9 Newton S Laws of Motion

9 Newton’s laws of motion Answers
Page 151 Test yourself on prior knowledge

1 a) W = mg
= 57 kg × 9.8 N kg-1
= 559 N
b) W = mg
= 57 kg x 3.7 N kg-1
= 211 N
2 a) i) It remains at rest.
ii) It continues to move at 3 m s-1.
iii) It accelerates.
iv) It decelerates.
v) It decelerates.
vi) It changes direction.
b) i) a = 0
ii) a = 0
iii) a = 10 N ÷ 2 kg = 5 m s-2 to the right
iv) a = 10 N ÷ 2 kg = 5 m s-2 to the left
v) a = (10 N – 8 N) ÷ 2 kg = 1 m s-2 to the left
vi) a = 5 m s-2 downwards
3 300 N on Tony to the left.
Pages 154–155 Test yourself

1 a) The weight, W, is balanced by the reaction forces, R1 and R2, from the back and front wheels.
The drag and friction forces, D, balance the forwards push from the road on the car.
© Nick England, Jeremy Pollard, Nicky Thomas & Carol Davenport 2019
b) The thrust from the engines, T, is greater than the drag forces D. The lift on the plane, L, is
greater than the plane’s weight, W. The plane accelerates upwards as well as horizontally.
c) The thrust from the propellers, T, balances the drag forces, D. The upthrust on the submarine,
U, balances the submarine’s weight, W.
d) The drag on the parachute, D, is greater than the weight of the skydiver, W. The skydiver is
decelerating – she is moving downwards, but the acceleration is upwards.
2 a) i) R = W because the lift moves at constant speed.

So R = 62 kg x 9.8 m s-2
= 608 N
ii) Overall force on passenger = W – R = m a (down positive)
R =W–ma
= 608 N – 62 kg x 2.0 m s-2
= 504 N
b) When the lift accelerates upwards the upwards force on the passenger is greater than their
weight. The passenger is used to feeling a reaction force equal to their weight, which gives
them the sensation of weight. So when the reaction is larger they feel heavier.
3 a) F – D1 – D2 = (m1 + m2) a
2400 N – 1000 N – 600 N = 1400 kg × a
800 N
a =
1400 kg
= 0.57 m s-2
b) The tension acts to accelerate the trailer.

So T – D2 = m2 a
T = D2 + m 2 a
= 600 N + 450 kg x 0.57 m s-2
= 857 N
Alternative/check: the tension acts on the truck.
So F – D1 – T = m1 a
T = F – D1 – m1 a
= 2400 N – 1000 N – 950 kg x 0.57 m s-2
= 857 N
v−u
4 a) i) a1 = t
5 m s−1
=
2s
= 2.5 m s-2
v−u
ii) a2 = t
(12−10.5) m s−1
=
2s
= 0.75 m s-2
b) F = m a1
= 1200 kg x 2.5 m s-2
= 3000 N
c) F – D = m a2
D = F – m a2
= 3000 N – 1200 kg x 0.75 m s-2
= 2100 N
d) F = m a3
F
a3 =
m
3000 N
= 1450 kg
= 2.07 m s-2
Page 158 Test yourself

5 a)
b) The paired force to R is the contact force the dog exerts on the Earth. The paired force with W,
is the gravitational pull of the dog on the Earth.
6 a) i) From Table 9.1, Alan’s mass = 80 kg so W = 80 × 9.8 N/kg = 784 N
ii) From Table 9.1, mass of rope = 2 kg so W = 2 × 9.8 N/kg = 20 N (to 2 sf)
iii) From Table 9.1, Ben’s mass = 80 kg so W = 60 × 9.8 N/kg = 588 N
b) There are nine Third Law pairs:

• Alan has 4 forces with pairs: Earth/Alan (gravity); 2 surface/Alan pairs (vertical and
horizontal); rope/Alan.
• Ben has 4 forces with pairs as above.
• The rope has 3 forces with pairs but 2 are shared with Alan and Ben and have already
been counted, leaving only Earth/rope (gravity).
• The Earth shares 5 paired forces – two with each of the men and one with the rope – and
all have already been counted.
7 a) There needs to be friction between the foot and ground so that the ground can push the foot
forwards when the foot pushes the ground.
b) You push the water backwards; it pushes you forwards.
8 The balloon pushes air out backwards so the air pushes the
balloon forwards by Newton’s third law: force T on the diagram.
Once the air resistance, R is equal to T, then the total horizontal
force is zero and the horizontal component of the balloon’s
speed remains constant. [The balloon can also fall at a constant
speed if its weight is balanced by the drag force D.]
9 The key to the three questions is to remember that resultant
force = mass x acceleration
a) The acceleration can be zero if a force is balanced by another (or others).
b) A driving force might be opposed by an increasing drag force, continuously reducing the
resultant force and thus the acceleration
c) This might happen as a rocket takes off; the mass of the rocket decreases as it uses fuel, so the
same driving force accelerates the rocket faster as its mass decreases.
10 a) The forces act on the body in such a way that each is equal to the vector sum of the others –
they would form a closed triangle when drawn consecutively.
b) When the 7 N force is removed, the unbalanced force is 7 N.
So the mass accelerates at 1.4 m s-2, in the opposite direction to the original 7 N force.
11 The man exerts a gravitational force of 90 kg × 9.8 N kg-1 = 880 N on the Earth, whether he is in
contact with the Earth or not.
Pages 159–161 Activities

