Probability
Probability
Probability
Probability
Generally this chapter is considered as an extension of permutation and
combination, since it is as logical in nature as permutation and combination. I hope
that you must have been well-versed with the permutation and combination
(previous chapter) which will enable you to solve the problems of this chapter
quickly and easily. Chapter Checklist
This chapter is important for XAT, SNAP and other MBA entrance tests. Over the Important Definitions
past years CAT has shown no great interest in this chapter, still you should learn it Probability
heartly due to uncertain syllabus and irregular pattern of CAT. Important Values
Remember that so far CAT has asked very simple and logical problems from this Important Addition Theorem
chapter which could be solved by applying just commonsense. The literal meaning Conditional Probability
of probability is the chance of occurrence of an event. For example, if a person is
Multiplication Theorem
standing at the crossing of two roads which direct towards North, South, East and
West. Independent Events
Thus he has total four alternatives (i.e, four different directions) to proceed. Now if he
Law of Total Probability
wish to go towards a particular direction then the probability of completing his wish is Baye’s Rule
1 / 4 since he can choose only one direction at a time out of four directions. CAT Test
Consider another example, A person has two different cars viz., Scorpio and Safari,
which he uses randomly,then it can be said that the probability of using Scorpio is
1 / 2 since out of two cars he can use any one car at a time. Similarly the probability
1
of using Safari is also .Thus we can say that the probability of using any one car at
2
a time is 1 / 2 i.e., 50%. So there are chances that in 50% cases he can use Scorpio
and in other 50% cases he can use Safari.
Hence from the above illustrations we can conclude that the probability of an event
( No.of ways in which favourable (or desired event occurs )
=
( Total number of possible outcomes )
1154 QUANTUM CAT
20.1 Important Definitions
Experiment
An operation which can produce some well-defined
outcomes, is known as an experiment.
The various experiments, when repeated under identical
conditions, results. (i.e., outcomes) in each case are same ● Die means one (single) die
e.g., standard scientific experiments. ● Dice means more than one die.
● In throwing a die, the outcome is the number of holes on the
But there are some other experiment, when repeated under uppermost face
identical conditions, results in each case are different e.g.,
rolling of a fair die, tossing of a coin etc. Exp. 4) When two unbiased dice are rolled (or tossed)
simultaneously then there are total 6 × 6 = 36 possible
Random Experiment outcomes. So, the sample space
If in each trial of an experiment conducted under identical (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
conditions, the outcome is not unique, but may be any of the ( 2, 1), ( 2, 2), ( 2, 3), ( 2, 4), ( 2, 5), ( 2, 6)
possible outcomes then such an experiment is known as a ( 3 , 1).............................. .......( 3 , 6)
S=
random experiment. e.g., rolling of an unbiased die, tossing ( 4, 1)............................. .......( 4, 6)
of a fair coin, drawing of a card from a well shuffled pack of (5 , 1)............................. .......(5 , 6)
cards.
( 6, 1)......................... ...........( 6, 6)
Sample Space Exp. 5) When a die and a coin are tossed
The set of all possible outcomes in a random experiment is simultaneously, then there are total 12 possible outcomes.
called a sample space and it is generally denoted by S. So the sample space
If E1, E 2 , E 3 ... E n are the possible outcomes of a random (1 , H), ( 2 , H), ( 3 , H), ( 4 , H), (5 , H), ( 6 , H)
S=
experiment, then S = {E1 , E 2 , .... E n }. Also, each of the (1 , T), ( 2 , T), ( 3 , T), ( 4 , T), (5 , T), ( 6 , T)
element of sample space ‘S’ is called a sample point.
Exp. 6) A coin is tossed twice. If the second throw
Exp. 1) In tossing of a fair coin, there are two possible results in a tail, then a die is thrown. So in this random
outcomes, viz., head ( H) and tail (T). So, the sample space experiment sample space.
in this random experiment is S = {H , T} HH , TH , HT1 , HT 2 , HT 3 , HT 4 , HT5 , HT 6 ,
S=
Exp. 2) When two fair coins are tossed together, the TT1 , , TT 2 , , TT 3 , TT 4 , TT5 , TT 6 ,
possible outcomes of the experiment are HH , HT , TH and Exp. 7) From a bag containing 2 black and 3 white balls
TT. So the sample space is given by S = {HH , HT , TH , TT} we draw two balls.
