Automobiles

The word automobile comes, via the French automobile from the Ancient Greek word
autós, ("self") and the Latin mobilis ("movable"); meaning a vehicle that moves itself.
The alternative name car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum
("wheeled vehicle"), or the Middle English word carre ("cart").The term motorcar has
also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which
functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and
baggage.

An automobile is a self-propelled passenger vehicle that usually has four wheels and
an internal-combustion engine, used for land transport. Also called motor car. Cars
were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-
drawn carriages and carts, but took much longer to be accepted in Western Europe
and other less-developed parts of the world.

By "car" we are referring to passenger cars, which are defined as motor vehicles with
at least four wheels, used for the transport of passengers, and comprising no more
than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat. Cars (or automobiles) make up
approximately 74% of the total motor vehicle annual production in the world. The
remaining 26%, is made up by light commercial vehicles and heavy trucks (motor
vehicles with at least four wheels, used for the carriage of goods), buses, coaches
and minibuses (comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat)

Karl Benz the inventor of the modern

automobile

The Benz Patent-Motorwagen (or motorcar), built in 1886, is widely regarded as the
first automobile, that is, a vehicle designed to be propelled by an engine(motor). The
first Motorwagen used the Benz 954 cc single-cylinder four-stroke engine. This
engine produced 2⁄3 horsepower (0.50 kW) at 250 rpm and weighed about 100 kg
(220 lb).
Some Definitions:
Passenger Cars are motor vehicles with at least four wheels, used for the transport
of passengers, and comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver's
seat.
Light Commercial vehicles (LCV) are motor vehicles with at least four wheels, used
for the carriage of goods. Mass given in tons (metric tons) is used as a limit between
light commercial vehicles and heavy trucks. This limit depends on national and
professional definitions and varies between 3.5 and 7 tons. Minibuses, derived from
light commercial vehicles, are used for the transport of passengers, comprising more
than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat and having a maximum mass between
3.5 and 7 tons.
Heavy Trucks (HCV) are vehicles intended for the carriage of goods. Maximum
authorised mass is over the limit (ranging from 3.5 to 7 tons) of light commercial
vehicles. They include tractor vehicles designed for towing semi-trailers.
Buses and Coaches are used for the transport of passengers, comprising more than
eight seats in addition to the driver's seat, and having a maximum mass over the limit
(ranging from 3.5 to 7 tones) of light commercial vehicles.
National trade organizations make a distinction between production of completely
built up (CBU) vehicles and assembly of completely knocked down (CKD) or semi-
knocked down (SKD) sets when vehicle parts original from another country. Typically
vehicle production referrs to CBU units.
Source: Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA)

No. of Vehicles
Year No. of Vehicles
in the World Type
in the World
1900 4192 Gasoline 594 Million
1922 12 Million Diesel 346 Million
1985 485 Million NGV 9.5 Million
2006 690 Million in 2009
2009 940 Million
visit
2011 1020 Million http://www.worldometers.info/cars/

Most of the automobiles are gasoline operated and the diesel runs are growing fast.

250 million cars runs in USA. China will have about 200 million by 2020.

US : 802 cars, Japan : 589, China : 101, India : 41, BD: 3 cars per 1000 people.

Nearly 9.5 million NGVs are operating in 2009, Only about 1% vehicles were NGV.
TOP 25 Rank of manufacturers by production in 2013
United States has the world's largest motor vehicle fleet with about 250 million vehicles.

China became the world's largest new car market in 2009

Top vehicle manufacturing groups by volume
The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced by
each one. The table is ranked by 2013 production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle
Manufacturers (OICA), Joint ventures are not reflected in this table.

Country of
Brand Ownership Markets
origin

1. Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japan)

Daihatsu Subsidiary Europe, Asia (except South Korea), Africa, and South America

South East Asia, Japan, North America (except United States) and South
Hino Subsidiary
America

Business South East Asia, Japan, Middle East, United States, Canada, Europe, Brazil,
Lexus
Unit Panama, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India

Business
Ranz China
Unit

Scion Division United States, Canada

Toyota Division Global, except Iran

2. General Motors Company ( United States)

Business
Buick United States, Canada, Mexico, China, Israel
Unit

Business
Cadillac North America, Europe, Middle East, China, Japan, South Korea
Unit

