THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EDUCATIONAL MODEL

OF A HYBRID POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILES

ABSTRACT

The development and construction of a candle-making machine involve creating a specialised

apparatus capable of executing the entire candle production process. This summary provides an

overview of the key elements in the design and fabrication of such a machine.

The primary objective in designing a candle-making machine is to streamline the candle

production process, enhance operational efficiency, and reduce costs to ensure broader

accessibility. The machine incorporates various components and mechanisms to handle tasks

such as wax melting, mould filling, wick placement, and cooling.

Initiating the design process requires comprehensive research and an understanding of the

candle-making industry, including different candle types, sizes, and materials. Factors like

versatility, user-friendliness, safety features, and maintenance considerations are carefully

examined and incorporated into the design. The fabrication phase involves translating the design

into a functional machine, selecting appropriate materials, sourcing or manufacturing specialised

components, and assembling the machine according to design specifications.

Testing and quality assurance are crucial stages in the fabrication process. The machine

undergoes testing to validate its performance, cost efficiency, and mobility in line with defined
requirements stated in the early stages. Iterative improvements and adjustments are implemented

based on feedback and testing results. The successful design and fabrication of such a candle-

making machine have the potential to create a market for customers with limited financial

means, revolutionising the candle industry by increasing productivity and reducing labour costs.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT WORK

The automotive industry stands as a vast and intricate sector, encompassing the design,

development, production, and sale of motor vehicles. Its significance on a global scale is

undeniable, profoundly impacting the economy and society. At its core, the industry focuses on

the creation of passenger automobiles and light trucks, ranging from pickups and vans to sport

utility vehicles. While involved in the production of various components, such as engines and

bodies, it excludes items like tires, batteries, and fuel.

Since its inception in the late 19th century, the automotive industry has undergone noteworthy

transformations. The introduction of Henry Ford's assembly line in the early 20th century

revolutionised vehicle production, making automobiles more accessible to the masses.

Technological, material, and design innovations over time have propelled the industry forward.

Operating globally, major players are situated in regions like the United States, Europe, Japan,

and emerging markets in China, India, and other parts of Asia. Intense competition among

manufacturers is characterised by a continual drive for innovation and product differentiation.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Within this dynamic automotive landscape, the industry faces imminent challenges related to

depleting fuel resources and environmental consequences from conventional vehicle carbon

emissions. The integration of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) emerges as a promising solution,

blending traditional internal combustion engines with electric propulsion systems. HEVs provide

a dual-mode operational framework, utilising both the internal combustion engine and electric

power. This hybridization strategy proves effective in mitigating carbon dioxide emissions, a

significant contributor to global warming.

Simultaneously, the automotive industry is experiencing a transformative revolution propelled by

technological advancements. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are positioned as pioneers challenging the

longstanding dominance of internal combustion engines. Driven by environmental consciousness

and strict emissions regulations, the shift towards EVs is reshaping the automotive landscape at

an unprecedented pace.

This paradigm shift extends beyond electric propulsion, encompassing innovations in

autonomous driving technologies, advanced connectivity features, and alternative powertrains

such as hybrids. These advancements hold the promise of increased operational efficiency,

reduced emissions, and enhanced safety, marking the beginning of an era defined by intelligent,

environmentally friendly, and interconnected vehicles.

At the heart of this technological revolution is a changing consumer mindset, marked by

increased awareness of the environmental impact of transportation choices. The escalating

demand for sustainable mobility solutions compels automakers to innovate and adapt. As the
industry navigates this rapid metamorphosis, the future of transportation emerges as not merely

environmentally sustainable but also marked by increased efficiency, heightened safety, and

seamless integration into daily lives. The convergence of these technological advancements

foretells a revolution in personal transportation, shaping the blueprint for future cities.

The hybrid power transmission system is a critical component of HEVs, which integrates the

conventional internal combustion engine with an electric motor and battery. The development of

an educational model of a hybrid power transmission system for automobiles is essential to train

the future generation of automotive engineers and technicians. This research thesis aims to

investigate the existing literature on hybrid power systems, with a focus on energy management,

prediction models, unit commitment, challenges, developments, and optimal sizing of the hybrid

power system.

The rise of hybrid technology has brought about substantial changes in the gearbox industry,

driven by evolving engineering practices and the growing need for sustainable and energy-

efficient solutions. Essentially, a hybrid gearbox integrates traditional gearbox design with

electric or electronic components like electric motors or power electronics. This hybridization

offers improved flexibility, control, and efficiency, making hybrid gearboxes especially relevant

in modern engineering applications.

Hybrid gearboxes are primarily utilised in hybrid automobiles, where a combination of internal

combustion engines and electric motors is employed. These gearboxes play a crucial role in

seamlessly integrating these two power sources and optimising their combined output for wheel
propulsion. The design of hybrid gearboxes is vital to achieving fuel efficiency, reducing

emissions, and enabling regenerative braking, all of which have become integral aspects of

hybrid technology.

