Ch 2 Decline of Mughal Empire

Q. 1. What was mansabdari system? 4 Marks

Ans: The Mansabdari system was a military-administrative system introduced by the Mughal
Emperor Akbar in the late 16th century as a key component of his administrative reforms. The
term "Mansab" refers to a rank or position. Under the Mansabdari system, officials, both
military and civil, were granted mansabs or ranks based on their loyalty, capabilities, and
military service to the emperor. The Mansabdari system played a crucial role in the Mughal
administrative machinery, providing a mechanism to maintain a standing army and integrate
military and administrative functions. It contributed to the centralization of power under the
emperor and remained a prominent feature of Mughal governance for several generations.
Q. 2. What was Jizya? 4 marks
Ans: Jizya is a poll tax levied on non-Muslims (dhimmis) living in an Islamic state. It was one of
the taxes prescribed in Islamic law for non-Muslims in return for protection and the right to
practice their religion. The primary purpose of Jizya was to provide financial support for the
protection and security of non-Muslims by the Islamic state. In exchange for paying Jizya, non-
Muslims were exempted from military service and were entitled to the protection of the state.
It's important to note that the imposition of Jizya was not uniform across different periods and
Islamic states, and there were variations in its application. The concept of Jizya has historical
significance in the context of governance in Islamic history but is not a practice universally
applied in the modern era.
Q. 3. Why was Aurangzeb responsible for decline of Mughals. 7 Marks
Ans: Aurangzeb, the sixth ruler of the Mughal Empire, is often criticized for contributing to the
decline of the Mughal dynasty. Aurangzeb's policies and decisions during his long and relatively
conservative rule (1658-1707) are considered significant factors.
1. Aurangzeb's strict implementation of orthodox Islamic policies, including the
reimposition of the jizya (poll tax) on non-Muslims and the destruction of Hindu
temples, alienated non-Muslim communities. These measures created tensions among
various religious groups and contributed to social unrest.
2. Aurangzeb's military campaigns, particularly in the Deccan, were expensive and
stretched the empire's resources. His attempts to expand the empire led to continuous
warfare, which resulted in a significant economic drain. Heavy taxation to fund military
campaigns burdened the economy and strained the relationship between the state and
the peasantry.
3. Aurangzeb's efforts to control and administer a vast empire with diverse populations led
to administrative overextension. The empire faced challenges in efficiently governing the
extensive territories, resulting in weakened central control and increased local
autonomy. While Aurangzeb was focused on military campaigns and religious orthodoxy,
he neglected economic policies. The decline of trade, coupled with excessive taxation,
contributed to economic stagnation and weakened the economic foundation of the
empire.

Q. 4. Who was Persians/ Marathas/ Afghans/ British? 4 marks

Ans: Persians: The Persians, historically associated with the region of Iran, have a rich cultural
and historical heritage. Persia was a significant empire in ancient times, and the term is often
used synonymously with Iran. Persians have made notable contributions to literature, art, and
science throughout history.
Marathas: The Marathas were a prominent regional power in India, primarily in the western
part of the subcontinent. They rose to prominence under the leadership of Shivaji in the 17th
century and established the Maratha Empire. The Marathas played a key role in Indian history,
engaging in conflicts with the Mughals, other regional powers, and European colonial forces.
Afghans: Afghans refer to the people of Afghanistan, a country in South Asia. Historically,
Afghanistan has been a crossroads of various civilizations and has a diverse ethnic and cultural
composition. In the context of Indian history, the Afghan invasions, particularly by Ahmad Shah
Durrani (also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali), had significant consequences for the region.
British: The British refers to the people of Great Britain, which includes England, Scotland, and
Wales. In the context of Indian history, the British, particularly the East India Company, played a
crucial role during the colonial period. The British East India Company gradually expanded its
influence in India, leading to the establishment of British colonial rule that lasted until India
gained independence in 1947.
Q.5. What happened in 3rd Battle of Panipat? 4 marks
Ans: The Third Battle of Panipat took place on January 14, 1761, between the Maratha Empire
and the Durrani Empire, led by Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali. The
battle was fought near the town of Panipat in present-day Haryana, India. It was a major military
engagement involving a large number of troops on both sides. The Third Battle of Panipat
resulted in a decisive victory for Ahmad Shah Durrani and his Afghan forces. The Marathas
suffered heavy losses, including the death of Sadashivrao Bhau. The battle is often cited as one
of the largest and bloodiest fought in the 18th century. The Third Battle of Panipat is a crucial
event in Indian history as it had a profound impact on the political dynamics of the time,
influencing the balance of power among various regional and external forces in northern India.
Q.6. Marathas were the most important among the invaders who caused decline of Mughal
Empire. Give reasons for your answer? 14 Marks
Ans: While it's accurate to say that the Marathas were one of the key factors contributing to the
decline of the Mughal Empire, attributing the decline solely to them would be an
oversimplification. The decline of the Mughal Empire was a complex process influenced by
multiple factors, including internal conflicts, external invasions, economic issues, and the rise of
regional powers
1. The Marathas engaged in continuous military campaigns against the Mughals,
challenging their authority in the Deccan and northern India. The frequent conflicts
strained the Mughal military and financial resources.

