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CHAPTER 20

Probability
Generally this chapter is considered as an extension of permutation and
combination, since it is as logical in nature as permutation and combination. I hope
that you must have been well-versed with the permutation and combination
(previous chapter) which will enable you to solve the problems of this chapter
quickly and easily. Chapter Checklist
This chapter is important for XAT, SNAP and other MBA entrance tests. Over the Important Definitions
past years CAT has shown no great interest in this chapter, still you should learn it Probability
heartly due to uncertain syllabus and irregular pattern of CAT. Important Values
Remember that so far CAT has asked very simple and logical problems from this Important Addition Theorem
chapter which could be solved by applying just commonsense. The literal meaning Conditional Probability
of probability is the chance of occurrence of an event. For example, if a person is
Multiplication Theorem
standing at the crossing of two roads which direct towards North, South, East and
West. Independent Events
Thus he has total four alternatives (i.e, four different directions) to proceed. Now if he
Law of Total Probability
wish to go towards a particular direction then the probability of completing his wish is Baye’s Rule
1 / 4 since he can choose only one direction at a time out of four directions. CAT Test
Consider another example, A person has two different cars viz., Scorpio and Safari,
which he uses randomly,then it can be said that the probability of using Scorpio is
1 / 2 since out of two cars he can use any one car at a time. Similarly the probability
1
of using Safari is also .Thus we can say that the probability of using any one car at
2
a time is 1 / 2 i.e., 50%. So there are chances that in 50% cases he can use Scorpio
and in other 50% cases he can use Safari.
Hence from the above illustrations we can conclude that the probability of an event
( No.of ways in which favourable (or desired event occurs )
=
( Total number of possible outcomes )
1154 QUANTUM CAT
20.1 Important Definitions
Experiment
An operation which can produce some well-defined
outcomes, is known as an experiment.
The various experiments, when repeated under identical
conditions, results. (i.e., outcomes) in each case are same ● Die means one (single) die
e.g., standard scientific experiments. ● Dice means more than one die.
● In throwing a die, the outcome is the number of holes on the
But there are some other experiment, when repeated under uppermost face
identical conditions, results in each case are different e.g.,
rolling of a fair die, tossing of a coin etc. Exp. 4) When two unbiased dice are rolled (or tossed)
simultaneously then there are total 6 × 6 = 36 possible
Random Experiment outcomes. So, the sample space
If in each trial of an experiment conducted under identical (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6) 
conditions, the outcome is not unique, but may be any of the  ( 2, 1), ( 2, 2), ( 2, 3), ( 2, 4), ( 2, 5), ( 2, 6) 
 
possible outcomes then such an experiment is known as a  ( 3 , 1).............................. .......( 3 , 6) 
S= 
random experiment. e.g., rolling of an unbiased die, tossing  ( 4, 1)............................. .......( 4, 6) 
of a fair coin, drawing of a card from a well shuffled pack of  (5 , 1)............................. .......(5 , 6) 
cards.  
 ( 6, 1)......................... ...........( 6, 6) 
Sample Space Exp. 5) When a die and a coin are tossed
The set of all possible outcomes in a random experiment is simultaneously, then there are total 12 possible outcomes.
called a sample space and it is generally denoted by S. So the sample space
If E1, E 2 , E 3 ... E n are the possible outcomes of a random (1 , H), ( 2 , H), ( 3 , H), ( 4 , H), (5 , H), ( 6 , H)
S=  
experiment, then S = {E1 , E 2 , .... E n }. Also, each of the  (1 , T), ( 2 , T), ( 3 , T), ( 4 , T), (5 , T), ( 6 , T) 
element of sample space ‘S’ is called a sample point.
Exp. 6) A coin is tossed twice. If the second throw
Exp. 1) In tossing of a fair coin, there are two possible results in a tail, then a die is thrown. So in this random
outcomes, viz., head ( H) and tail (T). So, the sample space experiment sample space.
in this random experiment is S = {H , T}  HH , TH , HT1 , HT 2 , HT 3 , HT 4 , HT5 , HT 6 , 
S=  
Exp. 2) When two fair coins are tossed together, the TT1 , , TT 2 , , TT 3 , TT 4 , TT5 , TT 6 , 
possible outcomes of the experiment are HH , HT , TH and Exp. 7) From a bag containing 2 black and 3 white balls
TT. So the sample space is given by S = {HH , HT , TH , TT} we draw two balls.
Exp. 3) When unbiased die is thrown, it gives 6 possible Let B1 , B2 be the black balls and W1 , W2 and W 3 be the white
outcomes viz., 1,2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. So, the sample space balls then the sample space
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}  B1W1 , B1W2 , B1W 3 
NOTE A die is a cubical solid having 6 similar faces. In each of the  B2W1 , B2W2 , B2W 3 
S=  
six faces there are unique number of holes viz., 1 hole, 2 holes, 3 B B , W1W2 , W2W 3
 1 2 
holes, 4 holes, 5 holes and 6 holes. W1W 3 
Remember that the sum of number of holes in any two opposite
faces is always 7 viz., 1+ 6 = 2 + 5 = 3 + 4 = 7 .
Probability 1155

Event then E1 = {(1 , 1)}


E2 = {( 6 , 6)}
Any subset of a sample space is called an event.
E3 = {(5 , 5)} are the elementary events.
Exp. 1) In a single throw of a die, the event of getting an
Here E1 is the event of getting the sum of two.
even number is given by E = {2, 4, 6}
E2 is the event of getting the sum of twelve
Clearly, here the sample space S = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6}
E3 is the event of getting the product of 25.
Hence E ⊂ S i.e., E is the subset of S.
Exp. 2) Consider a random experiment of tossing two Compound Events Events which are not elementary are
dice at a time. The sample spaceS = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), known as compound events or the events which contains
(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), ( 2, 1), ( 2, 2), ( 2, 3), ( 2, 4), ( 2, 5) ... ( 6, 1), more than one element are called compound or composite
( 6, 2) ...( 6, 6)}. Some different events associated with the events.
above sample space are given below. Exp. 1) Consider a random experiment in which two
E1 = {(1 , 1), ( 2 , 2), ( 3 , 3), ( 4 , 4), (5 , 5), ( 6 , 6)} dice are rolled simultaneously, the sample space
E2 = {(1 , 8), ( 2 , 7 ), ( 3 , 6), ( 4 , 5), (5 , 4), ( 6 , 3), (7, 2), (8, 1)} S = {(1 , 1), (1 , 2) ........ ( 6 , 5), ( 6 , 6)}.
E3 = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6)} then E1 = {(1 , 5), ( 2 , 4), ( 3 , 3), ( 4 , 2), (5 , 1)}
E4 = {(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5), E2 = {(1 , 1), ( 2 , 2), ( 3 , 3), ( 4 , 4), (5 , 5), ( 6 , 6)}
(5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 5)} etc. E3 = {(1 , 2), ( 2 , 4), ( 3 , 6)}
Clearly E1 ⊂ S, E2 ⊂ S, E3 ⊂ S, E4 ⊂ S are the compound events.
Where E1 is the event of getting a doublet and E2 is the event Here E1 is the event of getting the sum of 6
of getting 9 as the sum. E3 is the event of getting odd number E2 is the event of getting identical results
on the first die and an even number on the second die. E4 is E3 is the event of getting the twice number by the second die
the event of getting only prime number on each of the two than that by first die.
dice.
Occurrence of Events In a random experiment, let S be
Exp. 3) Consider a random experiment of tossing three the sample space and E be the event such that E ⊆ S , Let wbe
coins at a time. The sample space S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, an outcome of a trial such that w ∈ A, then we say that the
THH, TTH, HTT, THT, TTT} event E has occurred. If w ∉ E , we say that the event E has
Following are the various events associated with the above not occurred.
sample space.
Exp. 1) Consider the random experiment of throwing an
E1 = {HHH , HHT , HTH , THH}
unbiased die. Let E be the event of getting an odd number,
E2 = {HHT , HTH , THH , TTH , HTT , THT} then E = {1, 3, 5}
E3 = {HHH , TTT} Now, in a trial, let the outcome be 3, Since 3 ∈E, so in this
E4 = {THH , TTH , THT , TTT} trial, the event E has occurred. In another trial, let the
Where E1 is the event of getting atleast two heads and E2 is the outcome be 4.
event of getting atleast one head and atmost two heads. Since 4 ∉E so in this trial, the event E has not occurred.
E3 is the event of getting all the three coins identical and E4 is
Exp. 2) Consider the random experiment of throwing a
the event of getting tail on the first coin.
die. Let the outcome of the trial is 6. Then we can say that
Elementary Events An event containing only a single the following events have occurred.
sample point is called an elementary event, or simple event. (i) Getting a number greater than or equal to 3, represented
by the set {3, 4, 5, 6}
Exp. 1) In a simultaneous toss of two coins the sample
(ii) Getting an even number represented by the
space S = {HH , HT , TH , TT}
set {2, 4, 6}
then E1 = {HH}
We can also say that the following events have
E2 = {TT} are the elementary events.
not occurred
Exp. 2) Consider a random experiment in which two (i) Getting an odd number represented by the set {1, 3, 5}.
dice rolled simultaneously, the sample space (ii) Getting a prime number represented by the set {2, 3, 5}
S = {(1 , 1), (1 , 2) ... ( 6 , 5), ( 6 , 6)}
1156 QUANTUM CAT
Impossible Events Let S be a sample space associated (ii) ( E ∪ F ) is an event that occurs only when E occurs or
with a random experiment, Now, since φ ⊆ S, so φ is an F occurs or both occurs.
event, called an impossible event. (iii) ( E ∩ F ) is an event that occurs only when each one of
E and F occurs.
Sure (or certain) Event Let S be a sample space associated
with a random experiment. Now, since S ⊆ S , so S is an (iv) ( E ∩ F ) is an event that occurs only when E occurs
event, called a sure or certain event. but not F .
Example Consider the random experiment of throwing an (v) ( E ∩ F ) = ( E ∪ F ) is an event that occurs when
unbiased die. The sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. neither E nor F occurs.
Let E1 be the event of getting a number less than 1. (vi) ( E ∪ F ∪ G ) is an event that occurs when at least one
of E , F or G occurs.
and E 2 be the event of getting a number greater than 6.
Here E1 and E 2 both are impossible events. (vii) ( E ∩ F ∩ G ) is an event that occurs when all three
E , F and G occurs.
Let E 3 be the event of getting a number less than or equal to 7.
(viii) ( E ∩ F ) ∪ ( E ∩ F ) is an event that occurs when
and E 4 be the event of getting a number multiple of 2 but less exactly one of E and F occurs.
than 7. Here E 3 and E 4 are the certain events.
(ix) ( E ∩ F ∩ G ) ∪ ( E ∩ F ∩ G ) ∪ ( E ∩ F ∩ G ) is an
Equally Likely Events Events are said to be equally event that occurs when exactly two of E , F and G
likely, if none of them is expected to occur in preference to occurs.
the other.
Mutually Exclusive Events
Example If an unbiased die is rolled, then each outcome is
equally likely to happen i.e., all elementary events are Let S be the sample space associated with a random
equally likely to happen. If however, the die is so formed that experiment and let E1 and E 2 be the two events. Then E1 and
a particular face occurs most often, then the die is biased. So E 2 are mutually exclusive events if E1 ∩ E 2 = φ
in this case, the outcomes are not equally likely to happen. Exp. 1) Consider a random experiment of throwing a
Favourable Events Let S be the sample space associated die. Let E1 , E2 and E 3 be three events such that
with a random experiment and let E ⊂ S . Then the E1 = { 1 , 3 , 5}, the event of getting an odd number
elementary events belonging to E are known as the E2 = { 2 , 4 , 6}, the event of getting an even number
favourable events to A. E3 = { 2 , 3 , 5}, the event of getting a prime number.
Clearly E1 ∩ E2 = φ
Exp. 1) Consider a random experiment of throwing a
die. Let E be the event of getting an even number, then and E1 ∩ E3 ≠ φ, E2 ∩ E3 ≠ φ
E = {2, 4, 6}. So there are three favourable events of event E Hence E1 and E2 are mutually exclusive events but E1 and E3 ,
viz. {2}, {4} and {6}. E2 and E3 are not mutually exclusive.

Exp. 2) Consider a random experiment of throwing a Mutually Exclusive & Exhaustive


pair of dice. Let E be the event of getting the sum as 8, then System of Events
E = {(1, 7), ( 2, 6), ( 3, 5), ( 4, 4), (5, 3), ( 6, 2), (7 , 1)}
Let S be the sample space associated with a random
So, there are 7 favourable events to event E.
experiment.
Complementary Events In a random experiment, let S be Let E1 , E 2 , ..., E n be the subsets of S such that
the sample space and let E be an event. Then E ⊆ S . Clearly,
(i) E i ∩ E j =φ for i ≠ j and
E c ⊆ S .So E c is also an event, called the complementary of
(ii) E1 ∪ E 2 ∪ E 3 ∪ .... ∪ E n = S
E. Sometimes E c is denoted by E or E ′. Where E is called as
“not-E”. Thus it is clear that E occurs only when E does not then the set of events E1 , E 2 , E 3 , ..., E n is said to form
a mutually exclusive and exhaustive system of events.
occur. Also in a trial one and only of E and E must occur.
Exp. 1) In a sample space all the elementary events form
Algebra of Events a mutually exclusive and exhaustive system of events.
In a random experiment, let the sample space be S. Let
Exp. 2) Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} be the sample space when
E ⊆ S, F ⊆ S and G ⊆ S, then we can define the following
an unbiased die is rolled.
relations in the set theory mode.
Let E1 = {1 , 3 , 5} and E2 ={ 2 , 4 , 6}, then E1 and E2 form the
(i) E is an event that occurs only when E does not occur. mutually exclusive and exhaustive system of events.
Probability 1157

Also, let E3 = {1 , 2}, E4 = {4 , 5}, then E3 and E4 do not form the number of elementary events in E
mutually exclusive and exhaustive system of events since E3
=
number of elementary events in S
and E4 do not include all the elementary events of S.
From the above definitions it is clear that
Again if E5 = { 3 , 6} and E6 = {2 , 4 , 6}, then E5 and E6 do not
form mutually exclusive and exhaustive system of events (i) 0 ≤ P ( E ) ≤ 1
since E5 ∩ E6 ≠ φ and E5 , E6 do not include all the elementary (ii) P (φ ) = 0
events of the sample space S. A pack of cards consists of 52 (iii) P ( S ) =1
cards. There are four suits each containing 13 cards called as number of elementary events in E
spades, clubs, hearts and diamonds. Also, P (E ) =
number of elementary events in S
All the spades and clubs are black faced cards while hearts
and diamonds are red faced cards. The aces, kings, queens n (S ) − n (E )
=
and jacks are known as face cards. n (S )
In each suit there is one ace, one king, one queen and one jack n (E )
and rest 9 cards are numbered cards. =1 − = 1 − P (E )
n (S )

20.2 Probability ⇒ P (E ) = 1 − P (E )
∴ P ( E ) + P ( E ) =1
In a random experiment, let S be the sample space and let
E ⊆ S . where E is an event. Odds in Favour of An Event and Odds
The probability of occurrence of the event E is defined Against An Event
as In m be the number of ways in which an event occurs and n be
number of favourable outcomes the number of ways in which it does not occur, then
P (E ) =
number of possible outcomes m
(i) odds in favour of the event = (or m : n)
number of elements in E n ( E ) n
= = n
number of elements in S n ( S ) (ii) odds against the event = (or n : m)
m

Introductory Exercise 20.1


1. Find the probability of getting a head in a throw of a Directions (for Q. Nos. 6 to 12) Three fair coins are tossed
coin. simultaneously. Find the probability of
1
(a) (b) 1 6. Getting one head.
2 5 3
(c) 2 (d) none of these (a) 0 (b) 3/4 (c) (d)
8 8
Directions (for Q. Nos. 2 to 5) Two fair coins are tossed 7. Getting one tail.
simultaneously. Find the probability of 1 5 3
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2. Getting only one head. 4 8 8
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/3 (c) 2/3 (d) 3/4 8. Getting atlest one head.
7 1 3 1
3. Getting atleast one head. (a) (b) (c) (d)
1 3 1 3 8 8 4 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 2 8 9. Getting two heads.
3 3 5 2
4. Getting two heads. (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 1 1 4 5 8 8 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 4 2 5 10. Getting atleast two heads.
3 7 1 1
5. Getting atleast two heads : (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 1 8 8 2 4
(a) (b)
4 2 11. Getting atleast one head and one tail.
1 2 1 3 3
(c) (d) 1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
4 8 2 10 4
1158 QUANTUM CAT
12. Getting more heads than the number of tails. 26. Getting the sum as a prime number.
5 1 3 5 1 3
(a) 2 (b) 7/8 (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
8 2 5 12 2 4
Directions (for Q. Nos. 13 to16) An unbiased die is rolled. 27. Getting atleast one ‘5’.
Find the probability of 3 1 5 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 36 36
13. Getting a number less than 7 but greater than zero.
7 Directions (for Q. Nos. 28 to 35) One card is drawn from
(a) 0 (b) 3/4 (c) 1 (d)
8 a pack of 52 cards, each of the 52 cards being equally
14. Getting a multiple of 3. likely to be drawn. Find the probability that
1 1 28. The card drawn is black.
(a) (b)
6 3 1 1
(a) (b)
5 2 4
(c) (d) none of these
6 8
15. Getting a prime number. (c) (d) can’t be determine
13
1 3 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) 29. The card drawn is a queen.
2 5 7 8
1 1
16. Getting an even number. (a) (b)
12 13
1 4 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 3
2 5 8 4 (c) (d)
4 4
Directions (for Q. Nos. 17 and 18): A coin is tossed 30. The card drawn is black and a queen.
successively three times. Find the probability of 1 1 1 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17. Getting exactly one head or two heads. 13 52 26 6
1 3 1 3 31. The card drawn is either black or a queen.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 2 8 15 13 7 15
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18. Getting no heads. 26 17 13 26
1 7 32. The card drawn is either king or a queen.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
8 8 5 1 2 12
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Directions (for Q. Nos. 19 to 27) Two dice are rolled 26 13 13 13
simultaneously.Find the probability of 33. The card drawn is either a heart, a queen or a king.
17 21 19 9
19. Getting a total of 9. (a) (b) (c) (d)
1 1 8 9 52 52 52 26
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 9 9 10 34. The card drawn is neither a spade nor a king.
9 1 4
20. Getting a sum greater than 9. (a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
10 5 1 8 13 2 13
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 6 6 9 35. The card drawn is neither an ace nor a king.
11 1 2 11
21. Getting a total of 9 or 11. (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 20 1 1 13 2 13 26
(a) (b) (c) (d)
99 99 6 10 36. From a well shuffled pack of 52 cards, three cards are
22. Getting a doublet. drawn at random. Find the probability of drawing an
(a) 1/12 (b) 0 (c) 5/8 (d) 1/6 ace, a king and a jack.
16 16
23. Getting a doublet of even numbers. (a) (b)
5525 625
(a) 5/8 (b) 1/12 (c) 3/4 (d) 1/4 16
(c) (d) none of these
24. Getting a multiple of 2 on one die and a multiple of 3 3125
on the other. 37. Four cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52
15 25 11 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) cards. Find the probability of getting all the four cards
36 36 36 6
of same number.
25. Getting the sum of numbers on the two faces divisible 17 1
(a) (b)
by 3 or 4. 1665 20825
4 1 5 7 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) (d) none of these
9 7 9 12 25850
Probability 1159

