Life and Works of Rizal - Prelim Module. S.Y. 2022 2023

The Life, Works,
and Writings of
Jose Rizal
A Course Module for Students
Burauen Community College
For Internal Use Only
ii
The Life, Works, and
Writings of Jose Rizal
Written and Designed by

Burauen, Leyte
localcollegebcc@gmail.com
Prepared by
Abegail Marie A. Endiape
abegailmarie.endiape@gmail.com
Mary Sol A. Catan

msolcatan@gmail.com
ii
BCC VISION
Burauen Community College shall emerge as the
premier local public educational institution in
Eastern Visayas which is responsive to the needs of
the community, and develops students to meet the
economic, social, and environmental challenges as
active participants in shaping the world of the future.
BCC MISSION
Burauen Community College offers holistic, and
outcomes-based experiential learning to develop the
youth to be responsible individuals with integrity and
service as agents of equality. It will serve as a venue
for the development of individuals in the areas of
academics, research, community extension, and
innovative technology.
ii
The Life, Works, and Writings of Jose Rizal:
© 2021
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission
of the institution.
This module contains information obtained from highly regarded resources. A wide
variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable
data and information, but the institution cannot assume responsibility for the legality
of all materials or the consequences of their use. The institution has attempted to trace
the copyright holders of all material in this module and express regret to copyright
holders if permission to publish has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged, let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Registered
trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and
identification without intent to infringe.
For students who want to purchase additional copies of this module, you may
send your request to locallcollegebcc@gmail.com or you may visit the institution
for an in-person request.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Copyright Section i
Vision and Mission ii
Table of Contents v
Course Outline vi
Preface vii
PRELIMINARY PERIOD
Prelim
Module 1 Introduction to the Study of Jose Rizal’s Life 9
Topic 1 A. Rizal Law and the Teaching of Rizal Course 12

Topic 2 B. Rizal as a Symbol 16
Topic 3 C. Rizal’s Birth and Genealogy 16
Module 2.1 Rizal and His Education 30
Topic 1 A. Biñan: Hometown Education 33

Topic 2 B. Ateneo Municipal de Manila 34
Topic 3 C. Universidad de Santo Tomas 37
Topic 4 D. Universidad Central de Madrid 39
Module 2.2H Criteria for Recognizing Heroes 44
Topic 1 A. Three Paradoxes of Heroism 47

Learning Assessment
References
v
COURSE OUTLINE
The Life, Works, and Writings of Jose Rizal
PRELIMS
I: Introduction to the Study of Jose Rizal’s Life
A. Rizal Law and the Teaching of Rizal Course

B. Rizal as a Symbol
C. Rizal’s Birth and Genealogy
II: A. Rizal and His Education
A. Biñan: Hometown Education

B. Ateneo Municipal de Manila
C. Universidad de Santo Tomas
D. Universidad Central de Madrid
B. Criteria for Recognizing Heroes

A. Three Paradoxes of Heroism
MIDTERMS
III. Rizal’s Life Abroad

A. Rizal’s First Trip
B. Rizal’s Second Trip
III. Rizal’s Intellectual Legacies

A. Rizal’s Intellectual Legacy in Selected Poems
B. Rizal’s Intellectual Legacy in Selected Novels
FINALS
V: Rizal and His Death

A. Rizal’s Exile in Dapitan
B. Rizal’s Trial and Execution
VI: Rizal and His Ideas and Philosophies

A. Rizal’s Moral Legacies for our Daily Life
v
Module 1 Preface
Introduction to the Study of Jose Rizal’s Life
Hey, are you ready? We are going to get to know more about our
National Hero!
Why study this subject? Are you one of those many students who
questions the purpose of studying Rizal? Like it’s enough for you to
know him as our national hero and that’s all?
It is of great importance that you understand the rationale behind having

to take up this subject. We all know that Rizal’s contribution to our country is
priceless. We, the youth, know only the little background of his lives and works
and we are already moved, what about if we dig deeper into this? Of course,
we will learn many lessons and inspirations with his works. The principle of pen
is mightier than the sword.
The wounds made by verbal weapons won’t be healed easily and creates
more damage to the personality of the tyrant Spaniards that is why he is
haunted by them. If all of the youth also inherit this kind of concern and
patriotism for the country, for sure we will have a nonstop cycle of dignified
youths.
As mandated by R.A. 1425, the course will discuss Rizal’s life and works
that presents a new perspective on Rizal’s true worth to the Philippines as the
exponent of its national identity, as a conscientious builder of the Filipino
nation with a clear vision of its aspirations and steady devotion to its ideals
and as a champion of the right of the Filipinos to live a life of their own in larger
freedom. As mandated by Commission on Higher Education students must be
introduced to the historical elements or narratives surrounding the birth of his
thoughts, ideals, and beliefs. The works of Rizal will elucidate a wider horizon
towards a new dimension for Rizal’s role as a citizen of the world. The topics
you will be learning from this module aim to deepen and strengthen the
student’s sense of nationalism by making them fully realize their worth as a
Filipino in the present society which puts you in immediate touch with hero’s
thoughts and examples that have universal applicability and validity.
As BCCinians and a Filipino, your final project for this course is to make
an investigative report on the relevance of the heroism of Dr. Jose Rizal in the
lives of Generation Z students. Your output must contain the rich learning of
Rizal’s life and works as discussed in the module as well as highlighting the
significant events in the light of the socio-political conditions of the time which
led to an enlightened, dynamic, and progressive
7 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

Module 1 Introduction to the Study of Jose Rizal’s Life
leadership, the principles, and ideals for which he lived and died, the drive and
discipline of Rizal in building the Filipino nation, the thoughts, teachings, and
legacies of the martyr which continue to influence not only the ongoing
revolution but also their relevance in our daily life, and the qualities, behavior,
and character of Rizal worthwhile imitating.
I know you are now ready! Let’s go!
Bon voyage!

PART I: PRELIMINARY
Introduction to the Study of
Jose Rizal’s Life

1
Rizal Law and the Teaching of
Rizal Course
CONTENTS
1.1 Rizal Law and the
Teaching of Rizal Course
1.2 Rizal as a Symbol
1.3 Rizal’s Birth and
Genealogy
OUTCOME
LO1.
Trace and determine the
roles of the edu-familial
background of Rizal and
related legislative law.
OBJECTIVES
1. Appreciate and articulate
the significance of Life and
Works of Rizal as an
academic subject through
drills and recitations.
2. Demonstrate an under-
standing of Rizal Law and
If you
be able explain the his-
tory of the Rizal Law and have ever wondered why we need to
its important provisions discuss and revisit the life of your Lolo, Jose Rizal
through reflective tests,
drills and document that is because of some certain laws that require
comparative analysis. it mandatorily and not just for the sole reason
that he is popularly known as our national hero.
3. Critically assess the
No matter how uninteresting for you it may seem,
effectiveness of the Rizal
Course through a debate. there is a need for you to understand the
rationale in studying this course and a learner like
you must appreciate it. The mandatory teaching
of Jose Rizal’s with the emphasis on his landmark
novels is inscribed in legislation. Republic No.
1425, more popularly known as the Rizal Law,
was passed in 1956 leaving a colorful narrative of
debate and contestation.

ACTIVITY
Instructions: Explain the significance of the following to the life of the

Filipinos today:
(Note: Choose one (1) and explain it in 5-10 sentences. Write your answer
on the space provided in this module (Fly Leaf))
1. One Peso Coin
2. Monument of Rizal
3. Celebration of the Death of Rizal
ANALYSIS
1. What relevance does Rizal have in college education?
2. What is the importance of studying Rizal?

COURSE DIRECT INSTRUCTION passage. As the influence of the

church was felt with members of the
As an introduction to the life Senate voicing their opposition to
and works of Jose Rizal, this module the bill, its main author, Claro M.
will begin with the reading of the Recto, and his allies in the Senate
Rizal Law. Primarily, its rationale is entered into a fierce battle arguing
to foster in the Filipino youth a for the passage of SB 438. Debates
nationalistic sentiment both for started on April 23, 1956.
their appreciation and emulation. The debates on the Rizal Bill
As written in the book of also ensued in the House of
Garcia et al (2018), Republic Act Representatives. After some
1425, otherwise known as the Rizal amendments and much scrutiny
Law, mandates the teaching of the and the fierce battle of debates, on
life, works, and writings of Rizal in May 17, 1956, the Senate and
all schools in the country. According House versions were approved. And
to the late Senator Jose P. Laurel, the approved versions were then
who sponsored the said law, since transmitted to Malacaňang and on
Rizal was the founder of Filipino June 12, 1956, President
nationality and the architect of the Magsaysay signed the bill into law
Filipino nation, there is a need to which became Republic Act No.
know and imbibe the great ideals 1425.
and principles for which he died. Debates for the bill in aid of
Moreover, Laurel believed that by legislation ensued next, even
reading and studying Rizal’s life, though not smooth sailing.
teachings, and writings, Filipino Opponents, mostly rabid Catholic
senators, contended that the
youth will be able to gain
proposed bill was too controversial.
incorruptible confidence, direction, Their arguments as cited by Crudo
courage, and determination to et al (2019) were as follows:
move forward in our people’s 1. The bill was an attempt to
journey towards an abundant life. discredit the Catholic religion.
Further, in the book of Obias 2. Against or inimical to the
et al. (2018), the context of Rizal tenets of the faith to which
170 lines in Noli Me Tangere
bill to the Rizal Law goes this way,
and 50 lines in El
on April 3, 1956, Senate Bill No. 438 Filibusterismo were offensive
was filed by the Senate Committee to the Church doctrine.
on Education Chair Jose P. Laurel 3. The bill might divide the
sponsored the bill and began nation.
delivering speeches for the 4. Compulsion to read
proposed legislation. Soon after the something against one’s faith
impaired freedom of speech
bill became controversial as the
and religious freedom.
powerful Catholic Church began to The heated exchange
express opposition against its continued as part of the democratic

process. Opposition to the bill favour of the worthy

Senator Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo ones, like the
stood up and delivered his speech: Dominican friar, Padre
A vast majority Fernandez, and the
of our people are at virtuous native priest,
the same time Padre Florentino, and
Catholics and Filipino the Jesuits in general
citizens. As such, they (Laurel, Jr., 132-133).
have two great loves: As enumerated by Solmerano
their country and their et al. (2017), from the policy
faith. These two loves statements of the Rizal Law enacted
are no conflicting
in 1956, it is evident that the
loved. They are
harmonious affections, teaching of the life, works, and
like the love of a child writings of our national hero seek to
for his mother. This is accomplish the following objectives:
the basis of my stand.
Let us not create a 1. To rededicate the lives of the
conflict between youth to the ideals of freedom and
nationalism and nationalism, for which our heroes
religion; the lived and died.
government and the 2. To pay tribute to our national
church (Laurel, Jr., hero for devoting his life and
132). works in shaping the Filipino
Vehemently, refuting the character;
arguments of the opposition, 3. To gain an inspiring source of
Senator Claro M. Recto exclaimed patriotism thru the study of Rizal’s
that the novels have no intentions life, works, and writings.
of discrediting the Church. More so,
he said that the bill only aims to The teaching of Rizal Course in
contextualize Rizal’s heroism in the higher education institutions in our
face of Spanish tyranny. He then country today is anchored on the
uttered these words: patriotic policy statements of Rizal
Rizal did not Law and patriotic set by the Board
pretend to teach on National Education (Solmerano
religion or theology et al., 2017). These goals are as
when he wrote those follows:
books, he aimed at 1. To recognize the relevance of
inculcating civic Rizal’s ideals, thoughts,
consciousness in the teachings, and life values to
Filipinos, national present conditions in the
dignity, personal pride, community;
and patriotism… but 2. To apply Rizal’s ideas in the
while he criticized and solution of day-to-day situations
ridiculed the unworthy and problems in contemporary
behaviour of certain life;
ministers of the church, 3. To develop an understanding
he made exceptions in and appreciation of the qualities,

behavior, and character of Rizal; Enforcing strict compliance to

and Memorandum Order No. 247.
4. To foster the development of Through the mandate of
moral character, personal State vested upon the Rizal Law,
discipline, citizenship, and the youth became empowered to
vocational efficiency among the generate new ideas that can change
Filipino youth. and improve society.
There are at least two Is Dr. Jose Rizal worthy to be