9.15 Investigating tension
a) 5 N
b) 5 N
c) 5 N
It is a common mistake to think that answer a) should be 10 N. But the situation is just the same as
part b) and c) – the tension in the string on both sides of the forcemeter in parts b) and c) is also 5 N.
9.16 Balanced forces
a) A little more than 2 N. If T = tension in the string, considering forces on lower pulley block
gives 2T = 4 N + weight of the lower pulley block.
b) Taking weight of trolley as 10 N, resolving along the slope and ignoring friction:
T = 3N = 10 N sin θ
⇒ sin θ = 0.3 and θ = 18°
9.17 Acceleration
a) The ball initially stays where it is. So relative to the trolley it appears to hang backwards.
Trolley accelerates at 2 N /1 kg = 2 ms-2
When ball is at maximum deflection, T cos θ = mg and T sin θ = ma where T is the tension in
the string and m is the mass of the ball:
T sin  ma
=
T cos  mg
a 2
tan  = =
g 10
So maximum angle of deflection: 11° (or 120 if you take g to be 9.8 N kg-1)
The trolley stops. The ball keeps moving until the string stops it. So relative to the trolley the
ball goes forwards, and then swings backwards and forwards, until it has dissipated its KE.
b) s = ut + ½ at2 with u = 0 gives
a = 5.9 m s-2
The force that produces this acceleration is the component of the trolley’s weight that acts
down the slope and that previously balanced the tension of 2.5 N in the string so, using
m = F/a gives
m = 0.42 kg
c) C extends 12 cm – this accelerates a mass of 3 kg
B extends 8 cm – this accelerates a mass of 2 kg
A extends 4 cm – this accelerates a mass of 1 kg
9.18 F = ma
If the length of the card, l, is also measured, then the time it takes to pass through the first
light gate can be used to calculate the initial speed, u. The time it takes to pass through the
second gate will give the final speed, v. Using these with the interval between the timed
measurements, t, allows the acceleration, a, to be calculated using v = u + at
The total mass being accelerated is 1.0 kg, as the 1 N weight has a mass of 0.1 kg. Therefore:
a = 1.0 m s-2
9.19 Newton’s Third Law

a) The forces on the water and beaker are: their weight 6.8 N; a push down from the suspended
weight of 0.6 N; a normal force of 7.4 N from the beaker.
b) The forces on the weight when it is in the water are: 2.1 N from the forcemeter; a weight of
2.7 N; an upthrust from the water of 0.6 N.
9.19 b) As the top magnet is lowered, the force of attraction between the magnets increases. This
force acts downwards on the suspended magnet and so the force on the forcemeter, initially
equal to the weight of a single magnet, increases.
The force acts upwards on the magnet resting on the balance and so the force on the balance,
also initially equal to the weight of a single magnet, decreases.
When the magnets are close enough for the force between them to be fractionally more than
the weight of a single magnet, the lower magnet will accelerate upwards, leaving the balance
and stick to the upper one so the balance will read zero and the reading on the forcemeter will
be equal to the weight of two magnets.
Pages 162–167 Practice questions

