. It comes twice a year. During B. Gudi padva in maharashtra.
march april and sept to oct. C. Samvatsar padvo. In goa.
D. Naba barsha in west bengal.
Buddhist festival. E. Puthandu in tamil nadu.
1. Buddha purnima. F. Vishu in kerala.
In moth of april and may. Called saga dawa in sikkim and
vishakha puja in theravada. The celebration include prayer 3. Sair e gul faroshan. A.k.a phool walon ki sair. Annual 3
and listening the surmon of buddha. day festival of flowers conduct in delhi. Symbol of
2. Songkran. communal harmony. Initially patronised by mugal emperor
Obeserved as like a spring cleaining. akbar ll. Banned by british but reinstated in 1962 by nehru.
Celebrate for swveral days during the middle of april. 4. Tyagaraja aradhana.
People clean there house. Held annullly to commemorate samadhi day of telugu
3. Ploughing festival. saint and composer tyagraja. Held in andra pradrsh and
Celebrate on buddha f7rst moment of enlightenment. tamil nadu. Primerily at thiruvaiyaru the samadhi place.
When he was 7 year old and went to se ploughing along 5. onam.
with ihis father. Celebrate in may. Festival of kerala in month of chigam first month of
4. Ulambana. Or ancestors day. malayam calender. It is mainly a harvest festival but also
Celebrate in 1 to 15 th day of 8 lunar month. It is belived celebrate the homecoming of asur king mahabali from
that gates of hell are opened on 1 day and the ghost may patala. Prominent feature is vallam kali the snake boat
visit the world for 15 days. On 15 th day people visit race. Most popularity race held in punnamada kake and
cemeteries to make offering to departed soul. winner awarded nrhru boat race trophy.
5. Hemis gompa. 6. Pongal.
In hemis gompa monastry in ladakh. To celebrate birth 4 day harvest festival celebrate by tamils in world. Held in
anniversary of guru rinpoche( padmasambhava) foundwr January and mark thr beginning of uttarayan held in
of tibetian buddhism. It is Celebrate to victory of good month of thai when various crops like rice sugarcane etc
over evil. Main attraction mask dance performance by rhe harvested. It is an occasion to give thanks to sun god.
lamas. 7. Sarhul
Mark beginning of new year. For tribal of jharkhand odisha
Sindhi festival. and west bengal. Mainly celebrate by munda oraon and ho
1. Chaliho sahib. tribes. Literally mean worship of sal ( a tree). Held in spring
40 days fast observed by sindhi in july and aug month. Pary season in phalgun month. In traditional sarhul dance is
to lord jhulelal. It over on thanks giving days. also performed. It is related to sarnaism religion.
2. Cheti chand.
Occasion of sindhi new year. Celebrate on first day of Festival of north east india
chaitra. Celebrate on birth day of jhulelal.
1. Saga dawa ( tripal blessed festival)
Parsi or zoroastrian festival. Celebrate in buddhist community in sikkim.a special day
1. Jamshedi navroz. for Tibetan community. Fall in month of may and june and
Celebrate as new year for parsi community. Fall on the roj this month callef saga dawa. Celebrate for the parinirvana
hormuzdor the first day of of 1st month of sheshanshahi of budha.
calendar. Parsi pay respect to khorshed and meher yazads. 2. Losoong festival
Who r two divine beings. That are harbinger of sun. It is sikkimese new year. Celebrate during December
month. Traditional it is festival of bhutia tribe. But now
Secular festival. lepchas also celebrate it unique point is people drink
1. Khajuraho dance festival. locally brewed wine called chaang.
Mp kala parishad and goi institute this festival in 1975. To 3. Bihu dance.
promote tourism in state. Festival of assam. Rongali of bohag bihu in april. Kongali or
kati bihu in October. And bhogali bihu in January. Rongali
bihu is most imp among all.
Festival is Traditionally tied to changing season and 15. Dree festival.
harvests. On first day of festuval cow and bulls are bathed By apatani tribe reside in arunachal pradesh. It is biggest
and fed. This ceremony called gora bihu. celebration held in the ziro valley. People offer prayer and
2nd day is main day of celebration as people greet one offering to 4 main gods tamu. Metii. Medvr. Danyi. And
another and exchange gamosa ( hand woven cotton cloth) mepin. Pray for plentiful harvest. Cucumber is distributed
all houses made pitha or Traditional dish. And all man and to all the attendees as a symbol of good harvest.
women perform bihu dance. 16. Losar festival
4. Hornbill festival Quite popular in arunachal pradesh mainly celebrate by
Celebrate in nagaland. 10 days festival begin on 1 monpa tribe. It is 3 days festival.
December every year. All the major naga tribe attend it in 17. Khan festival
kisama heritage village to showcase there talent and Celebrate by miji tribe of arunachal pradesh. Bring people
cultural vividness. from every background irrespective of there caste and
5. Moatsu mong festival. creed. In this preist ties a piece of wool in the neck of all
Celebrate by ao tribe of nagaland. In first week of may participants.
after sowing is done. Sangpangtu a part of celebration
where a big fire is lit and women and men sit around it. Bhakti and sufi movement.
6. Yemshe festival. 1. Adi shankara
Also from nagaland. It is harvest festival Celebrate mainly 8 cen. Probably in kerala. Follow advaita school of vedanta
in pochuri tribe. Catching of frog is prohibited. Celebrate in philosophy. Beleive in atma and brahman.