Exp. 3) When unbiased die is thrown, it gives 6 possible Let B1 , B2 be the black balls and W1 , W2 and W 3 be the white
outcomes viz., 1,2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. So, the sample space balls then the sample space
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B1W1 , B1W2 , B1W 3
NOTE A die is a cubical solid having 6 similar faces. In each of the B2W1 , B2W2 , B2W 3
S=
six faces there are unique number of holes viz., 1 hole, 2 holes, 3 B B , W1W2 , W2W 3
1 2
holes, 4 holes, 5 holes and 6 holes. W1W 3
Remember that the sum of number of holes in any two opposite
faces is always 7 viz., 1+ 6 = 2 + 5 = 3 + 4 = 7 .
Probability 1155
Also, let E3 = {1 , 2}, E4 = {4 , 5}, then E3 and E4 do not form the number of elementary events in E
mutually exclusive and exhaustive system of events since E3
=
number of elementary events in S
and E4 do not include all the elementary events of S.
From the above definitions it is clear that
Again if E5 = { 3 , 6} and E6 = {2 , 4 , 6}, then E5 and E6 do not
form mutually exclusive and exhaustive system of events (i) 0 ≤ P ( E ) ≤ 1
since E5 ∩ E6 ≠ φ and E5 , E6 do not include all the elementary (ii) P (φ ) = 0
events of the sample space S. A pack of cards consists of 52 (iii) P ( S ) =1
cards. There are four suits each containing 13 cards called as number of elementary events in E
spades, clubs, hearts and diamonds. Also, P (E ) =
number of elementary events in S
All the spades and clubs are black faced cards while hearts
and diamonds are red faced cards. The aces, kings, queens n (S ) − n (E )
=
and jacks are known as face cards. n (S )
In each suit there is one ace, one king, one queen and one jack n (E )
and rest 9 cards are numbered cards. =1 − = 1 − P (E )
n (S )
20.2 Probability ⇒ P (E ) = 1 − P (E )
∴ P ( E ) + P ( E ) =1
In a random experiment, let S be the sample space and let
E ⊆ S . where E is an event. Odds in Favour of An Event and Odds
The probability of occurrence of the event E is defined Against An Event
as In m be the number of ways in which an event occurs and n be
number of favourable outcomes the number of ways in which it does not occur, then
P (E ) =
number of possible outcomes m
(i) odds in favour of the event = (or m : n)
number of elements in E n ( E ) n
= = n
number of elements in S n ( S ) (ii) odds against the event = (or n : m)
m
38. From a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards, four 48. Find the probability that a leap year selected at
cards are accidently dropped. Find the probability that random will contain 53 Sundays.
one card is missing from each suit. 5 3 4 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 2197 7 4 7 7
(a) (b)
20825 20825 Directions (for Q. Nos. 49 to 53) A bag contains 8 red and
197
(c) (d) none of these 4 green balls. Find the probability that
1665
49. The ball drawn is red when one ball is selected at
39. Four cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 random.
cards. Find the probability of getting all the four cards 2 1 1 5
of different numbers. (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 6 6
141 117
(a) (b) 50. All the 4 balls drawn are red when four balls are drawn
4165 833
264 at random.
(c) (d) none of these 17 14
4165 (a) (b)
32 99
Directions (for Q. Nos. 40 to 43) Four dice are thrown 7
(c) (d) none of these
simultaneously. Find the probability that 12
40. All of them show the same face. 51. All the 4 balls drawn are green when four balls are
1 15 15 1 drawn at random.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
216 16 36 2 1 7 5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
41. All of them show the different face. 495 99 12 3
3 5 15 11 52. Two balls are red and one ball is green when three
(a) (b) (c) (d)
28 18 36 36 balls are drawn at random.
56 112
42. Two of them show the same face and remaining two (a) (b)
show the different faces. 99 495
4 5 11 7 78
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) (d) none of these
9 9 18 9 495
43. Atleast two of them show the same face. 53. Three balls are drawn and none of them is red.
68 7
37 11 47 25 (a) (b)
(a) (b) (c) (d) 99 99
72 36 72 36
4
(c) (d) none of these
44. What is the probability that a number selected from 495
the numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., 20, is a prime number when
54. The odds in favour of an event are 2 : 7. Find the
each of the given numbers is equally likely to be
probability of occurrence of this event.
selected?