Business
Chevrolet Global, except Australia, New Zealand
Unit

Business
GMC North America, Middle East (except Israel)
Unit

Holden Subsidiary Australia, New Zealand

Business
JieFang China
Unit

Business Europe (except UK), North Africa, South Africa, Middle East, China,
Opel
Unit Singapore, Chile

Business
Vauxhall United Kingdom
Unit

Business
UzDaewoo Central Asia, Russia
Unit

Business
Wuling China
Unit

3. Volkswagen Group AG ( Germany)

Audi Subsidiary Global, except Iran

Bentley Subsidiary Global

Bugatti Subsidiary Global

Lamborghini Subsidiary Global

Ducati Subsidiary Global

MAN Subsidiary Global, except North America and Australia

Porsche Subsidiary Global, except Iran

Scania Subsidiary Global

SEAT Subsidiary Europe, Central America, South America, Middle East and Northern Africa

Europe, Asia, Central America (including Dominican Republic), South

Škoda Subsidiary
America, Northern and western Africa, Australia, New Zealand

Volkswagen Division Global

Volkswagen
Subsidiary Europe, Central America, South America, Australia, China
Commercial Vehicles

Business
VTB South America and South Africa
Unit

4. Hyundai Motor Group ( South Korea)

Hyundai Division Global

Kia Subsidiary Global, except Japan

5. Ford Motor Company ( United States)

Ford Division Global

Business
Lincoln United States, Canada, Mexico, Middle East, Japan, South Korea, China
Unit

Troller Subsidiary South America, Africa

6. Nissan ( Japan)

Datsun Division Indonesia, India, Russia, South Africa

Infiniti Subsidiary Global, except Japan, Korea, South America and Africa

Nissan Division Global

Business
Venucia China
Unit

7. FCA Group

Abarth Subsidiary Global, except Iran

Alfa Romeo Subsidiary Global, except Iran, China, Taiwan, USA and the Philippines

Global, except Europe (excluding UK and Ireland), Africa (excluding South

Chrysler Division
Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia (excluding the Philippines)

Global, except Europe, Africa(excluding South Africa and Egypt), South Asia,
Dodge Division
South East Asia (excluding the Philippines)

Ferrari Subsidiary Global, except Iran

Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa), Iran, South East Asia and
Fiat Subsidiary
Canada

Business Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa), Iran, South East Asia, United
Fiat Professional
Unit States, Canada

Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South
Jeep Division
East Asia (excluding the Philippines)

Lancia Division Europe (excluding UK and Ireland)

Maserati Subsidiary Global

Ram Division United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Middle East, Peru

Business Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South
SRT
Unit East Asia

Joint
Tofaş Europe
Venture

8. Honda Motor Company ( Japan)

Acura Division United States, Canada, Mexico, China

Business
Everus China
Unit

Honda Division Global

9. Suzuki Motor Corporation ( Japan)

Suzuki Division Global, except USA, Canada North Korea and South Korea

Maruti Suzuki Subsidiary India, Middle East, South America

10. PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A. ( France)

Europe, Central and South America, Northern and Western Africa, South
Citroën Subsidiary Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, Asia (except India, Pakistan
and Bangladesh)

Peugeot Subsidiary Global, except USA, Canada, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
History of Automobiles
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first full-scale, self-
propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769-71; he created a steam-
powered tricycle. A variety of steam-powered road vehicles were used during the first
part of the 19th century, including steam cars, steam buses, phaetons, and steam
rollers.

In 1807 the Swiss inventor François Isaac de Rivaz designed his own 'de Rivaz
internal combustion engine' and used it to develop the world's first vehicle to be
powered by such an engine. It used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, but the
design was not very successful.

Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm

Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same
time, Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as the inventor of the modern car.In 1879,
Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878.
Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible
for powering a vehicle. His first Motorwagen was built in 1885 in Mannheim,
Germany. He was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29
January 1886 (under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was
founded in 1883). Benz began promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25
Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when his first four-wheeler was
introduced along with a model intended for affordability. They also were powered with
four-stroke engines of his own design. In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first
internal-combustion flat engine, called boxermotor. During the last years of the
nineteenth century, Benz was the largest car company in the world with 572 units
produced in 1899.
A photograph of the original Benz Patent-Motorwagen, first built in 1885 and awarded the patent for
the concept.

