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    L1 Functions of Several Variables Kmutt

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    L1 Functions of Several Variables Kmutt

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    L1 Functions of Several Variables Kmutt

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    1

    Lecture 1 Functions
    of several variables
    ASSOC.PROF.DR. NITIMA
    ASCHARIYAPHOTHA
    2
    Outlines
    • Function of Several Variables
    • Graphs of Quadratic Surfaces
    • Applications of Quadratic Surfaces
    • Limit and Continuity of Function of Several Variables
    3
    Function of several variables
    For example
    1
    Area of a triangle has the formula: 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ where
    2

    𝑏 = length of a base and ℎ = height


    Volume of an object: 𝑉 = 𝐿𝑤ℎ where
    𝐿 = length, 𝑤 = width and ℎ = height
    From above, we have 𝐴 a function of 2 variables: 𝒃 and 𝒉
    𝑉 a function of 3 variables: 𝑳, 𝒘 and 𝒉
    4
    Notation : 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
    It means z is a function of x and y. x and y are called independent
    variables or inputs, while z is called dependent variable or output.

    Analogously, 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) means w is a function of x, y and z. x, y


    and z are called independent variables or inputs, while w is called
    dependent variable or output.
    5
    Geometric Interpretation
    Definition 1: A function f of two variables x and y is the assignment of
    each point (x,y) in a domain 𝐷 ⊆ ℝ2 to some real number f(x,y).

    Definition 2: A function f of three variables x, y and z is the


    assignment of each point (x,y,z) in a domain 𝐷 ⊆ ℝ3 to some real
    number f(x,y,z).
    FUNCTIONS OF TWO
    6
    VARIABLES
    One way of visualizing such a function is by means of an arrow
    diagram, where the domain D is represented as a subset of the
    xy-plane.
    7
    Example 1
    Find the domain and draw a graph of the domain of
    1. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
    2. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln(𝑦 2 − 𝑥)
    8
    Graphs of multivariable functions
    Another way of visualizing the behavior of a function of two
    variables is to consider its graph.

    Just as the graph of a function f of one variable is a curve C with


    equation y = f(x), so the graph of a function f of two variables
    is a surface S with equation z = f(x, y).
    We can visualize the graph S of f as lying directly above or
    9 below its domain D in the xy-plane.

    Example 2 Draw a graph of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 12 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 on XYZ-space.


    10 Example 2 Draw a graph of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 12 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 on XYZ-space.
    11
    Level curves or contour plot
    12
    Level Curves
    Definition
    The level curves of a function f of two variables are the curves with
    equations
    f(x, y) = k
    where k is a constant (in the range of f).

    A level curve f(x, y) = k is the set of all points in the domain of f at which
    f takes on a given value k.

    That is, it shows where the graph of f has height k.


    The level curves f(x, y) = k are just the traces of the graph of f in
    the horizontal plane z = k projected down to the xy-plane.
    14
    The isobars in this atmospheric pressure map provide another
    example of level curves.
    16
    Three Dimensional Spaces
    Rectangular Coordinate System in Three-dimensional Space
    It consists of three orthogonal axes called x-axis, y-axis and z-axis. The
    intersection point of all axes is called the origin.
    17
    Traces on xy-, yz- and xz-planes
    18
    Graph of Planar Surface
    Definition: Plane is a set of all points in the three dimensional space
    satisfying the equation
    𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0
    where 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 be some constants.
    19 Example 3 Draw graphs of x = 3 in one-, two- and three-dim spaces.
    Example 3 Draw graphs of x = 3 in one-, two- and three-dim spaces.
    20
    To sketch a planar graph, generally we draw a plane only on the
    21
    octant where the plane lies on by finding the intercepts of the plane
    and each axis. Then connect all intercepted points with lines.
    Three intercepted points:
    22
    Example 4
    Draw a graph of 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6
    23
    Example 4
    Draw a graph of 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6
    24 Graphs of Quadratic Surfaces
    A graph of quadratic surface is a set of all points in three- dimensional space
    satisfying the following equation:

    𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑧 2 + 𝐷𝑥𝑦 + 𝐸𝑦𝑧 + 𝐹𝑥𝑧 + 𝐺𝑥 + 𝐻𝑦 + 𝐼𝑧 + 𝐽 = 0

    where 𝐴, 𝐵, … , 𝐽 are constants


    To draw a graph of quadratic surface, we should know
    1. Three intercepted points
    2. Traces on xy-, yz- and xz-planes
    3. Traces cut by the planes parallel to xy-, yz- and xz-planes
    25 Important quadratic surfaces
    Important quadratic surfaces you should know are the following:
    1. Sphere
    2. Ellipsoid
    3. Paraboloid
    4. Hyperboloid of one sheet
    5. Hyperboloid of two sheets
    6. Cone
    7. Hyperbolic paraboloid
    8. Cylinder
    26 Review on conic section