Republic Acts and Two known as our National hero?
Memorandum Orders about Jose Before digging deeper into
Rizal. The copy of these Rizal laws the personal life of Rizal, I would
is taken from the book of Solmerano like to assume that some of you ask
et al. (2017), Obias et al. (2018), why out of all heroes we have
De Viana et al. (2018), and Jose throughout Philippine history, Rizal
Rizal University (2004). was the one chosen. Is he worth the
title? Well, it was said that Rizal, is
a true Filipino hero and among the
1. Republic Act 1425 country’s national hero he stands
An act to include in the out. But actually, Rizal is only one
curricula of all public and private of the country’s national heroes who
schools, Colleges and Universities include Andres Bonifacio, Emilio
courses on the LifeWorks and Jacinto, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and
Writings of JOSE RIZAL, particularly more.
his novels NOLI ME TANGERE and In the article of Bernus and
EL FILIBUSTERISMO, Authorizing Hermoso (n.d.) entitled “Unveiling
the Printing and Distribution Rizal” a chapter of their online
Thereof, and for Other Purposes. article talks about why Rizal is our
2. Republic Act 229 national hero. It discussed that a
An act to prohibit hero symbolizes goodness. Rizal
cockfighting, horse racing, and jai- gave us freedom by using
alai on the thirtieth day of goodness. Jose Rizal became the
December of each year and to Philippine national hero because he
create a committee to take charge fought for freedom in a silent but
of the proper celebration of Rizal powerful way. He expressed his love
day in every municipality and for the Philippines through his
chartered city, and for other novels, essays, and articles rather
purposes. than through the use of force or
3. Memorandum Order No. 247 aggression. He used his
Directing the Secretary of intelligence, talents, and skills in a
Education, Culture, and Sports and more peaceful way of attaining
the Chairman of the Commission on freedom. Since Filipinos love peace,
Higher Education to fully implement they have chosen to magnify a man
Republic Act No. 1425. of peace above men of war.
4. CHED Memorandum No. 3, s.
1995
Note that Rizal is an American- non-violence reform in the
sponsored hero: he opted for a government. Instead, he used his

writings to open the eyes of the exhibit self-denial and abandon his
Filipinos. He dedicated his life to his interests to place those of his
countrymen without hesitation. country before any other, and
Moreover, the Americans decided whose deeds and actions are
for him to be a national hero at their proudly emulated or imitated by a
time in the country and it was said grateful people that, after his death,
that the American Civil Governor render him singular tribute, honor
William Howard Taft, chose Jose him with public worship, and
Rizal to be the national hero as acknowledge his meritorious
a strategy. Rizal didn't want a services to mankind by
bloody revolution in his time. So, spontaneous national recognition.”
they wanted him to be a "good Moreover, criteria specified,
example" to the Filipinos so that the (3) “a hero must exercise a
people will not revolt against the determinative influence over the
Americans. spiritual life of his people in an
The criteria for heroes based event of great significance.” It
on the book of De Viana et al. further says that to qualify for the
(2018) deliberated that the distinction of a national hero, (4)
“National Historical Institute (NHI; “one must project himself by his
presently the National Historical fortitude effort, and sacrifices to be
Commission of the Philippines), the the beacon light of his oppressed
country’s agency in charge of countrymen to their rightful
historical matters, prescribes the destiny.”
passage of 50 years before a The book of Crudo et al.
person is confirmed a hero. (2019) emphasizes that people tend
The NHI also laid down the to misconstrue the title “hero” as an
definition of a hero. According to award given to dead people. Doing
their definition, (1) a hero is defined great things is likewise
as “an admirable leader towering misinterpreted as something only
over his peers, who is serving a heroes, like Rizal, can achieve.
noble cause, possessing exceptional Worse, as the popular Filipino adage
talent, distinguished valor and/or “Mahirap magpakabayani. Ang
hold enterprise, exercising a bayani ay binabaril sa Luneta”
determinative influence over the implies, people become
spiritual life of his people in a individualistic, devoid of care for
particularly remarkable event.” others. Such views, unfortunately,
The criteria also mentioned hinder their sights on the various
that (2) “the hero must, during the possibilities they can do for the
extreme stress and difficulties, country.
project himself by his fortitguts, by In the lesson discussion by
his sacrifices to be the inspiration of Crudo et al. (2019) they
his countrymen in leading them to comprehensively explained the
their rightful destiny. He must
concept of hero in Filipino Culture and History. One may notice the

limited approach in the definition of fortitude in suffering, who is

the word “hero” in traditional supposed to be exalted or praised
western dictionaries. Hero is after death. Being an extraordinary
normally defined here as an person and individualistic is
illustrious man, often of divine apparent. This may be seen in the
descent, or with distinguished valor synonym of heroin Microsoft word—
or enterprise in danger, and “Superman.”
Calamba, Laguna, near midnight
1.2 Rizal as a Symbol of June 19, 1861. It was a few
nights before a full moon. He was
As a lesson introduction the seventh of the eleven children
given by Crudo et al., it discussed of Francisco Mercado Rizal and
that the readers of Rizal are said to Teodora Alonso Realonda.
be more powerful than Rizal Three days after his birth,
himself. He lived and died in the Rizal was baptized at the Catholic
past, but readers make him exist. church of Calamba by Father Rufino
Readers can manipulate his image Collantes, the parish priest. His
depending on a specific agenda. The ninong (godfather) was Father
proliferation of ideas had indeed Pedro Casaňas, a Catholic priest
generated a “kanya-kanyang Rizal.” and friend of the family.
This part of the module will focus on Following the old Filipino
the symbolic Rizal which in reality is custom, Doňa Teodora named her
the kind of Rizal we see in our daily newborn baby Jose in honor of San
lives. Jose (St. Joseph, father of Christ).
We may not notice it, but She almost died while giving birth to
ever since we were born, Rizal has Jose because of his big head. Jose’s
already been with us. It is normal head was bigger than that of a
that we first encounter Rizal not in normal baby.
schools but instead in other venues The unusually big head of
outside the academic life. This is Rizal was considered to be a good
Rizal as a social construct, the hero. omen. It showed great promise of
The symbolic Rizal is the “second” the boy for wisdom. Father
Rizal. He is the kind of Rizal we have Collantes, who baptized Rizal, was
today. He is the Rizal in Luneta, the highly impressed by it. After the
Rizal in the one-peso coin, the Rizal christening ceremony, he gave
in postage stamps, the Rizal as prophetic remarks: “Take good care
Tagalog Christ, the Rizal as an icon of the child. He will be a great man
of Rock, the Rizal in t-shirts, and the someday; and highly cultured. But
list go on. This kind of Rizal has be careful about his head. See to it
indeed become a text open to many that it is not hurt. In the future that
meanings. head will be his greatest asset.”
1.3 Rizal’s Birth and The Parents of Rizal

Genealogy Based on Zaide (1995) Rizal’s
Here is the birth of the genius parents were not a genius like him.
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y But they were diligent and
Alonso Realonda as noted down by educated, for they had studied in
Zaide (1995) Jose Rizal was born in
the colleges of Manila during their

younger years.
Source: Google “A portrait of Doňa Teodora

Alonso Realonda, mother of Jose Rizal” [Image]
Teodora Alonso Realonda,

Source: Google “A portrait of Don Francisco
Rizal’s mother, was an intelligent
Mercado Rizal, father of Jose Rizal” [Image]
woman with great business ability.
She was born in Manila on
Francisco Mercado Rizal, November 8, 1826. She died in
father of Rizal, was an honest, hard- Manila on August 16, 1911, at the
working, thrifty and a prosperous age of 85. She was a graduate of
farmer of Calamba. He was born in Santa Rosa College, Manila. From
Biňan, Laguna, on May 11, 1818. He her, Rizal inherited his love for
died in Manila on January 5, 1898, books and talent for literature.
at the age of 80. In early manhood, Speaking of her, Rizal said with
he moved to Calamba and engaged affectionate pride:
in farming. Don Francisco had gone “My mother is more than
to Colegio de San Jose in Manila and a woman of ordinary
read both in Latin and in Spanish. culture; she knows
On June 28, 1848, he married literature and speaks
Teodora Alonso Realonda, a Manila Spanish better than I. She
girl who was then living in Calamba. even corrected my poems
He was quiet, brave, and and gave me wise advice
independent-minded. From him, when I was studying
Rizal inherited his quiet nature, rhetoric. She is a
frugality, and love of freedom. “He mathematician and has
was,” said Rizal, “a model of read many books.
fathers.” Without her what
would have become of my
education and what would