Despite the increasing importance of hybrid gearboxes, there is a noticeable gap in educational

resources and hands-on learning opportunities for students and aspiring engineers in this field.

Traditional gearbox models and educational materials often focus on conventional gear systems,

leaving learners ill-equipped to understand and work with hybrid configurations. This gap in

educational resources presents a significant challenge for engineering education. Aspiring

engineers and students need access to educational tools that not only teach the principles of

hybrid gearboxes but also provide practical experience in their design and operation. To address

this challenge, our project aims to design and fabricate an educational model of a hybrid

gearbox, filling the void in educational resources and helping students and enthusiasts gain a

comprehensive understanding of this essential technology.

By creating an accessible and informative educational model, we seek to empower learners to

explore the intricacies of hybrid gearboxes, fostering a deeper appreciation for their role in

modern mechanical systems. Moreover, this project aligns with the broader goals of promoting

STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education, encouraging innovation

in engineering, and preparing future engineers for the challenges of a rapidly evolving

technological landscape. In doing so, we contribute to the advancement of engineering education

and the development of skilled professionals capable of addressing the pressing needs of our

increasingly complex and interconnected world.

In conclusion, the development of an educational model of a hybrid power transmission system

for automobiles is critical to the training of future automotive engineers and technicians. This

research thesis aims to investigate the existing literature on hybrid power systems, with a focus

on energy management, prediction models, unit commitment, challenges, developments, and

optimal sizing of the hybrid power system. The findings of this research thesis will provide

valuable insights into the development of effective energy management strategies, optimal

sizing, and control strategies for hybrid power systems, which are crucial to the commercial

viability and widespread adoption of HEVs.

1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

This study finds justification in the current gaps within engineering education, particularly in the

context of hybrid power transmission systems. The lack of accessible and informative

educational resources on the integration of internal combustion engines with electric propulsion

systems presents a challenge for aspiring engineers and students. Bridging this educational gap is

crucial not only for the development of competent professionals but also for fostering innovation

and addressing the growing demand for sustainable mobility solutions.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The project aims to address a significant educational gap in understanding hybrid gearbox

technology. Existing educational resources predominantly concentrate on conventional gear

systems, resulting in inadequately prepared students and engineers when it comes to handling

hybrid gearboxes. This knowledge gap obstructs effective learning and professional
advancement in the field of mechanical engineering, notably in areas such as hybrid vehicles and

renewable energy systems. The project's objective is to construct an accessible educational

model that can effectively bridge this gap, equipping learners with the requisite understanding of

hybrid gearbox principles and applications. This, in turn, will facilitate their meaningful

involvement with the continually advancing technologies within the realm of mechanical

engineering. The problem addressed by this project is the significant educational gap in hybrid

gearbox technology, where a shortage of accessible resources and hands-on learning

opportunities hinders students and aspiring engineers from gaining a comprehensive

understanding of this crucial component in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

This research focuses on the development of a hybrid gearbox for educational purposes. It

begins with a careful material selection process, where we will carefully evaluate various

materials to identify the most suitable ones based on factors such as durability and cost-

effectiveness. Following this, we will transition into the design phase, creating detailed 3D

models that serve as the blueprint for our physical prototype. The physical prototype's

construction will be the central focus of our work, demanding precision and attention to detail to

ensure it accurately represents real-world hybrid gearbox components. To guarantee the model's

authenticity, we will implement rigorous testing and validation procedures throughout the

project, guiding continuous improvements. Ultimately, our goal is to develop an accessible and

effective educational tool that bridges the educational gap in understanding hybrid gearbox

technology within the field of mechanical engineering.

1.5 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

The limitations of the present study encompass several key aspects. First and foremost, our

primary focus lies in the development of an educational model of a hybrid gearbox. While this

model serves its intended purpose of bridging the educational gap, it inherently simplifies the

intricate nature of real-world hybrid gearbox systems. Furthermore, the scope of our work is

inherently narrow, centred around the design and construction of the educational model itself.

This study does not delve into broader facets such as curriculum development, instructional

strategies, or the integration of the model into educational programs. Additionally, the

effectiveness of the model in enhancing students' understanding of hybrid gearbox technology

remains to be directly assessed, raising questions about its pedagogical impact.

Resource constraints pose another limitation, as the project's efficacy is contingent upon

available resources, encompassing materials, funding, and expertise. Notably, our educational

model is static and does not replicate the dynamic behaviour, wear and tear, or maintenance

aspects of operational hybrid gearboxes. Moreover, it is essential to acknowledge that the rapid

evolution of hybrid technology may render our model outdated over time, necessitating periodic

updates to retain relevance. Lastly, the study does not delve into specific real-world applications

or industries where hybrid gearboxes are employed, and it does not address potential

environmental impacts or sustainability considerations associated with hybrid technology,

leaving these critical areas unexplored.