38. From a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards, four 48. Find the probability that a leap year selected at
cards are accidently dropped. Find the probability that random will contain 53 Sundays.
one card is missing from each suit. 5 3 4 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 2197 7 4 7 7
(a) (b)
20825 20825 Directions (for Q. Nos. 49 to 53) A bag contains 8 red and
197
(c) (d) none of these 4 green balls. Find the probability that
1665
49. The ball drawn is red when one ball is selected at
39. Four cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 random.
cards. Find the probability of getting all the four cards 2 1 1 5
of different numbers. (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 6 6
141 117
(a) (b) 50. All the 4 balls drawn are red when four balls are drawn
4165 833
264 at random.
(c) (d) none of these 17 14
4165 (a) (b)
32 99
Directions (for Q. Nos. 40 to 43) Four dice are thrown 7
(c) (d) none of these
simultaneously. Find the probability that 12
40. All of them show the same face. 51. All the 4 balls drawn are green when four balls are
1 15 15 1 drawn at random.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
216 16 36 2 1 7 5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
41. All of them show the different face. 495 99 12 3
3 5 15 11 52. Two balls are red and one ball is green when three
(a) (b) (c) (d)
28 18 36 36 balls are drawn at random.
56 112
42. Two of them show the same face and remaining two (a) (b)
show the different faces. 99 495
4 5 11 7 78
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) (d) none of these
9 9 18 9 495

43. Atleast two of them show the same face. 53. Three balls are drawn and none of them is red.
68 7
37 11 47 25 (a) (b)
(a) (b) (c) (d) 99 99
72 36 72 36
4
(c) (d) none of these
44. What is the probability that a number selected from 495
the numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., 20, is a prime number when
54. The odds in favour of an event are 2 : 7. Find the
each of the given numbers is equally likely to be
probability of occurrence of this event.
selected?
2 5 7 2
(a) 7/10 (b) 2/15 (c) 2/5 (d) 3/5 (a) (b) (c) (d)
9 12 12 5
45. Tickets are numbered from 1 to 18 are mixed up
55. The odds against of an event are 5 : 7, find the
together and then 9 ticket is drawn at random. Find
probability of occurrence of this event.
the probability that the ticket has a number, which is a 3 7 2 5
multiple of 2 or 3. (a) (b) (c) (d)
8 12 7 12
1 3 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 5 3 6 56. If there are two children in a family, find the probability
that there is atleast one girl in the family.
46. In a lottery of 100 tickets numbered 1 to 100, two 1 1
tickets are drawn simultaneously. Find the probability (a) (b)
4 2
that both the tickets drawn have prime numbers. 3
2 7 7 5 (c) (d) none of these
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4
33 50 20 66
57. From a group of 3 men and 2 women, two persons are
47. In the previous question (number 46), find the
selected at random. Find the probability that atleast
probability that none of the tickets drawn has a prime
one woman is selected.
number. 1 7 2 5
29 17 37 17 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c) (d) 5 10 5 6
66 33 66 50
1160 QUANTUM CAT
58. A box contains 5 defective and 15 non-defective bulbs. 59. In the previous question (number 58), find the
Two bulbs are chosen at random. Find the probability probability that atleast 3 bulbs are defective when
that both the bulbs are non-defective. 4 bulbs are selected at random.
5 3 31 7
(a) (b) (a) (b)
19 20 969 20
21 1
(c) (d) none of these (c) (d) none of these
38 20

Theorem 4. If E is an event associated with a random


20.3 Important Value experiment, then 0 ≤ P ( E ) ≤ 1
Important Addition Theorems Theorem 5. For any two events A and B
1. P ( E ) ≥ 0 2. P (φ ) = 0 3. P ( S ) =1 P ( A − B) = P ( A) − P ( A ∩ B )
Addition Theorem 1. If A and B are two events associated P (B − A) = P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
with a random experiment. P ( A ∩ B ) = P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
Then P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) − P ( A ∩ B )
⇒ P ( A or B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A and B )
Some Important Results
Corollary If A and B are mutually exclusive events. then
P ( A ∩ B ) = 0, therefore P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) (A) If A, B and C are three events, then
(i) P [Exactly one of A, B , C occurs]
Addition Theorem 2. If A, B and C three events associated
= P ( A ) + P ( B ) + P (C ) − 2 [( A ∩ B ) + ( B ∩ C )
with a random experiment,
+ ( A ∩ C )] + 3P ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
then P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) + P (C ) (ii) P [Exactly two of A, B , C occur]
− P ( A ∩ B) − P (B ∩ C ) − P ( A ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = P ( A ∩ B ) + P (B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ C )
Corollary If A, B and C are the three mutually exclusive − 3P ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
events, then P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( B ∩ C ) = P ( A ∩ C ) (iii) P (Atleast two of A, B , C occur)
= P ( A ∩ B) + P (B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ C )
= P (A ∩ B ∩ C) = 0
− 2P ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
∴ P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) + P (C )
(B) If A and B are two events, then
Theorem 3. If A and B be two events such that A ⊆ B , P (Exactly one of A, B occurs)
then P ( A ) ≤ P ( B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − 2P ( A ∪ B )
= P( A ∪ B) − P( A ∩ B )

Introductory Exercise 20.2


1. The probability of occurrence of two events Aand B are 3. If A and B be two events in a sample space such that
1/4 and 1/2 respectively. The probability of their 3 1 1
P (A) = and P (B) = and P (A ∩ B) = ⋅
7 10 2 5
simultaneous occurrence is . Find the probability
50 Find P (A ∪ B).
that either A or B must occur. 1 2 3 4
61 29 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) 5 5 5 5
100 100
39 56 4. If A and B be two events in a sample space such that
(c) (d) 2 1 3
100 99 P (A) = , P (B) = and P (A ∪ B) = , find P (A ∩ B).
5 2 5
2. In the previous question, find the probability that
3 7
neither A nor B occurs. (a) (b)
25 39 61 17 10 10
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4 4
99 100 100 100 (c) (d)
7 15
Probability 1161

Directions (for Q. Nos. 5 to 10) If A and B be two mutually 16. A die is thrown twice, what is the probability that
2 atleast one of the two numbers is 6?
exclusive events in a sample space such that, P ( A ) = and 11 11 1 7
5 (a) (b) (c) (d)
1, 12 36 6 36
P ( B ) = then 17. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of
2
52 cards. Find the probability of its being a heart or a
5. Find P (A) : king.
2 3 4 6 4 9 8 11
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 7 13 13 13 26
6. Find P (B) : 18. Two cards are drawn at random from a well-shuffled
1 3 1 4 pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that either
(a) (b) (c) (d) both are red or both are queens?
4 4 2 5
17 55 55 33
7. Find P (A ∪ B) : (a) (b) (c) (d)
112 221 121 221
7 9 9 1 19. A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. Find the
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 16 10 2 probability of getting a red card or a heart or a king.
6 7 11 15
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8. Find P (A ∩ B) : 13 13 26 26
4 1 8 13 20. Four cards are drawn at a time from a pack of
(a) (b) (c) (d) 52 playing cards. Find the probability of getting all the
5 10 9 20
four cards of the same suit.
9. Find P (A ∩ B) : 5 12 44 44
1 3 4 7 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c) (d) 13 65 4165 169
2 5 7 15 21. From a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards, a card is drawn
10. Find P (A ∩ B ) : at random. Find the probability that the drawn card is
1 2 4 3 a king or a queen.
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2 8 11
5 5 15 10 (a) (b) (c) (d) none
13 13 13
11. If P (A ) = 0 ⋅ 65 , P (A ∪ B) = 0 ⋅ 65 , where Aand B are two
22. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52
mutually exclusive events, then find P (B).
cards. What is the probability that either both are
(a) 0 ⋅ 60 (b) 0 ⋅ 30 black or both are jacks?
(c) 0 ⋅ 70 (d) none of these 65 55 17
(a) (b) (c) (d) none
12. If A, B and C are three mutually exclusive and 121 221 221
3 23. A natural number is chosen at random from amongst
exhaustive events. Find P (A), ifP (B) = P (A) and
2 the first 300. What is the probability that the number,
1 so chosen is divisible by 3 or 5?
P (C ) = P (B).
2 48 4
(a) (b)
8 5 4 9 515 150
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13 (c) 1/2 (d) none of these
13. Two dice are tossed once. Find the probability of 24. A natural number is chosen at random from the first
getting an even number on first die, or a total of 8. 100 natural numbers. What is the probability that the
4 2 5 1 number chosen is a multiple of 2 or 3 or 5?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 3 9 3 30 1
(a) (b)
14. A die is thrown twice, what is the probability that 100 33
atleast one of the two throws comes up with the 74 7
(c) (d)
number 5? 100 10
11 5 15 25. A box contains 5 red balls, 8 green balls and 10 pink
(a) (b) (c) (d) none
36 6 36 balls. A ball is drawn at random from the box. What is
15. In a single throw of two dice, find the probability that the probability that the ball drawn is either red or
neither a doublet nor a total of 8 will appear. green?
7 5 13 3 13 10 11 13
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
15 18 18 16 23 23 23 529
1162 QUANTUM CAT
26. A basket contains 10 apples and 20 oranges out of 2
28. The probability that an MBA aspirant will join IIM is
which 3 apples and 5 oranges are defective. If we 5
choose two fruits at random, what is the probability 1
and that he will join XLRI is . Find the probability that
that either both are oranges or both are non defective? 3
136 17 316 158 he will join IIM or XLRI.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
345 87 435 435 4 7 11 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
27. In a class 40% of the students offered Physics 20% 15 15 15 15
offered Chemistry and 5% offered both. If a student is 29. In a given race, the odds in favour of horses H1 , H2 , H3
selected at random, find the probability that he has and H4 are 1 : 2 , 1 : 3 , 1 : 4 , 1 : 5 respectively. Find the
offered Physics or Chemistry only. probability that one of them wins the race.
(a) 45% (b) 55% 57 1 2 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) 36% (d) none of these 60 20 7 60

Solution Let A be the event of getting a sum of 9 and B be the


20.4 Conditional Probability event of getting an odd number on the first die.
Let A and B be two events associated with a random ∴ A = {( 3 , 6) ( 4, 5), (5 , 4), ( 6, 3)}
experiment. Then, the probability of occurrence of A under B = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3) ... (3,1), (3,2), (3,3) ... (5,1), (5,2) ... (5,6)}
4 1 18 1
the condition that B has already occurred and P ( B ) ≠ 0, is P( A) = = and P( B) = =
36 9 36 2
 A
called the conditional probability and it is denoted by P   .  A
∴ P   = Probability of occurrence of A when B Occurs.
B  B
 A  A
⇒ P   = Probability of getting 9 as the sum when there is
Thus, P   = Probability of occurrence of A given that B  B
B
an odd number on first die.
B
has already occurred. Similarly, P   = Probability of  A  n ( A ∩ B) 2 1
 A ⇒P   = = = [Here
 B n( B) 18 9
occurrence of B given that A has already occurred. ( A ∩ B) = ( 3 , 6), ( 6, 3)]
NOTE
 A
(i) Sometimes P   is used to denote the probability of 20.5 Multiplication Theorem
 B
occurrence of A when B occurs.
Let A and B be two events associated with the same random
 B experiment then
(ii) Similarly P   is used to denoted the probability of
 A NOTE
occurrence of B when A occurs. The above two cases happens  B
P( A ∩ B) = P( A) P   , if P( A) ≠ 0 …(i)
due to the simultaneous occurrence of two events since the  A
two events are the subsets of the same sample space.
 A
or P ( A ∩ B) = P(B) P   , P(B) ≠ 0 …(ii)
Exp. 1) An urn contains 6 red and 9 blue balls. Two balls  B
are drawn from the urn one after another without
 B  P( A ∩ B)  A P ( A ∩ B)
replacement. Find the probability of drawing a red ball P  = from (i) and P   = from (ii)
 A P( A)  B P(B)
when a blue ball has been drawn from the urn.
Solution Let A = drawing of a red ball in the second draw In general, if A1 , A2 , A3 ... An are events associated with the
and B = drawing of a blue ball in the first draw same random experiment, then P ( A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 ∩ ...∩ An )
 A  A   A3 
Now P   = Probability of drawing a red ball in second draw
 B
= P ( A1 ) P  2  P   ...
 A1   A1 ∩ A2 
when a blue ball has been drawn in the first draw. Now, since
 An 
there are only 14 balls after drawing a blue ball in first draw P 
and out of these 14 balls, 6 balls are red.  A1 ∩ A2 ∩ ... ∩ An − 1 
 A 6 3
Therefore P  = =
 B  14 7 Exp. 1) Let A and B be the two events such that
1 1 1
P( A) = , P( B) = and P( A ∩ B) = , find
Exp. 2) A pair of dice is thrown simultaneously, find the 2 3 4
probability that the sum is obtained 9 when there is an  A  B  A
(i) P   (ii) P   (iii) P ( A ∪ B) (iv) P  
odd number on the first die.  B  A  B
Probability 1163

Solution Exp. 2) An urn contains 6 red balls and 9 green balls.


 A  P ( A ∩ B) 1/ 4 3
(i) P   = = = Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement.
 B P( B) 1/ 3 4
What is the probability that first is red and second is green.
 B  P ( A ∩ B) 1/ 4 1 Solution Let A be the event of drawing a red ball in first draw
(ii) P   = = =
 A P( A) 1/ 2 2 and B be the event of getting a green ball in the second draw.
(iii) P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B) 6
C 6 2
∴ P( A) = 15 1 = =
1 1 1 7 C1 15 5
= + − =
2 3 4 12  B
 A  P ( A ∩ B ) P( A ∪ B) P   = Probability of getting a green ball in second draw
(iv) P   = =  A
 B P( B ) P( B ) 9
C1 9
7 5 when a red ball has been selected in first draw = 14
=
1− C1 14
1 − P( A ∪ B) 12 12 5
= = = =  B 2 9 9
1 − P ( B) 1−
1 2 8 ∴ Required probability = P( A ∩ B) = P( A) P   = × =
 A  5 14 35
3 3

Introductory Exercise 20.3


1. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = 0.5, 6. A die is rolled. If the outcome is an odd number, what
 A is the probability that it is a prime number?
P (B) = 0.6 and P (A ∪ B) = 0.8. Find P   . 3 7
 B (a) (b)
1 1 8 9
(a) (b) 2
3 2 (c) (d) none of these
1 3
(c) (d) none of these
4 7. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers
2. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = 0.4, appearing is observed to be 9. What is the conditional
probability that the number 4 has appeared atleast
 B
P (B) = 0.8 and P   = 0. 6, find P (A ∪ B) : once?
 A
1 2
(a) 0.24 (b) 0.96 (a) (b)
2 3
(c) 0.04 (d) none of these 3
(c) (d) none of these
3. Three fair coins are tossed. Find the probability that 4
they are all tails, if one of the coins shows a tail. 8. Two dice are thrown. Find the probability that the sum
2 5
(a) (b) is 8 or greater than 8, if 4 appears on the first die.
7 14 3 5
1 (a) (b)
(c) (d) none of these 8 8
7 1
(c) (d) none of these
4. A coin is tossed twice and the four possible outcomes 2
are assumed to be equally likely. If E is the event,
9. A die is rolled. If the outcome is an odd number, what
“Both head and tail have appeared and F be the event,
is the probability that it is a number greater than 1 ?
E  F
at most one tail is observed ; find P   and P   . 2 1
 F E (a) (b)
3 3
2, 1,2
(a) 1 (b) 3 5
3 3 3 (c) (d)
8 6
2
(c) 1, (d) none of these
3 10. In a class 45% students read English, 30% read
5. A coin is tossed twice if the coin shows head it is French and 20% read both English and French. One
tossed again but if it shows a tail then a die is tossed. student is selected at random. Find the probability
If 8 possible outcomes are equally likely. Find the that he reads English, if it is known that he reads
probability that the die shows a number greater than French.
4, if it is known that the first throw of the coin results in 1 2
(a) (b)
a tail. 3 3
1 2 2 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) (d) none of these
3 3 5 15 6
1164 QUANTUM CAT
11. In the previous question, find the probability that he 18. Two balls are drawn from a bag containing 2 white,
reads French, if it is known that he reads English. 3 red and 4 black balls one by one without
4 5 2 1 replacement. What is the probability that atleast one
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 9 9 9 ball is red?
7 5
12. A couple has two children. Find the probability that (a) (b)
12 12
both are boys, if it is known that one of the children is a
3
boy. (c) (d) none of these
1 1 2 4 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 3 3 5 19. A bag contains 6 red and 9 blue balls. Two successive
drawing of four balls are made such that the balls are
13. In the previous question find the probability that both
not replaced before the second draw. Find the
are boys, if it is known that the older child is a boy.
probability that the first draw gives 4 red balls and
3 1 5 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) second draw gives 4 blue balls.
8 2 8 4 3 7
(a) (b)
Directions (for Q. Nos. 14 to 17) A bag contains 3 red 715 715
and 4 black balls and another bag has 4 red and 2 black 15
(c) (d) none of these
balls. One bag is selected at random and from the selected 233
bag a ball is drawn. Let E be the event that the first bag is 20. An urn contains 4 white 6 black and 8 red balls. If 3
selected , F be the event that the second bag is selected, G balls are drawn one by one without replacement, find
be the event that ball drawn is red. the probability of getting all white balls.
5 1
14. Find P (E ). (a) (b)
204 204
1 3 1 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) 13/204 (d) none of these
2 4 4 8
21. Two numbers are selected at random from the
15. Find P (F ). integers 1 through 9. If the sum is even, find the
3 1 1 1 probability that both numbers are odd.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 4 6 (a) 5/8 (b) 3/8
 G (c) 3/10 (d) none of these
16. Find P   .
E 22. A box contains 25 tickets, numbered 1, 2, 3, .. 25. A
5 5 3 ticket is drawn and then another ticket is drawn
(a) (b) (c) (d) none
6 14 7 without replacement. Find the probability that both
 G tickets will show odd numbers.
17. Find P   . 37 13
 F (a) (b)
2 1 5 4 50 50
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) 13/25 (d) none of these
3 9 9 5