Benz "Velo" model (1894) by German inventor Carl Benz

In 1890, Émile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began producing vehicles
with Daimler engines, and so laid the foundation of the automotive industry in France.
In 1891, Auguste Doriot and his Peugeot colleague Louis Rigoulot completed the
longest trip by a petrol-powered vehicle when their self-designed and built Daimler
powered Peugeot Type 3 completed 2,100 kilometres drive from Valentigney to Paris
and Brest and back again.

The first motor car in central Europe and one of the first factory-made cars in the
world, was produced by Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed to
Tatra) in 1897, the Präsident automobil. Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler
Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890, and sold their first car in 1892
under the brand name Daimler.
 Präsident Automobil 1897

Santler from Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as
having made the first petrol-powered car in the country in 1894 followed by Frederick
William Lanchester in 1895, but these were both one-offs. The first production
vehicles in Great Britain came from the Daimler Company, a company founded by
Harry J. Lawson in 1896, after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines.
Lawson's company made its first automobiles in 1897, and they bore the name
Daimler.

In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a "New Rational
Combustion Engine". In 1897, he built the first diesel engine. Steam-, electric-, and
gasoline-powered vehicles competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion
engines achieving dominance in the 1910s.

The first design for an American car with a gasoline internal combustion engine was
made in 1877 by George Selden of Rochester, New York. The large-scale,
production-line manufacturing of affordable cars was debuted by Ransom Olds in
1902 at his Oldsmobile factory located in Lansing, Michigan and based upon the
assembly line techniques pioneered by Marc Isambard Brunel at the Portsmouth
Block Mills, England, in 1802. The assembly line style of mass production and
interchangeable parts had been pioneered in the U.S. by Thomas Blanchard in 1821,
at the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts. This concept was greatly
expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1914. As a result, Ford's cars came off the
line, much faster than previous methods, increasing productivity eightfold, while using
less manpower. In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and quickly
spread worldwide seeing the founding of Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford
Denmark 1923, Ford Germany 1925; in 1921, Citroen was the first native European
manufacturer to adopt the production method.
 Ford Automobile 1927 and Henry Ford

Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so
marketing plans often have heavily influenced car design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who
established the idea of different makes of cars produced by one company, so buyers
could "move up" as their fortunes improved.

Reflecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with one another so larger
production volume resulted in lower costs for each price range. For example, in the
1930s, LaSalles, sold by Cadillac, used cheaper mechanical parts made by
Oldsmobile; in the 1950s, Chevrolet shared hood, doors, roof, and windows with
Pontiac; by the 1990s, corporate powertrains and shared platforms (with
interchangeable brakes, suspension, and other parts) were common.
Automobiles or vehicles can be classified on different bases as given below :
On the Basis of Load
(a) Heavy transport vehicle (HTV) or heavy motor vehicle (HMV), e.g. trucks, buses, etc. (>5ton)
(b) Light transport vehicle (LTV), e.g. pickup, station wagon, etc. (0.5-3 tons)
(c) Light motor vehicle (LMV), e.g. cars, jeeps, etc. (<1 ton)

Wheels
(a) Two wheeler vehicle, for example : Scooter, motorcycle, scooty, etc.
(b) Three wheeler vehicle, for example : Autorickshaw, three wheeler scooter for handicaps and
tempo, etc.
(c) Four wheeler vehicle, for example : Car, jeep, trucks, buses, etc.
(d) Six wheeler vehicle, for example : Big trucks with two gear axles each having four wheels.

Fuel Used
(a) Petrol vehicle, e.g. motorcycle, scooter, cars, etc.
(b) Diesel vehicle, e.g. trucks, buses, etc.
(c) Electric vehicle which use battery to drive.
(d) Gas vehicle, e.g. LPG and CNG vehicles, where LPG is liquefied petroleum gas and CNG is
compressed natural gas.
(e) Hybrid Vehicle/PHV - Gasoline/Diesel + Electric.

Body
On the basis of body, the vehicles are classified as :

(a) Sedan with two doors (b) Sedan with four doors (c) Station wagon
(d) Coupe (e) Convertible (f) Van/SUV/Multipurpose Vehicle
(g) Microbus/Minibus (h) Special purpose vehicle, e.g. ambulance, milk van, etc.
Transmission
(a) Conventional vehicles with manual transmission, e.g. car with 5 gears.
(b) Automatic : In automatic transmission, gears are not required to be changed manually. It is
automatically changes as per speed of the automobile.