1.6 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

AIM
The aim of this project is to develop and validate an educational model of a hybrid gearbox that

serves as an effective learning tool for students, engineers, and enthusiasts, promoting a

comprehensive understanding of hybrid gearbox technology.

OBJECTIVES

The following objectives will be pursued in the study:

1. To review the literature on hybrid power transmission systems for automobiles, particularly

their components, working principle, and potential applications.

2. To develop an educational model of a hybrid power transmission system for automobiles that

can be used in universities to enhance the understanding of the system.

3. To evaluate the feasibility of the hybrid power transmission system for different types of

vehicles, including electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric

vehicles.

4. To investigate the potential applications of the hybrid power transmission system in the

transportation sector.

1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research questions that will guide this study include:

1. What are the components of a hybrid power transmission system for automobiles?

2. How does a hybrid power transmission system work?

3. What are the potential applications of a hybrid power transmission system in the transportation

sector, particularly in electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric

vehicles?
4. What is the feasibility of a hybrid power transmission system for different types of vehicles?

1.8 HYPOTHESIS

Based on the literature review, it is hypothesised that a hybrid power transmission system for

automobiles is a promising technology for enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing emissions.

The educational model developed in this study will be effective in enhancing the understanding

of the system, its components, and its potential applications. The feasibility of the hybrid power

transmission system for different types of vehicles will depend on various factors, including the

cost of the components, the availability of infrastructure, and the driving conditions. The study

will contribute to the development of a sustainable transportation system by providing valuable

insights into the potential applications of the hybrid power transmission system in the

transportation sector.

Several studies have been conducted on the hybrid power transmission system and its potential

applications in the transportation sector. For instance, Wu et al. (2017) proposed a real-time

adaptive control strategy for a fuel cell/battery hybrid power system with guaranteed stability.

The study demonstrated that the proposed control strategy can guarantee the stability of the

system under different driving conditions.

In conclusion, this study aims to develop an educational model of a hybrid power transmission

system for automobiles and evaluate its potential applications in the transportation sector. The
study will contribute to the development of a sustainable transportation system by enhancing the

understanding of the system, its components, and its potential applications. The feasibility of the

hybrid power transmission system for different types of vehicles will depend on various factors,

including cost, infrastructure, and driving conditions. The study will use evidence from the

literature and recent studies to argue critically and provide valuable insights into the potential

applications of the hybrid power transmission system in the transportation sector.

1.9 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The development of an educational model of a hybrid power transmission system for

automobiles is a significant research topic. The significance of this study lies in the increasing

demand for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) due to environmental concerns and the need to

reduce dependence on fossil fuels. HEVs have become an alternative choice for transportation

because of their lower emissions and higher fuel efficiency compared to conventional vehicles.

However, there is a gap in the knowledge of the general public regarding the complex

technology behind HEVs. Therefore, the development of an educational model of a hybrid power

transmission system for automobiles can bridge this gap and increase public awareness of the

technology. This will also assist in the training of automotive engineers and technicians in the

design, maintenance, and repair of HEVs.

Furthermore, the proposed educational model can also be used to teach the principles of energy

management and control of HEVs. Therefore, the proposed educational model can be designed

to incorporate energy management principles that will teach students how to optimise the energy

consumption of HEVs.
In conclusion, the development of an educational model of a hybrid power transmission system

for automobiles is significant for increasing public awareness of the technology, training of

automotive engineers and technicians, and enhancing the performance of HEVs. The proposed

educational model can incorporate the principles of power supply system development, optimum

scheduling strategy, and energy management to produce more efficient and reliable HEVs.

1.10 ORGANISATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY

The remainder of this research report is organised as follows: Chapter 2 provides a

comprehensive literature review, Chapter 3 details the research methodology, Chapter 4 presents

the data analysis and results, and Chapter 5 concludes the study with findings, implications, and

recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE OVERVIEW

2.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS IN AUTOMOBILES

Transmission systems in automobiles are intricate and fundamental mechanisms that serve as the

crucial link between the engine's power and the wheels' motion, orchestrating the vehicle's

propulsion across various speeds and conditions. The importance of these systems cannot be

overstated, as they dictate not only the vehicle's performance but also its fuel efficiency,

drivability, and overall user experience. The evolution of transmission systems has been marked

by a quest for improved efficiency, seamless operation, and adaptability to diverse driving

demands, resulting in the development of several transmission types, each with its unique

features and advantages.

Manual transmissions, a hallmark of driving enthusiasts, require active engagement from the

driver, involving the use of a clutch pedal and gear stick for gear changes. This setup offers a

direct connection between the driver and the vehicle's powertrain, allowing for precise control

over gear selection and engine performance. The ability to manually shift gears aids in

optimising fuel efficiency by allowing drivers to match engine speed with vehicle speed, making

it an attractive choice for those seeking greater involvement in the driving experience.