1 D
2 A
3 C
4 C
5 B
6 B
7 C
8 D
9 C
10 D
11 B
12 a) Volume = π r 2 h = π × (0.06 m)2 × 0.15 m = 0.0017 m3 [1]

Mass = density × volume = 720 kg m-3 × 0.0017 m3 = 1.22 kg [1]
Weight = m g = 1.22 kg × 9.8 N kg-1 = 12.0 N [1]
b) A body remains at rest or continues to move in a straight line at a constant speed unless acted
on by an unbalanced force. [1]
c) A: contact force from X = 12 N [1]
B: weight of Y = 12 N [1]
C: contact force from table = 24 N [1]
d) i) 12 N [1]
ii) upwards [1]
iii) gravitational [1]
iv) the Earth [1]
13 a) Total weight = 580 N + 2 kg × 9.8 N kg-1 = 600 N (2 sig figs) [1]
b) i) She accelerates the weight upwards by applying a force. [1]
The weight pushes back on her with an equal and opposite force so the force on the scale
increases. [1]
ii) She slows the weight down, so applies a downwards force on it. [1]
The weight pulls her up, so the force on the scales is less. [1]
iii) The weight is stationary above her head, the forces on it balance. [1]
So the scale reads the weight of the student (580 N) and the 2 kg mass (20 N). [1]
14 a) Treating the two boxes as a single object and using:
F = ma:
50 N – 5 N = 25 kg × a [1]
So, a = (45/25) m s-2 [1]
a = 1.8 m s-2 [1]
b) Considering the smaller box only:
T – 2 N = 10 kg × 1.8 m s-2 [1]
T = 20 N [1]
15 a) i) Fresultant = ma = 2 × 48 kg × 1.2 m s-2 [1]
= 115 N [1]
ii) Fres = 250 N – 115 N = 135 N [1]
b) Resultant force on Q FQ = ma = 48 kg × 1.2 m s-2 = 58 N [1]
1
but FQ = 250 N – Fp – 2 Fres Fp is the force P exerts on Q [1]
135
58 N = 250 N – Fp – 2
N [1]
⟹ Fp = 250 N – 67.5 N – 58 N = 124.5 N or 125 N to 3 sf [1]

16 a) The high pressure creates a force that pushes water backwards out of the bottle. [1]
Newton’s third law tells us that the water exerts an equal and opposite force on the bottle,
(and hence the plane to which it is fixed). [1]
This forward force which acts on the plane is unbalanced. [1]
So Newton’s second law tells us the place will accelerate forwards [1].
v−u 2.8 𝑚 𝑠 −1 −2.0 𝑚 𝑠−1
b) i) a = t
= 1𝑠
[1]
= 0.8 m s-2 [1]

v−u 4.0 𝑚 𝑠 −1 −2.8 𝑚 𝑠−1
ii) a = = [1]
t 1𝑠
= 1.2 m s-2 [1]

(In an AS exam you will not be asked to do the same calculation twice – but this gives you practice.)
iii) The mass of the plane has decreased as water escaped [1]
F
a = m, so the acceleration increases. [1]
c) F = m a = 1.3 kg × 0.8 m s-2 [1]

= 1.0 N [1]
d) At E. [1]
This is when the plane starts to decelerate, so the only force acting must be a drag force. [1]
e) i) The drag force is increasing with speed or/and the reduced pressure in the bottle means
the force with which it expelled (and hence the force it creates on the plane) is less so the
resultant force is less [1]
so, once this effect becomes more significant than the reduction in mass, the acceleration
is less [2]
ii) The drag balances the forwards force of the water on the plane; speed is constant. [1]
iii) The drag force decelerates the plane. [1]
The drag force gets less as the plane slows, so the deceleration is reduced. [1]
iv) The plane hits the ground and stops abruptly. [1]
f) Distance travelled = area under graph. [1]
This is closest to 35 m [1]
There is no need to do a detailed calculation. Can see that the distance is less than 5.5 ms-1 ×
9.5 s = 52.25 m (i.e. if it had travelled at max speed for the entire flight) – so ruling out (iii) and
(iv) – but more than 2 ms-1 × 9.5 s = 19 m (i.e. if it had travelled at initial speed for the entire
flight – small amount of time going more slowly more than compensated for my time going
more quickly), so ruling out (i).
g) i) The energy is transferred from the air in the bottle [1]
where it was stored as (elastic) potential energy between molecules that were squashed
closer together. [1]
ii) The water (and air) that is pushed from the bottle (and out of the way of the plane). [1]
17 a) These gaps are likely to have been measured to the nearest millimetre (or half millimetre). As
they stand, the error for the smaller measurements is large – perhaps 0.5 mm in 2 mm for the
first interval, which corresponds to 25%. The error is 𝑚𝑢ch smaller for the larger intervals (0.5
mm in 25 mm is a 2% error). [1]
It would be difficult to measure the distance between dots with greater precision, but
alternative timing methods(see, f below) could provide greater accuracy.[1]
b) t = 3 × 0.02 s = 0.06 s [1]
v = 11.0 mm ÷ 0.02 s = 550 mms-1 ; u = 2.0 mm ÷ 0.02 s = 100 mms-1 [1]
v−u 500− 100
a = 𝑡
= 0.06
[1]
= 7500 mms-2 = 7.5 m s-2 [1]

c) The gaps increased by 3 mm per interval at the start, and are roughly constant at the end. [1]
Therefore, the rate at which the speed increases gets less; i.e. the acceleration decreases. [1]
d) Using the average separation between dots over the last four intervals: [1]
25.5 𝑚𝑚
Terminal speed = = 1.275 mms-1 = 1.3 m s-1 [1]
0.02 𝑠
e) i) One mark for increasing speed up to around 0.3 s;