2. The Mughals faced a continuous drain on their resources due to the territorial ambitions
of the Marathas. The Maratha campaigns, coupled with other external threats, led to
significant economic challenges for the Mughal Empire.
 3. The Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, where the Marathas suffered a decisive defeat
against Ahmad Shah Durrani (Abdali), marked a turning point. The loss weakened the
Marathas and left a power vacuum, contributing to the overall decline of central
authority in northern India.
4. The Marathas extracted heavy tributes and resources from Mughal territories, leading to
economic strain. The Mughal emperors had to contend with financial difficulties
exacerbated by the Maratha demands.
5. The formation of the Maratha Confederacy and their ability to unite various Maratha
chiefs under a common cause allowed them to effectively challenge Mughal authority.
This confederacy posed a formidable threat to the Mughals.
6. The Mughal administration became increasingly inefficient and corrupt, unable to cope
with the challenges posed by the Marathas and other regional powers. Internal
weaknesses made it easier for external forces to exert influence.
7. The constant pressure from the Marathas, combined with internal strife and external
invasions, led to the disintegration of the Mughal Empire. By the mid-18th century, the
once-mighty empire had lost much of its territory and authority.
In conclusion the Marathas played a significant role in the decline of the Mughal Empire, it's
crucial to acknowledge that other factors, including external invasions, internal conflicts, and
economic challenges, also contributed to the overall decline of the Mughal dynasty. The decline
was a result of a complex interplay of various historical forces over an extended period
Q. 7. Why did the successors of Aurangzeb fail to prevent the decline of India? 7 marks
Ans: The successors of Aurangzeb faced a myriad of challenges that contributed to the decline
of the Mughal Empire in India. Several factors played a role in their inability to prevent this
decline:
1. The Mughals followed a system of primogeniture, where the eldest son inherited the
throne. However, the transition of power often led to succession wars among the
princes, creating internal strife. This weakened the stability of the empire and diverted
attention from external threats.
2. Many of Aurangzeb's successors lacked the strong leadership qualities and military
acumen that he possessed. Weak and indecisive rulers were unable to effectively
address the challenges posed by external invasions and internal dissent.
3. Continuous warfare, particularly Aurangzeb's campaigns in the Deccan, had depleted the
empire's financial resources. Economic mismanagement, corruption, and a decline in
revenue collection contributed to the economic deterioration of the empire. The
successors struggled to implement effective economic policies to address the financial
crisis. The successors of Aurangzeb faced a combination of internal and external
challenges, including weak succession practices, regional autonomy, financial
constraints, economic decline, external invasions, and social unrest. These factors
collectively contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire.
Q. 8. Arrival of British was the most important reason for the decline of the Mughal
Empire. Give reasons for your answer. 14 Marks
 Ans: The arrival and subsequent expansion of British influence in India played a pivotal role
in the decline of the Mughal Empire. While various factors contributed to the decline, the
British impact had profound and lasting consequences.
Firstly The British East India Company, through its economic policies and trade practices,
exploited the economic resources of the Mughal Empire. Unfair trade agreements,
imposition of heavy taxes, and the establishment of a monopolistic trade system
significantly weakened the Mughal economy.
Secondly The victories of the British East India Company in the Battle of Plassey and the
Battle of Buxar marked turning points. These battles resulted in the Company gaining control
over Bengal, Bihar, and parts of northern India. The British influence expanded rapidly,
diminishing the territorial extent of the Mughal Empire.
Thirdly The British took control of revenue collection systems and resources, effectively
sidelining the Mughal emperors. The Diwani rights granted to the British by the Mughals
allowed them to collect revenue in Bengal, further diminishing the financial autonomy of
the Mughal rulers.
Moreover The Doctrine of Lapse, introduced by the British, allowed them to annex princely
states if a ruler died without a male heir. This policy resulted in the annexation of several
territories, weakening the traditional political structure of India and undermining the
authority of the Mughal rulers.
Furthermore The Sepoy Mutiny, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857, marked a
significant uprising against British rule. The suppression of the rebellion led to the formal
end of the Mughal Empire, with Bahadur Shah II being exiled. The British Crown assumed
direct control over India.
Lastly The British, through their educational and administrative policies, contributed to the
erosion of traditional Indian culture and institutions. The promotion of Western education
and values undermined the cultural foundations that had supported the Mughal Empire.The
British possessed superior military technology and strategies. The Mughal military,
weakened by internal conflicts and external invasions, was ill-equipped to resist the
advancements of the British military.
In conclusion the arrival of the British and their subsequent economic, political, and military
actions had a profound and detrimental impact on the Mughal Empire. The economic
exploitation, political subjugation, cultural erosion, and military dominance of the British
significantly contributed to the decline and eventual dissolution of the Mughal Empire.
Q. 9. What was East India Company? 4 mark
Ans: The East India Company was a British trading company formed for the exploitation of trade
with East and Southeast Asia and India, incorporated by royal charter on December 31, 1600.
The primary objective of the East India Company was to engage in lucrative trade with the East,
including regions such as India, Southeast Asia, and China. The company initially focused on
importing spices, textiles, and other goods from the East. The East India Company played a
crucial role in the history of British colonialism, particularly in India. Its activities laid the
groundwork for the establishment of British rule in India, and the company's influence had far-
reaching economic, political, and social consequences in the regions where it operated.
Q. 10. Why did EIC wish to come to India? 7 Marks
Ans: The East India Company (EIC) sought to establish a presence in India for various economic,
trade, and geopolitical reasons. Here are key factors explaining why the EIC wished to come to
India:
1. India was known for its rich resources, including spices, textiles, indigo, saltpeter, and
other valuable commodities. The EIC saw immense economic potential in trading with
India and sought to tap into these lucrative markets. The EIC was granted a royal charter
by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600, which conferred upon it a monopoly on English trade with
the East Indies. This charter provided the EIC with exclusive rights to conduct trade in
the East, motivating the company to explore and establish a presence in India.
2. The EIC aimed to establish trading posts and factories along the coast of India to
facilitate the exchange of goods. Key locations such as Surat, Madras, and Calicut
became important centers for the EIC's trade operations. The allure of the immense
wealth and prosperity associated with the Indian subcontinent was a significant
motivating factor. The EIC envisioned tapping into the economic potential of India to
enhance its profits and contribute to the economic growth of England.
3. Spices were a major commodity in high demand in European markets. The EIC sought
control over the spice trade routes, particularly in the Indian Ocean, to secure a steady
supply of spices and establish a dominant position in the global spice trade.The
combination of economic opportunities, the quest for monopolistic advantages,
competition with European rivals, and strategic considerations drove the East India
Company to seek a foothold in India. The company's initial commercial ventures
eventually laid the foundation for British colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent.
Q. 11. Who was Robert Clive? 4 marks
Ans: Robert Clive was a British military officer and administrator who played a pivotal role in
the expansion of British influence in India during the 18th century. Robert Clive began his
career as a clerk in the British East India Company (EIC). However, his talents as a military
strategist became apparent during the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Clive's leadership and
military successes played a significant role in the expansion of the British Empire in India. His
actions paved the way for the establishment of British control over large parts of the Indian
subcontinent, setting the stage for subsequent British colonial rule. Robert Clive's
contributions to the British East India Company's military and political success in India had
lasting consequences, shaping the trajectory of British colonialism on the Indian
subcontinent.