have been my fate? Oh, name. Thus, when his mother

yes! After God the mother Teodora was baptized, the name
is everything to man.” Realonda (her godmother’s), was
added to her name, and later to
The Name “Rizal” Rizal’s.” Rizal himself gave, in a
The original surname of letter to Blumentritt, the complete
Rizal’s family was Mercado. It was name of his mother: Teodora Alonso
adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lam- Quintos Realonda.
co, Rizal’s great-great-grandfather. As regards the family name,
Domingo Lam-Co, the great-great- this was a matter of selection, in
grandfather of Jose Rizal, decided to conformity with the other in force
use Mercado as his surname in 1731 about the middle of the 19th
to match his profession, being a century, to the effect that the
merchant (commercial dealer or natives choose the family name
businessman). Moreover, they wished from a list provided for
“mercado” means market. this purpose. Rizal’s father,
In 1849 Governor Claveria’s decree however, ignored these orders and
arrived in Calamba. It ordered all re-applied for the name Rizal. The
Filipino families to adopt new family petition was rejected by the Spanish
names from a list of Spanish authorities, but despite this, the
surnames. Francisco Mercado Mercado family used the name Rizal
(Rizal’s father) looked at the list and as a second family name. Jose was
did not like any of the Spanish the first to use the family name
surnames in it. He adopted a new “Rizal” in 1872 when he went to
family name of his own choice. It Manila to enroll at the Ateneo
was Rizal, which means “green Municipal, directed by the Jesuits.
field.” He considered it an There was a good reason for the
appropriate surname for his family change. Only six months had
because he was a farmer. Thus, elapsed since the Cavite Mutiny of
Francisco Mercado became 1872. This event was to have a
Francisco Mercado Rizal. profound effect on the ideological
More specifically in the book genesis of Jose, even though he was
of Fernandez (1980), the first thing only 11 years old at the time. His
which calls the attention of the alert brother Paciano had contacts with
reader is the fact that the family Father Burgos, who was executed
name of Rizal’s parents does not as a consequence of the uprisings.
coincide with his own, as inscribed The name Mercado thus became
in his birth certificate. This can be subject to suspicion. Hence, the
explained as follows: The name adoption of Rizal as the first family
Rizal’s mother was Teodora Alonso name.
Quintos, and according to some
notes of Rizal’s brother Paciano
“The birth certificate of Jose bears Rizal’s Brother and Sisters
the name Realonda because there Rizal had one brother (older
was a time when many Filipinos had than he) and nine sisters. All the
the custom of adding the name of Rizal children in the order of their
the godmother (ninang) or ages were as follows:
godfather (ninong) to the child’s

1. Saturnina (1850-1913) – eldest married Pantaleon Quintero of

of the Rizal children, with Neneng Calamba.
as pet name; she married Manuel
T. Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas.
2. Paciano (1851-1930) – older
brother of Jose Rizal who later
joined the Revolution against
Spain and became a general; he
died a bachelor.
3. Narcisa (1852-1939) – her pet
name was Sisa; she married
Antonino Lopez, a school teacher of
Morong Rizal.
4. Olimpia (1855-1887) – Ypia
was her pet name; she married
Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph
operator from Manila.
Source: Google “Photos of Jose Rizal’s family (Parents
5. Lucia (1857-1919) – she
and Siblings). Note that Concepcion is not included since
married Mariano Herbosa of she died at the age of three.” [Image]
Manila.
6. Maria (1859-1945) her pet The Rizal Home
name was Biang; she married
Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biňan.
7. Jose (1861-1896) – our
greatest genius and hero; he
married Josephine Bracken, a
pretty Irish girl from Hong Kong;
his pet name was Pepe.
8. Concepcion (1862-1865) – she
died at the age of three. Also
called Concha. When Concha died
of sickness in 1865, Jose
mournfully wept at losing her. He
later wrote in his memoir, “When Source: Google “A photograph of Calamba Rizal Shrine”
I was four years old, I lost my [Image]
little sister Concha, and then for
the first time I shed tears caused As described by Palma
by love and grief.” (1949), Calamba is an enchanting
9. Josefa (1865-1945) – her pet town. It is situated, as if enclosed in
name was Panggoy. She died an a valley, between Laguna de Bay
old maid. and Mt. Makiling. The town is
10. Trinidad (1868-1951) – panoramic with its landscape as if
Trining was her pet name. She also nature has lavished this town with
died an old maid. all its tenderest caresses.
11. Soledad (1870-1929) – Calamba at the time of Rizal’s
youngest of the Rizal children; birth was an agricultural (Romero et
her pet name was Choleng; she al, 1978). The town was virtually
owned by Dominican friars. As a

friar estate, Calamba became a behave well, to love God, to be

prosperous town due to its obedient, and to be polite to others.
specialization in the production of Every day, the Rizal family
sugar. Life was filled with hardships prayed to the Angelus at sunset and
on the part of the people who were the Rosary before retiring to bed at
just tenants in the Dominican night. After the family prayers, the
hacienda. Despite the cruelties children kissed the hands of their
suffered by the tenants, their life parents. The Rizal children were
was far better than in other towns disciplined children.
in Laguna during those times.
In the book of Zaide (1995) it Early days and Influences
was described that the Rizal family Rizal spent a happy childhood
was one of the richest and most in the town of Calamba by the shore
distinguished families in Calamba. of Laguna de Bay. As early as when
By honest and hard work, Rizal’s he was three years old, he played
parents acquired wealth. Because of every day at the family garden with
their wealth, they were able to build his aya (a term for yaya before,
a large stone house, own a beautiful which means nurse-maid) and
carruaje (a family vehicle pulled by brother playing among fruit trees
a horse or horses), and educate and listened to their songs. At night
their children in the colleges of when the moon was bright, he loved
Manila. to go to the azotea to watch the
The Rizal house in Calamba beautiful moon and to feel the cool
was one of the biggest in town. It breezes coming from Laguna de
was made of stone and hardwood Bay. He listened with childish
with a roof of red tiles. Behind the delight to the fairy tales and legends
house was a romantic azotea (an narrated by his aya. Rizal’s first
open-air balcony at the back of the sorrow was caused by the death of
house) which overlooked a large his younger sister, Concepcion, in
garden. In the garden were many 1865. She was then only three
flowering plants and fruit trees. years old and Rizal was four years
There were many rooms in old. “For the first time,” Rizal wrote
the Rizal home for the family who many years later became a wise
had eleven children. The best room parish priest. When Rizal grew
was the sala (living room) where older, his father gave him a horse.
prominent (well-known) guests He learned how to ride. Like any
such as the Spanish friars, officers teenage boy, he loved horse riding.
of the Guardia civil (is a term during He also enjoyed wandering on foot
Spanish time which means on fields and along the shore of
constabulary or the military-style Laguna de Bay. In all his
police force) today. wanderings, either on horseback or
on foot, he was accompanied by his
Family life of the Rizals dog. To give you a summary of his
As detailed by Zaide (1995), early childhood and influences on
the Rizal family had a simple, education, here are some key points
contented, and happy life. Rizal’s and highlights to be noted taken
parents were strict and religious. from the book of De Viana et al.
They trained their children to (2018):

1. Uncle Gregorio taught him Changchow, who arrived in Manila

the value of hard work, in about 1690. He became a
thinking for himself, and Christian, married a well-to-do
observing his surroundings Chinese Christian Girl of Manila
keenly. named Ines de la Rosa, and
2. Uncle Jose encouraged him assumed in 1731 the surname
to sketch, paint, and make Mercado, which was appropriate for
sculptures. him because he was a merchant.
3. Uncle Manuel encouraged The Spanish term mercado means
him to pursue his physical "market" in English. Domingo
development. He taught the Mercado and Ines de la Rosa had a
young boy swimming, son, Francisco Mercado, who
fencing, wrestling, and other resided in Biñan, married a
sports. Chinese-Filipino mestiza, Cirila
4. His yaya (nanny) told Bernacha, and was elected
stories of duwendes gobernadorcillo of the town. One of
(dwarves), ghosts, and their sons, Juan Mercado, Rizal's
aswangs (evil spirits), of the grandfather, married Cirila
beautiful Mariang Makiling, Alejandro, a Chinese-Filipino
and other tales on the mestiza. Like his father, he was
beautiful surroundings of his elected gobernadorcillo of Biñan.
hometown, Calamba. Capitan Juan and Capitana Cirila
Stories that awakened the had thirteen children, the youngest
imagination and creativity of being Francisco Mercado, Rizal's
the young boy. Father.
At the age of eight, Francisco
Jose Rizal’s Family Tree Mercado lost his father and grew up
Based on the family tree, to manhood under the care of his
Jose Rizal was of mixed ancestry as mother. He studied Latin and
it was cited in the website Philosophy at the College of San
dokumen.tips (n.d.) namely: Jose in Manila. While studying in
negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Manila, He met and fell in love with
Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish. Teodora Alonso Realonda, a
The Facebook page named Student at the College of Santa
History: Kayamanang Atin Lamang Rosa. They were married on June
(2019) and also taken from the 28, 1848. After which they settle
website of Miranda (2015), down in Calamba, where they
discussed the family lineage of Jose engaged in farming and business
Rizal, As a typical Filipino, Rizal was and reared a big family. There he
a product of the mixture of races. In became a tenant farmer of the
his veins flowed the blood of both Dominican-owned hacienda and
East and West. Predominantly, he later became one of the town’s
was a Malayan and was a wealthiest men. He was able to
magnificent specimen of Asian establish a private library and kept
manhood. Rizal's great-great- a carriage.
grandfather on his father's side was It is said that Doña Teodora's
Domingo Lam-co, a Chinese family descended from Lakandula,
immigrant from the Fukien city of the last native king of Tondo. Her

great-grandfather, Rizal's maternal Lorenzo Alberto Alonso, a

great-great-grandfather, Eugenio prominent Spanish-Filipino mestizo
Ursua (of Japanese ancestry), of Biñan. Their children were
married a Filipina named Benigna Narcisa, Teodora (Rizal's mother),
(surname unknown). Their Gregorio, Manuel, and Jose.
daughter, Regina, married Manuel Combining paternal and
de Quintos, Filipino-Chinese lawyer maternal ancestry, therefore Jose
from Pangasinan. One of the Rizal was born with Malay, Chinese,
daughters of Atty. Quintos and Japanese and Spanish lineages in
Regina were Brigida, who married his blood.

Summary
In this module we discover that there is a great importance of Rizal Law in

our current times and it has opened avenues of knowing and understanding
better our surroundings. Thus, Life and Works of Rizal was included in
included in our curriculum.
The Rizal Law could be considered as a landmark legislation in the post-
war Philippines. During this period, the Philippines was trying to get up on
its feet from the devastating war and aiming towards nation-building. As
the government sought ways to unite the people, legislators like Claro M.
Recto drew inspiration from the lives of the heroes of the revolution
against Spain. In this frame, the teaching of the life and works of Jose
Rizal, particularly the reading of his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, was proposed to be mandated to all private and public
educational institutions. The proposed legislation, however, met opposition
particularly from the Catholic Church. After much debate, the proposed bill
was eventually signed into law and became Republic Act No. 1425.
It helps us understand how important Rizal Law in our present conditions
and situations in the society. That can be used to foster the development of
the Filipino youth in all aspects of citizenship.
Check For Understanding/Case Discussion
Now we learned that Rizal Law mandates all educational institutions in the
Philippines to offer courses about José Rizal. On the space provided in this
module (fly leaf section) write your understanding about the relevance of
the Rizal course in our contemporary era. Provide at least 15 or more
sentences.
ACTIVITY 2
Instruction: Look for a pair from section. Create a certificate to honor the
contribution of Rizal in our country. The Certificate should contain the elements
or symbol associated to Jose P. Rizal.