Automatic transmissions, on the other hand, operate without manual intervention, seamlessly

shifting gears based on various parameters such as speed, load, and throttle input. They provide

unparalleled convenience, especially in stop-and-go traffic situations, appealing to a wide range

of drivers seeking a hassle-free driving experience. This technology has seen continuous

advancements, with modern automatic transmissions incorporating features like adaptive shift

algorithms to enhance performance and efficiency further.

Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVTs) represent a leap in transmission technology,

offering an infinite number of gear ratios without distinct gear shifts. CVTs achieve this through

a belt-and-pulley system or other innovative mechanisms, enabling the engine to operate at its

most efficient RPM range consistently. The smooth and uninterrupted power delivery of CVTs

results in improved fuel economy and a more refined driving experience, making them

increasingly popular in modern vehicles.

Dual-clutch transmissions (DCTs) combine the benefits of manual and automatic transmissions,

employing two separate clutches to achieve lightning-fast gear changes. One clutch handles odd-

numbered gears, while the other manages even-numbered ones, allowing for rapid and seamless

shifts without interrupting power delivery. This technology enhances both performance and

efficiency, catering to drivers seeking a sportier driving experience without compromising

convenience.

Moreover, these transmission systems extend beyond mere functionality; they are at the forefront

of automotive innovation. Manufacturers are continuously investing in research and development

to improve transmission efficiency, reduce emissions, and integrate them seamlessly with hybrid

and electric vehicle technologies. From enhancing shift speeds to maximising fuel economy and

adapting to varying driving conditions, transmission systems remain pivotal in shaping the
driving experience and advancing automotive engineering as the industry progresses towards

more sustainable and sophisticated solutions.

2.2 IMPORTANCE AND ROLE OF GEAR SYSTEMS

Gear systems within automotive transmissions play a pivotal role in managing the transfer of

power generated by the engine to the wheels. They serve several crucial functions that are

essential for the overall operation and efficiency of the vehicle.

1. Speed and Torque Management: Gears enable the adjustment of speed and torque. Lower

gears (or higher numerical gear ratios) are responsible for providing greater torque to the

wheels, essential for acceleration and overcoming resistance, such as when starting from

a standstill or climbing uphill. Conversely, higher gears (or lower numerical gear ratios)

allow for higher speeds at the expense of torque, enabling the vehicle to cruise efficiently

at higher velocities.

2. Fuel Efficiency: The proper selection of gears significantly impacts fuel economy. By

matching the engine's rotational speed (RPM) to the vehicle's speed, gears help maintain

the engine's efficiency within its optimal operating range. This optimization reduces

unnecessary strain on the engine, thereby improving fuel efficiency.

3. Adaptation to Driving Conditions: Different driving conditions require different gear

ratios. For instance, during city driving or stop-and-go traffic, lower gears are

advantageous for quick acceleration and manoeuvrability. In contrast, higher gears are

suitable for highway driving, ensuring efficient fuel consumption at constant speeds.

4. Driver Control and Engagement: In manual transmissions, the gear system empowers the

driver with control over the vehicle's performance. By selecting gears manually, the
 driver can tailor the driving experience to their preferences, optimising for fuel

efficiency, performance, or a balance between the two.

5. Smooth Operation: In automatic transmissions, the gear system operates seamlessly,

ensuring smooth transitions between gears without noticeable interruptions in power

delivery. This smooth operation contributes to a comfortable and refined driving

experience, particularly during gear changes.

6. Specialised Driving Modes: Some modern transmissions offer specialised driving modes,

such as sport or eco modes, which adjust gear ratios to prioritise performance or fuel

efficiency according to the driver's preferences or prevailing conditions.

2.3 INTRODUCTION TO HYBRID GEAR TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

Hybrid gear transmission systems represent a significant evolution in automotive technology,

combining the benefits of traditional internal combustion engines with electric propulsion. These

systems integrate various transmission technologies to optimise power delivery, efficiency, and

driving dynamics while reducing environmental impact.

At the core of hybrid gear transmissions lies the fusion of an internal combustion engine and one

or more electric motors. The aim is to leverage the strengths of each power source while

mitigating their limitations. This integration enables seamless power delivery and efficient

energy management, offering several operational modes to adapt to diverse driving conditions.

One common hybrid gear transmission is the Power Split Device (PSD) used in many hybrid

electric vehicles (HEVs), exemplified by Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive and similar systems.
The PSD employs a planetary gear set, combining the outputs of the internal combustion engine

and electric motor(s) to drive the wheels. This setup allows for multiple operational modes which

are as follows:

1. Series Mode: In this mode, the internal combustion engine operates as a generator,

charging the battery pack while the electric motor(s) solely drive the vehicle. It's an

efficient mode for low-speed, low-demand situations or when maximising fuel efficiency

is the priority.