September. 2. Ramanuja 1017 to 1137
7. Kharchi puja. In tamil nadu. Exponent to sri vaishnavism tradition
Hindu frstival originate form tripura. Began by royal family prponent to vishishtaadvaita sub school of vedanta
of tripura. It is Celebrate in honour of earth and to worship philosophy. It believe that all diversity subsuming to an
14 other deities. underlying unity.
8. Cheiraoba festival 3. Madhvacharya 1238 to 1317
All across state of manipur. As it is new year according to Karnataka. Proponent of dvaita school of vedanta
manipuri tribe. Celebrate in month of april. It is also philosophy. He named his philosophy as tatvavada. Acc to
related to domestic deity called sanamahi worshipped by him there is difference between atma and brahman.
meitei tribe. 4 nimbarka. 13 cen.
9. Wangala festival. ( 100 drums festival) Of maharashtra. Later gone to mathura. Proponent to
Celebrate by garo tribe in meghalaya. It indicate the dvait advait philosophy. He founded nimbarka sampradaya
beginning of winter. And it Celebrate as a nod to post community for worship of radha madhav.
harvest season. Also Celebrate to honour of misi saljong a 5. Ramananda. 1300 to 1380
local deity. As supposed by all that all good things are Of uttar pradesh. Vaishnava saint. Founder of ramanandi
associated to him and they gave thanks to him thorugh sampradaya. Devotee of lord ram. Kabir and ravidas were
this festival. Extraordinary feature is feathered head gear. his desciple. First to use hindi for teaching.
Worn by everyone. Art and culture
10. Kang chingba. ( rath yatra of manipur) 6. Vallabhacharya 1479 to 1531
Biggest hindu festival Celebrate in manipur. Similar to In north india. Founder of krishna center pushti marg sect
jagannath puri rath yatra. 10 days long festival Celebrate in of vaishnavism. He propounded shuddha advait
month of july. Yatra begin from holy temple of sru philosophy. As per him moksha attain thorugh love toward
govindajee situated in imphal. god called sneh.
11. Ambubachi mela 7. Kabir. 15 cent
Held at kamakhya temple of guwahati. In assam. Dubbed In uttar pradesh. Believe in vaishnavism. Have strong bent
as mahakumbh of east. Associated with fertility rituals. to monist advaita. Means god present in every person and
Also with tantric activities. in every thing. Belong to nirgun school and against of caste
12. Sekrenyi festival. system. Ideas compiled in bijak trxt. His verses found in adi
Held in feb by angami tribe of nagaland. It is purification granth.
festival. 8. Guru nanak 1469 to 1539
13. Majuli festival Punjab. Inspired by kabir. Belong to nirgun school. Founder
Held in majuli in assam. In November. Dept for culture of of sikkism.
assam organise various events. 9. Narsinh meta 15 cent
14. Lui ngai ni festival. Almost all branches of naga tribe. In In gujarat. Belong to vaishnav sect. Famous bhajan
nagaland. Rejoiced as the mark of seed sowing season. It vaishnav jan to. Also referred to adi kavi.
spread message of peace and harmony.
10. Chaitanya mahaprabhu. 1486 to 1534
In west bengal. Proponent of achintya bheda abheda and
gaudiya vaishnavism. Prominent sagun saint. Iskon taken
inspiration form them. He wrote siksastakam. A vaishnav
prayer in 8 verses.
11. Sankardev 1449 to 1568
In assam. Vaishnav saint. Propogated philosophy of
ekasarana dharma or one god. In form of lord krishna.
Sattras institutional center. Famous work include kirtan
ghosa. Written in brajawali. Madhavdev his successor.
12. Surdas. 1478 to 1580
In north india. Blind from birth. But devotee of krishna.
Belong to sagun school. Deciple of vallabhacharya. Famous
composition sur sagar.
13. Meera bai 1498 to 1446
Rajasthan. Treat krishna as her husband. Composed
bhajans.
14. Dadu dayal. 1544 to 1603
Gujarat. Reject vedas authority. Even caste system and
external form of worship. Concentrate on jaapa. Follower
called dadu panthis.
15. Dnyaneshwar. 13 crnt
Maharashtra. Wroshipper of vithoba. Related to varkari
sect. He authored dnyaneshwari a commentry on bhagwat
geeta. And amrutanubhav. This two work are erliest
surviver of marathi literature. He was Contemporary of
namdev.
16. Namdev. 1270 to 1350
Maharashtra. Significant to varkari sect of hinduism.
Worshipped lord vithoba. His writting included in granth
sahib.
17. Eknath. 1533 to 1599
In maharashtra. He was also a varkari sect. Famous work is
eknathi bhagavata.
18. Tukaram. In 17 cen
In maharashtra. Devotee to vitthala or vithoba. Famous for
devotional poetry known as abhanga also promote kirtans.
19. Samarth ramdas. 1608 to 1681
In maharashtra. Devote of ram and hanumana. Famous for
advaita vedanta text dasbodh. Founder of samarth sect.
Shivaji had great respect for him.
20. Guru ghasi das. 1756 to 1836
In chattisgarh. Criticise caste system. Est. Satnami
community. Belong to nirguna school.