2 5 7 2
(a) 7/10 (b) 2/15 (c) 2/5 (d) 3/5 (a) (b) (c) (d)
9 12 12 5
45. Tickets are numbered from 1 to 18 are mixed up
55. The odds against of an event are 5 : 7, find the
together and then 9 ticket is drawn at random. Find
probability of occurrence of this event.
the probability that the ticket has a number, which is a 3 7 2 5
multiple of 2 or 3. (a) (b) (c) (d)
8 12 7 12
1 3 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 5 3 6 56. If there are two children in a family, find the probability
that there is atleast one girl in the family.
46. In a lottery of 100 tickets numbered 1 to 100, two 1 1
tickets are drawn simultaneously. Find the probability (a) (b)
4 2
that both the tickets drawn have prime numbers. 3
2 7 7 5 (c) (d) none of these
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4
33 50 20 66
57. From a group of 3 men and 2 women, two persons are
47. In the previous question (number 46), find the
selected at random. Find the probability that atleast
probability that none of the tickets drawn has a prime
one woman is selected.
number. 1 7 2 5
29 17 37 17 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c) (d) 5 10 5 6
66 33 66 50
1160 QUANTUM CAT
58. A box contains 5 defective and 15 non-defective bulbs. 59. In the previous question (number 58), find the
Two bulbs are chosen at random. Find the probability probability that atleast 3 bulbs are defective when
that both the bulbs are non-defective. 4 bulbs are selected at random.
5 3 31 7
(a) (b) (a) (b)
19 20 969 20
21 1
(c) (d) none of these (c) (d) none of these
38 20
Directions (for Q. Nos. 5 to 10) If A and B be two mutually 16. A die is thrown twice, what is the probability that
2 atleast one of the two numbers is 6?
exclusive events in a sample space such that, P ( A ) = and 11 11 1 7
5 (a) (b) (c) (d)
1, 12 36 6 36
P ( B ) = then 17. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of
2
52 cards. Find the probability of its being a heart or a
5. Find P (A) : king.
2 3 4 6 4 9 8 11
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 7 13 13 13 26
6. Find P (B) : 18. Two cards are drawn at random from a well-shuffled
1 3 1 4 pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that either
(a) (b) (c) (d) both are red or both are queens?
4 4 2 5
17 55 55 33
7. Find P (A ∪ B) : (a) (b) (c) (d)
112 221 121 221
7 9 9 1 19. A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. Find the
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 16 10 2 probability of getting a red card or a heart or a king.
6 7 11 15
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8. Find P (A ∩ B) : 13 13 26 26
4 1 8 13 20. Four cards are drawn at a time from a pack of
(a) (b) (c) (d) 52 playing cards. Find the probability of getting all the
5 10 9 20
four cards of the same suit.
9. Find P (A ∩ B) : 5 12 44 44
1 3 4 7 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c) (d) 13 65 4165 169
2 5 7 15 21. From a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards, a card is drawn
10. Find P (A ∩ B ) : at random. Find the probability that the drawn card is
1 2 4 3 a king or a queen.
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2 8 11
5 5 15 10 (a) (b) (c) (d) none
13 13 13
11. If P (A ) = 0 ⋅ 65 , P (A ∪ B) = 0 ⋅ 65 , where Aand B are two
22. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52
mutually exclusive events, then find P (B).
cards. What is the probability that either both are
(a) 0 ⋅ 60 (b) 0 ⋅ 30 black or both are jacks?
(c) 0 ⋅ 70 (d) none of these 65 55 17
(a) (b) (c) (d) none
12. If A, B and C are three mutually exclusive and 121 221 221
3 23. A natural number is chosen at random from amongst
exhaustive events. Find P (A), ifP (B) = P (A) and
2 the first 300. What is the probability that the number,
1 so chosen is divisible by 3 or 5?
P (C ) = P (B).