Q. 12. What happened to Robert Clive? 4 marks

Ans: Robert Clive, also known as Clive of India, was a British military officer and colonial
administrator who played a significant role in the establishment and expansion of British
rule in India. One of the most pivotal moments in Clive's career was the Battle of Plassey in
1757. Clive, leading the British East India Company's forces, defeated the Nawab of Bengal,
 Siraj-ud-Daulah. After his service in India, Robert Clive returned to Britain. His accumulation
of wealth and allegations of corruption led to investigations in the British Parliament.
However, he was able to defend himself against the charges. Clive faced criticism for his
actions in India, but he continued to be involved in politics and held a seat in the House of
Commons. Unfortunately, Clive struggled with health issues and personal problems, and he
died by suicide in 1774 at the age of 49.
Q. 13. What happened in the Battle of Plassey 1757? 4 Marks
Ans: The Battle of Plassey, fought on June 23, 1757, was a significant engagement in the
context of British colonial expansion in India. Here are four key points about the Battle of
Plassey. The battle took place during the period of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763)
between Britain and France. Robert Clive formed alliances with disaffected elements within
the Nawab's court, including Mir Jafar, the commander-in-chief of the Nawab's army. The
battle itself was relatively short and marked by a controversial incident. During the conflict,
Mir Jafar and his forces, who had secretly allied with the British, withdrew from the
battlefield. This move significantly weakened the Nawab's army, and Clive's forces emerged
victorious. The British East India Company gained control over Bengal, initiating a period of
British dominance in the region. Mir Jafar was installed as the new Nawab, serving as a
puppet ruler under British influence. The Battle of Plassey is often considered a turning
point in Indian history.
Q. 14. What happened in the Battle of Buxar? 4 Marks
Ans: The Battle of Buxar, fought on October 22, 1764, was a significant conflict in the Indian
subcontinent during the period of British colonial expansion. The Battle of Buxar occurred as
a result of increasing tensions between the British East India Company and the combined
forces of the Mughal Empire, the Nawab of Oudh, and the Nawab of Bengal.. The battle took
place near the town of Buxar in present-day Bihar. The British forces, equipped with superior
military tactics and weaponry, decisively defeated the coalition forces. The victory at Buxar
consolidated British control over northern India. After the battle, the Treaty of Allahabad
was signed in 1765, which had significant repercussions for the political landscape of India.
Q.15. What was the Treaty of Allahabad 1765? 4 Marks
The Treaty of Allahabad was a direct result of the Battle of Buxar. The defeated Mughal
Emperor Shah Alam II, the Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula, and the Nawab of Bengal Mir
Qasim signed the treaty with the British East India Company. According to the terms of the
treaty, the British were granted the Diwani rights, which gave them the authority to collect
revenue and administer the civil justice system in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
This marked a significant step in the formalization of British control over major parts of
northern India.