2. Parallel Mode: Here, both the internal combustion engine and the electric motor(s) work

together to propel the vehicle, particularly during higher-speed driving or when more

power is required for acceleration. This mode optimises performance while balancing

fuel efficiency.

3. Regenerative Braking: Hybrid gear transmissions often incorporate regenerative braking,

where the electric motor(s) reverse roles, acting as generators to convert kinetic energy

during braking into electrical energy to recharge the battery pack.

Additionally, some hybrid gear transmission systems incorporate specialised modes like EV

mode (electric-only propulsion) for short-range driving, enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing

emissions in urban settings.

The complexity and versatility of hybrid gear transmission systems require sophisticated control

systems and management algorithms to optimise power distribution between the internal

combustion engine and electric motor(s). These systems continuously monitor driving
conditions, battery charge levels, and driver inputs to transition between modes for optimal

efficiency and performance seamlessly.

2.4 PREVIOUS STUDIES IN HYBRID POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

The development of hybrid power transmission systems in automobiles has greatly impacted the

automotive industry in recent years. The use of hybrid power systems has become increasingly

popular due to their ability to reduce fuel consumption and emissions while also improving

vehicle performance. However, the implementation of these systems requires significant

knowledge and expertise in energy management, battery technology, and control strategies.

Therefore, there is a need to develop an educational model of a hybrid power transmission

system in automobiles to provide students and researchers with the necessary skills and

knowledge to design and implement these systems.

Shah (2020) defines the hybrid power system as a combination of two or more power sources to

increase energy efficiency and reduce the emission of pollutants. Lü et al. (2018) in their review

on a hybrid power system for PEMFC-HEV highlight the importance of combining fuel cells and

batteries or ultracapacitors to achieve the sustainable operation of hybrid electric vehicles.

The development of a hybrid power transmission system in automobiles is an essential step

towards transitioning to sustainable energy solutions.

Hybrid power generation systems have been the focus of many studies due to their potential to

reduce carbon emissions and improve energy efficiency. Bolinger et al. (2018) discuss the

concept of hybrid power plants and their increasing use in the energy sector. This study provides

insights into the importance of hybrid power systems and their potential for use in different
contexts, including automobiles. Ceran et al. (2017) evaluates various types of hybrid power

generation systems for residential use, providing a comprehensive analysis of their efficiency

and effectiveness.

A number of researchers have investigated the potential of HEVs (Shi et.al ., 2016). Lave and

MacLean (2002) compared HEVs to ICE vehicles and found that HEVs are more fuel-efficient

and produce fewer emissions. They also found that HEVs would have a significantly larger

market share in the future as fuel prices rise.

Nordelof et. al., (2014) investigated the usefulness of different types of life-cycle assessments of

HEVs and EVs to provide an overview of the environmental impacts. Hannan et. al., (2014)

made a comprehensive review in the field of HEVs, concluding that existing technologies are

capable of enabling good HEV performance, but that the reliability and “intelligence” of HEV

systems are still somewhat inadequate.

According to Lü et al. (2018), hybrid power systems have become an essential area of research in

the automobile industry because of their potential to solve the challenge of balancing power

demand and supply. A hybrid power system combines two or more sources of energy to drive a

vehicle, with each system complementing the strengths and weaknesses of the other. In this

regard, hybrid power systems are highly efficient and can be used for long-distance drives

without compromising on performance.

The challenges and developments in the automotive fuel cell hybrid power system and control

are crucial to the effective implementation of HEVs. The study by Gao et al. (2019) presents a

comprehensive review of the challenges and developments of automotive fuel cell hybrid power

systems and control. The study emphasises the importance of addressing the technical challenges

and developing effective control strategies for the widespread adoption of HEVs.

Geertsma et al. (2017) conducted a review of the design and control of hybrid power and

propulsion systems for smart ships. The authors highlighted the significant advancements in the

development of hybrid propulsion systems, including the use of energy storage systems such as

batteries, ultracapacitors, and flywheel storage systems. Thus, the design and control of a hybrid

power system is essential for realising the benefits of the system's operation. Optimization and

monitoring are essential aspects of hybrid power systems, as demonstrated by the studies of

Combe et al. (2018) and Shaik and Mahela (2018). Additionally, renewable energy sources can

be integrated into hybrid power systems to make them more sustainable and efficient, as shown

by the studies of Mahto et al. (2018) and Wang et al. (2018). Moreover, hybrid power systems

can be optimised for specific applications, which is crucial for their integration into marine

vessels, as demonstrated by the studies of Dolatabadi and Mohammadi-Ivatloo (2018) and

Khalid et al. (2018).