Theorem 2. If A1 , A2 , A3 ... An are independent events


20.6 Independent Events
associated with a random experiment, then
Events are said to be independent, if the occurrence of one
does not depend upon the occurrence of the other. Suppose P ( A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 ... ∩ An ) = P ( A1 ) P ( A2 ) ... P ( An )
an urn contains m red balls and n green balls. Two balls are Theorem 3. If A1 , A2 ... An are n independent events
drawn from the urn one after the other. associated with a random experiment, then
If the ball drawn in the first draw is not replaced back in the P ( A1 ∪ A2 ∪ ... ∪ An ) = 1 − P ( A 1 ) P ( A 2 ) ... P ( A n )
bag, then two events of drawing the ball are dependent
because first draw of the ball determine the probability of Important Results
drawing the second ball. If A and B are independent events then the following events
If the ball drawn in the first draw is replaced back in the bag, are also independent.
then two events are independent because first draw of a ball (i) A ∩ B
has no effect on the second draw.
(ii) A ∩ B
Theorem 1. Two events A and B associated with the same
sample space of a random experiment are independent if and (iii) A ∩ B
only if P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) . P ( B )
Probability 1165

and P( A ∩ C) = Probability that both the balls are red


20.7 Law of Total Probability 1 1 1
⇒ P( A) P(C) = × =
Let E1 , E 2 , ... E n be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive 2 2 4
events associated with a random experiment. If A is any Hence A , B , C are pairwise independent
event which occurs with E1 or E 2 or ... or E n , then Now, P( A ∩ B ∩ C) = Probability that the first ball is red
and the second ball is green and the first and second are
 A  A  A both red or green = 0
P ( A ) = P ( E1 ) P   + P ( E 2 ) P   + ... P ( E n ) P  
 1
E  2
E  En  and P( A) P( B) P(C) =
1
8
Baye’s Rule ∴ P( A ∩ B ∩ C) ≠ P( A) P( B) P(C)
Thus, A , B , C are not mutually independent.
Let E1 , E 2 , ... E n be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive
events associated with a random experiment. If A is any Exp. 3) (For explanation of law of total probability)
event which occurs with E1 or E 2 or ... or E n , then There are two bags. The first bag contains 4 white and 5
 A black balls and the second bag contains 5 white and 4
P (E i ) P   black balls. Two balls are drawn at random from the first
E   Ei 
P i  = , i =1, 2, ... n bag and are put into the second bag without noticing their
 A n
 A
∑ P (E i ) P  
 Ei 
colours. Then two balls are drawn from the second bag.
Find the probability that the balls are white and black.
i =1
Solution A white and a black ball can be drawn from the
Exp. 1) A coin is tossed twice and all 4 outcomes are second bag in the following mutually exclusive ways :
equally likely. Let A be the event that first throw results in (i) By transferring 2 white balls from the first bag to the
a head and B be the event that second throw results in a second bag and then drawing a white and a black ball
tail, then show that the events A and B are independent. from it.
Solution S = {HH , HT , TH , TT} (ii) By transferring 2 black balls from the first bag to the
second bag and then drawing a white and a black ball
A = {HH , HT}
from it .
B ={HT , TT}
(iii) By transferring 1 white and 1 black ball from first bag to
A ∩ B = {HT}
2 1 2 1 1 the second bag and then drawing a white and a black ball
∴ P( A) = = , P( B) = = and P( A ∩ B) = from it.
4 2 4 2 4
1 Let A , B , C and D be the events as defined below :
Clearly P( A ∩ B) = = P( A) . P( B) A = Two white balls are drawn from the first bag
4
B = Two black balls are drawn from the first bag.
Hence A and B are independent events.
C = One white and one black ball is drawn from the first bag.
D = Two balls drawn from the second bag are white and black.
4
Exp. 2) A bag contains 10 red balls and 10 green balls. C 6 1
We, have P( A) = 9 2 = =
Two balls are drawn at random, one at a time, with C 2 36 6
replacement. Let A be the event that first ball is red, B be 5
C 2 10 5
the event that second ball is green and C be the event that P( B) = 9
= =
C 2 36 18
both balls are either red or green, then show that the 4
C1 × 5C1 20 5
events A , B and C are pair wise independent and A , B, C P(C) = 9
= =
C2 36 9
are mutually dependent.
1, 1 If A has already occurred, i.e. if two white balls have been
Solution We have, P( A) = P( B) = , transferred from the first bag to the second bag, then the
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 second bag will contain 7 white and 4 black balls, therefore
P(C) = × + × = the probability of drawing a white and a black from the
2 2 2 2 2
second bag is
 D
7
C1 × 4C1 28
P( A ∩ B) = Probability that the first is red and second is P   = 11 =
 A C2 55
green

1 1 1
P( A) . P( B) = × =  D
5
C × 6C1 30 6
Similarly, P   = 111 = =
2 2 4  B C2 55 11
P( B ∩ C) = Probability that both the balls are green
 D
6
C × 5C1 30 6
1 1 1 and P   = 111 = =
⇒ P( B) . P(C) = × = C C2 55 11
2 2 4
1166 QUANTUM CAT
∴ By the law of total probability, we have If A has already occurred, then first box has been chosen
 D  D  D which contains 6 red and 4 black balls. The probability of
P( D) = P( A) P   + P( B) P   + P(C) P 
 A  B C 6  D 6
drawing a red ball from it is . So, P   =
10  A  10
1 28 5 6 5 6
= × + × + ×  D 5  D 4
6 55 18 11 9 11 Similarly, P  = and P   =
 B  10  C  10
14 5 10 14 + 25 + 50 89
= + + = =  A
165 33 33 165 165 We are required to find P   i.e., given that the ball drawn
 D
Exp. 4) (For explanation of Baye’s rule) Three boxes is red, what is the probability that it is drawn from the
contain 6 red, 4 black, ; 5 red, 5 black and 4 red, 6 black first box.
balls respectively. One of the box is selected at random By Baye’s rule.
and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is red, find  D
P( A) ⋅ P  
the probability that it is drawn from the first bag.  A  A
P  =
 D  D  D  D
Solution Let A , B, C andD be the events defined as follows : P( A) . P   + P( B) ⋅ P   + P(C) ⋅ P  
 A  B C
A = first box is chosen B = second box is chosen
1 6
C = third box is chosen D = ball drawn is red. ×
3 10 2
Since there are three boxes and one of the three boxes is = =
1 6 1 5  1 4 5
chosen at random, therefore P( A) = P( B) = P(C) =
1  ×  + ×  + × 
 3 10  3 10  3 10
3

Introductory Exercise 20.4


Directions (for Q. Nos. 1 to 5) Let A and B be independent 7. An unbiased die is tossed twice. Find the probability of
events such that P ( A ) = 0.6 and P ( B ) = 0.4 getting a 1, 2, 3 or 4 on the first toss and a 4, 5 or 6 on
the second toss.
1. Find P (A ∩ B). 1 2 5 1
(a) 0.24 (b) 0.76 (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 6 6
(c) 0.56 (d) none of these
8. Two persons Aand B throw a die alternatively till one of
2. Find P (A ∪ B). them gets a three and wins the game. Find their
(a) 0.24 (b) 0.76 respective probabilities of winning.
(c) 0.36 (d) none of these 6 , 5 5 , 8
(a) (b)
11 11 11 11
3. Find P (A ∩ B ). 3 ,7 8 ,3
(c) (d)
(a) 0.24 (b) 0.16 11 11 11 11
(c) 0.36 (d) none of these 9. Two persons A and B throw a coin alternatively till one
4. Find P (A ∩ B). of them gets head and wins the game. Find their
(a) 0.24 (b) 0.56 respective probabilities of winning.
1 5 3 4
(c) 0.36 (d) 0.76 (a) , (b) ,
3 6 5 5
5. Find P (A ∩ B). 2 1 1 5
(c) , (d) ,
(a) 0.76 (b) 0.54 3 3 6 6
(c) 0.36 (d) 0.24 10. Three persons A, B, C throw a die in succession till one
6. If A and B are two independent events such that P (A) = 0.65, gets a six and wins the game. Find their respective
P (A ∪ B ) = 0.65 and P (B ) = p, find the value of p. probabilities of winning.
7 6 36 , 30 , 25 10 , 16 , 22
(a) (b) (a) (b)
13 13 91 91 91 71 91 81
37 13 , 15 , 17
(c) (d) none of these (c) (d) none of these
65 61 61 61
Probability 1167

11. A and B take turn in throwing two dice; the first to 2


19. The probability that A can solve a problem is and the
throw 9 being awarded. Find the ratio of probabilities 3
of their winning if A has the first throw. 3
probability that B can solve the same problem is ⋅
(a) 7/8 (b) 9/8 5
(c) 8/7 (d) 9/10 Find the probability that atleast one of A and B will be
able to solve the problem.
12. From a pack of 52 cards, two are drawn one by one 12 13
without replacement. Find the probabilities that both (a) (b)
15 15
of them are kings.
19
11 13 1 1 (c) (d) none of these
(a) (b) (c) (d) 45
21 121 221 121
13. Ashmit can solve 80% of the problem given in a book 20. In the previous question (number 19). Find the
and Amisha can solve 70%. What is the probability probability that none of the two will be able to solve the
that at least one of them will solve a problem, selected problem.
at random from the book? 13 4
(a) (b)
(a) 0.60 (b) 0.06 15 15
2 23
(c) 0.94 (d) 0.56 (c) (d)
15 30
1
14. The probability that A hits a target is and the
3 Directions (for Q. Nos. 21 to 24) The probabilities that a
2 student will receive an A, B , C or D grade are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2
probability that B hits it, is ⋅ What is the probability
5 and 0.1 respectively. Find the probability that a student
that the target will be hit, if each one of A and B shoots will receive
the target?
21. Not an A grade.
5 3 11 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) 0.4 (b) 0.6
6 5 15 6
(c) 0.56 (d) none of these
15. A problem is given to three students whose chances of
1 1 1 22. At most a C grade.
solving it are , and respectively. What is the (a) 0.3 (b) 0.7
2 3 4
probability that the problem will be solved? (c) 0.36 (d) none of these
1 1 3 7 23. B or C grade.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 4 12 (a) 0.2 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.8 (d) 0.6
1 2 24. Atleast B grade.
16. The probabilities of A, B, C solving a problem are ,
3 7 (a) 0.21 (b) 0.3
3
and respectively. If all the three try to solve the (c) 0.7 (d) none of these
8
problem simultaneously, find the probability that Directions (for Q. Nos. 25 to 28) Ajay and his wife Kajol
exactly one of them will solve it. appear in an interview for two vaccancies in the same post. The
25 25 1
(a) (b) probability of Ajay’s selection is and that of his wife Kajol’s
52 56 7
(c) 13/42 (d) none of these 1
selection is ⋅ What is the probability that
17. A, B and C shoot to hit a target. If A hits the target 5
4 times in 5 trials, B hits it 3 times in 4 trials and C hits 25. Both of them will be selected?
it 2 times in 3 trials. What is the probability that the 1 1
(a) (b)
target is hit by atleast 2 persons? 12 35
5 3 13 12
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 35 35
4 1 26. Only one of them will be selected ?
(c) (d)
5 9 5 1 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18. An airgun can take a maximum of 4 shots at a balloon 7 5 7 35
at some distance. The probabilities of hitting the 27. None of them will be selected?
balloon at the first, second, third and fourth shot are 12 6
0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 respectively. What is the (a) (b)
35 35
probability that the balloon is hit? 24
(c) (d) none
(a) 0.6976 (b) 0.6576 35
(c) 0.786 (d) none of these
1168 QUANTUM CAT
28. Atleast one of them will be selected? 36. A box contains 20 bulbs. The probability that the box
11 24 2 1 contains exactly 2 defective bulbs is 0.4 and the
(a) (b) (c) (d)
35 35 7 35 probability that the box contains exactly 3 defective
29. A speaks truth in 60% and B in 80% of the cases. In bulbs is 0.6. Bulbs are drawn at random one by one
what percentage of cases are they likely to contradict without replacement and tested till the defective bulbs
each other narrating the same incident? are found. What is the probability that the testing
(a) 44% (b) 36% (c) 64% (d) 48% procedure ends at the twelfth testing?
(a) 0 (b) 1
Directions (for Q. Nos. 30 and 31) The odds against a
(c) can’t be determined (d) none of these
husband who is 50 years old, living till he is 70 are 7 : 5
37. In a toys making factory, machines A, B and C
and the odds against his wife who is now 40, living till she
manufacture respectively 25%, 35% and 40% of the
is 60 are 5 : 3. Find the probability that
total toys of their output 5%, 4% and 2% respectively
30. The couple will be alive 20 years hence. are defective toys. A toy is drawn at random from the
21 5 product. If the toy drawn is found to be defective, what
(a) (b)
32 32 is the probability that it is manufactured by the
15 12 machine B ?
(c) (d)
32 35 17 28
(a) (b)
31. Atleast one of them will be alive 20 years hence. 69 69
61 31 35
(a) (b) (c) (d) none
96 96 69
41 38. An architecture company built 200 bridges 400
(c) (d) none of these
70 hospitals and 600 hotels. The probability of damage
32. Three critics review a book. Odds in favour of the book due to earthquake of a bridge, hospital and hotel is
are 5 : 2, 4 : 3 and 3 : 4 respectively for the critics. Find 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One of the
the probability that majority are in favour of the book. construction gets damaged with earthquake. What is
108 209 the probability that it is a bridge?
(a) (b) 1 1
343 343 (a) (b)
1 1 26 52
(c) (d) 7
7 243 (c) (d) none of these
33. An article manufactured by a company consists of two 52
parts X and Y. In the process of manufacture of the part 39. There are 3 boxes each containing 3 red and 5 green
X , 9 out of 100 parts may be defective. Similarly, 5 out balls. Also there are 2 boxes, each containing 4 red
of 100 are likely to be defective in the manufacture of and 2 green balls. A green ball is selected at random.
the part Y. Calculate the probability that the assembled Find the probability that this green ball is from a box of
product will not be defective. the first group.
(a) 0.6485 (b) 0.6565 54 45
(a) (b)
(c) 0.8645 (d) none of these 61 61
8
34. A bag contains 4 red and 3 black balls. A second bag (c) (d) none of these
31
contains 2 red and 4 black balls. One bag is selected at
random. From the selected bag, one ball is drawn. 40. A man speaks truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die
Find the probability that the ball drawn is red. and reports that it is a six. Find the probability that it is
23 19 actually a six.
(a) (b) 3 5
42 42 (a) (b)
7 16 8 8
(c) (d) 7 1
32 39 (c) (d)
8 12
35. In a toys making factory, machine A, B and C
manufacture respectively 25%, 35% and 40% of the 41. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the
total toys. Of their output 5%, 4% and 2% respectively remaining cards of pack, two cards are drawn and are
are defective toys. A toy is drawn at random from the found to be diamonds. Find the probability of the
product. What is the probability that the toy drawn is missing card to be diamond.
defective? 39 11
(a) (b)
(a) 0.225 (b) 0.345 50 50
23 3
(c) 0.235 (d) none of these (c) (d)
25 26
CAT-Test
Questions Helping you bell the CAT