Q. 16. Why was Act of Parliament 1773 passed? 7 marks/ 14 Marks

Ans: The Act of Parliament of 1773, officially known as the Regulating Act of 1773, was enacted
to address the issues and challenges faced by the British East India Company in its
administration of the Indian territories. Here are several key reasons why the Act of Parliament
of 1773 was passed:
 1. The British East India Company had expanded its influence in India, and by the mid-18th
century, it had become a significant political and economic power. However, there were
growing concerns in Britain about the company's mismanagement, corruption, and lack
of accountability. The Act aimed to establish parliamentary control over the East India
Company's affairs in India.
2. The Act of 1773 sought to bring about political and administrative stability in British-
controlled territories in India. It created a system of dual government, separating the
political and military functions from the commercial activities of the East India Company.
The act established a Governor-General of Bengal, who would have authority over the
company's employees and military forces.
3. The Act established a Supreme Court in Calcutta to address issues related to justice and
law enforcement. The court was intended to curb corruption and abuse of power by
company officials and provide a more just and impartial legal system.
4. The Act introduced measures to regulate the conduct of company officials, particularly in
their interactions with Indian rulers and the collection of revenue. It aimed to prevent
private trade by company employees, reduce corruption, and ensure fair and efficient
administration in the company's territories.
5. The Act recognized the importance of Indian affairs and attempted to regulate
interactions between the East India Company and Indian states. It sought to establish a
more formal and consistent approach to diplomatic and political relations with Indian
rulers.
6. The Act established a Council of Four, consisting of the Governor-General and three
members, to assist in decision-making and policy formulation. This council was intended
to act as a check on the powers of the Governor-General and ensure a more
collaborative approach to governance.
7. The Act of 1773 was, in part, a response to the political and military challenges faced by
the British in India, including the aftermath of the Battle of Buxar in 1764. It aimed to
provide a more stable and accountable system of governance to meet the complex and
evolving political situation in India.
In Conclusion, the Act of Parliament of 1773, or the Regulating Act, was passed to address
concerns about the mismanagement of the British East India Company, establish parliamentary
control, and create a more stable and accountable system of governance in British-controlled
territories in India. The provisions of the act had a lasting impact on the administrative and
political structure of British India.
Q. 17. What was Pitts Act 1784? 4 marks
Ans: Pitt's India Act of 1784, officially known as the East India Company Act 1784, was a
significant piece of legislation that aimed to reform the governance and administration of British
territories in India. Here are four key points about Pitt's India Act of 1784:

Pitt's India Act of 1784 was a significant reform in the governance of British territories in India. It
centralized power under the Governor-General, abolished the dual government structure, and
established a Board of Control to oversee and regulate the political and administrative decisions
made by the East India Company in India.
Q. 18. What were Anglo-Marathas War? 4 Marks
Ans: The Marathas were a powerful and influential empire in India during the 18th century. The
British East India Company, seeking to expand its territorial control, often came into conflict
with the Marathas over disputed regions and trade interests. These conflicts were part of the
broader dynamics of the Anglo-Maratha relations during the period of British colonial expansion
in India. The outcome of these wars significantly weakened the Maratha Empire
The First Anglo-Maratha War was primarily fought over territorial disputes in western India. The
conflict began with the Treaty of Surat in 1775, but hostilities escalated, leading to several
battles.
The Second Anglo-Maratha War was triggered by the British East India Company's expansionist
policies and the Marathas' internal conflicts. The British forces, led by the Governor-General
Lord Wellesley, achieved significant victories, leading to the Treaty of Bassein in 1802.
The Third Anglo-Maratha War was a result of the Peshwa's attempts to assert authority and
resist British influence. The conflict was marked by the decisive British victory at the Battle of
Koregaon.
Q. 19. Who was Tipu Sultan? 4 marks Question
Ans: Tipu Sultan, also known as the Tiger of Mysore, was a prominent ruler in South India during
the late 18th century. Tipu Sultan was born in 1751 in Devanahalli, in present-day Karnataka,
India. He was the eldest son of Sultan Hyder Ali, who was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore.
Tipu Sultan is renowned for his military prowess and played a significant role in the wars against
the British East India Company. He inherited a strong army from his father and continued to
modernize and strengthen it. Tipu Sultan died defending his capital, Srirangapatna, in 1799
during the final battle of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. Tipu Sultan is remembered for his
resistance against British imperialism in India and his efforts to modernize the military and
administration of the Kingdom of Mysore.
Q.20. Who was Titu Mir?4 mark Questions
Ans: Titu Mir, whose full name was Syed Mir Nisar Ali, was a notable religious and political
leader during the 19th century in Bengal, India. Here are four key points about Titu Mir. Titu Mir
was born in 1782 in Chandpur, which is now in Bangladesh. He came from a Muslim family and
was well-versed in Islamic studies. Titu Mir emerged as a leader during the Faraizi Movement.
The Faraizi Movement was a socio-religious movement led by Muslim leaders in Bengal. Titu
Mir's resistance against the British and local landlords led to confrontations. In 1831, he was
killed in a clash with British forces. He is remembered as a hero and symbol of resistance against
social and economic injustice during the colonial period.

Q. 21. Why is the work of Titu Mir important in History?

Ans: The work of Titu Mir holds historical significance for several reasons, reflecting his role as
a leader during the Faraizi Movement in Bengal.
1. Titu Mir played a crucial role in resisting the oppressive policies of the British East India
Company. He actively opposed the heavy taxes imposed on the local Muslim peasantry,
reflecting the broader economic exploitation faced by the rural population.One of Titu
 Mir's primary contributions was his advocacy for the rights and well-being of the rural
Muslim population.
2. Titu Mir's resistance against oppression and his willingness to confront the British forces
made him a symbol of resistance during the colonial period. His actions resonated with
those who were facing economic hardships and sought a leader to champion their
cause.
3. Titu Mir's ultimate sacrifice, as he was killed in a clash with British forces in 1831,
elevated his status as a martyr for the cause of justice and resistance against colonial
rule. His martyrdom added to the legacy of individuals who gave their lives in the
struggle for the rights of the oppressed. Titu Mir's work is important as it represents a
significant chapter in the history of Bengal, showcasing his leadership in the Faraizi
Movement.
Q. 22. Why were British Interested in India? 7 Mark question
Ans: The British interest in India during the colonial period can be attributed to a
combination of economic, strategic, and geopolitical factors.
1. India was known for its wealth, resources, and highly developed economic systems. The
British East India Company, initially established for trade, sought to exploit India's
lucrative markets for spices, textiles, and other goods. The desire for profit and trade
opportunities was a significant driver of British interest.
2. The East India Company, chartered in 1600, aimed to establish a monopoly on trade in
the Indian Ocean region. Over time, it became increasingly involved in Indian trade and
sought to control key ports and trade routes, allowing the British to dominate commerce
in the region.
3. The Industrial Revolution in Britain increased the demand for raw materials, and India
was seen as a valuable source for these resources. British industries required cotton, silk,
indigo, and other commodities that were abundant in India. The colonial relationship
facilitated the extraction of these resources for British manufacturing. The British
interest in India was multifaceted, encompassing economic exploitation, trade
opportunities, strategic considerations, military rivalries, and cultural notions of
superiority.
Q. 23. Why were the British interested in Sindh? 7 Mark Question
Ans: The British interest in Sindh, a region in present-day Pakistan, during the colonial period
was driven by a combination of strategic, economic, and geopolitical factors.