Amin et al. (2014) developed an energy management system for a fuel

cell/battery/supercapacitor hybrid power source using model predictive control. The study aimed

at optimising the energy management of the hybrid power source to improve the fuel efficiency

of the vehicle. Do et al. (2019) developed an energy management strategy for a PEM fuel cell
excavator with a supercapacitor/battery hybrid power source. The study focused on achieving

optimal energy management by considering the characteristics of the system components. The

study highlights the importance of developing an energy management strategy that considers the

system's components' characteristics and the operating conditions. Magdy et al. (2018) in their

research on superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) based a new PID controller for

frequency stability of a real hybrid power system, considering high wind power penetration,

investigated the use of (SMES) device to improve the stability of a hybrid power system.

Reddy and Momoh (2015) proposed a realistic and transparent optimum scheduling strategy for

hybrid power systems. In this study, the authors developed a scheduling strategy that optimized

the performance of a hybrid power system by balancing the power demand and supply. The

study demonstrated that the scheduling strategy can reduce the operational cost of a hybrid

power system while maintaining the desired level of power supply. Therefore, the proposed

educational model can be designed to incorporate an optimum scheduling strategy to enhance the

performance of HEVs.

According to Do et al. (2019), energy management strategy is a critical issue that must be

addressed in the design of a hybrid power transmission system. This is because energy

management is responsible for the control and allocation of power from different energy sources

to the hybrid power transmission system. The energy management strategy involves the use of

sophisticated control systems that ensure the efficient operation of the hybrid power transmission

system. Additionally, the design of the hybrid power transmission system must consider the use

of appropriate energy storage devices to ensure the availability of energy when needed.
Supercapacitors and batteries are commonly used as energy storage devices in hybrid power

transmission systems.

Combe et al. (2018) discussed the cost-effective sizing of an AC mini-grid hybrid power system,

which demonstrates the importance of optimising the system for efficiency. Similarly, Shaik and

Mahela (2018) emphasised the significance of power quality assessment and event detection in

hybrid power systems. These studies highlight the importance of optimising the system to ensure

efficiency and emphasise the importance of monitoring the system to ensure that it is functioning

correctly. Rajan and Fernandez (2019) studied the power control strategy of photovoltaic plants

for frequency regulation in a hybrid power system. The study focused on regulating the

frequency of a hybrid power system by controlling the power output of the photovoltaic plant.

The study highlights the importance of developing a power control strategy that considers the

system's operating conditions and the characteristics of the system components. The power

control strategy is essential for achieving optimal system performance and stability.

The development of an educational model of a hybrid power transmission system in automobiles

requires a comprehensive understanding of load frequency control (LFC) strategies in renewable

energy-based hybrid power systems. According to Gulzar et al. (2022), LFC is an essential

control technique for maintaining power balance and frequency stability in power systems. In the

context of hybrid power transmission systems in automobiles, LFC strategies can be used to

balance the power output of the different energy sources (e.g., battery, fuel cell, internal

combustion engine) and ensure stable vehicle operation.

Energy management is another critical aspect of hybrid power transmission systems in

automobiles. Lü et al. (2020) conducted a review of energy optimization of fuel cell hybrid

power systems based on genetic algorithms. The authors proposed a control strategy that

optimises the energy management of the system by controlling the power split between the fuel

cell, battery, and supercapacitor. Such optimization strategies can be incorporated into the

educational model of a hybrid power transmission system to enable students and researchers to

design and implement effective energy management strategies.

Huang et al. (2017) discusses stability of photovoltaic-battery hybrid power systems using

bifurcation-based analysis. This study provides insights into the stability of hybrid power

transmission systems and can be useful in developing an educational model that emphasises the

importance of understanding the stability of such systems.

Mesbahi et al. (2017) proposed a dynamical modelling and emulation of a Li-ion battery-

supercapacitor hybrid power supply for electric vehicle applications. The study aimed at

improving the performance of HEVs by developing a more efficient and reliable power supply

system. The study identified that the hybrid power supply system can support the high power and

high energy demands of electric vehicles. Therefore, the proposed educational model of a hybrid

power transmission system for automobiles can be based on such studies to develop efficient and

reliable power supply systems for HEVs.

Finally, the optimal sizing of hybrid power systems is essential for ensuring their performance

and economic viability. Combe et al. (2019) proposed an optimal sizing method for an
AC-coupled hybrid power system that considers incentive-based demand response. The authors

used a mathematical optimization model to determine the optimal size of the system components

based on the expected energy demand and supply. The proposed method can be implemented in

the educational model of a hybrid power transmission system to enable students and researchers

to design and implement optimal sizing strategies for hybrid power systems.

The integration of hybrid power systems in automobiles has become a significant area of

research, and several studies have been conducted to improve the performance and efficiency of

these systems. Studies such as Ou et al. (2017) and Wu et al. (2017) have proposed intelligent

damping controllers and real-time adaptive control techniques that enhance the stability and

control of hybrid power systems. These techniques can be integrated into the educational model

to simulate different scenarios that teach trainees how to control and manage hybrid power

systems.