LEVEL 01 > BASIC LEVEL EXERCISE


1 The digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are written in random order 6 There are four calculators and it is known that exactly two
to form a nine digit number. Find the probability that this of them are defective. They are tested one by one , in a
number is divisible by 4 : random order till both the defective calculators are
4 2 identified. Then the probability that only two tests are
(a) (b)
9 9 required is :
17 5 1 1 1
(c) (d) none of these (a) (b) (c) (d)
81 6 2 6 3
2 A four digit number is formed with the digits 1, 3, 4, 5 7 20 girls, among whom are A and B sit down at a
without repetition. Find the chance that the number is round table. The probability that there are 4 girls between
divisible by 5 : A and B is :
3 1 17 2 13 6
(a) (b) (a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 19 19 19 19
9 1 8 Two integers x and y are chosen with replacement out of
(c) (d)
16 16 the set {0, 1, 2, 3, ... 10}. Then the probability that
3 Five persons entered the lift cabin on the ground floor of an x − y > 5 is :
8-floor house. Suppose each of them independently and 7 40 35 30
(a) (b) (c) (d)
with equal probability can leave the cabin at any floor 11 121 121 121
beginning with the first. Find out the probability that all 9 The probability that the birthdays of 4 different persons
persons leaving at different floors : will fall in exactly two calendar months is :
365 360 77 17
(a) (b) (a) (b)
2401 2401 1728 87
35 11
(c) (d) none of these (c) (d) none of these
2410 144
4 If from each of the three boxes containing 3 white and 10 If 6 objects are distributed at random among 6 persons, the
1 black, 2 white and 2 black, 1 white and 3 black balls, one probability that atleast one of them will not get any thing is
ball is drawn at random, then the probability that 2 white 56
and 1 black ball will be drawn is : (a) 6⋅(6 !) (b)
6!
13 27
(a) (b) 66 − 6 !
32 32 (c) (d) none of these
19 66
(c) (d) none of these 11 There is 4 volume encyclopaedia among 40 books arranged
32
on a shelf in a random order. If the volumes are not
5 A fair coin is tossed repeatedly. If tail appears on first four
necessarily kept side by side, the probability that they occur
tosses, then the probability of head appearing on fifth toss
in increasing order from left to right is :
equals :
1 1
5 1 (a) (b)
(a) (b) 24 12
12 2
1
5 1 (c) (d) none of these
(c) (d) 10
6 6
1170 QUANTUM CAT
12 Four numbers are multiplied together. Then the probability 19 An old person forgets the last two digits of a telephone
that the product will be divisible by 5 or 10 is number, remembering only that these are different dialled
169 369 at random. The probability that the number is dialled
(a) (b)
625 625 correctly is :
169 (a) 1/90 (b) 81/91
(c) (d) none of these
1626 (c) 2/99 (d) none of these
13 8 couples (husband and wife) attend a dance show ‘Nach 20 Three squares of a chessboard are chosen at random, the
Baliye’ in a popular TV channel ; A lucky draw in which probability that two are of one colour and one of another is
4 persons picked up for a prize is held, then the probability 67 16
(a) (b)
that there is atleast one couple will be selected is : 992 21
8 15 31
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
39 39 32
12 21 The probability that a leap year selected at random
(c) (d) none of these
13 contains either 53 Sundays or 53 Mondays, is :
17 1
14 Three persons A, B and C are to speak at a function along (a) (b)
53 53
with 4 other persons. if they all speak in random order, the 3
probability that A speaks before B and B speaks before C is : (c) (d) none of these
7
5 1
(a) (b) 22 In order to get atleast once a head with probability P ≥ 0.9,
6 6
1 1 the number of times a coin needs to be tossed is :
(c) (d)
2 3 (a) 3 (b) 2
15 A bag contains 16 coins of which 2 coins are counterfeit (c) 5 (d) 4
with heads on the both sides. The rest are fair coins. One is 23 Out of 13 applicants for a job, there are 5 women and
selected at random from the bag and tossed. The 8 men. It is desired to select 2 persons for the job. The
probability of getting a head is : probability that atleast one of the selected persons will be a
3 13 woman is :
(a) (b) 25 31 25 5
16 16 (a) (b) (c) (d)
9 7 39 65 69 13
(c) (d)
16 16 24 Nine squares are chosen at random on a chessboard. What
16 A committee of five persons is to be chosen from a group of is the probability that they form a square of size 3 × 3 ?
9 people. The probability that a certain married couple will 9 36
(a) 64 (b) 64
either serve together or not at all is : C9 C9
(a) 4/9 (b) 5/9 6
(c) 64 (d) none of these
(c) 13/18 (d) none of these C9
17 A speaks truth in 60% cases and B speaks truth in 80% 25 Seven digits from the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are
cases. The probability that they will say the same thing written in random order. The probability that this seven
while describing a single event is : digit number is divisible by 9 is :
(a) 0.36 (b) 0.56 7 1 2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) 0.48 (d) 0.20 9 9 9! 9
18 Two squares are chosen at random on a chessboard, the 26 From the set of first ten natural numbers two distinct
probability that they have a side in common is : numbers are picked randomly. Find the probability that
3 1 they are co-primes.
(a) (b)
32 32 (a) 31/45 (b) 14/45
(c) 1/18 (d) none of these (c) 2/3 (d) 28/45
LEVEL 02 > HIGHER LEVEL EXERCISE
1 What is the probability that four S’s come consecutively in 7 A pack of cards consists of 9 cards numbered 1 to 9. Three
the word MISSISSIPPI? cards are drawn at random with replacement. Then the
4 4 probability of getting 1 even and 2 odd numbered cards is :
(a) (b)
165 135 3 100 50 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
24 143 243 343 72
(c) (d) none
165 8 Three numbers are to be selected at random without
2 Each coefficient in the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is replacement from the set of numbers {1, 2, . . . n}. The
determined by throwing ordinary six faced die. Find the conditional probability that the third number lies between
probability that the equation will have real roots. the first two, if the first number is known to be smaller than
34 43 the second is :
(a) (b) 1 2 5 7
161 216 (a) (b) (c) (d)
25 3 3 6 12
(c) (d) none of these
36 9 Two numbers b and c are chosen at random with
3 A and B throw alternately a pair of dice. A wins if he throws replacement from the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
6 before B throws 7 and B wins if he throws 7 before A The probability that x 2 + bx + c > 0 for all x ∈ R is :
throws 6. Find their respective chance of winning, if A 23 7 32 65
(a) (b) (c) (d)
begins. 81 9 81 729
13 , 31 30 , 31 10 The probabilities that a student passes in Mathematics,
(a) (b)
16 16 61 61 Physics and Chemistry are m, p and c, respectively. Of these
31 , 41 38 , 23 subjects the student has 75% chance of passing in atleast
(c) (d)
61 61 61 61 one, a 50% chance of passing in atleast two and a 40%
4 A consignment of 15 wristwatches contains 4 defectives. chance of passing in exactly, two, which of the following
The wristwatches are selected at random, one by one and relations are true.
examined. The ones examined are not put back. What is 27 13
(a) p + m + c = (b) p + m + c =
the probability that ninth one examined is the last 20 20
defective? 1
(c) pmc = (d) both (a) and (c)
11 17 10
(a) (b)
195 195 11 A student appears for tests A, B and C. The student is
8 16 successful if he passes either in tests A and B or tests A and
(c) (d)
195 195 C. The probabilities of the student passing in tests A, B, C
5 In a test, an examinee either guesses or copies or knows the are p, q and 1/2 respectively. If the probability that the
answer to a multiple choice question with four choices. The 1
student is successful is then,
1 2
probability that he makes a guess is and the probability
3 (a) p = 1, q = 0 (b) p = 0, q = 1
that he copies the answer is 1/6 ⋅ The probability that his p
(c) = 1 (d) infinitely many solutions
answer is correct, given that he copied it, is 1/8. Find the q
probability that he knew the answer to the question, given 1 + 4 p , 1 − p , 1 − 2p
that he correctly answered it. 12 If are probabilities of three mutually
p 4 2
17 13
(a) (b) exclusive events then
39 29 1 3
24 24 (a) p = (b) p =
(c) (d) 2 4
29 39 1
6 Given that the sum of two non-negative quantities is 200, (c) p = (d) none of these
3
3
the probability that their product is not less than times 13 A letter is takenout at random from ‘ASSISTANT’ and
4 another is taken out from ‘’STATISTICS’. The probability
their greatest product value is : that they are the same letters is :
99 101
(a) (b) 35 19
200 200 (a) (b)
96 90
87
(c) (d) none of these 19
100 (c) (d) none of these
96
1172 QUANTUM CAT
14 Two numbers a and b are chosen at random from the set of 20 A terror outfit, works under the pseudonym of Mafia Wars,
first 30 natural numbers. The probability that a2 − b2 is uses 12 satellite phones, during its operation to
divisible by 3 is : communicate with each other. Each of the 12 terrorists is
37 47 armed with a satellite phone, an AK-47 and hand grenades
(a) (b)
87 87 among other explosives. Except the four terrorists, who are
17 hidden in a tiny staff washroom of a prominent hotel, no
(c) (d) none of these
29 two terrorists are positioned at the same location. The
15 A man takes a step forward with probability 0.4 and back- terrorists who are hidden in the washroom are codenamed
ward with probability 0.6. The probability that at the end as Alpha and the ones who are hidden at other surrounding
of eleven steps he is one step away from the starting point is locations are codenamed as Beta. Due to location
(a) 11C 6(0.1)11 (b) 11C 6(0.24 )5 differences Beta terrorists cannot communicate without
11 the satellite phone, at all. In order to speak to any of the
(c) C 6(0.2)11 (d) none of these
Alpha terrorist a Beta terrorist can call on any one of the
16 Three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are chosen at phones available with Beta, similarly to speak to any Beta
random. The probability that the triangle with these three terrorist an Alpha can call from any one of the phones
vertices is equilateral equals : available with them. A conference call can be made
1 1 between any three satellite phones. If three phones are
(a) (b)
6 3 chosen randomly from the 12 phones, then what is the
1 probability that the terrorists can make a conference call?
(c) (d) none of these
10 (a) 9/11 (b) 51/55
17 A man can take a step forward, backward, left or right with (c) 10/11 (d) 54/55
equal probability. Find the probability that after nine steps 21 Zuckerberg, my facebook friend, recently returned from his
he will be just one step away from his initial position. honeymoon trip to three European cities – Paris, Milan and
3696 3969
(a) (b) Zurich, where he had clicked some photos before
74 47 uploading them on facebook in three different folders
4
4 naming them on the cities he had visited. The folders Paris,
(c) (d) none of these
10 Milan and Zurich have 3, 4, and 5 photos, respectively. He
18 Urn A contains six red and four black balls and urn B has asks his six year old niece Olivia Bee that if she could
four red and six black balls. One ball is drawn at random download these photos and edit them using the Instagram
from urn A and placed in urn B. Then one ball is transfered and put them back but only one photo in each folder.
at random from urn B to urn A. If one ball is now drawn at Within no time she edits all the photos and uploads back
random from urn A, find the probability that it is red. quickly one photo in each folder. What’s the probability
32 32 that she uploads at least two photos of the same city and no
(a) (b)
65 55 folder has the photo uploaded back to its original folder,
23 56 after editing?
(c) (d)
55 65 (a) 1/11 (b) 1/12
19 The digits 1, 2, 3, ..., 9 are written in random order to form (c) 3/11 (4) 1/3
a nine digit number. Find the probability that this number 22 In a regular decagon there are diagonals of distinct sizes. If
is divisible by 11. all the possible diagonals are drawn and you choose any
11 11
(a) (b) one diagonal at random then what is the probability that it
63 81 is neither the shortest one nor it is a longest one?
11
(c) (d) none of these (a) 4/7 (b) 3/7
126
(c) 6/7 (d) 5/7
Answers
Introductory Exercise 20.1
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (c) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (b)
51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (a)

Introductory Exercise 20.2


1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (a)

Introductory Exercise 20.3


1 (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b ) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (b)

Introductory Exercise 20.4


1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (b)

Level 01 Basic Level Exercise


1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (a)

Level 02 Higher Level Exercise


1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (a)
QUANTUM CAT
Hints & Solutions
Introductory Exercise 20.1
1 Here the sample space S = {H , T } ⇒ n (S ) = 2 12 E = {HHH , HHT , HTH , THH } ⇒ n (E ) = 4
Event of getting head = {H } ⇒ n (E ) = 1 4 1
∴ p (E ) = =
1 8 2
∴Probability of getting a head is given by P (E ) =
2 Solutions (for Q. Nos. 13 to 16)
S = {1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6} ⇒ n ( S ) = 6
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 2 to 5)
13 E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ⇒ n (E ) = 6
S = {HH , HT , TH , TT } ⇒ n ( S ) = 4
6
∴ P (E ) = =1
2 E = {HT , TH } ⇒ n (E ) = 2 6
n (E ) 2 1 E = {3, 6} ⇒ n (E ) = 2
∴ P (E ) = = = 14
n (S ) 4 2 2 1
∴ P (E ) = =
3 E = {HH , HT , TH } ⇒ n (E ) = 3 6 3
3 15 E = {2, 3, 5} ⇒ n (E ) = 3
∴ P (E ) =
4 3 1
∴ P (E ) = =
4 E = {H , H } ⇒ n (E ) = 1 6 2
1 16 E = {2, 4, 6} ⇒ n (E ) = 3
∴ P (E ) =
4 3 1
∴ P (E ) = =
5 E = {H , H } ⇒ n (E ) = 1 6 2
1
∴ P (E ) = Solutions (for Q. Nos. 17 and 18)
4
S = {HHH , HHT , HTH , THH , T TH , THT , HT T , T T T }
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 6 to 12)
⇒ n (S ) = 8
S ={HHH , HHT , HTH , HT T , THH , THT , T TH ,TTT} 17 E = {HHT , HTH , THH , T TH , THT , HT T }
⇒ n (S ) = 8 6 3
⇒ n (E ) = 6 ∴ P (E ) = =
6 E = {HT T , THT , T TH } ⇒ n (E ) = 3 8 4
3 18 E = {TTT } ⇒ n (E ) = 1
∴ P (E ) =
8 1
∴ P (E ) =
7 E = {HHT , HTH , THH } ⇒ n (E ) = 3 8
3
∴ P (E ) = Solutions (for Q. Nos. 19 to 27)
8
S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), ....
8 E = {HHH , HHT , HTH , HT T , THH , THT , T TH }
(6, 5),(6, 6)}
⇒ n (E )= 7
⇒ n ( S ) = 6 × 6 = 36
7
∴ P (E ) =
8 19 E = {(6, 3), (5, 4), (4, 5), (3, 6)}
9 E = {HHT , HTH , THH } ⇒ n (E ) = 3 n (E ) = 4 ∴ P (E ) =
4
=
1
3 36 9
∴ P (E ) =
8 20 E = {(6, 4), (5, 5), (4, 6), (6, 5), (5, 6), (6, 6)}
10 E = {HHH , HHT , HTH , THH } ⇒ n(E ) = 4 n (E ) = 6
4 1 6 1
∴ P (E ) = = ∴ P (E ) = =
8 2 36 6
11 E = {HHT , HTH , HT T , THH , THT , T TH } 21 E = {(6, 3), (5, 4), (4, 5), (3, 6), (6, 5), (5, 6)}

⇒ n (E ) = 6 ⇒ n (E ) = 6
6 3 6 1
∴ P (E ) = = ∴ P (E ) = =
8 4 36 6
Probability 1175

22 E = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}; n (E ) = 6 32 There are 4 kings and 4 queens
6 1 ∴ E =K ∪Q
∴ P (E ) = =
36 6 ∴ n (E ) = 4 + 4 = 8
23 E = {(2, 2), (4, 4), (6, 6)} ⇒ n(E ) = 3 ∴ P (E ) =
8
=
2
3 1 52 13
∴ P (E ) = =
36 12 33 There are 13 hearts (including one queen and one king).
24. E = {(2, 3), (2, 6), (4, 3), (4, 6), (6, 3), (6, 6) (3, 2), (6, 2), Besides it there are 3 queens and 3 kings in remaining 3
(3, 4), (6, 4), (3, 6)} ⇒ n (E ) = 11 suits each.
11 Thus n (E ) = 13 + 3 + 3 = 19
∴ P (E ) = 19
36 ∴ P (E ) =
25 E = {(1, 2), (1, 5), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 2), (4, 5), 52
(5, 1), (5, 4), (6, 3), (6, 6), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 34 There are 13 spades (including one king). Besides there are
5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)} ⇒ n (E ) = 20 3 more kings in remaining 3 suits).
20 5 Thus n (E ) = 13 + 3 = 16
∴ P (E ) = =
36 9 Hence n (E ) = 52 − 16 = 36
26 E = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), 36 9
∴ P (E ) = =
(3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3), (5, 2), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 5)} 52 13
⇒ n (E ) = 15 35 There are 4 aces and 4 kings
15 5 ∴ n (E ) = 4 + 4 = 8
∴ P (E ) = =
36 12 ∴ n (E ) = 52 − 8 = 44
27 E = {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5),(6, 5), (5, 1), (5, 2), ∴ P (E ) =
44 11
=
(5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 6)} ⇒ n (E ) = 11 52 13
11 36 There are 4 aces, 4 kings and 4 jacks and their selection can
∴ P (E ) =
36 be made in following ways.
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 28 to 35) : S = {52 cards}
12
C1 × 8C1 × 4C1 = 12 × 8 × 4
52 cards n (E ) = 12 × 8 × 4
Total selection can be made = 52C 3 = 52 × 51 × 50
(26) Red Black (26) 12 × 8 × 4 16
P (E ) = =
52 × 51 × 50 5525
Hearts Diamonds Spades Clubs
37 E = {(1, 1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2, 2). . . . . (13, 13, 13, 13)}
(13) (13) (13) (13)
In each of the four suits there is one ace, one king, one ∴ n (E ) = 13
queen and one jack (or knave) and rest 9 cards are and n (S ) = 52C 4 = 270725
numbered. n (E ) 13 1
∴ P (E ) = = =
∴ n ( S ) = 52 n (S ) 270725 20825
28 n (E ) = 26 38 n (E ) = 13C1 × 13C1 × 13C1 × 13C1 = (13)4
26 1 n (S ) = C 4 = 270725
52
∴ P (E ) = =
52 2
n (E ) (13)4 2197
4 1 ∴ P (E ) = = =
29 n (E ) = 4 ∴ P (E ) = = n (S ) 270725 20825
52 13
30 Since drawn card must be black so there are only two 39 n (E ) = 13C1 × 12C1 × 11C1 × 10C1 = 13 × 12 × 11 × 10
queens. n (S ) = C 4 = 270725
52