2 48 4
(a) (b)
8 5 4 9 515 150
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13 (c) 1/2 (d) none of these
13. Two dice are tossed once. Find the probability of 24. A natural number is chosen at random from the first
getting an even number on first die, or a total of 8. 100 natural numbers. What is the probability that the
4 2 5 1 number chosen is a multiple of 2 or 3 or 5?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 3 9 3 30 1
(a) (b)
14. A die is thrown twice, what is the probability that 100 33
atleast one of the two throws comes up with the 74 7
(c) (d)
number 5? 100 10
11 5 15 25. A box contains 5 red balls, 8 green balls and 10 pink
(a) (b) (c) (d) none
36 6 36 balls. A ball is drawn at random from the box. What is
15. In a single throw of two dice, find the probability that the probability that the ball drawn is either red or
neither a doublet nor a total of 8 will appear. green?
7 5 13 3 13 10 11 13
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
15 18 18 16 23 23 23 529
1162 QUANTUM CAT
26. A basket contains 10 apples and 20 oranges out of 2
28. The probability that an MBA aspirant will join IIM is
which 3 apples and 5 oranges are defective. If we 5
choose two fruits at random, what is the probability 1
and that he will join XLRI is . Find the probability that
that either both are oranges or both are non defective? 3
136 17 316 158 he will join IIM or XLRI.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
345 87 435 435 4 7 11 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
27. In a class 40% of the students offered Physics 20% 15 15 15 15
offered Chemistry and 5% offered both. If a student is 29. In a given race, the odds in favour of horses H1 , H2 , H3
selected at random, find the probability that he has and H4 are 1 : 2 , 1 : 3 , 1 : 4 , 1 : 5 respectively. Find the
offered Physics or Chemistry only. probability that one of them wins the race.
(a) 45% (b) 55% 57 1 2 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) 36% (d) none of these 60 20 7 60
⇒ n (E ) = 6 ⇒ n (E ) = 6
6 3 6 1
∴ P (E ) = = ∴ P (E ) = =
8 4 36 6
Probability 1175
22 E = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}; n (E ) = 6 32 There are 4 kings and 4 queens
6 1 ∴ E =K ∪Q
∴ P (E ) = =
36 6 ∴ n (E ) = 4 + 4 = 8
23 E = {(2, 2), (4, 4), (6, 6)} ⇒ n(E ) = 3 ∴ P (E ) =
8
=
2
3 1 52 13
∴ P (E ) = =
36 12 33 There are 13 hearts (including one queen and one king).
24. E = {(2, 3), (2, 6), (4, 3), (4, 6), (6, 3), (6, 6) (3, 2), (6, 2), Besides it there are 3 queens and 3 kings in remaining 3
(3, 4), (6, 4), (3, 6)} ⇒ n (E ) = 11 suits each.
11 Thus n (E ) = 13 + 3 + 3 = 19
∴ P (E ) = 19
36 ∴ P (E ) =
25 E = {(1, 2), (1, 5), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 2), (4, 5), 52
(5, 1), (5, 4), (6, 3), (6, 6), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 34 There are 13 spades (including one king). Besides there are
5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)} ⇒ n (E ) = 20 3 more kings in remaining 3 suits).
20 5 Thus n (E ) = 13 + 3 = 16
∴ P (E ) = =
36 9 Hence n (E ) = 52 − 16 = 36
26 E = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), 36 9
∴ P (E ) = =
(3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3), (5, 2), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 5)} 52 13
⇒ n (E ) = 15 35 There are 4 aces and 4 kings
15 5 ∴ n (E ) = 4 + 4 = 8
∴ P (E ) = =
36 12 ∴ n (E ) = 52 − 8 = 44
27 E = {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5),(6, 5), (5, 1), (5, 2), ∴ P (E ) =
44 11
=
(5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 6)} ⇒ n (E ) = 11 52 13
11 36 There are 4 aces, 4 kings and 4 jacks and their selection can
∴ P (E ) =
36 be made in following ways.