One mark for showing a constant speed consistent with (d) at the end.
ii) Two marks for showing increasing drag with speed (there is insufficient data to be sure of
the relationship, so form of curve/line irrelevant).
f) Any four relevant points e.g.

the water exerts an upthrust on the weight, which has not been considered
the tape exerts a drag force (and will itself experience an upthrust)
once the tape is wet it may stretch (or it may tear on removal)
friction in the timer will also affect measurements
A better method could be devised using light gates, as they do not interfere with the motion
of the mass. [4]
Page 167 Stretch and challenge

18 a) To every force there is an equal and opposite force. So each fragment going one way must be
balanced by a fragment going in the opposite direction.
However, this is a simplification. One fragment could be balanced by two or more fragments
going in the opposite direction. (You could also think of the conservation of momentum.)
b) For P and R, the initial vertical velocity is 0.
So:
1
s = g t2
2
2s
t2 = g
2 × 100 m
= 9.8 ms−1
t = 4.5 s
For the next calculations you need to remember the solution to a quadratic equation.
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
1
− b ± .(b2 −4 a c) 2
x=
2a
Taking down as positive, for Q:

1
s = ut + 2 gt2
100 = –30 t + 4.9 t2

⟹ 4.9 t2 – 30 t – 100 = 0
1
30 ± (900 + 4 × 4.9 × 100) 2
t= 2 × 4.9
30 ± 53.5 s
t= 9.8
t = 8.5 s (This is the only valid solution as we cannot have negative time.)
For S:
1
s = u t + 2 g t2
100 = 30 t + 4.9 t2
⟹ 4.9 t2 + 30 t – 100 = 0
1
− 30 ± (900 + 4 × 4.9 × 100) 2
T = 9.8
− 30 ± 53.5 s
= 9.8
= 2.4 s (As before, this is the only valid solution.)
c) Q and S land below the centre of gravity. For P and R the horizontal distance travelled is:
s = 30 m s-1 × 4.5 s
= 135 m
R: 135 m to the right; P: 135 m to the left.
d) Final kinetic energy = initial kinetic energy + GPE transferred.
1
KE = 2 m v2 + m g h
1
= 2 × 0.1 × 302 + 0.1 × 9.8 × 100
= 45 J + 98 J
= 143 J or 140 J (2 sig figs)
This is the same for all fragments as energy is a scalar.
e) Again, all fragments have a kinetic energy of 140 J on landing.
19 a) W1 = mg = 80kg × 10N/kg = 784 N
W2 = 40kg × 10N/kg = 392 N
For the man: T + R = 784 N
For the lift: T – R = 392 N
Adding these equations gives 2T = 1176 N
(which could also be determined by considering the system as a whole: 2T = W1 + W2)
⇒T = 588 N
⇒ R = 784 N – 588 N = 196 N
b) Resultant force = ma = 2 T – W1 – W2 = (m1 + m2) a

(2 × 648) N – 784 N – 392 N = (40 + 80) kg × a
120 N = 120 kg × a
a = 1.0 m s-2

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9 Newton’s laws of motion Answers

Page 151 Test yourself on prior knowledge

Pages 154–155 Test yourself

2 a) i) R = W because the lift moves at constant speed.

b) The tension acts to accelerate the trailer.

Page 158 Test yourself

6 a) i) From Table 9.1, Alan’s mass = 80 kg so W = 80 × 9.8 N/kg = 784 N

iii) From Table 9.1, Ben’s mass = 80 kg so W = 60 × 9.8 N/kg = 588 N

b) There are nine Third Law pairs:

Pages 159–161 Activities

9.19 Newton’s Third Law

Pages 162–167 Practice questions

12 a) Volume = π r 2 h = π × (0.06 m)2 × 0.15 m = 0.0017 m3 [1]

⟹ Fp = 250 N – 67.5 N – 58 N = 124.5 N or 125 N to 3 sf [1]

= 0.8 m s-2 [1]

= 1.2 m s-2 [1]

c) F = m a = 1.3 kg × 0.8 m s-2 [1]

= 7500 mms-2 = 7.5 m s-2 [1]

e) i) One mark for increasing speed up to around 0.3 s;

f) Any four relevant points e.g.

Page 167 Stretch and challenge

Taking down as positive, for Q:

100 = –30 t + 4.9 t2

= 2.4 s (As before, this is the only valid solution.)

b) Resultant force = ma = 2 T – W1 – W2 = (m1 + m2) a

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