Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 8 views

    Grade 11 Chemistry Week 9 Lesson 2

    Uploaded by

    RealGenius (Carl)
    Soaps are produced through saponification, the process of boiling fats or oils with an alkali like sodium hydroxide. This produces salts of fatty acids like sodium stearate. Soaps and soapless detergents both clean through forming surfactants but soaps don't lather as well in hard water due to insoluble salts, while soapless detergents form soluble salts and lather in both water types.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Grade 11 Chemistry Week 9 Lesson 2

    Uploaded by

    RealGenius (Carl)
    8 views4 pages
    Soaps are produced through saponification, the process of boiling fats or oils with an alkali like sodium hydroxide. This produces salts of fatty acids like sodium stearate. Soaps and soapless detergents both clean through forming surfactants but soaps don't lather as well in hard water due to insoluble salts, while soapless detergents form soluble salts and lather in both water types.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Soaps are produced through saponification, the process of boiling fats or oils with an alkali like sodium hydroxide. This produces salts of fatty acids like sodium stearate. Soaps and soapless detergents both clean through forming surfactants but soaps don't lather as well in hard water due to insoluble salts, while soapless detergents form soluble salts and lather in both water types.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    8 views4 pages

    Grade 11 Chemistry Week 9 Lesson 2

    Uploaded by

    RealGenius (Carl)
    Soaps are produced through saponification, the process of boiling fats or oils with an alkali like sodium hydroxide. This produces salts of fatty acids like sodium stearate. Soaps and soapless detergents both clean through forming surfactants but soaps don't lather as well in hard water due to insoluble salts, while soapless detergents form soluble salts and lather in both water types.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

    SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME

    GRADE 11

    CHEMISTRY

    WEEK 9 LESSON 2

    Topic: Esters

    Sub-topic: Preparation of Soaps

    Objectives: Given the information, students will:


    (v) accurately describe the preparation of soap -saponification of fats
    and oils.
    (vi) accurately Compare the effect of soapy and soapless detergents on
    hard and soft water.
    Content

    Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. Saponification refers
    to the process that produces soap. During saponification, large ester molecules found in animal
    fats and vegetable oils undergo alkaline hydrolysis by being boiled with concentrated potassium
    or sodium hydroxide solution.

    Making soap

    A simple method for making soap in the school’s laboratory is as follows:

    1. Put about 5cm3 of vegetable oil into an evaporating dish and heat.
    2. To the hot oil add 10 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution to which methylated
    spirit has been added. (the methylated spirit speeds up the reaction).
    3. Add concentrated sodium chloride solution to the mixture.
    4. Stir and heat for a further five minutes.
    5. Allow the mixture to cool.
    6. Filter the mixture to obtain the soap.
    Soap preparation

    Example

    The fat glyceryl octadecanoate (C17H35COO)3C3H5) is an ester of octadecanoic acid also called
    stearic acid. (C17H35COOH) and glycerol (C3H5(OH)3. Saponification of glyceryl octadecanoate
    by boiling with sodium hydroxide solution forms sodium octadecanoate (C17H35COONa) and
    glycerol. Sodium octadecanoate, also called sodium stearate, is the most common form of soap.

    This can also be written as:


    Soapy And Soapless Detergents

    Soapy and soapless detergents are substances that are added to water to remove stains and dirt
    e.g. from the skin, clothes, household surfaces, and floors.

    • Soapy detergents are made by boiling animal fats or vegetable fats and oils with concentrated
    potassium or sodium hydroxide solution. They may be simply called soaps, e.g. sodium
    octadecanoate (C17H35COONa)

    • Soapless detergents are formed from petroleum. They are also known as 'synthetic detergents'
    and maybe simply called detergents, e.g. sodium dodecyl sulfate, C12 H25OS03Na.

    EFFECT OF SOAPY AND SOAPLESS DETERGENTS ON HARD AND SOFT WATER.

    Detergents form a lather(foam) with soft water. This is because soft water does not contain
    dissolved calcium and magnesium salts. Hard water contains a lot of calcium and magnesium
    salts as such they do not lather well with soap. Instead, they form an insoluble scum of calcium
    or magnesium salt.

    Soapless detergents lather well with both hard and soft water because the calcium and magnesium
    salts they form are soluble. These detergents do not form scum.

    COMPARING SOAPY AND SOAPLESS DETERGENTS

    SOAPY DETERGENTS SOAPLESS DETERGENTS


    Manufactured from fats and oils, a renewable Manufactured from petroleum, a non-
    resource that will not run out. renewable resource that will eventually run
    out.
    Do not lather easily in hard water containing Lather easily in hard water. Their calcium and
    Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Their calcium and magnesium salts are soluble, so they do not
    magnesium salts are insoluble and form form scum.
    unpleasant scum. This wastes soap discolours
    clothes and forms an unpleasant grey, greasy
    layer around sinks, baths, and showers.
    Are biodegradable, meaning they are broken Some are non-biodegradable. These can cause
    down by bacteria in the environment. They do foam to form on waterways and in sewage
    not cause foam to form on waterways such as systems. This causes aquatic organisms to die
    lakes and rivers, or in sewage systems. because oxygen can no longer dissolve in the
    water, and it makes sewage treatment difficult.
    Most modern soapless detergents are now
    biodegradable.
    Do not contain phosphates, so they do not Some contain phosphates, added to improve
    cause eutrophication of aquatic environments. their cleaning ability. Phosphates cause
    pollution of aquatic environments by causing
    eutrophication, i.e. nutrient enrichment which
    stimulates the rapid growth of green algae.

    You might also like