1. Sindh's geographical location made it strategically significant for the British. It served as
a gateway to the Indian subcontinent, providing access to the Arabian Sea and acting as
a key entry point for maritime trade. Control over Sindh facilitated British dominance in
the Indian Ocean and enhanced their overall strategic position in the region.
2. Sindh was situated along important trade routes, both land and sea. The Indus River,
which flows through Sindh, was historically a vital trade artery. The British sought to
control these trade routes to facilitate the movement of goods and enhance their
economic interests in the Indian subcontinent.
3. Sindh was agriculturally rich, with fertile lands along the banks of the Indus River. The
British were interested in exploiting the agricultural potential of the region, including the
cultivation of cash crops. The extraction of resources from Sindh contributed to the
economic benefits sought by the British. the British interest in Sindh was driven by a
confluence of strategic, economic, and geopolitical factors.
Q.24. What were Anglo-Sikh wars? 4 mark question
Ans: The Anglo-Sikh Wars were a series of conflicts fought between the Sikh Empire and the
British East India Company during the mid-19th century. The Sikh Empire, under the
leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, emerged as a powerful state in the early 19th century
in the Indian subcontinent, encompassing parts of present-day India and Pakistan. The First
Anglo-Sikh War began in 1845 when tensions escalated between the British East India
Company and the Sikh Empire over territorial disputes and the succession to the Sikh
throne.The Second Anglo-Sikh War erupted in 1848 due to continued tensions, discontent
among the Sikh nobility, and concerns over British interference in Sikh affairs. The war
concluded with the annexation of the Punjab region by the British in 1849. The last Sikh
Maharaja, Duleep Singh, was deposed, and the British established direct control over the
Sikh territories.
Q. 25. Who was Sir Mortimer Durand? 4 Mark Question
Ans: Sir Mortimer Durand was a British diplomat and civil servant who played a crucial role
in the early 20th century, particularly in shaping the boundary between British India and
Afghanistan. Here are four key points about Sir Mortimer Durand. Sir Mortimer Durand is
remembered for his role in negotiating the Durand Line Agreement, which had lasting
implications for the political and geographical landscape of the region, especially in relation
to the boundaries of Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Q. 26. What was Durand Line agreement? 4 mark question
Durand is most well-known for the Durand Line Agreement, which he negotiated and signed
in 1893 with the Afghan ruler, Amir Abdur Rahman Khan. The agreement defined the border
between British India and Afghanistan, creating what became known as the Durand Line.
This line later served as the boundary between Afghanistan and Pakistan after the latter
gained independence. The primary purpose of the Durand Line Agreement was to define a
clear boundary between British India and Afghanistan to address concerns about territorial
disputes and create a buffer zone to prevent Russian influence from spreading into British
India.
Q. 27. What was Doctrine of Lapse? 4 Marks Question
Ans: The Doctrine of Lapse was a policy implemented by the British East India Company in
India during the 19th century. The doctrine, introduced by Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-
General of India from 1848 to 1856, aimed to annex princely states that lacked a natural heir
or had an adopted heir, treating them as "lapsed" and bringing them under direct British
control. The Doctrine of Lapse was officially adopted in 1848. Here are key points about the
Doctrine of Lapse. Under traditional Indian customs and laws, many princely states followed
the practice of adopting heirs in cases where a ruler did not have a natural son to succeed
him. One notable example of the application of the Doctrine of Lapse was the annexation of
the state of Satara in 1848. Another significant case was the annexation of the state of Oudh
(Awadh) in 1856. The Doctrine of Lapse policy faced opposition and criticism, and it was
eventually abandoned in 1858 after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Q. 28. Why were the British able to expand their influence in the period of 1750-1850? 7
mark
Ans: The period from 1750 to 1850 marked a significant phase in British imperial expansion,
particularly in India. Several factors contributed to the British ability to expand their
influence during this time:
1. The British had a military advantage over many of their competitors. The development
of disciplined and well-trained armies, along with advancements in military technology,
gave the British a significant edge in conflicts with other European powers and local
rulers.
2. The British Royal Navy was one of the most powerful naval forces during this period.
Naval superiority allowed the British to control key sea routes, secure maritime trade,
and establish dominance in regions such as the Indian Ocean. The British were adept at
forming strategic alliances with local rulers who were willing to collaborate. This
diplomatic skill allowed the British to secure support and establish a foothold in various
regions
3. The British had an advantage in terms of technological advancements, particularly in
terms of military technology and industrial capabilities. The Industrial Revolution in
Britain provided the British with advanced weaponry, transport, and communication,
giving them a technological edge over their adversaries.
Q. 28. What was Charter Act of 1833? 4 mark
Ans: The Charter Act of 1833 was a significant piece of legislation passed by the British
Parliament, which had important implications for the governance of British India.
The most notable feature of the Charter Act of 1833 was the end of the East India
Company's monopoly on trade with India.
The Act established a central legislative council in India, which included both official and
non-official members. Non-official members were nominated by the Governor-General.
The Act introduced a new office, that of the Law Member, in the Governor-General's
Executive Council. This member was responsible for legal affairs.
The Charter Act of 1833 allowed Christian missionaries to enter India and engage in
educational and philanthropic activities. This marked a change from earlier policies that
were more restrictive regarding the activities of missionaries.
Q. 29. How did British expand their influence in India during 1750-1850? 14 Mark
Question
Ans? The period from 1750 to 1850 marked a significant phase in British imperial expansion,
particularly in India. Several factors contributed to the British ability to expand their
influence during this time:
Firstly, The British had a military advantage over many of their competitors. The
development of disciplined and well-trained armies, along with advancements in military
technology, gave the British a significant edge in conflicts with other European powers and
local rulers.
Secondly, The British Royal Navy was one of the most powerful naval forces during this
period. Naval superiority allowed the British to control key sea routes, secure maritime
trade, and establish dominance in regions such as the Indian Ocean.
Thirdly, The British East India Company played a pivotal role in expanding British influence in
India. Originally established for trade, the company gradually transformed into a political
and military power. It established trading posts, fortifications, and alliances, creating a
foundation for British control.
Furthermore, The British were adept at forming strategic alliances with local rulers who
were willing to collaborate. This diplomatic skill allowed the British to secure support and
establish a foothold in various regions. For example, alliances with Indian rulers like the
Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas were crucial in expanding British influence.
Moreover, India was characterized by political fragmentation, with numerous princely states
and regional powers. The British took advantage of this fragmentation, playing off rivalries
among local rulers and exploiting internal divisions to expand their influence.
Lastly, Policies like the Doctrine of Lapse, implemented by Lord Dalhousie, allowed the
British to annex princely states that lacked a natural heir or had an adopted heir,
contributing to the expansion of British territories in India.
In conclusion, we can say a combination of military strength, naval dominance, economic
interests, diplomatic maneuvers, technological advancements, administrative efficiency, and
strategic planning contributed to the British ability to expand their influence in the period
from 1750 to 1850. The ability to adapt to changing circumstances and take advantage of
opportunities played a crucial role in the success of British imperial expansion during this
time.
Q. 30. What was Suttee? 4 Mark Question
Ans: "Sati" or "suttee" was a historical practice in India in which a widow self-immolated or
was compelled to commit suicide by immolation on her husband's funeral pyre. This
practice was associated with certain cultural and religious beliefs prevalent in ancient and
medieval India. The term "sati" is derived from the Sanskrit word "satī," which means a
virtuous woman. Sati was believed by some to be a virtuous act that demonstrated the
devotion and loyalty of a wife to her deceased husband. The practice had roots in certain
Hindu religious texts, and it was associated with the notion of a woman's duty (dharma) to
her husband.
Q. 31. What were Christian Missionaries? 4 Mark Question
Ans: Christian missionaries were individuals or groups affiliated with Christian religious
organizations who were dedicated to spreading the teachings of Christianity, establishing
Christian communities, and engaging in various forms of social and educational work. Their
activities often involved evangelizing, providing humanitarian aid, and contributing to the
 education and well-being of communities. The primary goal of Christian missionaries was to
propagate the Christian faith. They sought to convert people to Christianity by sharing the
message of Jesus Christ and the principles of the Christian religion.