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 28 to 35) : S = {52 cards}
12
C1 × 8C1 × 4C1 = 12 × 8 × 4
52 cards n (E ) = 12 × 8 × 4
Total selection can be made = 52C 3 = 52 × 51 × 50
(26) Red Black (26) 12 × 8 × 4 16
P (E ) = =
52 × 51 × 50 5525
Hearts Diamonds Spades Clubs
37 E = {(1, 1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2, 2). . . . . (13, 13, 13, 13)}
(13) (13) (13) (13)
In each of the four suits there is one ace, one king, one ∴ n (E ) = 13
queen and one jack (or knave) and rest 9 cards are and n (S ) = 52C 4 = 270725
numbered. n (E ) 13 1
∴ P (E ) = = =
∴ n ( S ) = 52 n (S ) 270725 20825
28 n (E ) = 26 38 n (E ) = 13C1 × 13C1 × 13C1 × 13C1 = (13)4
26 1 n (S ) = C 4 = 270725
52
∴ P (E ) = =
52 2
n (E ) (13)4 2197
4 1 ∴ P (E ) = = =
29 n (E ) = 4 ∴ P (E ) = = n (S ) 270725 20825
52 13
30 Since drawn card must be black so there are only two 39 n (E ) = 13C1 × 12C1 × 11C1 × 10C1 = 13 × 12 × 11 × 10
queens. n (S ) = C 4 = 270725
52
Hence n (E ) = 2 13 × 12 × 11 × 10 264
∴ P (E ) = =
2 1 270725 4165
∴ P (E ) = =
52 26
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 40 to 43) n ( S ) = 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 64
31 There are 26 black cards (including two queens). Besides it
there are two more queens (in red colours) 40 n(E ) = 6
Thus n (E ) = 26 + 2 = 28 Q E = {(1, 1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2, 2), (3, 3, 3, 3). . . (6, 6, 6, 6)}
28 7 n (E ) 6 1 1
∴ P (E ) = = ∴ P (E ) = = = =
52 13 n (S ) 64 63 216
1176 QUANTUM CAT
360 5 48 366 = 7 × 52 + 2
41 n(E ) = 6C1 × 5C1 × 4C1 × 3C1 = 360 ∴ P (E ) = =
64 18 It means a leap year has 52 full weeks and 2 more days.
42 Select a number which occurs on two dice out of six These 2 days can be :
numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). This can be done in 6C1, ways. (i) Sunday and Monday (ii) Monday and Tuesday
Now select two distinct number out of remaining (iii) Tuesday and Wednesday (iv) Wednesday and Thursday
5 numbers which can be done in 5C 2 ways. Thus these (v) Thursday and Friday (vi) Friday and Saturday
4! (vii) Saturday and Sunday
4 numbers can be arranged in ways.
2! Clearly atleast there are 52 Sundays. Now, for having
So, the number of ways in which two dice show the same 53 Sundays in the year, one of the above 2 consecutive,
face and the remaining two show different faces is days must be Sunday. Thus, out of the above 7 possibilities,
4! 2 possibilities are in favour [(i) and (vii)] of the event that
6
C1 × 5C 2 × = 720
2! one of the two days is a Sunday.
720 5 2
∴ n(E ) = 720 ∴ P (E ) = 4 = ∴ Required probability =
6 9 7
n( A ∩ B ) = C 2 = 1
2 Let A be the event of getting two black cards
325 6 1 and B be the event of getting two jacks
∴ P( A ) = , P (B ) = = and ( A ∩ B ) be the event of getting two black jacks.
1326 1326 221
1 ∴ n( A ) = 26C 2, n(B ) = 4C 2, n( A ∩ B ) = 2C 2
P( A ∩ B ) = 26 4 2
1326 C2 , C2 , C
∴ P( A ) = 52
P (B ) = 52
P ( A ∩ B ) = 52 2
∴ P (both red or both queens) = P ( A ∪ B ) C2 C2 C2
= P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) ∴ Required probability = P ( A ∪ B )
26 4 2
325 1 1 55 C C2 C
= + − = = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = 52 2 + 52
− 52 2
1326 221 1326 221 C2 C2 C2
19 n(S ) = 52 =
325
+
1
−
1
=
55
Let A, B, C be the events of getting a red card, a heart and a 1326 221 1326 221
king respectively. 23 n(S ) = 300
then n( A ) = 26, n(B ) = 13, n(C ) = 4 Let A be the event of getting a number divisible by 3 and
Clearly n( A ∩ B ) = 13, n(B ∩ C ) = 1, B be the event of getting a number divisible by 5 and
n( A ∩ C ) = 2, n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 1 ( A ∩ B ) be event of getting a number divisible by 3 and 5
26 1 , 13 1 , 4 1 both
∴ P( A ) = = P (B ) = = P (C ) = =
52 2 52 4 52 13 ∴ n( A ) = 100, n(B ) = 60, n( A ∩ B ) = 20
13 1 , 1 , 100 1 , 60 1 , 20 1
P( A ∩ B ) = = P (B ∩ C ) = ∴ P( A ) = = P (B ) = = P( A ∩ B ) = =
52 4 52 300 3 300 5 600 30
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
P( A ∩ C ) = = ⇒ P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = ∴ P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = + − =
52 26 52 3 5 30 2
∴P (a red card, or a heart or a king) = P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) 24 n(S ) = 100
= P ( A ) + P (B ) + P (C ) − (P ( A ∩ B ) Let A be the event of getting a number divisible by 2 and
+ P (B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) B be the event of getting a number divisible by 3 and
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 C be the event of getting of number divisible by 5.