Sample Work
RUBRICS
Category 4 3 2 1
The certificate The Certificate Most of the A lot of required
contains all the contains all the required elements elements in the
Required necessary necessary are present in the certificate are
Elements elements with elements. certificate. missing.
additional
information.
All of the Most of the Some of the Only symbolism is
symbolisms symbolisms symbolisms are connected to Dr. Jose
Symbolism are connected are connected connected to Dr. P. Rizal.
to Dr. Jose P. to Dr. Jose P. Jose P. Rizal.
Rizal. Rizal.
All the Most of the Some of the Most of the content

Content contents are contents are contents are are not correct.
correct. correct. correct.
The Certificate The Certificate The Certificate is The Certificate is

is exceptionally is attractive in neat. readable but not neat.
attractive in terms of
terms of layout,
Attractiveness
layout, symbolism,
symbolism, design and
design and neatness.
neatness.
Source: (Republic Act 1425, 2018)
Life and Works of Rizal ‖ Endiape & Catan 24

ASSESSMENT
Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________

Degree Program/Year/Section: ____________ Date: ____________
I. Face-to-Face Class
A. Debate
Instruction: The class will be divided into 4 groups. Two (2) teams will have
one (1) topic to debate.
• Rizal’s Law institutionalization: Is it essential or not?

• Rizal as a National Hero
Criteria:
Criteria 4 3 2 1 Score
1. Organization Completely Mostly clear Clear in Unclear and
& Clarity clear and and orderly some parts disorganized
Main arguments orderly in all parts but not throughout
and responses presentation overall
are outlined in a
clear and orderly
way.
2. Use of Very strong Many good Some decent Few or no real
Argument and arguments arguments, arguments
Reasons are persuasive given, with but some given, or all
given to support arguments only minor significant arguments
the resolution given problems problems given had
throughout significant
problems
3. Use of cross- Excellent Good cross- Decent Poor cross-
examination cross-exam exam and cross-exam exam or
and rebuttal and defense rebuttals, and/or rebuttals,
Identification of against with only rebuttals, failure to point
weakness in Negative minor slip- but with out problems
Negative team’s team’s ups some in Negative
arguments and objections significant team’s
ability to defend problems position or
itself against failure to
attack. defend itself
against attack.
4. Presentation All style Most style Few style Very few style
Style features features features features were
Tone of voice, were used were used were used used, none of
clarity of convincingly convincingly convincingly them
expression, convincingly

precision of
arguments all
contribute to
keeping
audience’s
attention and
persuading them
of the team’s
case.
Total Score
II. Online Class

Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________
A. Reflective Essay
Direction: In a 600-word essay, choose one biographer that could discuss the
life of Rizal and how his/her writings of history can change the image of the
country.
Criteria:
Content Clarity and Substance (including citation) – 30 pts.
Organization and Presentation – 10 pts.
Technicality (e.g., grammar) and Creativity – 10 pts.
50 pts.

Module 2 Rizal and His Education
This fly leaf/blank page is set aside/reserve for your note-taking needs.

REFERENCES
Cabauatan, W. (2018). Rizal: a holistic approach. Manila: Mindshapers

Co., Inc.
De Jesus, M.B A., Garcia, J.U., Pelipada, N.M., Gabriel, U.G., Sagadraca,
T.T., Leonardo, A.M., & Rios, D. T.M. (2017). Rizal (his life, works,
writings) and the other heroes: The freehand modular approach.
Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
De Viana, A., Cabrera H., Samala E., De Vera, M., Atutubo, J. (2018).
Jose Rizal: social performer and patriot. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Solmerano, E. & M. Thaddeus (2017). Reading Rizal. Manila: Fasbooks

Educational Supply, Inc.
Obias, R.W., Mallari, A.A., & Estrella, J.R. (2018). The life and works of
Jose Rizal. C&E Publishing, Inc.
Francisco, V., Francisco, P.M. (2018). Rizal: a modular approach. Manila:

Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Garcia, C. EdD., De Viana, A. PhD., Cruz, C. PhD. (2015). Rizal and the
development of Filipino Nationalism. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp.
Zaide, G. F. (1995). Jose Rizal: The genius. Philippine Graphic Arts, Inc.
Zaide, G. F. (1999). Jose Rizal: Life, works, and writing of a genius writer,
scientist, and national hero (2nd Edition). All-Nations Publishing Co.,
Inc.

PART II: PRELIMINARY

Rizal and Education

2 Rizal and His Education
CONTENTS
2.1 Rizal and His
Education
2.2 Criteria for
Recognizing
Heroes
2.3 Three Paradoxes of
Heroism
OUTCOMES
LO1. Trace and
determine the
roles of the edu-
familial background
of Rizal and related
legislative law.
LO2. Examine the
historical and legal-
based criteria in the
W ho is Dr. Jose Rizal? As discussed in
identification of the module 1, Dr. Jose P. Rizal (1861-1896) is one
country’s hero(es).
of the most honored figures in Philippine history.
OBJECTIVES He was a gifted or multifaceted intellectual and
1. Compare and a political activist (who works to bring about
contrast the
experiences of Dr. Jose political and social change), best known for his
P. Rizal as a student in political writings that inspired the Philippine
Biñan, Ateneo Revolution and ultimately to his execution by
Municipal, UST, and in
Madrid. the Spanish colonizers. In addition, Rizal was
also a physician who trained in ophthalmology
2. Explain the under two (2) prominent European
relevance of Dr. Jose
Rizal’s view on ophthalmologists, Louis de Wecker and Otto
education and youth’s Becker. Therefore, Rizal’s success becomes
education today. Filipino’s success also, thus behind those
3. Analyze the
achievements has many unexpected
influence of Dr. Jose occurrences. What had happened during his
Rizal’s heroism based education? Does it affect Rizal’s schooling? Such
on his writings.
questions will be answered for Rizal’s education
and achievements will be discussed in this
module.

ACTIVITY
Instructions: Read the words in the box below. Find and encircle all of
the given words that are hidden in the grid. The words may be spelled
in any
C S A S S N R E T T A P
I N P E Y U D E D L O M
T O P X M M O O E N E S
S R E E J L M T O I S I
I T D C S G T I Y N T L
D A I U A N T O M K I A
A M A T N U D L M I M N
S I X I L V S A E N A O
O T A O X L L E M G I I
B S V N A O M D R P T T
L E P O G S N I Y S E A
R O M A R A S M U S S N
direction (across, up and down, diagonally, forward and backward).

Nationalism Revolution Sadistic Dampen

Molded Marasmus Execution Jeers
ANALYSIS
Instructions: Recall your memories of your childhood. What significant

event or experience did you have that has still an impact to this
present time?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Course Direct Instruction

______________________________________________________________________________
transmitted to Rizal her love of
Before we proceed to Rizal’s proper Tagalog poetry (Coates, 1968 cited
education, let us know first his early by Cabautan, 2016) and related a
taste of education. Who were the lot of stories one of which was
people behind his love of education famous Story of the Moth. Rizal was
and/or even his love of literature? then only three (3) years old when
Do they serve as his inspiration for he learned the alphabet from his
him to learn? Did Rizal learn Latin mother. He also enjoyed reading
and Spanish on his own? Let us go books in their library at home with
deeper, according to Guerrero his mother as his reading teacher
(1987) cited by Cabautan (2016), and critic (who evaluates his work).
Jose Rizal was surrounded by At the age of eight (8), he was able
people who possessed different to write his first poem “Sa Aking
skills and talents which were Kabata” or “To My Fellow Children”
selflessly shared with him. One of as entitled by the historians since
them was her mother who taught this poem was not given any title by
him to read and say the humble Rizal. This poem reveals that Rizal
prayers, the Angelus (a prayer said has a concept of nationalism even at
in the morning, in the middle of the a young age (De Jesus, et al (2017).
day, and the evening in the Roman It can be observed that at a very
Catholic Church); also, she young age, he already showed a

great interest in reading books classmate of his father). But after

(Obias et al., 2018). the death of his last tutor, his father
decided to send him to a private
Aside from the teaching of school in Biñan under the tutelage
Rizal’s mother, according to Zaide or teaching of Maestro Justiniano
and Zaide (2012) cited by Aquino Cruz (Obias et al.,2018).
Cabauatan (2016), the brothers of
his mother also became influential
to the young Rizal. His uncle Jose Rizal in Biñan: Hometown
developed his artistic ability and Education (1868-1870)
gave wise direction in his studies,
his uncle Manuel formed his body
shape and size through sports and
the love for open-air, and his
admiration for the beauty of nature.
Because of his uncle Manuel he was
able to learn swimming, rowing,
fencing, and wrestling. Lastly, his
uncle Gregorio, the love of books
and instilled the love for education.
Separately from Rizal’s uncles, his
aya (nursemaid), Ina Munda,
Source: Google “An image of Dr. Jose P. Rizal’s
played a role in developing the school in Biñan” [Image]
imaginative interest of Rizal through
her wonderful stories. The parish When and where Rizal took
priest, Father Leoncio Lopez his elementary education? Does he
advances Rizal’s love for scholarship stayed in their house or has he
and intellectual honesty. moved out? Does he enjoy his
education in Biñan? What are his
Furthermore, just like the
achievements? As discussed by
other children from the principalia
Obias et al. (2018), at the age of
or noble class, Rizal experienced
nine (9), Rizal left Calamba with his
education under private tutors. So,
brother to study in Biñan. After one-
Don Francisco, his father paid tutors
and-a-half of travel, they reached
for him to learn Latin and Spanish.
the town on board a carromata.
He was under the guidance of
They went to the house of their
different tutors- Maestro Celestino
aunt, Tomasa Mercado, where Rizal
(his first private tutor), Maestro
stayed for more than a year. Before
Lucas Padua (his second tutor), and
leaving his brother, Paciano (who
Maestro Leon Monroy (his third
served as Rizal’s guardian)
tutor, who honed his skills in basic
introduced Rizal to the teacher,
Latin, reading, and writing and a