Hence n (E ) = 2 13 × 12 × 11 × 10 264
∴ P (E ) = =
2 1 270725 4165
∴ P (E ) = =
52 26
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 40 to 43) n ( S ) = 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 64
31 There are 26 black cards (including two queens). Besides it
there are two more queens (in red colours) 40 n(E ) = 6
Thus n (E ) = 26 + 2 = 28 Q E = {(1, 1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2, 2), (3, 3, 3, 3). . . (6, 6, 6, 6)}
28 7 n (E ) 6 1 1
∴ P (E ) = = ∴ P (E ) = = = =
52 13 n (S ) 64 63 216
1176 QUANTUM CAT
360 5 48 366 = 7 × 52 + 2
41 n(E ) = 6C1 × 5C1 × 4C1 × 3C1 = 360 ∴ P (E ) = =
64 18 It means a leap year has 52 full weeks and 2 more days.
42 Select a number which occurs on two dice out of six These 2 days can be :
numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). This can be done in 6C1, ways. (i) Sunday and Monday (ii) Monday and Tuesday
Now select two distinct number out of remaining (iii) Tuesday and Wednesday (iv) Wednesday and Thursday
5 numbers which can be done in 5C 2 ways. Thus these (v) Thursday and Friday (vi) Friday and Saturday
4! (vii) Saturday and Sunday
4 numbers can be arranged in ways.
2! Clearly atleast there are 52 Sundays. Now, for having
So, the number of ways in which two dice show the same 53 Sundays in the year, one of the above 2 consecutive,
face and the remaining two show different faces is days must be Sunday. Thus, out of the above 7 possibilities,
4! 2 possibilities are in favour [(i) and (vii)] of the event that
6
C1 × 5C 2 × = 720
2! one of the two days is a Sunday.
720 5 2
∴ n(E ) = 720 ∴ P (E ) = 4 = ∴ Required probability =
6 9 7

43 There are 3 possible cases- 49 n(S ) = 8 + 4 = 12; n(E ) = 8


8 2
(i) 2 similar faces + 2 different faces ∴ P (E ) = =
12 3
(ii) 3 similar faces + 1 different face
(iii) all 4 faces are similar 50 n(S ) = 12C 4 = 495; n(E ) = 8C 4 = 70
∴Required number of ways 70 14
∴ P (E ) = =
 4 !  4 !  4 ! 495 99
=  6C1 × 5C 2 ×  +  6C1 × 5C1 ×  +  6C1 × 
 2!  3!  4 ! 51 n(S ) = 12C 4 = 495 ⇒ n(E ) = 4C 4 = 1
1
= (6 × 10 × 12) + (6 × 5 × 4) + 6 = 846 ∴ P (E ) =
495
∴ n(E ) = 846 and n(S ) = 64
52 n(S ) = 12C 4 = 495 ⇒ n(E ) = 8C 2 × 4C1 = 112
846 47
∴ P (E ) = 4 = 112
6 72 ∴ P (E ) =
495
44 E = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19} 53 n(S ) = 495 ⇒ n(E ) = 4C 3 = 4
⇒ n(E ) = 8; S = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . 20} ⇒ n(S ) = 20 4
∴ P (E ) =
n (E ) 8 2 495
∴ P (E ) = = =
n (S ) 20 5 54 Total number of outcomes = 2 + 7 = 9
45 S = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . . 18} ⇒ n(S ) = 18 Favourable number of cases = 2
2
E1 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18} ⇒ n(E1 ) = 9 ∴ P (E ) =
9
E 2 = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18) ⇒ n(E 2 ) = 6 55 Total number of outcomes = 5 + 7 = 12
(E1 ∩ E 2 ) = E 3 = {6, 12, 18} ⇒ n(E 3 ) = 3 Number of cases against the occurrence of event = 5
∴ E = E1 ∪ E 2 = E1 + E 2 − E 3 ∴ Number of cases in favour of event = 12 − 5 = 7
n (E ) = 9 + 6 − 3, n(E ) = 12 ∴ P (E ) =
7
where E = {2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18} 12
n(E ) 12 2 56 S = {GG, GB, BG, BB} and E = {GG, GB, BG}
∴ P (E ) = = =
n(S ) 18 3 n(E ) 3
∴ P (E ) = =
n(S ) 4
NOTE For any problem refer set theory and number system.
57 n(S ) = 5C 2 = 10; n(E ) = (2C1 × 3C1 ) + (2C 2 ) = 7
100 × 99
46 n(S ) = C 2 =
100
= 4950 7
2 ∴ P (E ) =
10
300 2
n(E ) = 25C 2 = 300 ∴ P (E ) = = 58 n(S ) = C 2 = 190; n(E ) = 15C 2 = 105
20
4950 33
105 21
Hint There are total 25 prime numbers upto 100. ∴ P (E ) = =
190 38
47 n(S ) = 100
C 2 = 4950
59 n(S ) = 20
C 4 = 4845; n(E ) = ( 5C 3 × 15C1 ) + ( 5C 4 ) = 155
n(E ) = 75
C 2 = 2775 (100 − 25 = 75) 155 31
2775 37 ∴ P (E ) = =
∴ P (E ) = = 4845 969
4950 66
Probability 1177

Introductory Exercise 20.2


1 P( A ) =
1
, P (B ) =
1
and P ( A ∩ B ) =
7 ∴ ( A ∩ B ) = {(2, 6), (6, 2), (4, 4)}
4 2 50 ∴ n( A ∩ B ) = 3
∴ P ( A or B ) = P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) 18 1 5
P( A ) = = , P (B ) =
1 1 7 61 36 2 36
= + − =
4 2 50 100 3 1
and P( A ∩ B ) = =
2 P (neither A nor B) = P ( A and B ) 36 12
61 39 ∴ P (Even number on first die or a total of 8)
= P( A ∩ B ) = P( A ∪ B ) = 1 − P ( A ∪ B ) = 1 − =
100 100 = p( A or B) = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
3 1 1 6 3 1 5 1 5
3 P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = + − = = = + − =
10 2 5 10 5 2 36 12 9
4 P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) 14 A = {(5, 1), ) (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4),(5, 5), (5, 6)}
3 2 1 3 B = {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 5)}
= + − P( A ∩ B ) ⇒ P( A ∩ B ) =
5 5 2 10 A ∩ B = {(5, 5)}
2 3 Also n(S ) = 36
5 P( A ) = 1 − P( A ) = 1 − = 6 1 6 1
5 5 ∴ P( A ) = = ⇒ P (B ) = =
1 1 36 6 36 6
6 P (B ) = 1 − P (B ) = 1 − = 1
2 2 and P( A ∩ B ) =
36
7 P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
∴ Required probability = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
2 1 9
= + −0= (Q P ( A ∩ B ) = 0) 1 1 1 11
5 2 10 = + − =
6 6 36 36
9 1
8 P ( A ∩ B ) = P( A ∪ B ) = 1 − P( A ∪ B ) = 1 − = 15 n(S ) = 36
10 10
A = {(1, 1), ) (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4),(5, 5), (6, 6)}
9 P ( A ∩ B ) = P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
B = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}
1
= P (B ) = (Q P ( A ∩ B ) = 0) ( A ∩ B ) = {(4, 4)}
2
n( A ) = 6, n(B ) = 5, n( A ∩ B ) = 1
10 P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = 2/ 5 ∴ Required probability = P ( A ∪ B )
11 P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
6 5 1 10 5
0 ⋅ 65 = 0 ⋅ 35 + P (B ) (Q P ( A ) = 1 − P ( A )) = + − = =
36 36 36 36 18
⇒ P (B ) = 0.30
16 See the solution of question number 14
3 1 3 3
12 Let P ( A ) = x, then P (B ) = x and P (C ) = × x = x 11
2 2 2 4 P (atleast one die shows 6) =
36
∴ P ( A ) + P (B ) + P (C ) = P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = P (S ) = 1
3 3 4 17 n(S ) = 52
∴ x + x + x =1 ⇒ x =
2 4 13 A → The event of getting a heart
4 B → The event of getting a king
∴ P( A ) =
13 then A ∩ B → The event of getting a king of heart.
13 n(S ) = 6 × 6 = 36 ∴ P( A ) =
13 1 ,
= P (B ) =
4
=
1
and P ( A ∩ B ) =
1
52 4 52 13 52
Let A = Event of getting an even number on the first die
∴ P (a heart or a king) = P ( A or B ) = P ( A ∪ B )
∴ n( A ) = 3 × 6 = 18
= P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
and B = Event of getting a total of 8
1 1 1 4
n(B ) = 5 = + − =
4 13 52 13
 (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3). . . . (2, 6) 
  18 n(S ) = C 2 = 1326
52
A = (4, 1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4, 6)
(6, 1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6, 6) Let A = event of getting both red cards
 
B = {(6, 2), (5, 3), (4, 4), (3, 5), (2, 6)} and B = event of getting both queens
∴ n( A ) = 3 × 6 = 18 and n(B ) = 5 then A ∩ B = event of getting two red queens
1178 QUANTUM CAT
n( A ) = 26
C 2 = 325, n(B ) = 4C 2 = 6 22 n(S ) = C 2 = 1326
52

n( A ∩ B ) = C 2 = 1
2 Let A be the event of getting two black cards
325 6 1 and B be the event of getting two jacks
∴ P( A ) = , P (B ) = = and ( A ∩ B ) be the event of getting two black jacks.
1326 1326 221
1 ∴ n( A ) = 26C 2, n(B ) = 4C 2, n( A ∩ B ) = 2C 2
P( A ∩ B ) = 26 4 2
1326 C2 , C2 , C
∴ P( A ) = 52
P (B ) = 52
P ( A ∩ B ) = 52 2
∴ P (both red or both queens) = P ( A ∪ B ) C2 C2 C2
= P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) ∴ Required probability = P ( A ∪ B )
26 4 2
325 1 1 55 C C2 C
= + − = = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = 52 2 + 52
− 52 2
1326 221 1326 221 C2 C2 C2
19 n(S ) = 52 =
325
+
1

1
=
55
Let A, B, C be the events of getting a red card, a heart and a 1326 221 1326 221
king respectively. 23 n(S ) = 300
then n( A ) = 26, n(B ) = 13, n(C ) = 4 Let A be the event of getting a number divisible by 3 and
Clearly n( A ∩ B ) = 13, n(B ∩ C ) = 1, B be the event of getting a number divisible by 5 and
n( A ∩ C ) = 2, n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 1 ( A ∩ B ) be event of getting a number divisible by 3 and 5
26 1 , 13 1 , 4 1 both
∴ P( A ) = = P (B ) = = P (C ) = =
52 2 52 4 52 13 ∴ n( A ) = 100, n(B ) = 60, n( A ∩ B ) = 20
13 1 , 1 , 100 1 , 60 1 , 20 1
P( A ∩ B ) = = P (B ∩ C ) = ∴ P( A ) = = P (B ) = = P( A ∩ B ) = =
52 4 52 300 3 300 5 600 30
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
P( A ∩ C ) = = ⇒ P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = ∴ P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = + − =
52 26 52 3 5 30 2
∴P (a red card, or a heart or a king) = P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) 24 n(S ) = 100
= P ( A ) + P (B ) + P (C ) − (P ( A ∩ B ) Let A be the event of getting a number divisible by 2 and
+ P (B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) B be the event of getting a number divisible by 3 and
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 C be the event of getting of number divisible by 5.
= + + − + +  + = ∴( A ∩ B ) be the event of getting a number divisible by both
2 4 13  4 52 26  52 13
2 and 3.
20 n(S ) = 52
C 4. Let E1, E 2, E 3, E 4 be the events of getting all (B ∩ C ) be the event of getting a number divisible by both
spades, all clubs, all hearts and all diamonds respectively. 3 and 5.
Then n(E1 ) = 13C 4, n(E 2 ) = 13C 4 ( A ∩ C ) be the event of getting a number divisible by both
2 and 5.
n(E 3 ) = 13C 4; n(E 4 ) = 13C 4
( A ∩ B ∩ C ) be the event of getting a number divisible by
13 13
C4 C4 , A, B and C .
∴ P (E1 ) = 52
, P (E 2 ) = 52
C4 C4 Now, n( A ) = 50, n(B ) = 33, n(C ) = 20, n( A ∩ B ) = 16,
13
C4 , 13
C4 n(B ∩ C ) = 6, n( A ∩ C ) = 10, n( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 3
P (E 3 ) = 52
P (E 4 ) = 52 50 1 , 33
C4 C4 ∴ P( A ) = = P (B ) = ,
100 2 100
Since E1, E 2, E 3 and E 4 are mutually exclusive events. 20 1 16
∴P (getting all the 4 cards of the same suit) P (C ) = = , n( A ∩ B ) =
100 5 100
P (E1 or E 2 or E 3 or E 4 ) = P (E1 ) + P (E 2 ) + P (E 3 ) + P (E 4 ) 6 10
 13C  n(B ∩ C ) = , n( A ∩ C ) = ,
44 100 100
= 4 ×  52 4  =
 C 4  4165 3
n( A ∩ B ∩ C ) =
21 n(S ) = 52 100
Required probability = P ( A ∪ B ∪ C )
A = The event of getting a king
B = The event of getting a queen = P ( A ) + P (B ) + P (C ) − [ P ( A ∩ B )
( A ∩ B) = The event of getting a king and a queen both + P (B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ C )] + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
∴ n( A ) = 4, n(B) = 4, n( A ∩ B ) = 0 50 33 20  16 6 10  3
= + + − + +  +
4 4 100 100 100  100 100 100 100
P ( A ) = , P (B ) =
52 52 74
=
4 4 2 100
∴ P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) = + =
52 52 13
Probability 1179

25 n(S ) = 5 + 8 + 10 = 23 27 n(S ) = 100


n( A ) = 5 n( A ) = 40, n(B ) = 20, n( A ∩ B ) = 5
n(B ) = 8 [ n( A ∩ B ) = 0] ∴ P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
5 8 40 20 5
∴ P( A ) = and P (B ) = P ( A ∩ B) = 0 = + −
23 23 100 100 100
5 8 13 55
∴ P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) = + = P( A ∪ B ) = = 55%
23 23 23 100
2 1
26 n(S ) = 30
C2 28 P ( A ) = , P (B ) =
5 3
Let A be the event of getting two oranges and 2 1 11
B be the event of getting two non-defective fruits and ∴ P( A ∪ B ) = + =
5 3 15
( A ∩ B ) be the event of getting two non-defective oranges
(Q A and B are mutually exclusive events)
20 22 15
C2 , C2 C2 1 1 1 1
∴ P( A ) = 30
P (B ) = 30
and P ( A ∩ B ) = 30 29 P (H1 ) = , P (H 2 ) = , P (H 3 ) = , P (H 4 ) =
C2 C2 C2 3 4 5 6
∴ P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) ∴ P (H1 ∪ H 2 ∪ H 3 ∪ H 4 ) = P (H1 ) + P (H 2 ) + P (H 3 ) + P (H 4 )
20
C 22
C 15
C 316 1 1 1 1 57
= 30 2 + 30 2 − 30 2 = = + + + =
C2 C2 C 2 435 3 4 5 6 60
Hint Here, H1, H 2, H 3 and H 4 are the mutually exclusive
Hint There are 20 oranges, and 30 − (3 + 5) = 22 non-
events.
defective fruits and 20 − 5 = 15 non-defective oranges.

Introductory Exercise 20.3


 A 1 5 Here sample space
1 P  = (see the example 1)
 B 2 S = {HH , HT , T 1, T 2, T 3, T 4, T 5, T 6}
2 P ( A ∪ B ) = 0.96 (see the example 1) Let A be the event that the die shows a number greater than
3 Here S = {HHH , HHT , HTH , THH , HT T , THT , T TH , T T T } 4 and B be the event that the first throw of the coin results
in a tail then,
Let A be the event that one of the coins shows a tail
A = {T 5, T 6}
∴ A = {HHT , HTH , THH , HT T , THT , T TH , T T T }
7 B = {T 1, T 2, T 3, T 4, T 5, T 6}
∴ P( A ) =  A  P ( A ∩ B ) 2/ 8 1
8 ∴Required probability = P   = = =
 B P (B) 6/ 8 3
Now, let B be the event that they are all tails
∴ B ={T T T } 6 S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
1 Let A be the event of getting an odd number and
∴ P (B ) =
8 B be the event of getting a prime number
1
∴ ( A ∩ B ) = { T T T } ⇒ P( A ∩ B ) = ∴ A = {1, 3, 5], B = {2, 3, 5}
8
and ( A ∩ B ) = {3, 5}
 B  P( A ∩ B ) 1 / 8 1
∴ P  = = = 3 1 3 1 2 1
 A P( A ) 7/8 7 ∴ P ( A ) = = , P (B ) = = , P ( A ∩ B ) = =
6 2 6 2 6 3
4 Here sample space S = {HH , HT , TH , T T }  B  P( A ∩ B ) 1 / 3 2
∴Required probability = P   = = =
E = {HT , TH }  A P( A ) 1/ 2 3
F = { HH , HT , TH } 7 Let A be the event of getting the sum 9 and B be the event of
∴ E ∩ F = { HT , TH } getting atleast one 4.
2 1 3 Then A = {(3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3)}
∴ P (E ) = = and P (F ) =
4 2 4 B = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4),
2 1
and P (E ∩ F ) = = (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 6)}
4 2
then A ∩ B = {(4, 5)(5, 4)}
 E  P (E ∩ F ) 1 / 2 2
∴ P  = = =  B  P( A ∩ B )
F P (F ) 3/ 4 3 ∴ Required probability = P   =
 A P( A )
 F  P (E ∩ F ) 1 / 2 n( A ∩ B ) 2 1
P  = = =1
 E P (E ) 1/ 2 = = =
n( A ) 4 2
1180 QUANTUM CAT
8 Let A = the event of getting 4 on the first die.  G
17 P   = Probability of drawing a red ball from second bag
F
and B = the event of getting the sum 8 or greater
∴ A = {(4, 1),(4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)} 4 2
= =
B = {(4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 2), 6 3
(2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6), (5, 3), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)} 18 Let A be the event of not getting a red ball in first draw and
B be the event of not getting a red ball in second draw.
∴ A ∩ B = {(4, 4)}, (4, 5), (4, 6)}
Then Required probability
 B  P( A ∩ B ) = Probability that atleast one ball is red
∴ Required probability = P   =
 A P( A ) = 1 – Probability that none is red
n( A ∩ B ) 3 1 = 1 − P ( A and B ) = 1 − P ( A ∩ B )
= = =
n( A ) 6 2  B  2 5
= 1 − P( A ) ⋅ P   = 1 −  × 
 A  3 8
9 Let A = event of getting an odd number
7
and B = the event of getting a number greater than 1. =
12
∴ A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {3, 5}, A ∩ B = {3, 5} 6 2
Here P ( A ) = =
 B  P ( A ∩ B ) n( A ∩ B ) 2 9 3
∴Required probability = P   = = =
 A P( A ) n( A ) 3  B 5
and P   = [There are 5 balls (excluding 3 red balls)
 A 8
10 Let A be the event of reading English and
B be the event of reading French. after the selection of one non-red ball]
45 9 19 Let A be the event drawing 4 red ball in first draw and B be
Then P( A ) = = , the event of drawing 4 blue balls in the second draw.
100 20 6
C 15 1
P (B ) =
30
=
3 Then P ( A ) = 15 4 = =
100 10 C 4 1365 91
9
20 1  B C 4 126 21
and P( A ∩ B ) = = P  = = =
100 5  A 11
C 4 330 55
1
Hence, the required probability = P ( A ∩ B )
 A  P( A ∩ B ) 2
∴ P  = = 5 =  B
 B P (B ) 3 3 = P( A ) P  
 A
10
1 21 3
 B  P( A ∩ B ) 1 / 5 4 = × =
11 P   = = = 91 55 715
 A P( A ) 9 / 20 9
20 Let A, B, C be the events of getting a white ball in first,
12 S = (B1B 2, B1G 2, G1B 2, G1G 2 ) second and third draw respectively, then
Where B → Boy and G → Girl Required probability = P ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
Let A be the event that both are boys  B  C 
and B be the event that one of two is a boy. = P( A ) P   P  
 A  A ∩ B 
Then A = {B1B 2} and B = {B1B 2, B1G 2, G1B 2}
Now, P ( A ) = Probability of drawing a white ball in first
So A ∩ B = {B1B 2} 4 2
 A  n( A ∩ B ) 1 draw = =
∴ Required probability = P   = = 18 9
 B n(B ) 3 When a white ball is drawn in the first draw there are
13 A be the event that both children are boys 17 balls left in the urn, out of which 3 are white.
and B be the event that the other child is a boy.  B 3
∴ P  =
then A = {B1, B 2} and B = {B1B 2, B1G 2}  A  17
So ( A ∩ B ) = {B1B 2} Since the ball drawn is not replaced, therefore after
 A  n( A ∩ B ) 1 drawing a white ball in the second draw there are 16 balls
∴ Required probability = P   = =
 B n(B ) 2 left in the urn, out of which 2 are white.
1 1  C  2 1
14 P (E ) = 15 P (F ) = ∴ P  = =
2 2  A ∩ B  16 8
 G
16 P   = Probability of drawing a red ball when first bag is Hence the required probability
 E
selected 2 3 1 1
3 = × × =
= Probability of drawing a red ball from first bag = 9 17 8 204
7
Probability 1181