= + + − + + + = ∴( A ∩ B ) be the event of getting a number divisible by both
2 4 13 4 52 26 52 13
2 and 3.
20 n(S ) = 52
C 4. Let E1, E 2, E 3, E 4 be the events of getting all (B ∩ C ) be the event of getting a number divisible by both
spades, all clubs, all hearts and all diamonds respectively. 3 and 5.
Then n(E1 ) = 13C 4, n(E 2 ) = 13C 4 ( A ∩ C ) be the event of getting a number divisible by both
2 and 5.
n(E 3 ) = 13C 4; n(E 4 ) = 13C 4
( A ∩ B ∩ C ) be the event of getting a number divisible by
13 13
C4 C4 , A, B and C .
∴ P (E1 ) = 52
, P (E 2 ) = 52
C4 C4 Now, n( A ) = 50, n(B ) = 33, n(C ) = 20, n( A ∩ B ) = 16,
13
C4 , 13
C4 n(B ∩ C ) = 6, n( A ∩ C ) = 10, n( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 3
P (E 3 ) = 52
P (E 4 ) = 52 50 1 , 33
C4 C4 ∴ P( A ) = = P (B ) = ,
100 2 100
Since E1, E 2, E 3 and E 4 are mutually exclusive events. 20 1 16
∴P (getting all the 4 cards of the same suit) P (C ) = = , n( A ∩ B ) =
100 5 100
P (E1 or E 2 or E 3 or E 4 ) = P (E1 ) + P (E 2 ) + P (E 3 ) + P (E 4 ) 6 10
13C n(B ∩ C ) = , n( A ∩ C ) = ,
44 100 100
= 4 × 52 4 =
C 4 4165 3
n( A ∩ B ∩ C ) =
21 n(S ) = 52 100
Required probability = P ( A ∪ B ∪ C )
A = The event of getting a king
B = The event of getting a queen = P ( A ) + P (B ) + P (C ) − [ P ( A ∩ B )
( A ∩ B) = The event of getting a king and a queen both + P (B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ C )] + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
∴ n( A ) = 4, n(B) = 4, n( A ∩ B ) = 0 50 33 20 16 6 10 3
= + + − + + +
4 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
P ( A ) = , P (B ) =
52 52 74
=
4 4 2 100
∴ P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) = + =
52 52 13
Probability 1179
21 There are 4 even numbers and 5 odd numbers 22 Let A be the event of drawing an odd numbered ticket in
Let A = the event of choosing odd numbers the first draw and B be the event of drawing an odd
B = the event of getting the sum an even number. numbered ticket in the second draw. Then
B
Then A ∩ B = The event of choosing odd numbers whose Required probability = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P
A
sum is even.
13 ,
∴ n(B ) = 4C 2 + 5C 2 = 16 P( A ) = since there 13 odd numbers 1, 3, 5, . . . 25.
25
and n( A ∩ B ) = 5C 2 = 10
Since the ticket drawn in the first draw is not replaced,
A therefore second ticket drawn is from the remaining 24
∴ Required probability = P
B tickets, out of which 12 are odd numbered.
n( A ∩ B ) B 12 1
= ∴ P = =
n(B ) A 24 2
10 5 13 1 13
= = Hence, Required probability = × =
16 8 25 2 50
1
2 4
P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) 5 5
= 1 + + + K ∞
⇒ P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ). P (B ) 6 6 6
⇒ 0.65 = 0.35 + p − 0.35 p 1 1 1 36 6
= ⋅ = ⋅ =
⇒ 0.65 p = 0.30 ⇒ p = 6 / 13 6 5 6 11 11
2
1 −
7 S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, for each case 6
Let A = event of getting a 1,2, 3 or 4 on the first toss 6 5
Thus, P (A wins) = and P (B wins) =
and B = event of getting a 4, 5 or 6 on the second toss 11 11
Then, clearly A and B are independent events. 1 1
9 We have, P (H ) = and P (T ) =
4 2 3 1 2 2
∴ P( A ) = = and P (B ) = =
6 3 6 2 Now, A wins if he throws a head in 1 st ,or 3 rd or 5 th
So, required probability = P ( A ∩ B ) or ... draw.