Justiniano Aquino Cruz, who was Although he was the brightest pupil,
Paciano’s former teacher. he was also punished by the teacher
at various times because he had
How does Rizal describe his fights with other boys.
class in Biñan? What was his routine
before and after class? Rizal Aside from his formal lessons
described his class in Biñan, which through the supervision of Maestro
was in a nipa house, about thirty Justiniano, he also developed his
(30) meters away from his aunt’s painting skills while pursuing
house. Every day, Rizal would wake elementary education through the
up early and either hear mass at guidance of Old Juancho, his
four o’clock in the morning or study teacher’s father-in-law. During his
his lesson first and go to mass after. free time, he spent it in the old
After returning home, he would take man’s studio together with his
breakfast and go to class from classmate Jose Guevarra and was
which he would come out at ten given the chance to have a free
o’clock. He would then again go to lesson in painting and drawing. The
school at two o’clock and come out two boys became the apprentices of
at five. He would pray with his the old painter and they became the
cousin at six and then study for a favorite painters of the class
while before going to sleep. (Castañeda, et al (2007) cited by
Cabautan, 2016).
What learnings did Rizal
acquire in Biñan? Through the After one year and a half in
guidance of Maestro Justiniano in Biñan, he was advised by his
Biñan, he takes care of his Maestro to advance his studies in
knowledge of the basics such as Manila. Also, Rizal’s father was
reading, writing, arithmetic, and informed by his teacher to send him
religion. Also, he mastered the basic to a good college in Manila. “Your
Latin and Spanish courses which son Pepe,” wrote Maestro Justiniano
were required for higher learning. to Rizal’s father, “is the most
Nevertheless, Rizal did not enjoy his intelligent boy I have ever taught.
schooling in the village because of Send him to Manila for higher
being strict. Although Rizal did not studies” (Zaide, 1995). Before he
like his mentor because of his strict left Biñan, he prayed in the town
and sadistic method of teaching, he church, collected pebbles or sand,
considered him an expert in Latin and bade farewell to his teachers
and Spanish grammar. As specified and classmates. Before Christmas
by Zaide (1995), Rizal was the of 1871, Rizal received a letter from
brightest pupil in the school. He his sister, Saturnina, telling him to
surpassed his classmates in Latin, return to Calamba on December 17,
Spanish, and other subjects. 1870, after a one-and-a-half-year

of schooling in Biñan. He went home Catholic priests namely Mariano

on board the steamship “Talim” and Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
was accompanied by Arturo Camps, Zamora). He followed the advice of
a Frenchman and friend of his father his brother, Paciano, to use the
(P. Jacinto (1879) cited by Obias et name Jose Rizal instead of Jose
al., 2018). Mercado. Why? Because he feared
that Rizal might run into trouble if it
was known openly that they were
Rizal in Ateneo Municipal de brothers since Paciano was known
Manila (Formerly Escuela for its rigid discipline and religious
Municipal de Manila) (1872- instruction that trained students’
1877) character (Obias et al, 2018). At
first, Father Magin Ferrando, the
school administrator of Ateneo,
refused to admit Rizal because he
was frail and too small for his age
and because he was late for
enrollment. However, with the help
of Dr. Manuel Xeres Burgos
(nephew of Father Burgos), Rizal
was finally allowed to enroll (Zaide,
1995).
During this time, Ateneo

Municipal was known to offer the
school in Ateneo Municipal de Manila” [Image]
best education for boys. Like all
colleges in Manila, Ateneo was
Prior to Ateneo, Rizal took the
managed by priests, but with an
entrance examination in Colegio de
important difference in the sense
San Juan de Letran, a Dominican-
that these religions were not friars
owned school (Cabautan, 2016).
but Jesuit Fathers. What is the
However, his father decided to send
difference between friars and
him to Ateneo, formerly known as
Jesuits? Friars refer to a member of
Escuela Pia, a school supervised by
a men’s Roman Catholic group who
the Jesuits. He took a six-year
is poor and studies or teaches about
program, Bachiller en Artes
Christianity whereas Jesuits refer to
(Bachelor of Arts). Rizal went to
a member of a religious group called
Manila on June 10, 1872, while his
the Roman Catholic Society of
mother was still in prison, accused
Jesus. In this sense, the return of
of a crime she did not commit and
the Jesuits to the Philippines in 1865
took the entrance exam, four
brought advancement to their
months after the execution of
educational system. Its discipline
Gomburza (the three Filipino
was rigid and its methods less externos students (Obias et al.,
mechanical (Palma (1966) cited by 2018). Also, he spent long hours
Cabauatan, 2016). Moreover, reading; his love for books grew
Jesuit’s pedagogy or teaching was excellently and asked his father to
pauca praecepta (few rules), multa buy him a complete set of the
exempla (many examples), plurima Historia Universal of Cesar Cantu
exercitation (numberless exercise), which he consciously read. For him,
and cura personalis (individualized history fascinated him and
attention) (Badillo, 2011). They broadened his knowledge and the
offered vocational courses in world (Capino et al, 1977). He
agriculture, commerce, mechanics, furnished or provided his Spanish
and surveying. They also have through taking his writings. He
programs in the arts (music, received medals and stampita (a
drawing, and painting) and as a small card or paper printed with a
religious school, they molded the picture of a saint) only in some of
character of their students through his subjects because he was deeply
joining religious fraternities, heard affected by the imprisonment of his
mass before class, and starting and mother. Despite the situation, he
ending their class with a prayer. still received consistent
sobresaliente (excellent) grades in
Academically, Rizal was a all his subjects. He became a
brilliant, diligent, and competent voracious or starved reader, he read
student. To excel, he made himself fiction and non-fiction books and
follow a daily timetable which he even the book he asked from his
never abandoned (Villa Abrille, father that was written by Cesar
2002 cited by Cabauatan, 2016). Cantu. He was accepted as a
This daily program exemplifies his member of the Academy of Spanish
academic progress as a student. Literature and Academy of Natural
Herewith, he become a consistent Sciences which were exclusive
“emperor” in their class even societies given to students who
though he was put in the last row of were exceptional in terms of
the class being a newcomer and was literature and the sciences. He later
grouped in the Carthaginians became the perfect of the Academy
Empire composed of the externos of Spanish Literature.
(non-boarders). Since students in
Ateneo were divided into two groups Furthermore, Rizal also
the Romans and the Carthaginians. developed his artistic skills in
The Roman Empire (red flag) was Ateneo and through the guidance of
composed of students boarding or Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez,
internos at Ateneo while his aptitude or inclination in poetry
Carthaginian Empire (blue flag) was was developed. In his five (5) years
composed of non-boarding or stay in Ateneo, he was able to

compose numerous poems on Between Religion and Good

education, religion, childhood Education), and “Por La Educacion
memories as well as victories and Recibe Lustre la Patria” (Through
defeats on war and wore a religious Education the country Receives
drama that earned praises and Light).
admiration from his Jesuits teachers
whom Rizal considered them as his According to De Jesus
guide and counselor. He carved (2017), Rizal’s academic triumph at
statuettes, the most admired of Ateneo Municipal can be attributed
which were those of the Sacred to three factors namely: racial pride
Heart of Jesus and Our Blessed Lady (an attitude signifying a preference
made upon commission from one of for cultural representations of one’s
his professors, Father Lleonart. He racial or ethnic group), monastic
took special lessons in sculpture discipline (is an assessment or
from the famed artist, Romualdo control of the role of the monk in the
Teodoro de Jesus. Aside from religion), and seclusion (separation)
excelling in his academic studies, he of boarding school life. He studied at
took up painting under Don Agustin Ateneo from 1872-1877. In those
Saez when he was in the fourth and years, he consistently showed
fifth year at the Ateneo (Capino et excellence in his academic
al., 1977; Zaide, 1995). performance. He passed the oral
examination on March 14, 1877,
Aside from scholastic and graduated on March 23, 1877,
excellence, Rizal also showed his with a degree Bachiller en Artes, (a
affection and talent in writing. The high school certificate) with the
first poem Rizal as a student was highest honors, five prizes, and
entitled “Mi Primera Inspiracion” several awards. Moreover, based on
(My First Inspiration) which was the book of Capino (1977), At
dedicated to his mother on the sixteen, the young graduate was a
occasion of the latter’s natal day. mature man. His Jesuit education
Another poem written by Rizal in was to make him such. He was
1876 was entitled “Un Recuerdo A being molded into the form that is
Mi Pueblo (In memory of my Town). fundamentally Jesuit. Fairness,
The immersion of Rizal into the justice, and reason were to guide
Atenean system of education him thereafter and become his
became evident in the poem on lifetime work. He knew that upon
religion and education he wrote. leaving his beloved Alma Mate he
Notable among these poems were was setting out for a bigger task.
the following: “Al Niño Jesus” (The Referring to this, he wrote: “I
Child Jesus), “La Alianza Intima prayed fervently or eagerly in the
Entre y La Religion y Las Buena chapel, and commended my life to
Educacion” (The Intimate Alliance the Virgin so that when I should

step into that world which inspires Law taking the course Philosophia y
me with so much terror she would Letras (Philosophy and Letters) at
protect me”. the age of sixteen (16); the course
was his father wanted him to pursue
at Unibersidad de Santo Tomas
Rizal in the Royal and Pontifical because he wants Rizal to be a
Universidad de Santo Tomas philosopher (De Jesus, 2017 &
(1877-1882) Zaide, 1995).
As a student of Philosophy
and Letters, he obtained
sobresaliente (excellent) grades in
all his subjects. During that year,
Rizal also took vocational courses in
Ateneo – surveying, agriculture,
and topography that gave him the
title perito agrimensor (expert
surveyor) issued on November 25,
1881 (Obias, 2018). Though he was
able to finish the course surveying
Source: Google “An image of Dr. Jose P. Rizal’s in Ateneo, the professional license
school in Universidad de Santo Tomas” [Image] as agrimensor y perito tasador de
tierras (land surveyor and assessor)
After his schooling in Ateneo,
was only granted to him after three
Rizal’s mother, Doña Teodora,
years because of his age. He was
objected to his return to Manila for
only seventeen (17) when he
further studies. She insisted that
finished the course. He was still an
her son already knew a lot. She also
active member and officer of
believed that if her son would
exclusive societies and the Marian
become too knowledgeable he
congregation. However, after one
would lose his life. But Don
term in the program, he shifted to
Francisco secretly asked Paciano to
the Preparatory Course of Medicine
accompany him to Manila for a
as advised by Father Pablo Ramon-
college education.
Rector of the Ateneo to took up this
Having finished his Bachelor so that he could cure his mother’s
of Arts in Ateneo, Rizal was qualified failing eyesight. He was granted by
to enter the Royal and Pontifical the university the rare chance or
Universidad de Santo Tomas, a privilege of studying simultaneously
school supervised by the the Preparatory Course of Medicine
Dominicans. Uncertain to what and the First Year of Medicine (De
course to take, he enrolled in the Viana et al, 2011 cited by
Preparatory Course of Theology and Cabauatan, 2016).