21 There are 4 even numbers and 5 odd numbers 22 Let A be the event of drawing an odd numbered ticket in
Let A = the event of choosing odd numbers the first draw and B be the event of drawing an odd
B = the event of getting the sum an even number. numbered ticket in the second draw. Then
 B
Then A ∩ B = The event of choosing odd numbers whose Required probability = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P  
 A
sum is even.
13 ,
∴ n(B ) = 4C 2 + 5C 2 = 16 P( A ) = since there 13 odd numbers 1, 3, 5, . . . 25.
25
and n( A ∩ B ) = 5C 2 = 10
Since the ticket drawn in the first draw is not replaced,
 A therefore second ticket drawn is from the remaining 24
∴ Required probability = P  
 B tickets, out of which 12 are odd numbered.
n( A ∩ B )  B  12 1
= ∴ P  = =
n(B )  A  24 2
10 5 13 1 13
= = Hence, Required probability = × =
16 8 25 2 50

Introductory Exercise 20.4


1 P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) . P (B ) = 0.6 × 0.4 = 0.24 ∴P ( A wins) = P [ E or (E F E) or (E F E F E ) or ... ∞]
= P [ E or (E and F and E) or (E and F and E and F and E)
2 P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
or .... ]
= 0.6 + 0.4 − 0.24 = 0.76
3 P ( A ∩ B ) = {1 − P ( A )} P (B ) = P (E ) + P (E and F and E ) + P (E and F and E and F and E)
= 0.4 × 0.4 = 0.16 + .... ∞
= P (E ) + P (E ) P (F ) P (E ) + P (E ) P (F )
4 P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ){1 − P (B )}
⋅P (E ) P (F )⋅ P (E ) + . . . ∞
= 0.6 × 0.6 = 0.36 1 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1
= + × × + × × × × + ... ∞
5 P ( A ∩ B ) = {1 − P ( A )} {1 − P (B )} 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
2 4
= 0.4 × 0.6 = 0.24 1 1  5 1  5
= +   +   +K∞
6 P ( A ) = 0. 65 ⇒ P ( A ) = 0.35 6 6  6 6  6

1 
2 4
P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )  5  5
= 1 +   +   + K ∞ 
⇒ P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ). P (B ) 6 6 6 
⇒ 0.65 = 0.35 + p − 0.35 p 1 1  1 36 6
= ⋅ = ⋅  =
⇒ 0.65 p = 0.30 ⇒ p = 6 / 13 6   5   6 11  11
2

1 −   
7 S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, for each case  6 
Let A = event of getting a 1,2, 3 or 4 on the first toss 6 5
Thus, P (A wins) = and P (B wins) =
and B = event of getting a 4, 5 or 6 on the second toss 11 11
Then, clearly A and B are independent events. 1 1
9 We have, P (H ) = and P (T ) =
4 2 3 1 2 2
∴ P( A ) = = and P (B ) = =
6 3 6 2 Now, A wins if he throws a head in 1 st ,or 3 rd or 5 th
So, required probability = P ( A ∩ B ) or ... draw.
2 1 1 ∴ P ( A wins) = P [ H or (T TH ) or (T T T TH )
= P ( A )⋅ P (B ) = × = or (T T T T T TH ) or ... ]
3 2 3
= P (H ) + P (T TH ) + P (T T T TH ) + . . .
8 Let E = the event that A gets a three = P (H ) + P (T ) P (T ) P (H ) + P (T ) P (T )P (T )
and F = the event that B gets a three P (T ) P (H ) + . . .
1 1 2 4
Then, P (E ) = , P (F ) = 1  1 1  1 1
6 6 = +  +  + ... ∞
2  2 2  2 2
5, 5
P (E ) = P (F ) = 3 5
6 6 1  1  1
= +   +   +K∞
2  2  2
Suppose A wins then, he gets a three in 1st or 3rd of 5th …
throw etc.
1182 QUANTUM CAT
1  1
2
 1
4  ∴ P ( A wins) = P[ E1 or E1 E 2E 3 or E 1 E 2 E 3 E 4E 5 or ... ]
= 1 +   +   + . . . ∞ 
2 2 2 1 8 8 1 8 8 8 8 1 
 = + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ... ∞
 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 
1 1  1 4 2
= ⋅ = ×  = 9
2   
1
2  2 3 3 =
1 −    17
 2   9 8
∴ P (B wins) = 1 −  =
 17  17
2  2 1
Thus P ( A wins) = and P (B wins) = 1 −  =
3  3 3 ∴ Required ratio =
9
8
10 Let E be the event of ‘getting a six’. Then E is the event of 4 3 1
‘not getting a six’. 12 Required probability = × =
52 51 221
1 5
Then P (E ) = and P (E ) = 13 Let A = the event that Ashmit solves the problem.
6 6
and B = the event that Amisha solves the problem.
Now, A wins if he throws a six in 1 st , 4 th or 7 th or ... draw.
Clearly, A and B are independent events.
∴ P ( A wins) = P (E or (E E E E ) or (E E E E E E E ) or ... ] 80 8 70 7
Now, P ( A ) = = and P (B ) = =
= P (E ) + P (E E E E ) + P (E E E E E E E ) + . . . 100 10 100 10
3 6 8 7 56
1  5 1  5 1 ∴ P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A )⋅ P (B ) = × =
= +   ⋅ +   ⋅ + ... ∞
6  6 6  6 6 10 10 100
So P ( A or B ) = P ( A ∪ B )
1 
3 6
 5  5 = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
= 1 +   +   + . . . ∞ 
6 6 6  8 7 56 94
= + − = = 0.94
1 1  1 216 36 10 10 100 100
= ⋅ = ⋅  =
6   5
3  6 91  91 14 Let A = the event that A hits the target
1 −   
 6  and B = the event that B hits the target
1 2
Now, B wins if he throws a six in 2nd or 5th or 8th or ..draw. As given, we have P ( A ) = and P (B ) =
3 5
∴ P (B wins) = P[(EE ) or (E E E E E ) or (E E E E E E E E )
Clearly, A and B are independent events
or ...] 1 2 2
∴ P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A )⋅ P (B ) = × =
= P (EE ) + P (E E E E E ) + P (E E E E E E E E ) + . . . 3 5 15
4 7
5 1  5 1  5 1 ∴ P (target is hit) = P(A hits or B hits)
= ⋅ +   ⋅ +   ⋅ + ... ∞
6 6  6 6  6 6 = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )

5  5
3
 5
6  1 2 2 3
= 1 +   +   + . . . ∞  = + − =
36 6 6 3 5 15 5
 
15 Let A, B, C be the respective events of solving the problem
5 1  5 216 30
= = ⋅  = and A, B, C be the respective events of not solving the
36   5   36 91  91
3

1 −    problem. Then A, B, C are independent events


 6
  ∴A, B, C are independent events
36 30 1 1 1
Thus, P ( A wins) = and P (B wins) = Now, P ( A ) = P (B ) = and P (C ) =
91 91 2 3 4
∴P ( A wins or B wins) = P ( A wins) + P (B wins) 1 2 3
P ( A ) = , P (B ) = and P (C ) =
36 30 66 2 3 4
= + =
91 91 91 ∴P(none solves the problem)
and P (C wins) = 1 − P (A wins or B wins) = P(not A) and (not B) and (not C )]
66 25 = P( A ∩ B ∩ C )
=1 − =
91 91 = P ( A ) P (B ) P (C ) (Q A, Band C are independent)
11 Let E = Event of getting a sum 9 on two dice. 1 2 3 1
= × × =
Then, E = {(3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3)} 2 3 4 4
4 1 Hence, P(the problem will be solved)
∴ PE = =
36 9 = 1 − P (none solves the problem)
8 1 3
and P (E ) = =1 − =
9 4 4
Probability 1183

16 Let A, B, C respectively. Then A, B, C are the respective 13 2


20 P(none) = 1 − P(atleast one) = 1 − P ( A ∪ B ) = 1 − =
events of not solving the problem by them 15 15
1
Now, P ( A ) = , P (B ) =
2
and P (C ) =
3 21 P(not A) = 1 − P ( A ) = 1 − 0.4 = 0.6
3 7 8 22 P(at most C) = P (D or C ) = P (D ) + P (C )= (0.1) + (0.2)= 0.3
2 5 5
∴ P ( A ) = , P (B ) = and P (C ) = 23 P (B or C ) = P (B) + P (C )
3 7 8
∴The probability that exactly one of them will solve it = (0.3) + (0.2) = 0.5
= P {[ A ∩ (not B ) ∩ (not C )] or [(not A ) ∩ B ∩ (not C)] 24 P(atleast B) = P (B or A ) = P (B ) + P ( A ) = (0.3) + (0.4 ) = 0.7
or [(not A) ∩ (not B ) ∩ C ]}
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 25 to 28) Let E = the event that Ajay
= P {( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C )}
is selected and F = the event that Kajol is selected Clearly, E
= P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P( A ∩ B ∩ C )
and F are independent events
[Q ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ∩ ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ∩ ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = φ]
1 1
= P ( A ) P (B ) P (C ) + P ( A ). P (B ). P (C ) + P ( A ). P (B ). P (C ) Now, P( E ) = and P( F ) =
 1 5 5  2 2 5  2 5 3 7 5
= × ×  + × ×  + × ×  6 4
 3 7 8  3 7 8  3 7 8 ∴ P( E ) = and P( E ) =
25 5 5 25 7 5
= + + = 25 P(Both of them will be selected) = P (E and F) = P (E ∩ F )
168 42 28 56
1 1 1
17 Let A, B, C be the events that A hits the target, B hits the = P (E ) P (F ) = × =
target and C hits the target respectively. 7 5 35
4 3 2 26 P(only one of them will be selected)
Then, P ( A ) = , P (B ) = , P (C ) =
5 4 3 = P [(E and not F) or (F and not E)]
1, 1, 1 = P [(E ∩ F ) ∪ (F ∩ E )]
P( A ) = P (B ) = P (C ) =
5 4 3 = P (E ∩ F ) + P (F ∩ E )
Case 1. P ( A, B, and C, all hit the target) = P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) 1 4 1 6 2
= P (E ) P (F ) + P (F ) P (E ) = × + × =
4 3 2 2 7 5 5 7 7
= P ( A ) P (B ) P (C ) = × × =
5 4 3 5 27 P(none of them will be selected)
Case II. P ( A and B hit but not C) = P [ A ∩ B ∩ C ] = P[(not E) and (not F)]
= P ( A ) P (B ) P (C ) 6 4 24
= P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) × P (F ) = × =
4 3 1 1 7 5 35
= × × =
5 4 3 5 28 P(atleast one of them will be selected)
Case III. P ( A and C hit but not B) = P ( A ∩ C ∩ B ) = 1 − P(none will be selected)
24 11
= P ( A ) P (C ) P (B ) =1 − =
35 35
4 2 1 2
= × × = 29 Let E = the event that A speaks the truth
5 3 4 15
Case IV. P (B and C hit but not A) = P (B ∩ C ∩ A ) and F = the event that B speaks the truth
3 2 1 1 then E = the event that A tells a lie
= P (B ) P (C ) P ( A ) = × × =
4 3 5 10 and F = the event that B tells a lie.
All the above cases being mutually exclusive,we have the Clearly, E and F are independent events, So, E and F as well
2 1 2 1 5 as E and F are independent.
required probability = + + + =
5 5 15 10 6 60 3 80 4
Now, P (E ) = = , P (F ) = =
18 Let P1 = 0.1, P2 = 0.2, P3 = 0.3, P4 = 0.4 100 5 100 5
2 1
∴ P (The balloon is hit) = P (the balloon is hit atleast once) ∴ P (E ) = , P (F ) =
5 5
= 1 − P(the balloon is hit in none of the shots) ∴ P ( A and B contradict each other)
= 1 − (1 − P1 )(1 − P2 )(1 − P3 )(1 − P4 ) = P(A speaks the truth and B tells a lie)
= 1 − (0.9)(0.8)(0.7)(0.6) = 0.6976 or (A tells a lie and B speaks the truth)
2 3 = P [(E ∩ F ) ∪ (E ∪ F )]
19 P ( A ) = , P (B ) =
3 5 = P (E ∩ F ) + P (E ∩ F )
Required probability = P ( A or B) = P ( A ∪ B ) be the events = P (E ) P (F ) + P (E ) P (F )
of solving the problem by A, B, C 3 1 2 4 11
2 3 2 3 13 = × + × = ⇒ 44%
= P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ) P (B ) = + − ⋅ = 5 5 5 5 25
3 5 3 5 15 So A and B contradict each other in 44% cases.
1184 QUANTUM CAT
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 30 and 31) Let E = the event that the  A
Now, P   = probability of drawing a red ball when the
husband will be alive 20 years hence and F = the event that the  E1 
wife will be alive 20 years hence. first bag has been chosen = 4/7
5 3  A
Then P( E ) = and P( F ) = P   = probability of drawing a red ball when the second
12 8  E2 
7 5
∴ P( E ) = and P( F ) = bag has been selected = 2/6
12 8
Using the law of total probability, we have
Clearly, E and F are independent events.
 A  A
30 P(Couple will be alive 20 years hence) P(red ball) = P ( A ) = P (E1 ) P   + P (E 2 ) P  
 E1   E2 
= P (E and F ) = P (E ∩ F )
1 4 1 2 19
5 3 5 = × + × =
= P (E ). P (F ) = × = 2 7 2 6 42
12 8 32
31 P(atleast one of them will be alive 20 years hence) 35 Let E1, E 2, E 3 and A be the events defined as follows.
= 1 − P(none will be alive 20 years hence) E1 = the toy is manufactured by machine A
= 1 − P (E ∩ F ) E 2 = the toy is manufactured by machine B
= 1 − P (E ) P (F ) (∴E and F are independent) E 3 = the toy is manufactured by machine C
7 5 61 and A = the toy is defective then
=1 −  × =
 12 8 96 25 1
P (E1 ) = =
32 Let A, B, C denote the events of favouring the book by the 100 4
35 7
first, the second and the third critic respectively. P (E 2 ) = =
100 20
Then P ( A ) = 5/ 7, P (B ) = 4 / 7 and P (C ) = 3/ 7
40 2
∴ P ( A ) = 2/ 7, P (B ) = 3/ 7 and P (C ) = 4 / 7 P (E 3 ) = =
100 5
∴Required probability
 A
= P (two favour the book or three favour the book) and P   = Probability that the toy drawn is defective
 E1 
= P (two favour the book) + P (three favour the book)
given the condition that it is a manufactured by machine A
= P [{ A and B (not C)} or {A and (not B) and C}
= 5/ 100
or {(not A) and B and C}] + P(A and B and C)
 A 4  A 2
= P [( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ∪ P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C )] Similarly, P   = and P   =
 E 2  100  E 3  100
+ P( A ∩ B ∩ C )
= P ( A ) P (B )P (C ) + P ( A ) P (B ) P (C ) + P ( A ) P (B ) P (C ) Using law of total probability, we have
 A  A  A
+ P ( A ) P (B ) P (C ) P ( A ) = P (E1 ) P   + P (E 2 ) P   + P (E 3 ) P  
 E1   E2   E3 
 5 4 4  5 3 3  2 4 3  5 4 3
=  × ×  +  × ×  +  × × +  × ×  25 5 35 4 40 2
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 = × + × + ×
100 100 100 100 100 100
209
= = 0.345
343
36 The testing procedure may terminate at the twelfth testing
33 Required probability
in two mutually exclusive ways
= P (X not defective and Y not defective)
(i) When lot contain 2 defective bulbs.
= P ( X ) P (Y ) = {1 − P ( X )] {1 − P (Y )}
(ii) When lot contains 3 defective bulbs .
91 95 8645
= × = = 0.8645 Consider the following events :
100 100 10000
A = testing procedure ends the twelfth testing
34 A red ball can be drawn in two mutually exclusive ways
E1 = lot contains 2 defective bulbs.
(i) Selecting bag I and then drawing a red ball from it.
E 2 = lot contains 3 defective bulbs.
(ii) Selecting bag II and then drawing a red ball form it.
Required Probability = P ( A )
Let E1, E 2 and A denote the events defined as follows :
= P ( A ∩ E1 ) ∩ P ( A ∩ E 2 )
E1 = selecting bag I, E 2 = selecting bag II
= P ( A ∩ E1 ) + P ( A ∩ E 2 )
A = drawing a red ball.
Since one of the two bags is selected randomly, therefore  A  A
= P (E1 ) P   + P ( A2 ) P  
1 1  E1   E2 
P (E1 ) = and P (E 2 ) = ⋅
2 2
Probability 1185