Position of Engine
Engine in Front
Most of the vehicles have engine in the front. Example : most of the cars, buses, trucks in India.
Engine in the Rear Side
Very few vehicles have engine located in the rear. Example : Voxwagon, Nano.

Front wheel drives are more common today for better traction, directional stability, compact-lighter design.

Four-wheel-drive (4WD) and all-wheel-drive (AWD) systems can dramatically increase vehicle’s traction and
handling ability in rain, snow, and off-road driving.
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE

• Prime Mover : IC Engine, Hybrids, Fuel cells

• Body Frame or Chassis : 3 box, Others

• Power Transmission Systems : Clutch, Gear box,

Differentials

• Motion Control Systems : Brakes, Steering, Wheels

• Control Features : Mechanical, Electro-Mechanical,

Electronic, µ-controller,
Computer

• Safety Features : For Passenger

For Vehicle

• Comfort Features : Heating system

Air conditioning system
Sunroofs, Sound Systems

DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEHICLES

• CARS SALOON/SEDAN COUPE

CONVERTIBLE ESTATE
HATCHBACK

• LCV/LGV VAN, PICKUP, MINITRUCKS

• HGV TRUCKS, TRAILERS

• PV BUS, MINIBUS, MICROBUS

• ALL TERRANE JEEPS, SUV, 4WD

• OTHERS SPECIAL PURPOSE – AMBULENCES, FIRE BRIGADE,

MUNICIPAL

• MILITARY VEHICLES TANKS, APC

COMPONENTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE
The automobile can be considered to consist of six basic components :
(a) The Engine or Power Plant : It is source of power eg. Petrol/diesel IC engines,battery etc.
(b) The Frame and Chasis : It supports the engine, wheels, body, braking system, steering, etc. as
well as supporting the vehicle body. The frame is usually made of box, tubular and channel members
that are welded or riveted together.
(c) The transmission which transmits power from the engine to the car wheels. It consists of clutch,
transmission (gear-box), shaft, axles, final drive and differential.
(d) The body, provides safety and weather protection to the passengers and good carried by the
vehicle.
(e) Motion Support Systems include steering for directional control, brakes for speed control and
suspension for ride control.
(f) Accessories including lights, air conditioner/hearer, stereo, wiper, etc.

Components of a FWD Automobile.

 Automobile body components

FWD Power Train and Suspension

 IDENTIFICATION OF VEHICLES

¾ RGISTRATION NUMBER – Issued by Transport Authority.

¾ ENGINE NUMBER – Unique code of the engine provided by the manufacturer.

¾ CHASSIS NUMBER – Unique code of the chassis provided by the manufacturer.

¾ VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (VIN)

The VIN can often be found on the lower-left corner of the dashboard, in front of the steering wheel.
You can read the number by looking through the windshield. The VIN may also appear in a number of
other locations. Here is a list of some of the possible places to look:

ƒ At the front of the engine block. This should be easy to spot by popping open the hood, and
looking at the front of the engine.
ƒ At the front of the car frame, near the container that holds windshield washer fluid.
ƒ At a rear wheel well. Try looking up, directly above the tire.
ƒ Inside the driver-side doorjamb. Open the door, and look underneath where the side-view
mirror would be located if the door was shut.
ƒ At the driver-side doorpost. Open the door, and look near the spot where the door latches, not
too far from the seatbelt return.
ƒ Underneath the spare tire.

Understanding Common VIN Terms

Body Type: refers to the general configuration or shape of a vehicle distinguished by such
characteristics as the number of doors, windows, cargo-carrying features (e.g. fastback, sedan,
hatchback)
Line: refers to a name that a manufacturer applies to a group or family of vehicles within a make which
have a degree of commonality in construction (such as body, chassis, cab type).
Model: refers to a name that a manufacturer applies to a group of the same type, make, line, series
and body type.
Make: refers to a name that a manufacturer applies to a group of vehicles or engines.
Model Year: refers to the year used to designate a discrete vehicle model, irrespective of the calendar
year in which the vehicle was actually produced -so long as the actual period is less than two (2)
calendar years.
Plant: plant where manufacturer affixes the Vehicle Identification Number.
Series: refers to a name that a manufacturer applies to a subdivision of a "line" denoting price, size,
weight identification and that is used by manufacturer for marketing purposes.