In medicine, Rizal did not views that Filipinos are not inferior
shine as he has done at the Ateneo to any race and they should refine
(Bantug, 2002 cited by Cabauatan their talents and skills for God and
2016). In the twenty-one (21) country.
subjects taken in the university,
Rizal obtained six (6) sobresaliente, In another contest sponsored
six (6) aprovechado (very good), by the Liceo Literario- Artistico, he
eight (8) Bueno (good), and one “unfortunately” won the contest and
aprobado (passing) grades. was awarded a gold ring his entry El
Perhaps, Rizal was not gifted from Consejos de Los Dioses (The Council
medicine as he was in letters and of the Gods). This was labeled as
arts (Villaroel, 1984 cited by unfortunate because the cheers
Cabauatan 2016). Three (3) factors turned into jeers. He wrote in his
that could explain his below-par article Llantos y Risas (Tears and
academic performance at UST Laughter). These events did not
were: first, Medicine was not Rizal’s dampen his literary ability or skills.
real vocation; second, his He still wrote poems on patriotism,
dissatisfaction with the Dominican triumphs, and admiration to people
system education; third, the who influenced his being a sonnet (a
exciting distractions of youths; and, poetic form) and a zarzuela
an additional factor would perhaps (musical comedy) which was
be the founding of Compañerismo. performed in the Literary Academy
Nevertheless, among twenty-four of Ateneo. He also attended classes
(24) students enrolled in Medicine, at the Academy of Fine Arts to
he was one among the seven (7) perfect his technique in painting and
who reached the beginning of the took lessons in fencing (Bernard
fifth year course until he decided to 1998 cited by Cabauatan 2016).
continue his studies abroad. As discussed by Bantug
Though somewhat (2008) cited by Cabauatan (2016),
disappointed with his performance after four years in the university,
in medicine, Rizal excelled in Rizal decided to finish his studies
literature and developed his abroad. Though Rizal was not able
nationalist sentiments on it. Father to finish his course in the university,
Evaristo Arias helped him cultivate he earned a lot of meaningful
his craft in poetry. In 1879, he experiences as well as the proper
joined the poetry contest sponsored values he needed for his next
by Liceo Literario-Artistico (Artistic challenge in life- to study abroad.
Literary Lyceum). He won the prize, His travel abroad was only known to
a silver pen in his entry A la few- his brother Paciano, his uncle
Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Antonio and his brother-in-law,
Youth) in which he expressed his Manuel Hidalgo. Rizal did not wish

the rest of his family to know of it and at the same time in the Faculty
(including Leonor) until he had of Philosophy and Letters. Aside
already departed. from these formal courses he
enrolled, he also took lessons in
languages in Ateneo de Madrid and
Rizal in Universidad Central de studied painting and sculpture in
Madrid (1882-1885) the Academia de Bellas Artes de San
Fernando (Academy of Fine Arts of
San Fernando). He received prizes,
scholarships, and good grades in his
academics that moved his
compatriots or fellow citizen to
become serious too in their studies.
Moreover, knowing the very
purpose of his stay abroad, he took
full advantage of his time. He visited
museums and galleries and visited
Paris to observe their way of life. He
spent most of his time purchasing
and reading books in medicine,
school in Universidad Central de Madrid”
[Image]
philosophy, languages, arts,
As discussed by Coates history, and many others.
(1968) cited Cabauatan (2016),
Additionally, he wrote articles
after forty-four (44) days of the
and poems on patriotism and
voyage (May 3-June 16, 1882),
nationalism as well as his
Rizal reached his destination-
melancholy and romance. He
Barcelona, Spain. He spent three
delivered speeches requested by his
months in this place because the
association and also during the
scholastic year in Europe was
triumph of his compatriots, Luna
different from that of the
and Hidalgo in the National
Philippines. For those idle or
Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid. He
unsuccessful months, he spent his
also joined different associations
time observing the customs of the
namely: The Circulo Hispano-
people, spends his time in the
Filipino (Hispano-Philippine Circle)
library, corresponded with friends,
and the Brotherhood of Masons. The
and wrote articles published in the
two associations presented to him
bilingual newspaper in the
the contrary of scenario in the
Philippines- Diaryong Tagalog.
Philippines which were the
In the fall of 1882, Rizal possibility of indios and mestizos to
moved to Madrid, Spain, and be together and the freedom to
enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine

speak freely regarding authorities of and abuses of the Spanish

the Church and state. administrators. He was amazed to
Even though Rizal joined the see brilliant young men whose
associations in Madrid he was back energy could be a great use for the
then discouraged, as specified by change the Philippines so badly
Capino (1977), Rizal was needed wasting precious time. The
discouraged by the attitude of some absence of national consciousness
Filipino students in Madrid. Before was very evident in the condition
he arrived in Spain the young Rizal aptly or suitably described.
Filipinos organized the Circulo Lack of unity and funds brought
Hispano-Filipino (Spanish-Filipino about the folding up of the Spanish-
Club). The club was never stable Filipino Club in 1882. Rizal was
because the members were never quick in pointing out among his
united. Describing this sad friends whose disunity hastened
condition, he wrote: hurry the death of the club that the
Philippines would suffer the same
There were . . . many faith if the love of country and
intelligent and bright national concern were not to be
persons among the young bad.
Filipinos. But these
bright young Filipinos Early in 1883, the Filipinos in
were getting lost because of Madrid realized the sad effects of
lack of unity and due to their disunity. Picturing them the
excessive individualism. pitiful condition of the country he
Each and every one tried every means at uniting them.
was going his own way, and At a party they gave for Felipe
with respect to enjoyment, Zamora, a Filipino physician, Rizal
diversion or what not, said:
there were no two
similar opinions. In the All of us knew
midst of the movement in the state of failure in
the Metropolis (Madrid) and which we were. At the
to the marasmus of the banquet for Zamora
country we were like given at the
particle of earth in a suggestion of Maximo
cyclone. Paterno and in which
Lete read a poem, I
Not only were they disunited, got of tune because I
but disoriented. Rizal saw in these pictured with
young men an utter indifference to vividness in his voice
the existing needs of their own and discouragement
country being blind at the cruelty in his eyes, drank a

toast that the Filipinos observe their way of life, slowly

could wipe away the finishing his first novel, and studied
dust from their shoes other things that he was inclined of
before returning to doing. Furthermore, His love for
their homes. I believe physical activities made him
that not more than practice constantly in fencing and
four passed the even enrolled in shooting in the Hall
examinations in that of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell.
month of June. Indeed, he was a respectable
marksman and a swordsman.
Based on Rizal’s statement
we could see how he wanted to Rizal’s education in Europe
disregard indifferences among broadened his understanding of
them. Rizal must have touched a what progressive education should
chord in their hearts. They were be. He became radical and critical
awakened from indifference. most especially to the system of
education of his motherland. This
Going back to his education, could be best portrayed in his essay
as particularized by Cabauatan La Instrucion (The Town Schools in
(2016), his diligence paid off when the Philippines) when he said: Let
the degree Licentiate in Medicine us cease to be empirical and
was conferred or discussed to him routinary. Let us learn to progress.
on June 21, 1884, which qualified Let us seek the direct good, for life
him to practice the course. For him is short and the mission of man is
to qualify to teach in the Faculty of great. Let everyone fulfill his duties
Medicine, he took the degree Doctor and obligations in the sphere in
of Medicine in the following year. He which he lives, not only for the sake
finished the doctorate but the of complying with and not failing the
diploma was not awarded because mandate, but to do good and to help
of financial reasons. On his 24th in the common task of suffering and
birthday, June 19, 1885, the degree progressive humanity (Rizal, 1992).
Licentiate of Philosophy and Letters
was awarded to him. He was Decreasing the Historical Ego
qualified to be a professor of
humanities in any Spanish As specified by Ocampo (2012),
university. However, he chose to Jose Rizal is made the model of all
practice his medical profession and students because he was supposed
specialized in ophthalmology to have graduated with a grade of
because of his mother’s condition. sobresaliente (excellent) in all his
For two more years, he went to subjects.
France and Germany to further his According to her, being a
knowledge in ophthalmology, natural skeptic, she decided to visit

the Ateneo Archives in search of The Academia de Dibujo in

Rizal’s transcript. It was not Manila was run by a mean Spaniard,
available, but there was a printed Agustin Saez, who ran against his
booklet on the distribution of prizes students in a contest for the best
for the school year 1876-1877. It cover design for the book, Flora de
was seen by her that Rizal had won Filipinas. Of course, Saez won, with
many prizes, but to my great Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo getting
surprise, she discovered there were second place. Hidalgo could have
only 12 students in Rizal’s class- won the top prize had his teacher
nine of which, including Rizal not joined. Additionally, Luna did
graduated sobresaliente! not even get to join the contest,
since he was already out of school
So what’s the big deal about by then. If a friend like Rizal
this if there were eight others with described Luna’s early paintings as
the same grade? Ocampo had “contrary to art,” Saez as director of
imagined getting sobresaliente as the Academy must have thought
equivalent to being valedictorian. perhaps Saez wanted the stubborn
Rizal did get good grades in Luna to conform, to pair like
Ateneo, but at the University of everyone else, which is natural in
Santo Tomas, he wasn’t as great a any school that tended to hamper
student as he’s been made out to creativity. Things came to a head,
be. And she guesses you must have and Luna was either dropped out or
heard the erroneous use of the title expelled, depending on which
“Dr.” before his name for some biography you are reading.
reason- perhaps lack of money, After studying under the
time, or interest- Rizal was unable Filipino painter Lorenzo Guerrero,
to take the examination that would Luna left Manila for Madrid. At the
have qualified him for a doctorate. Real Academia de Bellas Artes de
Moreover, Rizal had a San Fernando, he was strongly
Licentiate in Medicine, and being a influenced by his mentor, Alejo
medical doctor, he was allowed to Vera. The teacher so impressed him
practice in the profession. that when Vera left Madrid to fulfill
Technically speaking, however, he some commissions in Rome, Luna
could not carry academic title “Dr.” left school, said good-bye to the
or attach letters “M.D.” after his diploma, and apprenticed himself to
name. Vera.
From the great Rizal, let us At the Madrid Exposition of

turn now to a dropout who succeed 1884, Luna’s huge Spoliarium was
without a formal degree- Juan Luna awarded a gold medal. Thus, a
y Novicio. Filipino proved himself in Spain as

an “international artist.” 2.2 Criteria for Recognizing

Unfortunately, this is one other Heroes
thing we have yet to unlearn from
A hero is a social construct.
school.
Since that is the nature of the
Luna’s triumph was far from process, recognizing heroes is
always subjective. To bridge the
“international” because Madrid was
gap, the National Historical
an artistic backwater. The center of Commission of the Philippines
the real art scene at the time was (NHCP) released some of the
Paris. But Luna won the gold medal criteria for recognizing heroes,
for Spoliarium and Felix through their Project Saysay. The
Resurreccion Hidalgo the silver criteria are listed below:
medal for Virgenes Cristianas 1. the extent of a person’s
sacrifice for the welfare of the
Expuestas al Populacho, right? And
country (Teodoro A. Agoncillo
as in school prizes, we think Luna’s 1965);
gold won first prize and Hidalgo’s 2. the motive and methods
silver second. Well not quite: Luna employed in the attainment of
won one gold medal out of three the ideal (welfare of the
gold medals given out, and Hidalgo country) (Teodoro A. Agoncillo
1965);
won one silver medal out of fifteen
3. the moral character of the
given out in that Exposition. Worse, person concerned (Teodoro A.
Luna was denied the Medal of Honor Agoncillo 1965);
that was not awarded in the 1884 4. the influence of the person
Exposition. concerned on his/her age and
or the succeeding age
Our teachers had (Teodoro Agoncillo 1965);
oversimplified this and created a 5. Those who have a concept of
myth. But where is the first and nation and thereafter aspire
second prize? Did something lose in and struggle for nation’s
freedom (Onofre D. Corpuz
translation? Luna did not even win
1993);
the grand prize in that Exposition, 6. those who define and
but as Consuelo de bobo he was contribute to a system of life
commissioned to paint the mural La of freedom and order for a
Batalla de Lepanto, which now nation (Onofre D. Corpuz
hangs in the Spanish Senate in 1993);
7. those who contribute to the
Madrid.
quality of life and destiny of a
As you can see, there are nation (Onofre D. Corpuz
1993);
quite a several things taught in
8. a part of the people’s
school that one has to unlearn or at expression (Alfredo Lagmay
least correct. 1995)
9. a person who thinks of the
future, especially the future