 A  A  A
Now, P   = Probability that first 11 draws contain 10 Similarly, P   = 0.03 and P   = 0.15
 E1   E2   E3 
non defective and one defective and 12 th draw contains a E 
We are required to find P  1  by Baye’s rule.
defective article.  A
18
C10 × 2C1 1  A
= 20
× P (E1 ) P  
C11 9 E   E1 
P 1 =
 A  A  A  A  A
and P   = Probability that first 11 draws contain P (E1 ) P   + P (E 2 ) P   + P (E 3 ) P  
 E2   E1   E2   E3 
9 non-defective and 2 defective articles and twelfth draw 1
× 0.01
contains a defective article. 6 1 1
= = =
17
C 9 × 3C 2 1 1 1 1
× 0.01 + × 0.03 + × 0.15 1 + 6 + 45 52
= ×
20
C11 9 6 3 2
Hence, Required probability 39 Let E1, E 2 and A be the events defined as follows :
18
C10 × 2C1 1 17
C 9 × 3C 2 1 E1 = selecting a box from the first group
= 0.4 × 20 × + 0.6 × ×
C11 9 20
C11 9 E 2 = selecting a box from the second group and
A = ball drawn is green
37 Let E1, E 2, E 3 and A be the events defined as follows :
Since there are 5 boxes out of which 3 boxes belong to first
E1 = the toy is manufactured by machine A group and 2 boxes belong the second group. Therefore
E 2 = the toy is manufactured by machine B P (E1 ) = 3/ 5, P (E 2 ) = 2/ 5
E 3 = the toy is manufactured by machine C
If E1 has already occurred, then a box from the first group is
A = the toy is defective chosen. The box chosen contains 5 green balls and 3 red
Then P (E1 ) = probability that the toy drawn is balls. Therefore the probability of drawing a green ball
manufactured by machine A = 25/ 100 from it is 5/ 8 ⋅
Similarly,  A 5
So P  =
P (E 2 ) = 35/ 100 and P (E 3 ) = 40 / 100  E1  8
p( A / E1 ) = probability that the toy drawn is defective given  A 2 1
5 Similarly, P  = =
that it is manufactured by machine A =  E2  6 3
100
 A 4 ,  A 2 E 
Similarly P   = P  = Now, we have to find P  1 
 E 2  100  E 3  100  A

Now, required probability By Baye’s rule, we have


 A  A 3 5
P (E 2 ) P   P (E1 ) P   ×
 E2   E1   E1  5 8 45
= P  = = =
 A  A  A  A  A  A  3 × 5 + 2 × 1 61
P (E1 ) P   + P (E 2 ) P   + P (E 3 ) P   P (E1 ) P   + P (E 2 ) P  
 E1   E2   E3   E1   E2  5 8 5 3
35 4
× 40 Let E1, E 2 and A be the events defined as follows :
100 100 28
= = E1 = six occurs, E 2 = six does not occur
25 5 35 4 40 2 69
× + × + × and A = the man reports that it is a six.
100 100 100 100 100 100
1 5
38 Let E1, E 2, E 3 and A be the events defined as follows : We have, P (E1 ) = , P (E 2 ) =
6 6
E1 = construction chosen is a bridge.  A
E 2 = construction chosen is a hospital Now P   = probability that the man reports that there is
 E1 
E 3 = construction chosen is a hotel.
A = construction gets damaged a six on the die given that six has occurred on the die.
Since there are 1200 constructions, therefore = probability that the man speaks truth = 3/ 4
200 1 , 400 1  A
P (E1 ) = = P (E 2 ) = = and P   = probability that the man reports that there is
1200 6 1200 3  E2 
600 1 six on the die given that six has not occurred on the die.
and P (E 3 ) = =
1200 2 = probability that the man does not speak truth
 A 3 1
It is given that P   =Probability that a construction gets =1 − =
 E1  4 4
damaged is a bridge = 0.01
1186 QUANTUM CAT
E   A
We have to find P  1  P   = probability of drawing two diamonds cards given
 A  E1 
By Baye’s rule, we have 12
C2
that one diamond card is missing =
 A 51
C2
P (E1 ) P  
E   E1   A
P 1 = P   = probability of drawing two diamond cards given
 A  A  A  E2 
P (E1 ) P   + P (E 2 ) P  
 E1   E2  13
C2
that one heart card is missing =
1 / 6 × 3/ 4 3 51
C2
= =
1 / 6 × 3/ 4 + 5/ 4 × 1 / 4 8  A 13
 A 13
C2 C2
Similarly, P   = and P   =
41 Let E1, E 2, E 3, E 4 and A be the events as defined below :  E3  51
C2  E4  31
C2
E1 = the missing card is diamond By, Baye’s rule
E 2 = the missing card is heart
E 
E 3 = the missing card is spade Required probability = P  1 
 A
E 4 = the missing card is club
A = drawing two diamonds cards from the remaining cards  A
P (E1 ) P  
13 1 , 13 1  E1 
Then P (E1 ) = = P (E 2 ) = = =
52 4 52 4  A  A  A  A
13 1 13 1 P (E1 )P   + P (E 2 )P   + P (E 3 )P   + P (E 4 )P  
P (E 3 ) = = and P (E 4 ) = =  E1   E2   E3   E4 
52 4 52 4 11
=
50

Level 01 Basic Level Exercise


1 Total possible nine digit numbers = 9 ! 4 Box 1 Box 2 Box 3
Out of these 9! numbers only those numbers are divisible 3W 2W 1W
by 4 which have their last digits as even natural number 1B 2B 3B
and the numbers formed by their last two digits are
There can be three mutually exclusive cases of drawing
divisible by 4. The possible numbers of last two digits are
2 white balls and 1 black ball.
12, 32, 52, 72, 92, 24, 64, 84, 16, 36, 56, 76, 96, 28, 48, 68.
Box 1 Box 2 Box 3
Thus there are 16 ways of choosing the last two digits.
Case 1 1W 1W 1B
Corresponding to each of these ways the remaining 7 digits
Case 2 1W 1B 1W
can be arranged in 7! ways. Therefore, the total number of
Case 3 1B 1W 1W
9 digits numbers divisible by 4 is 16 × 7 ! .
∴ Required probability
Hence, required probability = 16 × 7 !/ 9 ! = 2/ 9
= P (W1 ∩ W2 ∩ B 3 ) ∪ (W1 ∩ B 2 ∩ W3 ) ∪ (B1 ∩ W2 ∩ W3 )
2 Total possible number of 4 digits = 4 ! = 24 = P (W1 ) P (W2 ) P (B 3 ) + P (W1 ) P (B 2 ) P (W3 )
The number is divisible by 5 if unit digit itself is 5. + P (B1 ) P (W2 ) P (W3 )
Therefore we fix 5 at unit place and then remaining 3
3 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 1 26 13
places can be filled up in 3! ways. = × × + × × + × × = =
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 64 32
Hence, the required probability = 3!/ 4 ! = 6 / 24 = 1 / 4
5 Since coin is fair i.e., with equal probability a heads and a
3 Excluding ground floor there are 7 floors. A person can tail can be obtained. Also all the trials are independent so
leave the cabin at any of the 7 floors. Therefore, the total the probability that head appears on the fifth toss does not
number of ways in which each of the 5 persons can leave depend upon previous results of the tosses.
the cabin at any of the 7 floors = 7 5. ∴ Required probability = 1 / 2
∴ Exhaustive number of ways = 7 5 6 The total number of ways in which two calculators can be
Five persons can leave the cabin at five different floors in chosen out of four calculators is 4C 2 = 6. If only two tests
7
P5 ways. are required to identify defective calculators, then in first
two tests defective calculators are identified. This can be
∴ The favourable number of cases = 7 P5
done in one way only.
7
P5 360 ∴ Required probability = 1 / 6
Hence, the required probability = 5
=
7 2401
Probability 1187

7 20 girls can be seated around a round table in 19! ways. Then the number of choices for the last digit of each
So, exhaustive number of cases = 19 ! number is 8 (excluding 0 or 5).
Excluding A and B, out of remaining 18 girls, 4 girls can be So, favourable number of ways = 8 × 8 × 8 × 8 = 84
selected 18C 4 ways which can be arranged in 4! ways. ∴ The probability that the product is not divisible by 5 or 10
Remaining 20 − (4 − 2) = 14 girls can be arranged in 14! 84  8
4
= = 
ways. Also A and B mutually can be arranged in 2! ways. 10 4  10
∴ Required number of arrangements 4
 8 369
= C 4 × 4 ! × 2! × 14 !
18 Hence, Required probability = 1 −   =
 10 625
= 18 ! × 2 13 P(selecting atleast one couple) = 1 − P(selecting none of
18 ! × 2 2
∴ Required probability = = the couples for the prize.)
19 ! 19  16C1 × 14C1 × 12C1 × 10C1  15
8 Since x and y can take values from 0 to 10. So, the total =1 − =
 16
C4  39
number of ways of selecting x and y is 11 × 11 = 121
14 Total number of ways in which 7 (= 4 + 3) persons can
Now, x − y > 5 ⇒ x − y < − 5 or x − y > 5
speak is 7!.
There are 30 pairs of values of x and y satisfying these two
The number of ways in which A, B, C speak in the given
inequalities, so favourable number of ways = 30
order is 7 C 3 ways and remaining 4 persons can be arranged
30
Hence, required probability = in 4! ways.
121
∴ Favourable number of ways = 7C 3 × 4 !
9 Since a persons’s birthday can fall in any of the 12 months. 7
C3 × 4! 1
So, total number of ways = 124. ∴ Required probability = =
12
7! 6
Now, any two months can be chosen in C 2 ways. The
15 Let A be the event of selecting a counterfeit coin and B the
4 persons birthday can fall in these two months in 24 ways. event of getting head, then
Out of these 24 ways there are two ways when all of the Required probability = P ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ B )
four birthdays fall in one month.
= P( A ∩ B ) + P( A ∩ B )
12
C 2 × (24 − 2) 77  B  B
So, favourable number of ways = = = P( A ) P   + P( A ) P  
124 1728  A  A
10 6 objects can be distributed among 6 persons in 66 ways. 2 14 1 9
= ×1 + × =
∴ Total number of ways = 66 16 16 2 16
The number of ways of distribution in which each one gets 16 Total number of ways in which 5 people can be chosen out
only one thing is 6!. So, the number of distribution in which of 9 people = 9C 5 = 126
atleast one of them does not get any thing is 66 − 6 ! Number of ways in which the couple serves the committee
6 − 6!
6
= 7C 3 × 2C 2 = 35
Hence, required probability =
66 Number of ways in which the couple does not serve the
11 Total number of ways of arranging 40 books on a shelf committee = 7C 5 = 21
= 40 ! ∴ Favourable number of cases = 35 + 21 = 56
Out of 40 places, 4 places for the four volumes can be 56 4
chosen in 40C 4 ways. In the remaining 36 places the Hence, the required probability = =
126 9
remaining 36 books can be arranged in 36! ways. In the 4
17 E1 = The event in which A speaks truth
places four volumes of encyclopedia can be arranged in
increasing order in one way only. E 2 = The event in which B speaks truth
So, favourable number of ways = 40C 4 × 36 ! 60 3 , 80 4
Then P (E1 ) = = P (E 2 ) = =
100 5 100 5
40
C 4 × 36 ! 1
Hence, required probability = = and
2
P (E 1 ) = , P (E 2 ) =
1
40 ! 24 5 5
12 The divisibility of the product of four numbers depends ∴ Required probability = P [(E1 ∩ E 2 ) ∪ (E 1 ∩ E 2 )]
upon the value of the last digit of each number. The last
digit of a number can be any of the 10 digits 0, 1, 2 ... 9 . So, = P (E1 ∩ E 2 ) + P (E 1 ∩ E 2 )
the total number of ways of selecting last digits of four = P (E1 ). P (E 2 ) + P (E 1 ). P (E 2 )
numbers is 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 104.  3 4  2 1 14
= ×  + ×  = = 0.56
If the product of the 4 numbers is not divisible by 5 or 10.  5 5  5 5 25
1188 QUANTUM CAT
18 Two different squares can be chosen in 64 × 63 ways. For From the figure it is clear that the given square of size 3 × 3
each of the four corner squares, the favourable number of 8
cases is 2. For each of the 24 non-corner squares on all the 7
four sides of the chessboard, the favourable number of
cases is 3. For each of the 36 remaining squares, the 6
favourable number of cases is 4. 5
Thus, the total number of favourable cases 4
= 4 × 2 + 24 × 3 + 36 × 4 = 224 3
224 1
Hence, the required probability = = 2
64 × 63 18
1
19 The last two digits can be dialled in 10 P2 = 90 ways.
0
Out of these 90 cases only one case is favourable. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 can be formed by using four consecutive horizontal and
Hence, the required probability = ⋅
90 4 consecutive vertical lines, which can be done in
20 3 squares on a chessboard can be chosen in 64
C 3 ways .
6
C1 × 6C1 = 36 ways
Two squares of one colour and third square of different Basically you can make 6 squares of size 3 × 3 in vertical
colour can be chosen in two mutually exclusive way. direction and 6 squares of the size 3 × 3 in horizontal
(i) 2 white and one black (ii) 2 black and one white direction. Hence total 6 × 6 = 36 squares can be chosen.
36
Thus the favourable number of cases ∴ The required probability = 64
C9
= C2 ×
32
C1 +
32
C1 ×
32 32
C 2 = 2(32C 2 × 32
C1 )
25 Total 7 digit numbers can be formed from the 9 digits = 9 P7 .
2( C 2 × C1 ) 16
32 32
Hence, the required probability = 64
= There are four exclusive cases of selecting 7 digits out of 9 digits
C3 21 which can form 7 digit numbers which are divisible by 9.
21 A leap year contains 366 days comprising of 52 full weeks 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 } 36 removing 1 and 8
and 2 extra days. Thus there can be following 7 possibilities 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 } 36 removing 2 and 7
for 2 extra days. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9} 36 removing 3 and 6
(i) Sunday, Monday, (ii) Monday, Tuesday 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 } 36 removing 4 and 5
(iii) Tuesday, Wednesday (iv) Wednesday, Thursday All the 7 numbers of each of the 4 sets can be arranged in
(v) Thursday, Friday (vi) Friday, Saturday 7! ways. Hence the favourable number of numbers = 4 × 7 !
(vii) Saturday, Sunday 4 ×7! 1
∴ Required probability = 9 =
Let A be the event that the leap year contains 53 Sundays. P7 9
and B be the event that leap year contains 53 Mondays.
26 Total number of ways of selecting 2 distinct numbers from
2 2 1 the set of 10 natural numbers = 10C 2 = 42
Then, we have P ( A ) = , P (B ) = , P ( A ∩ B ) =
7 7 7
Sets of co-primes are (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), … (1, 10); (2, 3),
So, required probability = P ( A ∪ B) (2, 5), (2, 7), (2, 9); (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 7), (3, 8), (3, 10);
2 2 1 3 (4, 5), (4, 7), (4, 9); (5, 6), (5, 7), (5, 8), (5, 9); (6, 7); (7,
= P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = + − =
7 7 7 7 8), (7, 9), (7, 10); (8, 9); (9, 10)
22 Since, the probability of getting atleast one head in n times Thus total pairs of co-primes
 1
n
= 9 + 4 + 5 + 3 + 4 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 1 = 31
=1 − 
 2 Therefore the required probability = 31/45.
n n Hence choice (a) is the correct one.
 1  1
Therefore, 1 −   ≥ 0.9 ⇒   ≤ 0.1
 2  2 Hint How to find the number of sets of two co-prime
numbers?
⇒ 2 ≥ 10 ⇒ n ≥ 4
n
Number of co-prime numbers of 10 which are below
Hence, the least value of n is 4.
 1  1
23 Total number of ways in which 2 persons can be selected 10 = 10 × 1 −  × 1 −  = 4
 2  5
out of 13 persons is 13C 2
Number of co-prime numbers of 9 which are below
5
C1 × 8C1 + 5C 2 25
Now, favourable number of cases = =  1
13
C2 39 9 = 9 × 1 −  = 6
 3
64
24 We can choose 9 squares out of 64 squares in C 9 ways.
Number of co-prime numbers of 8 which are below
Hence, exhaustive number of cases = 64
C9
Probability 1189

 1 Number of co-prime numbers of 4 which are below


8 = 8 × 1 −  = 4
 2  1
4 = 4 × 1 −  = 2
Number of co-prime numbers of 7 which are below  2
 1 Number of co-prime numbers of 3 which are below
7 = 7 × 1 −  = 6
 7  1
3 = 3 × 1 −  = 2
Number of co-prime numbers of 6 which are below  3
 1  1 Number of co-prime numbers of 2 which are below
6 = 6 × 1 −  × 1 −  = 2
 2  3  1
2 = 2 × 1 −  = 1
Number of co-prime numbers of 5 which are below  2
 1 Therefore total number of sets of co-prime numbers (or
5 = 5 × 1 −  = 4
 5 pairs) = 4 + 6 + 4 + 6 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 31.