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 SIGNIFICANCE OF 17 DIGIT VIN CODE
Example – JTOJW675300000491

VIN -17 Digit Digit- 1 Digit- 2 Digit- 3 Digit- 4

Vehicle ID number Country of Manufacturer Vehicle type Body Type
Origin

Digit- 5 Digit- 7 Digit- 8

Engine Type Restraints Model

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Digit- 6 Digit- 9
Series Code Check digit

The check digit means a single number or letter used to verify the accuracy of
Based on the Chassis code given the transcription of the vehicle identification number. After all other characters in the
for the car. VIN have been determined by the manufacturer, the check digit is calculated by
carrying out a mathematical computation specified.

Digit- (12-17)
Digit- 10 Digit- 11 Chassis number code/
Model year Plant Code / The assembly location
production sequence number

Typically - Last 6 digits of

chassis number.

There are websites at which you can check the VIN of a vehicle

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 VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS
Volkswagen CC : 1.4 TSI 2015

General Specifications Engine

Carbody: Sedan Cylinders:4, inline Valves per cylinder:4
Doors number: 4 Capacity:1390 cc Bore x stroke: 82.9 x 65 mm
Transmission: 7 s., sequential automatic Compression ratio: 10.7
Number of car seats: 4 Max power: 118 kW (160 hp) Max power RPM: 5500 rpm
Release date: 2012-2015 Max torque: 240 Nm Max torque RPM: 1500 rpm
Fuel system: Direct injection Engine type: DOHC
Turbo: Yes, with intercooler Catalyst: Regular Catalytic Converter
Fuel: Petrol Fuel tank: 70 l

Drive Performance
Wheel drive: front Top speed:222 km/h Acceleration 0-100 km/h:8,5 s
Urban consumption:7,8 l/100km
Extra-urban consumption:5,3 l/100km
Transmission / Gear ratio Average consumption:6,2 l/100km CO2 Emission:144 g/km
Sequential Automatic Transmission with
7 ratios, Reverse

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Vehicle Safety Chassis
ABS: Yes Front suspension:independent, McPherson with coil springs
Electronic Brake Distribution (EBD): Yes Rear suspension:multi-link with coil springs
Brake assistant: Yes Front stabilizer:yes Rear stabilizer:yes
Driver airbag: Yes Front Brakes:ventilated disc Rear Brakes:disc
Passenger airbag: Yes Tire size:235/45R17 Turning circle:11,4 m
Side airbags: Yes (front)
Head / curtain airbags: Yes (front & rear) Maintenance Warrenty : 15.000 km / 1 year(s)
Electronic Stability Program (ESP): Yes General warranty : 3 years, 100000 km
Traction control: Yes Carbody warranty : 12 years
Locking differential: No

Exterior Dimensions Weights

Length: 4802 mm Empty mass: 1431 kg Max. loading capacity:539 kg
Width: 1855 mm Max. permissible mass: 1970 kg Max. roof load:100 kg
Height: 1417 mm Max. mass rear axle: 1020 kg Max. mass front axle: 950 kg
Wheelbase: 2711 mm Max. trailer mass unbraked:750 kg Max. trailer mass braked:1500 kg
Front track: 1522 mm
Rear track: 1559 mm Baggage / Cargo Trunk capacity: 532 liters

Exterior Comfort Features

Interval wiper: Yes (with rain sensor) Central door locking: Yes
Alloy wheels: Yes Keyless entry: No Electric windows: Yes
Sliding / tilt sunroof: No Power steering: Yes Cruise control: Yes
Panorama: No Air conditioning: Yes (automatic) Dual zone climatronic: Yes
Roof rails: No Parking sensors: Yes Engine Start / stop system: No
Keyed bumpers: Yes Seat height adjustment:Yes (driver) Heated seats: No
Tinted windows: Yes Leather steering wheel:Yes Adjustable steering wheel:Yes (height / depth)
Rear privacy glass: Yes Leather seats: Yes Rear headrests: Yes Folding rear seat: Yes
Electric mirrors: Reading light: Yes (front) Lighted makeup mirror: Yes
Folding door mirrors: Yes Adjustable dashboard illumination: Yes Tachometer: Yes
Automatic dimming mirrors: No Day counter: Yes Coolant ECT sensor: Yes
Turn signal in mirrors: Yes Outside temperature meter:Yes Board Computer: Yes
Fog lamps: Yes Xenon headlights: Yes Audio System: Yes Steering wheel controls for audio: No
Daytime running light (DRL):Yes Navigation system: No Bluetooth: No
Headlight washers: Yes
Burglar alarm: No