generations (Alfredo Lagmay viewing Rizal from this perspective

1995); and will undoubtedly make him a
10. the choice of a hero involves “conscious hero” and thus diminish
not only the recounting of an his stature.
episode or event in history but What do I mean by a
of the entire process that “conscious hero?” It is clear from
made this particular person a Rizal’s letters, diaries, and writings
hero (Alfredo Lagmay 1995). that he had planned his entire life
down to the last detail. He did not
As Rizal becoming our leave anything to chance, not even
national hero, today there are four the choreography of his death. So
major national celebrations with he wilfully became a hero.
Rizal as an important subject: June Another Rizal story as
12 (Independence Day), June 19 mentioned in the book of Ocampo
(Birth Anniversary), last week of (2012) that pops out of my notes
August (National Heroes Week), today deals with a time when Rizal’s
and December 30 (Rizal Day). sisters found him in his bahay kubo
Another reference on “Why behind the Calamba house, molding
Rizal is the National Hero” written in a clay statue of Napoleon (who was
the book Rizal without Overcoat of small and short like him). When
Ambeth Ocampo (2012), in an teased about it, he is supposed to
interview with Asuncion Lopez have said, “All right, guys, say what
Bantug, Narcisa Rizal’s you want today because, in the
granddaughter, I was told that the future, people will make
young Jose Rizal was very conscious monumentos for me!”
about his looks because he had a big You could have wondered
head and a frail body and was small what his sisters felt when they saw
for his age. He was fascinated by the Rizal monument rise on the
stories of higantes and “great men” Luneta, or when they officiated at
in history. Today, Rizal scholars who the unveiling ceremonies of other
put this data in the context of monuments to their brother that
psychoanalysis hypothesize that began to mushroom all over the
Rizal’s intellectual “gifts” were archipelago? Well, Jose Rizal had
merely ways of making up for the last laugh.
physical frailty. Psychohistory has Rizal could have lived beyond
yet to shake the foundations of December 30, 1896, if he had
Philippine historiography. simply stayed out of the Philippines
It was also proven that Rizal and its politics. If he remained in
has a psychic side and how many of Hong Kong, then he would just be
his dreams proved prophetic. Rizal another forgotten expatriate Filipino
himself admitted that “my dreams doctor. Rizal, however, was
have always guided my actions.” different. You could say he had a
Aside from the fact that death wish and this, for me, makes
psychohistory or even psychic a “conscious hero” doubly brave,
research is frowned upon by many because, unlike military heroes
of our academic historians, I believe whose job description contains
the main reason we refuse to see “death in battle,” Rizal was a quiet,
Rizal as a prophet is because peaceful man who wilfully and

calmly walked to his death for his and their large families
convictions. Before his execution, persecuted like
his pulse rate was reputedly normal. criminals. I prefer to
How many people do you know who face death and gladly
would die for their convictions if give my life to free so
they could avoid it? many innocent
In June 1892, Rizal left two persons from this
sealed letters with a Portuguese unjust persecution.
friend “to be opened and published I know that, at
after my death.” In these letters, present, the future of
Rizal explained to his family and his my country gravitates
countrymen that he was returning in part around me;
to the Philippines to show by that with my death,
example that Filipinos knew how to many would rejoice,
die for principles. and that consequently,
More importantly, Rizal many are longing for
addressed his countrymen, mostly my end. But what am I
“natives” or indios like you and me, to do? I have duties of
as “Filipinos”at a time when the conscience above all
term was reserved for Spaniards else; I have moral
born in the Philippines. obligations toward the
Guided by the belief from families who suffer,
childhood that he would not reach toward my aged
the age of 30, Rizal decided to parents whose sighs
return home against all odds. He pierce my heart; I
probably thought he would be know that I alone,
executed in 1892; he miscalculated even my death, can
and died in 1896 at the age of 35. make them happy by
This is the letter he wanted returning them to their
us to read, a letter that will illustrate country and the
to anti-Rizal advocates why Rizal is tranquillity of their
our national hero cited by Ocampo home. My parents are
(2012): all that I have, but my
The step that I country has many sons
have taken, or arm still who can take it to
about to take, is advantage.
undoubtedly very Moreover, I
risky, and it is wish to show those
unnecessary to say who deny us
that I have pondered patriotism that we
on it a great deal. I know how to die for
know that everyone is our duty and for our
opposed to it but I convictions. What
realize also that no one matters death if one
knows what goes on in dies for what one
because of me; I loves, for one’s
cannot live seeing my country and for those
brothers [hermanos] whom he loves?

If I know that I defined as an “act in a prosocial

were the only pillar of manner despite personal risk” (Blau
the Philippine politics & Zimbardo, 2011, p. 1). Others
and if I were convinced might take this description to be
that my countrymen logical and persuasive in its sense,
were going to make nonetheless, such a prima facie
use of my services, account isn't the same if you
perhaps I would examine the notion in a much
hesitate to take this complex form. Blau & Zimbardo
step, but there are still (2011) identified the following as
others who can take the three major paradoxes
my place, who can concerning heroism:
take to advantage.
Furthermore, there are Paradox 1: Elevation and
those who find me Negation—the Role of
superfluous and in no Dissonance
need of my services, Imagine that you are
thus they can reduce watching a movie from
me to inaction. national television or in
I have always cinema highlighting the
loved my poor country valiant case of someone
and I am sure that I despite the risk before him –
shall love her until my a fireman/ stranger running
last moment. Perhaps into the burning house to
some people will be save a little three-year-old
unjust to me; well my boy. Regardless of the
future, my life, my fictional illustration, an
joys, everything, I intense and nervous feeling
have sacrificed for love may still arise from you, and
of her. Whatever my as a viewer; you would
fate may be, I shall die probably and immediately
blessing my country give him moral praise and
and wishing her dawn called him a hero. It could
of her redemption. even bring you to a question:
(12/31/89) Can I also do the same way if
I were also in that exact
scenario? Nevertheless, your
Heroism and Three Paradoxes judgment and attitude (from
a distance) might be different
When a news article, from those witnesses or
researches, or book makes a list of observers of the case. Others
heroes, common impressions, and a would argue that the fireman
cognitive picture would be the and stranger acted out of
gallant actions done by a person or recklessness and temerarious
group of individuals who made decision.
some significant contribution to the Another example could
country and for the welfare of a member of an educational
Filipino men. Heroism is mostly institution or government

agency that testify against intentions –

his superiors on the grounds even if these
of corruption and unfair aspersions have
distribution of funds. While no real bearing
for many and ordinary on the heroic
people, the action of the act itself. (Blau
employee is a kind model for & Zimbardo,
others, his fellow employees 2011, p. 5).
might feel some anger and
disgust towards him as he Paradox 2: The Public Stage
drags that institution into an versus the Interiority of the
issue that could affect their Heroic Decision
work and impression of the In locating the heroic
people. From these two acts of someone, one
situations, a type of immediate social or historical
dichotomy can be framed: an way or calculus is to
uninvolved observer (e.g. investigate it via the citizens’
television viewers, people knowledge. It suggests, in
outside the institution) would this case, that heroism is
always rate the action to be grounded on unanimous
moral and right while those approval from the people.
event-bystanders or This presents inconsistency
onlookers and fellow in our understanding of the
employees would castigate concept. By reading national
the person (Monin et. al., and global history, a student
2008 as cited in Blau & would realize that most
Zimbardo, 2011). We could “heroic actions” were from
see its palpability from “unsung heroes”: “those
several anecdotal records, whose acts never come into
classical literature, and the limelight” (Blau &
theorists which suggest that Zimbardo, 2011, p. 5). You
reactions to heroism do not would realize by now that
have uniform perspectives there are a lot of heroic
(Klapp, 1954; Siklova, actions done by many
2004). individuals (who are not
popular) and their works and
Even vested accomplishments are not
observers may exposed to the public. Heroic
be quick to actions of the working class
negate the of the country for strong flow
hero’s acts at and continuance of the
the slightest national economy are not
hint of commonly or usually
countervailing recognized. A person with a
information personal background of
about the hero’s public recognition and
integrity, connection with the
motives, or government is much

preferred to honorary award situation is inevitable and

disregarding other people always taken into account or
who also contributed to the consideration. Such inner
heroic achievements. principles are sacrosanct
relative to decision-making in
It should also the face of danger (Glazer &
be evident that Glazer, 1999; Shepela et al.,
heroes are 1999; Tangney & Dearing,
more likely to 2002).
be found
among Paradox 3: Altruism versus
conquerors Heroism–Differences in Risk,
than those Velocity, and Barriers to Entry
conquered, A clear-cut expression is to
and, with a few say that altruism and
notable heroism should not be
exceptions, by treated as complementary
those who are concepts for each other. This
literate and is in opposition to the shared
who maintain opinion of ordinary folks and
written records establishing its limitation can
for historical be helpful in our study of this
consumption subject. Shepela et.al.
than from (1999) noted that “a theory
those with oral of courageous resistance
traditions, and must account for the
so on. (Blau & observation that not all
Zimbardo, altruistic individuals were
2011, p. 5) willing to engage in
courageous resistance, and
More to the point, that even those who do so do
though heroism is mainly not resist at every
described as prosocial and opportunity” (p. 799). Blau
the action must be witnessed and Zimbardo (2011)
or investigated by people to enumerated the following
receive societal compliments, five conceptual distinctions
the action of the agent is about the two terms:
always private and is not a. The degree of risk and
driven out of prosocial threat gained from
motivation and statistical altruism is comparably
audiences. One’s decision lower than the minimum
subject to internal analysis risk acquired from heroic
before and without the action. What's more, some
presence of public knowledge theorists also included
and his standards, principles, self-sacrifice for the
and ideologies in any given

criteria of classifying (Latane´ & Nida, 1981).