    2 2
    𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑟 2
    𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
    2
    + 2=1 2
    − 2=1
    𝑎 𝑏 𝑎2 𝑏2
    𝑥 = 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑥
    2
    − 2=1
    𝑏 𝑎
    27 Sphere
    The equation of a sphere centered at (0,0,0) with radius r has the form:

    𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑟2
    28 Similarly, the equation of a sphere centered at (ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑙) with radius r has
    the form:

    𝑥−ℎ 2 + 𝑦−𝑘 2 + 𝑧−𝑙 2 = 𝑟2


    29 Example 5 Draw a graph of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 1 = 0,
    and sketch the trace on xy-plane.
    30 Ellipsoid
    The equation of a sphere centered at (0,0,0) has the form:

    𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
    2
    + 2+ 2=1
    𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

    Similarly, the equation of an ellipsoid centered at (ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑙) has the form:


    𝑥−ℎ 2 𝑦−𝑘 2 𝑧−𝑙 2
    + + =1
    𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
    31
    32 Example 6 Draw a graph of 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
    + + = 1,
    4 16 9

    and find the equation of a graph after cutting the surface by the
    plane x = k, where k is some constant.
    33 Example 7
    Draw a graph of 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 = 0,
    Trace on xy-plane Trace on xz-plane
    Trace on yz-plane
    34
    35 Paraboloid
    The equation of a elliptic paraboloid centered at (0,0,0) has the form:

    where a, b, c are some constants.


    36 Example 8
    Draw a graph of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − z 2 = 1,
    37
    Example 8
    Draw a graph of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 = 1,
    38 Hyperboloid of one sheet
    The equation of a hyperboloid of one sheet centered at (0,0,0) has the form:

    where a, b, c are some constants.


    39 Hyperboloid of two sheets
    The equation of a hyperboloid of two sheet centered at (0,0,0) has the
    form:

    where a, b, c are some constants.


    40
    41 Example 9 Draw a graph of 4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 2 + 4 = 0,
    and find the equations of conic sections after cutting the surface by
    each plane.
    42 Cone
    The equation of a elliptic cone centered at (0,0,0) has the form:

    where a, b, c are some constants.


    43
    Example 10
    𝑦 2
    Draw a graph of 𝑥2 + − 𝑧2 = 0
    4
    44
    Example 10
    𝑦 2
    Draw a graph of 𝑥 2 + − 𝑧 2 = 0
    4
    45
    Example 11
    𝑥2 𝑦2
    Draw a graph of z=− +
    9 4
    46
    Example 11
    𝑥2 𝑦2
    Draw a graph of z=− +
    9 4
    47 Hyperbolic Paraboloid
    The equation of a Hyperbolic Paraboloid centered at (0,0,0) has the form:

    where a, b, c are some constants.


    48 Cylinder

    The equation formats of each cylindrical surface are in 2-variables.


    Since we consider a graph in 3-dimensional space, the missing
    variable has values in (−∞, ∞). Thus the cylinder will lay along the
    axis of missing variable.
    49 Example 12 Draw a graph of 𝑦 2 = 9 − 𝑧
    50 Applications of Quadratic Surfaces
    51
    52
    53
    54 Limit and Continuity of Function of Several Variables
    55
    56 Two Path Rule
    𝑥𝑦
    57 Example 13 Find the limit of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 =
    𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
    as (𝑥, 𝑦) approaches (0,0)
    along the given ways.
    (a) The x-axis
    (b) The y-axis
    (c) The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
    (d) The line 𝑦 = 𝑥
    58 Some Properties
    59 Example 14 Find the following limits.
    5𝑥 3 𝑦 2 −9
    (a) lim
    (𝑥,𝑦)→(1,2) 𝑥 2 𝑦
    (b) lim 𝑒 −𝑥𝑦 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)
    (𝑥,𝑦)→(1,4)
    2𝑥 2 −2𝑦 2
    (c) lim
    (𝑥,𝑦)→(1,−1) 𝑥+𝑦
    𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑦
    (d) lim
    (𝑥,𝑦)→(1,1) 𝑥− 𝑦
    60 Continuity
    61 Example 15 Determine whether the function
    𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1
    , (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,1)
    𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = ቐ 𝑥 − 1
    −4, 𝑥, 𝑦 = (0,1)
    is continuous at (0,1).
    62 Practice
    𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧
    1. Sketch the quadratic surface − = using the traces on xy-
    4 2 4
    plane, yz-plane and xz-plane.

    𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
    , (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (1, −1)
    2. Is a function defined by 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = ቐ 𝑥+𝑦
    −2, 𝑥, 𝑦 = (1, −1)
    continuous at (1,-1)?

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