Level 02 Higher Level Exercise


1 Total number of words that can be formed from the letters Note → ac = 7 is not possible
11 ! Since b2(max) = 36 and 4ac ≤ b2 hence ac = 10, 11, 12, . . . etc.
of the word MISSISSIPPI is
4 ! 4 ! 2!
is not possible.
When all the S’s are together then the number of words can
8! Hence , total number of favourable cases = 43
be formed = 43
4 ! 2! So, the required probability = ⋅
8! 216
4 ! 2! 4 3 6 can be thrown with a pair of dice in the following ways
∴ Required probability = =
11 ! 165 (1, 5), (5, 1), (2, 4), (4, 2), (3, 3)
4 ! 4 ! 2! 5
So, probability of throwing a ‘6’=
36
2 Since each of the coefficients a, b and c can take values from 31
1 to 6. Therefore the total number of equations and probability of not throwing a ‘6’ =
36
= 6 × 6 × 6 = 216 And 7 can be thrown with a pair of dice in the following
Hence the exhaustive number of cases = 216 ways.
Now, the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (1, 6), (6, 1), (2, 5), (5, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3)
will be real if b2 − 4ac ≥ 0 ⇒ b2 ≥ 4ac so probability of throwing a ‘7’ =
6
=
1
Following are the number of favourable cases 36 6
5
Number of and probability of not throwing a ‘7’ =
a c ac 4ac b2 (≥ 4ac ) b cases 6
1 1 1 4 4, 9, 16, 25, 36 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 1× 5= 5 Let E1 be the event of the throwing a ‘6’ in a single throw of
1 2 a pair of dice and E 2 be the event of throing a 7 in a single
2 8 9, 16, 25, 36 3, 4, 5, 6 2× 4= 8 throw of a pair of dice.
2 1
5 , 1
1 3 Then P (E1 ) = P (E 2 ) =
3 12 16, 25, 36 4, 5, 6 2× 3= 6 36 6
3 1
31 5
1 4 and P (E 1 ) = , P (E 2 ) =
36 6
2 2 4 16 16, 25, 36 4, 5, 6 3× 3= 9
4 2
A wins if he throws ‘6’ in first or third or fifth .. throws.
5
1 5 Probability of A throwing a 6 in first throw = p(E1 ) =
5 20 25, 36 5, 6 2× 2= 4 36
5 1
1 6 and probability of A throwing a 6 in third throw
31 5 5
2 3 = P ( E 1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E1 ) = P (E 1 ) P (E 2 ) P (E1 ) = × ×
6 24 25, 36 5, 6 4× 2= 8 36 6 36
3 2
6 1 Similarly, probability of A throwing a ‘6’ in fifth throw
2 4 = P (E 1 ) P (E 2 ) P (E 1 ) P (E 2 ) P (E1 )
8 32 36 6 2 ×1 = 2 2 2
4 2  31  5 5
=  ×  ×
3 3 9 36 36 6 1 ×1 =1  36  6 36
Total = 43 Hence, probability of winning of A
1190 QUANTUM CAT
= P [ E1 ∪ (E 1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E1 ) ∪ (E 1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E 1 ∩  A
P (E 3 ) P  
E 2 ∩ E1 ) ∪ . . . ]  E3 
=
= P (E1 ) + P (E 1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E1 ) + P (E 1 ∩ E 2  A  A  A
P (E1 ) P   + P (E 2 ) P   + P (E 3 ) P  
∩ E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E1 ) +  E1   E2   E3 
2
5  31 5 5  31 5 5 1
= + ×  × + ×  × + ... ×1
36  36 6 36  36 6 2 24
36 = =
1 1 1 1 1
5 × + × + × 1 29
30 3 4 6 8 2
= 36 =
 31  5 61 6 Let x and y be the two non-negative integers
1 −  ×  
 36  6 since x + y = 200
30 31 ∴ ( xy )max = 100 × 100 = 10000 (xy max at x = y)
Thus, probability of winning of B = 1 − =
61 61 3 3
Now, xy </ × 10000 ⇒ xy ≥ × 10000
4 Let A be the event of getting exactly 3 defectives in the 4 4
examination of 8 wristwatches. ⇒ xy ≥ 7500 ⇒ x (200 − x ) ≥ 7500
And B be the event of getting ninth wristwatch defective. ⇒ x 2 − 200 x + 7500 ≤ 0
Then ⇒ 50 ≤ x ≤ 150
 B
Required probability = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P   So favourable number of ways = 150 − 50 + 1 = 101
 A
Total number of ways = 200
4
C 3 × 11C 5 101
Now, P( A ) = 15 Hence, required probability =
C8 200
 B 7 Let E i(i = 1, 2, 3 etc.) denote the event of drawing an even
And P   = Probability that the nineth examined
 A numbered card in i th draw and Fi (i = 1, 2, 3) denote the
wristwatch is defective given that there were 3 defectives event of drawing an odd numbered card in i th draw, then
1 required probability
in the first 8 pieces examined =
7 = P[(E1 ∩ F2 ∩ F3 ) ∪ (F1 ∩ E 2 ∩ F3 ) ∪ (F1 ∩ F2 ∩ E 3 )]
4
C × 11C 5 1 8 = P (E1 ) P (F2 ) P (F3 ) + P (F1 ) P (E 2 ) P (F3 )
Hence, required probability = 315 × =
C8 7 195
+ P (F1 ) P (F2 ) P (E 3 )
5 Let E1, E 2, E 3 and A be the events defined as follows : 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4
= × × + × × + × ×
E1 = the examinee guesses the answer 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
E 2 = the examinee copies the answer 4 × (5)2 100
=3× =
E 3 = the examinee knows the answer and (9)3 243
A = the examinee answers correctly 8 Consider the following events
1 1
We have P (E1 ) = , P (E 2 ) = A = The first number is less than the second number
3 6 B = The third number lies between the first and the second.
Since E1, E 2 and E 3 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive  B
events therefore Now, we have to find P   ⋅
 A
P (E1 ) + P (E 2 ) + P (E 3 ) = 1
 B  P( A ∩ B )
1 Also, we have P   =
⇒ P (E 3 ) =  A P( A )
2
Any 3 numbers can be chosen out of n numbers in nC 3
If E1 has already occurred, then the examinee guesses.
Since there are four choices out of which only one is ways.
correct, therefore the probability that he answers correctly Let the selected numbers be x1, x 2, x 3. Then they satisfy
1  A 1 exactly one of the following inequalities.
given that he has made a guess is i.e., P   = x1 < x 2 < x 3, x1 < x 3 < x 2, x 2 < x1 < x 3,
4  E1  4
 A 1  A x 2 < x 3 < x1, x 3 < x1 < x 2, x 3 < x 2 < x1
It is a given that P   = and P   is the probability The total number of ways of selecting three numbers and
 E2  8  E3 
that he answers correctly given that he knew the answer = 1 then arranging them = nC 3 × 3! = nP3
By Baye's rule, C3 × 3
n
∴ P( A ) =
E  C 3 × 3!
n
Required probability = P  3 
 A
Probability 1191
n
C3 11 Let E , F , G be the events that the student is successful in
and P( A ∩ B ) =
C 3 × 3!
n
tests A, B and C respectively. Then the probability that the
students is successful is
 B  P( A ∩ B ) 1
Hence P  = = = P [(E ∩ F ∩ G ) ∪ (E ∩ F ∩ G ) ∪ (E ∩ F ∩ G )]
 A P( A ) 3
= P (E ∩ F ∩ G ) + P ( A ∩ F ∩ G ) + P (E ∩ F ∩ G )
9 Since b and c each can assume 9 values from 1 to 9.
= P (E ) P (F ) P (G ) + P (E ) P (F ) P (G ) + P (E ) P (F ) P (G )
So, total number of ways of choosing b and c is 9 × 9 = 81
 1  1  1
Now, x + bx + c > 0 for all x ∈ R
2 = pq 1 −  + p (1 − q)   + pq  
 2   2   2
⇒ D<0 pq + p − pq + pq p(1 + q)
= =
⇒ b − 4ac < 0 ⇒ b2 − 4c < 0
2
2 2
⇒ b2 < 4c But the probability that the student is successful = 1 / 2
P (1 + q) 1
Alternatively x 2 + bx + c > 0 ∴ = ⇒ p(1 + q) = 1
2 2
 b
2
4c − b2 This is satisfied by p = 1, q = 0
⇒ x +  + >0
 2 4 Also there are other values (infinite numbers) of p, q for
which the above relation is satisfied.
⇒ 4c − b2 > 0
Hence, (d) is the correct option.
⇒ b2 < 4c 1 + 4 p , 1 − p , 1 − 2p
12 Since are the probabilities of
Now, the following table shows the possible values of b and p 4 2
c for which b2 < 4c 3 mutually exclusive events, therefore
c b Total 1 + 4p 1− p 1 − 2p
0≤ ≤ 1, 0≤ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ ≤1
1 1, 1 p 4 2
2 1, 2 2 1 + 4 p 1 − p 1 − 2p
and 0≤ + + ≤1
3 1, 2, 3 3 p 4 2
4 1, 2, 3, 3 1 3 1 1 1 5
⇒ − ≤ p ≤ , − 1 ≤ p ≤ 1, − ≤ p ≤ and ≤ p ≤
5 1, 2, 3, 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
6 1, 2, 3, 4 4  1 1 1 3 1 5
⇒ max − , − 1, − ,  ≤ p ≤ min  , 1, , 
7 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5  4 2 2 4 2 2
8 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5 1 1 1
9 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5 ⇒ ≤ p≤ ⇒p=
2 2 2
32 13 ASSISTANT → AA I N SSS TT, STATISTICS → A II C SSS TTT
Here N and C are not common and same letters can be A, I,
So, favourable number of cases = 32
S, T. Therefore
Hence required probability = 32/ 81 2
C 1
C 1
Probability of choosing A = 9 1 × 10 1 =
10 We have, P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = 3/ 4 C1 C1 45
i.e., P ( A ) + P (B ) + P (C ) − P ( A ∩ B ) 1 2
C1 1
Probability of choosing I = 9 × 10 =
− P (B ∩ C ) − P ( A ∩ C ) + P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = 3/ 4 C1 C1 45
1 C1 33
C 1
and P ( A ∩ B ) + P (B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ C ) − 2P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = Probability of choosing S = × 10 1 =
2 C1 9
C1 10
2
and P ( A ∩ B ) + P (B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ C ) − 3P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 2
C 3
C 1
5 Probability of choosing T = 9 1 × 10 1 =
C1 C1 15
Solving the above equations (last two), we get
1 1 1 1 19
1 2 1 Hence, required probability = + + + =
P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = − = 45 45 10 15 90
2 5 10
1 1 14 Out of 30 numbers 2 numbers can be chosen in 30C 2 ways.
⇒ P ( A ) P (B ) P (C ) = ⇒ pmc =
10 10 So, exhaustive number of cases = 30
C 2 = 435
Also, P ( A ) + P (B ) + P (C ) − [ P ( A ∩ B ) Since a − b is divisible by 3 iff either a and b are divisible
2 2
3
+ P (B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ C )] + P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = by 3 or none of a and b is divisible by 3. Thus, the
4 favourable numbers, of cases = 10C 2 + 20C 2 = 235
1 2 1 3
p+ m+c− +  + =
 2 10 10 4 235 47
Hence, required probability = =
⇒ p + m + c = 27 / 20 435 87
1192 QUANTUM CAT
15 The man will be one step away from the starting point if ( A ) 18 Let E rr denote that a red colour ball is transferred from urn
either he is one step ahead or (B ) one step behind the starting A to urn B tourn then a red colour ball is transferred from
point. Therefore, required probability = P ( A ) + P (B ) urn B to urn
The man will be one step ahead at the end of eleven steps if E rb denote that a red colour ball is transferred from urn A to
he moves six steps forward and five steps backward. The
urn B then a black colour ball is transferred from urn B to urn A
probability of this event = 11C 6(0.4 )6 (0.6)5. The man will
E br denote that a black colour ball is transferred from urn.
be one step behind at the end of the eleven steps if he A to urn B then a red colour ball is transferred from urn B
moves six steps backward and five steps forward. The to urn A.
probability of this event = 11C 6(0.6)6 (0.4 )5.
E bb denote that a black colour ball is transferred from urn A
Hence, the required probability to urn B then a black colour ball is transferred from urn B to
= 11C 6(0.4)6(0.6)5 + 11
C 6(0.6)6 (0.4)5 urn A.
 6  5 3,  6   6  18
= 11
C 6(0.4) (0.6) (0.4 + 0.6) = 11C 6(0.24)5
5 5
Then P (E rr ) =     = P (E rb ) =     =
 10  11 11  10  11 55
16 There are 6 vertices in a hexagon. Using 3 vertices out of
   
4 4 8 , P (E ) =  4   7  = 14
6 vertices we can form 6C 3 triangles. But there can be only P (E br ) =     =
 10  11 55 bb
 10  11 55
two triangles out of 6C 3 triangles which are equilateral (see
the figure, (i) ∆ACE, (ii) ∆BDF) Let A be the event of drawing a red colour ball after these
 A 6  A 5
E D transfers. Then P   = , P  =
 E rr  10  E rb  10
 A 7  A 6
F C ⇒ P  = , P  =
 E br  10  E bb  10
B Therefore, the required probability is
A
 A  A
Hence, the required probability = 2 / C 3 = 2/ 20 = 1 / 10 6
P ( A ) = P (E rr ) P   + P (E rb ) P  
 E rr   E rb 
17 Let F , B, L and R denote the forward, backward, left and
right steps (or movements) then the following mutually  A  A
+ P (E br ) P   + P (E bb ) P  
exclusive ways are possible.  E br   E bb 
F B L R F B L R  3   6   5   18  8   7   14  6 
=    +    +    +   
0 0 4 5 4 5 0 0  11  10  10  55  55  10  55  10
1 4 3 1

1 3
 
4 1
 90 + 90 + 56 + 84 32
= =
2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 550 55
3 3 1 2 1 2 3 3
    19 A number is divisible by 11 only if the difference of the sum
 4 4 0 1   0 1 4 4 of the digits at odd places and sum of the digits at even
0 0 5 4 5 4 0 0 places is divisible by 11 i.e, 0, 11, 22, 33 ....
1 1 4 3 4 3 1 1 Here the sum of all the 9 digits (1, 2, 3, ...9 ) is 45.
   
2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 We cannot create the difference of zero
3 3 2 1 2 1 3 3 since x + y = 45, which is odd hence cannot be broken into
   
 4 4 1 0 1 0 4 4 two equal parts in integers. Now, we will look for the
possibilities of 11 which are as follows :
{1, 2, 6, 8}{1, 2, 5, 9}{1, 3, 6, 7}
In this case he cancels out In this case he cancels out
his forward and backward {1, 3, 5, 8} {1, 3, 4, 9}{1, 4, 5, 7}
his left or right movement by
movements by moving equal moving equal number of {2, 3, 5, 7}{2, 3, 4, 8}{2, 4, 5, 6} and {4, 7, 8, 9}{5, 6, 8, 9}
steps in forward and steps in left and right
backward directions each The above set of values either gives the sum of 17 or 28.
directions each and he
and he creates a difference creates a difference of 1 Since if the sum of 4 digits at even places be 17 or 28 then
of 1 step by moving one step step by moving one step the sum of rest of the digits (i.e., digits at odd places) be 28
extra either in right or left extra either in forward or or 17 respectively and thus we can get the difference of 11.
direction. backward directions.
Further we cannot get the difference of 22 or 33...
The number of permutations of these five arrangements is
 9! 9! 9! 9 9!  So there is only possible difference that can be created is 11
4 + + + +
4 ! 1 !
and there are only 11 set of values given above containing
 5 ! 4 ! 1 !1 ! 3 ! 4 ! 2 ! 2 ! 2 ! 3 ! 3 ! 3 ! 1 ! 2 ! 4 !
4 digits which can be arranged in 4! ways and the
= 4(126 + 2520 + 7560 + 5040 + 630) = 4 × 15876 remaining 5 digits can be arranged in 5! ways.
But the total number of ways of arranging nine steps = 49. Thus the favourable number of numbers
4 × 15876 3969 = 11 × 4 ! × 5!
∴ The required probability = = 7
49 4
Probability 1193

But the total number of ways of arranging a nine digit connecting any two vertices, leaving two vertices between
number is 9 P9 = 9 ! them and d3 is a diagonal which is formed by connecting
∴ Exclusive number of cases = 9 ! any two vertices, leaving three vertices between them and
d4 is a diagonal which is formed by connecting any two
11 × 4 ! × 5! 11
∴ Required probability = = . vertices, leaving four vertices between them.
9! 126
20 The number of ways of choosing any three phones out of
total 12 phones = 12C 3 = 220
The number of conference calls that can be made from the
216 given phones = 12C 3 − 4C 3 = 216
216 54
Therefore the required probability = =
220 55
Hence choice (d) is the correct one.
21 Probability of uploading 3 photos, after editing, such that
at least 2 photos are from the same folder
= 1 − Probability of uploading 3 photos, after editing, from
10(7 )
three different folders Total number of diagonals = = 35
2
3
C1 × C1 × C1
4 5
3
=1 − = 10(2)
12
C3 11 Number of shortest diagonals = = 10
2
Probability that no folder has the photo uploaded back 10
from its original folder, after editing Number of longest diagonals = =5
2
1 1 1 1
=1 − + − = Number of diagonals which are neither the shortest nor the
1 ! 2! 3! 3 longest = 35 − (10 + 5) = 20.
3 1 1
Therefore, the required probability = × = Therefore, the required probability =
20 4
=
11 3 11 35 7
Hence choice (a) is the correct one. Hence choice (a) is the correct one.
22 First of all you must know that there are diagonals of four Hint Total number of diagonals in a regular polygon of n
distinct lengths. If d1 < d2 < d3 < d4 be the diagonals in that n(n − 3)
of their increasing length, then d1 is a diagonal which is side =
2
formed by connecting any two vertices, leaving one vertex
between them and d2 is a diagonal which is formed by The number of the longest diagonals = number of pairs of
opposite points in a decagon.

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