Q. 32. Role of Christian Missionaries was the most important factor that played the major
role in westernizes India. Give reasons for your answer. 14 Mark Question.
Ans: The role of Christian missionaries in the Westernization of India was significant, it is
crucial to acknowledge that Westernization in India was a complex and multifaceted process
influenced by various factors. While missionaries did contribute to certain aspects of
Westernization.
 Christian missionaries established schools and educational institutions in India, introducing
Western-style education. These institutions played a pivotal role in disseminating Western
knowledge, sciences, and literature. The curriculum often included subjects that reflected
Western perspectives.
 Christian missionaries promoted certain Western values, such as individualism, equality, and
humanitarian principles. These values were often embedded in the educational and social
work carried out by missionaries.
 Missionaries played a role in the development and promotion of Western languages,
particularly English. The English language became a medium of instruction in many
missionary schools, and its spread contributed to the integration of Indians into the global
Anglophone world.
 Missionaries were involved in healthcare initiatives, establishing hospitals and clinics that
provided Western medical practices. The introduction of Western medicine contributed to
changes in healthcare practices in India.
 The presence of missionaries facilitated cultural exchange between the Western and Indian
societies. This exchange influenced aspects of daily life, including clothing, dietary habits,
and social customs.
 Missionary efforts sometimes focused on women's education and empowerment. Initiatives
such as schools for girls aimed at challenging traditional gender roles and promoting aspects
of Western notions of gender equality and women's rights.
 Missionaries often worked against certain social practices considered oppressive or
regressive, such as caste discrimination and the practice of sati. Their efforts in social reform
reflected Western ideals of human rights and social justice.
While Christian missionaries played a role in these aspects of Westernization, it is essential
to recognize that Westernization in India was not solely driven by missionary activities.
Other factors, such as British colonial rule, the introduction of railways, the development of
a modern legal system, and the influence of Western literature and philosophy, also
contributed significantly to the Westernization process. Additionally, not all missionary
activities were aimed at Westernization; some were undertaken with a genuine desire to
address social issues and provide education and healthcare.
 Q. 33. How Successful was Indian Resistance to take control of India during 1750-1850? 14
Mark Question
Ans: The period from 1750 to 1850 was marked by significant changes in the political
landscape of India due to the expansion of European colonial powers, primarily the British
East India Company. Indian resistance to foreign control during this time was diverse and
complex, involving various regions, rulers, and movements.
 Firstly, Resistance efforts varied across different regions of India. In some areas, local rulers
and communities fiercely resisted foreign control, while in other regions, there was
accommodation or collaboration with the European powers.
 Secondly, In the mid-18th century, Indian powers were successful in resisting foreign control
in certain conflicts. For example, the Marathas and the Mysore kingdom, under leaders like
Hyder Ali and later Tipu Sultan, put up significant resistance against the British in the Anglo-
Maratha Wars and the Anglo-Mysore Wars, respectively.
 Thirdly, The Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 witnessed the Marathas facing a defeat against
the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Durrani. Although this event was not directly related to
European colonialism, it had an impact on the balance of power in India.
 Moreover, The Marathas, despite initial successes, ultimately faced defeats in the Anglo-
Maratha Wars, leading to the gradual erosion of Maratha power and the expansion of
British influence.
 Furthermore, The Anglo-Mysore Wars saw significant resistance from Hyder Ali and Tipu
Sultan. However, the British ultimately prevailed, and the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-
1799) resulted in the death of Tipu Sultan and the annexation of the Mysore kingdom.
 Lastly, The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of
Indian Independence, was a major uprising against British rule. While it initially had
widespread support and achieved some early successes, the rebellion ultimately faced
suppression by the British, leading to significant consequences for India.
In conclusion, while Indian resistance during the period from 1750 to 1850 saw some
notable successes in individual conflicts, the overall trend was the expansion of British
influence and control. The variety of responses across different regions and the eventual
success of the British in consolidating power contributed to the significant changes in India's
political landscape during this time. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 marked a turning point,
leading to the formal transfer of power from the East India Company to the British Crown
and the beginning of direct British rule over India.