2 1 1 ∴ P ( A wins) = P [ H or (T TH ) or (T T T TH )
= P ( A )⋅ P (B ) = × = or (T T T T T TH ) or ... ]
3 2 3
= P (H ) + P (T TH ) + P (T T T TH ) + . . .
8 Let E = the event that A gets a three = P (H ) + P (T ) P (T ) P (H ) + P (T ) P (T )P (T )
and F = the event that B gets a three P (T ) P (H ) + . . .
1 1 2 4
Then, P (E ) = , P (F ) = 1 1 1 1 1
6 6 = + + + ... ∞
2 2 2 2 2
5, 5
P (E ) = P (F ) = 3 5
6 6 1 1 1
= + + +K∞
2 2 2
Suppose A wins then, he gets a three in 1st or 3rd of 5th …
throw etc.
1182 QUANTUM CAT
1 1
2
1
4 ∴ P ( A wins) = P[ E1 or E1 E 2E 3 or E 1 E 2 E 3 E 4E 5 or ... ]
= 1 + + + . . . ∞
2 2 2 1 8 8 1 8 8 8 8 1
= + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ... ∞
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
1 1 1 4 2
= ⋅ = × = 9
2
1
2 2 3 3 =
1 − 17
2 9 8
∴ P (B wins) = 1 − =
17 17
2 2 1
Thus P ( A wins) = and P (B wins) = 1 − =
3 3 3 ∴ Required ratio =
9
8
10 Let E be the event of ‘getting a six’. Then E is the event of 4 3 1
‘not getting a six’. 12 Required probability = × =
52 51 221
1 5
Then P (E ) = and P (E ) = 13 Let A = the event that Ashmit solves the problem.
6 6
and B = the event that Amisha solves the problem.
Now, A wins if he throws a six in 1 st , 4 th or 7 th or ... draw.
Clearly, A and B are independent events.
∴ P ( A wins) = P (E or (E E E E ) or (E E E E E E E ) or ... ] 80 8 70 7
Now, P ( A ) = = and P (B ) = =
= P (E ) + P (E E E E ) + P (E E E E E E E ) + . . . 100 10 100 10
3 6 8 7 56
1 5 1 5 1 ∴ P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A )⋅ P (B ) = × =
= + ⋅ + ⋅ + ... ∞
6 6 6 6 6 10 10 100
So P ( A or B ) = P ( A ∪ B )
1
3 6
5 5 = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
= 1 + + + . . . ∞
6 6 6 8 7 56 94
= + − = = 0.94
1 1 1 216 36 10 10 100 100
= ⋅ = ⋅ =
6 5
3 6 91 91 14 Let A = the event that A hits the target
1 −
6 and B = the event that B hits the target
1 2
Now, B wins if he throws a six in 2nd or 5th or 8th or ..draw. As given, we have P ( A ) = and P (B ) =
3 5
∴ P (B wins) = P[(EE ) or (E E E E E ) or (E E E E E E E E )
Clearly, A and B are independent events
or ...] 1 2 2
∴ P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A )⋅ P (B ) = × =
= P (EE ) + P (E E E E E ) + P (E E E E E E E E ) + . . . 3 5 15
4 7
5 1 5 1 5 1 ∴ P (target is hit) = P(A hits or B hits)
= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ... ∞
6 6 6 6 6 6 = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
5 5
3
5
6 1 2 2 3
= 1 + + + . . . ∞ = + − =
36 6 6 3 5 15 5
15 Let A, B, C be the respective events of solving the problem
5 1 5 216 30
= = ⋅ = and A, B, C be the respective events of not solving the
36 5 36 91 91
3
A A A
Now, P = Probability that first 11 draws contain 10 Similarly, P = 0.03 and P = 0.15
E1 E2 E3
non defective and one defective and 12 th draw contains a E
We are required to find P 1 by Baye’s rule.