The literature review has shown that hybrid power systems have significant advantages for

automotive applications, and several studies have been conducted to improve their performance

and efficiency. The educational model will simulate real-world scenarios, providing trainees with

hands-on experience on the functionality and operation of a hybrid power transmission system.

Studies such as Ou et al. (2017), Ma et al. (2017), Shu et al. (2017), and Shah (2018) will be used

to develop the educational model and enhance the trainees' knowledge and understanding of

hybrid power systems. An educational model that emphasises the importance of understanding

these areas can help improve learning and understanding of hybrid power transmission systems

in automobiles.
2.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN HYBRID GEAR SYSTEMS

Studies and developments in hybrid gear systems have been a focal point in automotive

engineering, with extensive research aiming to optimise efficiency, performance, and reliability.

Over the past few decades, numerous studies, technological advancements, and innovations have

contributed to the evolution of hybrid gear transmissions, paving the way for their integration

into modern vehicles, some of these innovations include:

1.Planetary Gear Systems and Power Split Devices (PSDs): Research has extensively focused on

the design and optimization of planetary gear systems, forming the core of many hybrid

transmissions. Studies have delved into the complexities of planetary gear sets, their torque

distribution, and efficiency in different operational modes. Power Split Devices (PSDs), a key

feature in many hybrid transmissions, have been refined through computational modelling,

simulations, and experimental validation to achieve seamless integration of power from internal

combustion engines and electric motors.

2.Control Systems and Algorithms: Significant efforts have been directed towards developing

advanced control strategies and algorithms for managing hybrid gear transmissions. These

systems aim to optimise power distribution between the engine and electric motors, ensuring

smooth transitions between various operating modes (series, parallel, and blended) based on
driving conditions, battery state-of-charge, and driver inputs. This includes predictive control

algorithms that anticipate driving conditions to optimise power usage.

3.Regenerative Braking and Energy Recovery: Research in regenerative braking systems has

focused on improving energy recovery efficiency. Studies explore novel braking strategies,

electromagnetic designs, and control algorithms to maximise energy recuperation during

deceleration and braking events. Enhancements in energy storage systems, such as high-capacity

batteries and ultra-capacitors, have also been a focal point to improve energy density and

reliability.

4.Component Optimization and Material Science: Advancements in material science have played

a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and durability of hybrid gear components. Research

focuses on developing lightweight yet durable materials for gears, bearings, clutches, and other

transmission components to reduce weight, improve efficiency, and ensure longevity.

5.Hybrid System Integration and Vehicle Applications: Studies have investigated the integration

of hybrid gear systems into various vehicle architectures. Research explores the compatibility

and adaptability of hybrid transmissions in different vehicle types, ranging from compact city

cars to larger SUVs and commercial vehicles. This includes assessing the impact of hybridization

on overall vehicle dynamics, drivability, and performance.

2.6 IDENTIFICATION OF GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVEMENT

Identifying gaps and opportunities for improvement in hybrid gear systems involves assessing

current technologies, understanding limitations, and exploring potential advancements that could

further enhance their efficiency, performance, and applicability. Several areas stand out as

potential avenues for improvement:

1. Efficiency Optimization: While hybrid gear systems offer improved efficiency compared

to traditional powertrains, there's still room for enhancement. Research could focus on

reducing energy losses within the transmission system, refining gear ratios for better

optimization across a broader range of driving conditions and minimising frictional losses

in components.

2. Battery Technology and Energy Storage: Advancements in battery technology are crucial

for enhancing the overall performance of hybrid vehicles. Research into developing

higher energy density batteries, improving charging efficiency, and reducing costs could

significantly impact the range, power output, and overall efficiency of hybrid gear

systems.

3. Integration of Electric Motors: Optimising the integration and efficiency of electric

motors within hybrid systems is another area for improvement. This includes exploring

more compact and lightweight motor designs, improving motor efficiency, and enhancing

power delivery to achieve better overall performance.

4. Control Systems and Predictive Algorithms: Enhancing control strategies and predictive

algorithms is critical for optimising the coordination between the internal combustion

engine and electric motors. Advanced algorithms that anticipate driving conditions,

optimise power delivery, and predict driver behaviour could further improve fuel

efficiency and drivability.

5. Materials and Component Design: Continued research into advanced materials for

transmission components, such as gears, bearings, and clutches, could lead to lighter,

more durable, and more efficient components. Innovations in materials science can

significantly impact the overall weight, efficiency, and reliability of hybrid gear systems.

6. Cost Reduction and Scalability: Addressing cost barriers and improving scalability of

hybrid gear systems is essential for wider adoption. Research into manufacturing

processes, component standardisation, and economies of scale could make hybrid

technology more accessible and cost-effective for consumers across various vehicle

segments.

7. Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact: Conducting comprehensive life cycle

assessments of hybrid gear systems, considering production, usage, and disposal, can

identify areas for reducing environmental impact. Exploring more sustainable

manufacturing processes and materials could further improve the overall ecological

footprint of these systems.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE

The project will be addressed in four (4) main sections, covering:

1. Design of Machine

2. Selection of Materials

3. Fabrication

4. Assembly of the Machine

5. Testing and Evaluation of the products in various candle sizes

3.2 MATERIAL SELECTION AND METHODS

Modelling the hybrid power transmission system as a teaching aid in the laboratory entails a

sequence of steps. This includes the identification of components as detailed in Table 3.1,

selecting appropriate materials, designing individual components, simulating the system for

suitability in fabrication, producing and assembling the components, assessing the machine's

performance, and analysing the production costs.

Table 3.1: Components of the Electric Power steering

S/N DESCRIPTION QTY

1 Structural Stand 1

2 Multimeter 1

3 Toyota Prius Hybrid gearbox 1

4 6mm diameter Bolts and nuts 30

5 Battery 1

6 Electric motor 3/4hp 140 rpm (3 plus) 1

7 V – belt 1

8 Inverter 1

9 Connecting wire 3m

10 10mm diameter Bolt and knots 15

11 Electrode 12 gauge 6

12 Cutting disk 1

13 Grinding disc 1

The Hybrid Gearbox System (HGS) comprises multiple integral components that collaborate to

optimise power delivery and efficiency within hybrid vehicles. These components include:

1. Gearbox unit

2. Electric Motor

3. 12 Volt Battery
 4. Multimeter

5. Inverter

6. Regenerative Braking Converter

Fig 3.1: Schematic diagram of a hybrid power transmission system

3.2.1 Electric Motor

An electric motor is a key component that serves as an additional propulsion source alongside

the internal combustion engine. It functions as an electrically powered actuator capable of

converting electrical energy into mechanical energy to drive the vehicle. In hybrid setups,

electric motors work in conjunction with the internal combustion engine, enabling various

operational modes for enhanced efficiency, performance, and reduced emissions.

Fig 3.2: Electric Motor

3.2.2 Gearbox Unit

In the context of hybrid power transmission systems in automobiles, the gearbox unit, also

known as the transmission, is a crucial component responsible for managing the power flow

between the internal combustion engine and the wheels. It consists of various gears, shafts,

clutches, and other mechanisms that control the speed, torque, and direction of the vehicle.

The gearbox unit in a hybrid powertrain coordinates the interaction between the internal

combustion engine and the electric motor(s), allowing for seamless integration and optimized

power delivery. It facilitates the transmission of power generated by both sources to the wheels,

enabling the vehicle to operate in different driving modes, such as electric-only mode, hybrid

mode, or utilising both power sources simultaneously.

Fig 3.3 Gearbox Unit

3.2.3 Inverter

The inverter is a critical electronic component responsible for converting direct current (DC)

power from the vehicle's battery into alternating current (AC) power to drive the electric

motor(s).

The inverter within a hybrid powertrain system controls the speed and torque of the electric

motor(s) by regulating the frequency and amplitude of the AC power supplied to them. It plays a

crucial role in managing the electric motor's performance, enabling smooth acceleration,

deceleration, and power delivery to the wheels.

By converting DC power from the battery into AC power for the electric motor(s), the inverter

ensures efficient utilisation of electrical energy, allowing for precise control over the motor's

operation and contributing to the overall efficiency and performance of the hybrid vehicle.

3.2.4 Regenerative Braking Converter

The regenerative braking converter is a component that harnesses and manages the kinetic

energy generated during braking or deceleration. Its primary function is to convert this kinetic

energy into electrical energy, which is then stored in the vehicle's battery for later use.

When a vehicle equipped with regenerative braking slows down or brakes, the kinetic energy

that would otherwise be dissipated as heat in traditional braking systems is captured by the

regenerative braking converter. This converter transforms the kinetic energy into electrical

energy through a process of electrical generation, often involving components like rectifiers or

controllers.

The electrical energy generated during this process is then directed to the vehicle's battery or

energy storage system, where it is stored for future use, such as powering the electric motor(s) or

other auxiliary systems. This system helps improve overall efficiency in hybrid vehicles by

recycling energy that would otherwise be wasted during braking, thereby extending the vehicle's

range and enhancing energy utilisation.

3.3 Equipment Used

The equipment used in carrying out this research work are tabulated below

Table 3.2: Table showing equipment used

S/N EQUIPMENT

1 Cutting Machine

2 Oxyacetylene Gas Welding Machine

3 Set of Pliers

4 Set of Spanners

5 Set of Screwdrivers

6 Spray Guns

7 Electric Drilling Machine

3.4 Conceptual Design

The conceptual design which is the initial phase of the engineering and design process was done

using SOLIDWORKS software.

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