Q. 34. Explain how Titu Mir protected the interests of Muslim farmers in the
subcontinent in the early nineteenth century? 7 Mark Question/ 14 Mark Question

Ans: Titu Mir, whose full name was Syed Mir Nisar Ali, was a prominent leader and a key
figure in protecting the interests of Muslim farmers in the subcontinent during the early
nineteenth century. He played a significant role in the context of the Faraizi Movement
Firstly, Titu Mir led the Faraizis in resisting the oppressive land revenue policies of the British
East India Company. The British administration imposed heavy taxes on the farmers, leading
to widespread economic hardships. Titu Mir mobilized the Muslim farming community to
protest against these unjust land revenue demands.

Secondly, The British had introduced the Zamindari system, which involved intermediaries
(Zamindars) collecting land revenue on behalf of the British. This system often led to
exploitation and oppression of the peasants. Titu Mir opposed the Zamindari system and
called for a fair and just land revenue system that would benefit the farmers directly.

Thirdly, Titu Mir was not only concerned with economic issues but also with preserving the
religious and cultural identity of the Muslim community. He resisted attempts by the British
to interfere with Islamic customs and practices. His movement aimed at safeguarding the
rights of Muslims to follow their religious traditions without external interference.

Moreover, Titu Mir advocated for social and educational reforms within the Muslim
community. He emphasized the importance of education and sought to uplift the socio-
economic status of the Muslim peasantry. By doing so, he aimed to empower the community
to face the challenges posed by the British colonial rule.

Furthermore, Titu Mir was known for his ability to organize and mobilize the masses. He led
several mass movements and uprisings against the oppressive policies of the British
administration. His charismatic leadership and ability to rally people around a common
cause made him a symbol of resistance against injustice.

Additionally, Titu Mir worked towards fostering unity among Muslim farmers. He aimed to
create a sense of solidarity among the farming community, transcending regional and social
divisions. This unity was crucial in the face of challenges posed by the British authorities.

In Conclusion, Titu Mir's actions and leadership made him a symbol of resistance against
colonial oppression. His movement inspired other leaders and communities to stand up
against exploitation and injustice. While Titu Mir's efforts did not result in long-term
systemic changes during his lifetime, his role in the Faraizi Movement laid the groundwork
for later movements advocating for the rights and interests of farmers in the subcontinent.