altruistic behavior is Conversely, heroism is
making the former’s manifestly observed from
standard much closer not those actors who are
heroism. impelled to act based on
b. Prosocial behaviors such instant and prompt
as volunteerism may decisions regardless of the
appear to one’s health intricacy of the case.
(such as to avoid/ reduce e. During an emergency,
social alienation), social bystanders experience an
heroism (as a form or ‘avoidance-avoidance conflict’ since
example of heroism), on there are many costs and few
the one hand, loses instead rewards (in helping) and some costs
it valued social network. associated (in not helping like e.g.,
Even those physical risk embarrassment). Bystander’s
heroes who received some intervention is likely to take place
benefits from their actions when the psychological exit is not
or heroic deeds, some that easy. However, heroic action is
anecdotal records and undertaken given “clear paths to
evidence declare that an exit the situation and despite the
increase in suicide risk is factors that are typically associated
common among them after with the diffusion of responsibility”
their fame/ celebrity has (Blau & Zimbardo, 2011, p. 6), and
faded (Braudy, 1997; other factors (such as audience
Hopkins & Jones, 2003). inhibition, social influence) are often
c. Bystander researches are disregarded in making a decision.
mostly carried out without Junior Grand Lecturer Atty. Michael
the existence of real risks Camilo Datario presented 10
and “rarely systematically interesting things about the
manipulates the national hero during the Rizal Day
perception of risk to the celebration in Dagupan City. He said
participant” (p. 5), hence, a better way to honor Rizal is to
“it is difficult, indeed, very know lesser-known facts about his
likely unethical, to test life and death.
courageous resistance
empirically... analog After all, Filipinos do not want Rizal
studies would not tap the to be buried with the flurry of social
motivations which support media trends and technological
the leap to which innovations.
courageous resistance 1. There are three animals
entails” (Shepela et al., named after Rizal. These animals
1999, p. 801). were what he collected when he was
d. Altruistic and bystander exiled in Dapitan: abogonia rizalie,
actions are normally a type of small beetle; Drago
complemented by a period Rizalie, a specie of dragonfly and
of uncertainty from several Racoforus Rizalie, a specie of toad.
seconds and minutes 2. When he was studying in
within a vague situation Spain, Rizal had to pawn a ring

owned by his sister Saturnina just to not actually a title of the novel but
pay for his exams. only a single chapter of the
3. Rizal was only five feet and unfinished novel. He began writing
three inches tall but had a waistline it in Tagalog but gave up and
of 25-26 inches. He also had a big continued writing in Spanish
head. His hats were 6 1/2 inches 7. Rizal made humorous
across and the interior measures comics in Germany entitled “The
eight inches from front to back Baptism of Two Brothers.” He made
4. Rizal stuffed unknown the comic strip to entertain the
papers in his pockets and shoes on children of his landlord. He used
the eve of his execution. He did this cuss in that comic strip.
because he presumed that his 8. While in Dapitan, Rizal
corpse would be turned over to his wrote an extensive written
family after his execution. But as we discourse on witchcraft with
all know; his body was dumped by translation entitled the “Treatment
Spanish officials in an unmarked and Cure of the Bewitched.” A part
grave in Paco cemetery. The papers of it explained that witches are not
have since deteriorated and the always old and ugly.
contents of which were never 9. Rizal established a school
identified. while in Dapitan with 21 pupils who
5. Rizal’s favorite fruits were were never asked to pay but was
lanzones and mango. On account of required by Rizal to work for the
his former cook in Dapitan, his community.
meals consisted of three viands. His 10. As a polyglot, Rizal had
breakfast comprised of hot the habit of switching from one
chocolate, rice and tuyo. language to another. His
6. Rizal had his third biographers faced difficulty in
unfinished work or novel. Known by translating his works because of his
historians as “Maka-misa,” this habit of switching languages. He
unfinished work was started by Rizal was conversant in 22 languages.
in 1892 in Hongkong. Maka-misa is

Summary
In this module we discover Dr. Jose P. Rizal is a genius of his kind who
was molded by his parents and his teachers. Endowed by God with versatile
gifts, he truly ranked with the world’s geniuses, and became the greatest
hero.
The childhood of Dr. Jose Rizal can be characterized by his desire to
learn, even frequenting the church nearby his home to watch and observe
people but not to be religiously inclined. Dr. Jose Rizal was not physically
blessed or strong child however, he had a strong will guided and taught by
his mother, his first teacher. He learned almost without the use of books.
His mother was the one who laid the foundation of his great knowledge
achieved in such a short time.
It helps us understand how Dr. Jose P. Rizal becomes a symbol of
independence, and known as the national hero. And how Dr. Jose P. Rizal
contributes to Philippine art, literature, and medicine, which continues to
fascinate his countrymen today.
Check For Understanding/Case Discussion
On the space provided in this module (fly leaf section) write a three-
paragraph essay about the injustices and discrimination during the time
of Rizal which are still happening in the present time. Suggest ways on how
to break these toxic and negative “culture” in our country. Lastly, justify
your answer.

ACTIVITY 2
Direction: Answer the following questions based on your personal viewpoint.

If necessary, cite some sources that would support your stance. (at least 300
words)
• Can a person live without the influence of others? Explain.

• Is suffering always a negative connotation? Explain.
Rubrics
Category 4 3 2 1
Impact of The writer includes The writer The writer The writer
Childhood and more than 5 includes 4 includes 3 includes only 2
Early Education impacts. impacts. impacts. impacts.
of Rizal’s Early
Education to his
personality
Content All the contents are Most of the Some of the Most of the
correct. contents are contents are contents are not
correct. correct. correct.
Cohesiveness All the sentences are Most of the Some of the Few of the
cohesive. sentences are sentences are sentences are
cohesive. cohesive. cohesive.
Grammar There are no There are few There are There are few
grammatical errors. grammatical some sentences which
errors grammatical are correct in
errors terms of
grammar.
Source: (Rizal’s Life, Family, Childhood, and Early Education 2018)
ASSESSMENT
Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________

I. Face-to-Face Class
A. Venn Diagram
Direction: Identify at least 1 person who has made some remarkable
contributions to your community. List down his/her qualities nad major
contributions. In a Venn Diagram, plot the qualities of Dr. Jose Rizal and the
person you have identified. On the non-intersecting circles plot his/her unique

Module 3 Rizal’s Life Abroad
qualities and the plot the qualities they have in common with Rizal on the
middle. (For 50 points)
Name: __________________________________ Score: ___________

I. Online Class
A. Venn Diagram
Direction: Fill up the fish bone diagram to show the effect of the childhood,
family and early education of Rizal to his personality. (For 50
points)
Early
Childhood
Education
Effect
Higher
Family
Education
54 Endiape & Catan ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

This fly leaf/blank page is set aside/reserve for your note-taking needs.
Life and Works of Rizal ‖ Endiape, Catan, Pacaol 55

REFERENCES
Cabauatan, W. (2018). Rizal: a holistic approach. Manila: Mindshapers

Co., Inc.
De Jesus, M.B A., Garcia, J.U., Pelipada, N.M., Gabriel, U.G., Sagadraca,
T.T., Leonardo, A.M., & Rios, D. T.M. (2017). Rizal (his life, works,
writings) and the other heroes: The freehand modular approach.
Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
De Viana, A., Cabrera H., Samala E., De Vera, M., Atutubo, J. (2018).
Jose Rizal: social performer and patriot. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Solmerano, E. & M. Thaddeus (2017). Reading Rizal. Manila: Fasbooks

Educational Supply, Inc.
Obias, R.W., Mallari, A.A., & Estrella, J.R. (2018). The life and works of
Jose Rizal. C&E Publishing, Inc.
Francisco, V., Francisco, P.M. (2018). Rizal: a modular approach. Manila:

Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Garcia, C. EdD., De Viana, A. PhD., Cruz, C. PhD. (2015). Rizal and the
development of Filipino Nationalism. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp.
Zaide, G. F. (1995). Jose Rizal: The genius. Philippine Graphic Arts, Inc.
Zaide, G. F. (1999). Jose Rizal: Life, works, and writing of a genius writer,
scientist, and national hero (2nd Edition). All-Nations Publishing Co.,
Inc.
Morato, M.L. (1980). Jose Rizal: Filipino doctor and patriot (1st Edition).
Rex Printing Co., Inc.
Life and Works of Rizal ‖ Endiape, Catan, Pacaol 56

Life and Works of Rizal - Prelim Module. S.Y. 2022 2023

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Life and Works of Rizal - Prelim Module. S.Y. 2022 2023

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Life and Works of Rizal - Prelim Module. S.Y. 2022 2023

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Life, Works,

Burauen Community College

For Internal Use Only

Burauen Community College

Written and Designed by

Mary Sol A. Catan

Burauen Community College

Vision and Mission ii

Module 1 Introduction to the Study of Jose Rizal’s Life 9

Topic 1 A. Rizal Law and the Teaching of Rizal Course 12

Module 2.1 Rizal and His Education 30

Topic 1 A. Biñan: Hometown Education 33

Topic 1 A. Three Paradoxes of Heroism 47

I: Introduction to the Study of Jose Rizal’s Life

A. Rizal Law and the Teaching of Rizal Course

II: A. Rizal and His Education

A. Biñan: Hometown Education

B. Criteria for Recognizing Heroes

III. Rizal’s Life Abroad

III. Rizal’s Intellectual Legacies

V: Rizal and His Death

VI: Rizal and His Ideas and Philosophies

It is of great importance that you understand the rationale behind having

7 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

I know you are now ready! Let’s go!

8 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

9 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

10 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

Instructions: Explain the significance of the following to the life of the

1. One Peso Coin

3. Celebration of the Death of Rizal

1. What relevance does Rizal have in college education?

2. What is the importance of studying Rizal?

11 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

COURSE DIRECT INSTRUCTION passage. As the influence of the

12 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

process. Opposition to the bill favour of the worthy

13 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

behavior, and character of Rizal; Enforcing strict compliance to

There are at least two Is Dr. Jose Rizal worthy to be

14 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

15 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

limited approach in the definition of fortitude in suffering, who is

1.3 Rizal’s Birth and The Parents of Rizal

the colleges of Manila during their

Source: Google “A portrait of Doňa Teodora

Teodora Alonso Realonda,

17 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

have been my fate? Oh, name. Thus, when his mother

18 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

1. Saturnina (1850-1913) – eldest married Pantaleon Quintero of

19 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

friar estate, Calamba became a behave well, to love God, to be

20 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

1. Uncle Gregorio taught him Changchow, who arrived in Manila

21 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

great-grandfather, Rizal's maternal Lorenzo Alberto Alonso, a

22 Endiape, Catan, Pacaol ‖ Life and Works of Rizal

In this module we discover that there is a great importance of Rizal Law in

Name: ________________________ Score: _

Name: ________________________ Score: _

Name: ________________________ Score: _