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Toyota RAV4 : 2. 0 D-4D-F 4WD Style 2014

General Specifications Engine

Cylinders: 4, inline Valves per cylinder: 4
Carbody: SUV Capacity: 1998 cc Bore x stroke: 86,0 x 86,0 mm
Doors number: 5 Compression ratio: 15,8 :1 Max power: 91 kW (124 hp)
Transmission: 6 s., manual Max power RPM: 3600 rpm Max torque: 310 Nm
Number of car seats: 5 Max torque RPM: 1600 tpm Fuel system: Common rail
Release date: 2014 Engine type: DOHC Turbo: Yes, with intercooler
Catalyst: Particle filter (DPF)
Fuel: Diesel Fuel tank: 60 l

Drive Performance
Wheel drive: front+rear Top speed: 180 km/h Acceleration 0-100 km/h:11,0 s
Transmission / Gear ratio Urban consumption: 6,2 l/100km CO2 Emission:137 g/km
Extra-urban consumption: 4,6 l/100km
Gear ratios – 6 ratios (one with overdrive)
Average consumption: 5,3 l/100km
Reverse

Vehicle Safety Chassis

ABS: Yes Front suspension: independent, McPherson with coil springs
Electronic Brake Distribution (EBD): Yes Rear suspension: independent, torsion bar
Brake assistant: Yes Front stabilizer: yes Rear stabilizer: yes
Driver airbag: Yes Front Brakes: ventilated disc Rear Brakes: disc
Passenger airbag: Yes Tire size:225/55R18 Turning circle:10,6 m
Side airbags: Yes (front)
Head / curtain airbags: Yes (front & rear) Maintenance Warrenty : 15.000 km / 1 year(s)
Electronic Stability Program (ESP): Yes General warranty : 3 years, 100000 km
Traction control: Yes Carbody warranty : 12 years
Locking differential: No

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Exterior Dimensions Weights
Length: 4570 mm Empty mass: 1560 kg Max. loading capacity:630 kg
Width: 1845 mm Max. permissible mass: 2190 kg Max. roof load:85 kg
Height: 1660 mm Max. mass rear axle: 1190 kg Max. mass front axle: 1000 kg
Wheelbase: 2660 mm Max. trailer mass unbraked:750 kg Max. trailer mass braked:1600 kg
Front track: 1570 mm
Rear track: 1570 mm Baggage / Cargo Trunk capacity: 577-1776 liters

Exterior Comfort Features

Interval wiper: Yes (with rain sensor) Central door locking: Yes Keyless entry:Yes
Alloy wheels: Yes Electric/Power windows:Yes Power steering: Yes
Sliding / tilt sunroof: No Cruise control: Yes Parking sensors: No
Panorama: No Air conditioning:Yes (automatic) Dual zone climatronic:Yes
Roof rails: No Keyless Start / stop system: Yes
Keyed bumpers: Yes Seat height adjustment:Yes (driver) Heated seats: No
Tinted windows: Yes Leather steering wheel:Yes Adjustable steering wheel:Yes (height / depth)
Electric mirrors: Yes Leather seats: Yes Rear headrests: Yes Folding rear seat: Yes
Folding door mirrors: Yes Reading light: Yes (front) Lighted makeup mirror: Yes
Automatic dimming mirrors: Yes Adjustable dashboard illumination: Yes Tachometer:Yes
Turn signal in mirrors: Yes Day counter:Yes Coolant ECT sensor:Yes
Fog lamps: Yes Xenon headlights: No Outside temperature meter:Yes Board Computer:Yes
Daytime running light (DRL): Yes Audio System:Yes Steering wheel controls for audio: No
Headlight washers: No Burglar alarm: No Navigation system:No Bluetooth:Yes

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 LOGO OF SOME FAMOUS AUTOMOTIVE BRANDS

RENAULT

OPEL

CADDILAC

CHEVROLET

CRYSLER

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