defective article. A
18
C10 × 2C1 1 A
= 20
× P (E1 ) P
C11 9 E E1
P 1 =
A A A A A
and P = Probability that first 11 draws contain P (E1 ) P + P (E 2 ) P + P (E 3 ) P
E2 E1 E2 E3
9 non-defective and 2 defective articles and twelfth draw 1
× 0.01
contains a defective article. 6 1 1
= = =
17
C 9 × 3C 2 1 1 1 1
× 0.01 + × 0.03 + × 0.15 1 + 6 + 45 52
= ×
20
C11 9 6 3 2
Hence, Required probability 39 Let E1, E 2 and A be the events defined as follows :
18
C10 × 2C1 1 17
C 9 × 3C 2 1 E1 = selecting a box from the first group
= 0.4 × 20 × + 0.6 × ×
C11 9 20
C11 9 E 2 = selecting a box from the second group and
A = ball drawn is green
37 Let E1, E 2, E 3 and A be the events defined as follows :
Since there are 5 boxes out of which 3 boxes belong to first
E1 = the toy is manufactured by machine A group and 2 boxes belong the second group. Therefore
E 2 = the toy is manufactured by machine B P (E1 ) = 3/ 5, P (E 2 ) = 2/ 5
E 3 = the toy is manufactured by machine C
If E1 has already occurred, then a box from the first group is
A = the toy is defective chosen. The box chosen contains 5 green balls and 3 red
Then P (E1 ) = probability that the toy drawn is balls. Therefore the probability of drawing a green ball
manufactured by machine A = 25/ 100 from it is 5/ 8 ⋅
Similarly, A 5
So P =
P (E 2 ) = 35/ 100 and P (E 3 ) = 40 / 100 E1 8
p( A / E1 ) = probability that the toy drawn is defective given A 2 1
5 Similarly, P = =
that it is manufactured by machine A = E2 6 3
100
A 4 , A 2 E
Similarly P = P = Now, we have to find P 1
E 2 100 E 3 100 A
7 20 girls can be seated around a round table in 19! ways. Then the number of choices for the last digit of each
So, exhaustive number of cases = 19 ! number is 8 (excluding 0 or 5).
Excluding A and B, out of remaining 18 girls, 4 girls can be So, favourable number of ways = 8 × 8 × 8 × 8 = 84
selected 18C 4 ways which can be arranged in 4! ways. ∴ The probability that the product is not divisible by 5 or 10
Remaining 20 − (4 − 2) = 14 girls can be arranged in 14! 84 8
4
= =
ways. Also A and B mutually can be arranged in 2! ways. 10 4 10
∴ Required number of arrangements 4
8 369
= C 4 × 4 ! × 2! × 14 !
18 Hence, Required probability = 1 − =
10 625
= 18 ! × 2 13 P(selecting atleast one couple) = 1 − P(selecting none of
18 ! × 2 2
∴ Required probability = = the couples for the prize.)
19 ! 19 16C1 × 14C1 × 12C1 × 10C1 15
8 Since x and y can take values from 0 to 10. So, the total =1 − =
16
C4 39
number of ways of selecting x and y is 11 × 11 = 121
14 Total number of ways in which 7 (= 4 + 3) persons can
Now, x − y > 5 ⇒ x − y < − 5 or x − y > 5
speak is 7!.
There are 30 pairs of values of x and y satisfying these two
The number of ways in which A, B, C speak in the given
inequalities, so favourable number of ways = 30
order is 7 C 3 ways and remaining 4 persons can be arranged
30
Hence, required probability = in 4! ways.
121
∴ Favourable number of ways = 7C 3 × 4 !
9 Since a persons’s birthday can fall in any of the 12 months. 7
C3 × 4! 1
So, total number of ways = 124. ∴ Required probability = =
12
7! 6
Now, any two months can be chosen in C 2 ways. The
15 Let A be the event of selecting a counterfeit coin and B the
4 persons birthday can fall in these two months in 24 ways. event of getting head, then
Out of these 24 ways there are two ways when all of the Required probability = P ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ B )
four birthdays fall in one month.
= P( A ∩ B ) + P( A ∩ B )
12
C 2 × (24 − 2) 77 B B
So, favourable number of ways = = = P( A ) P + P( A ) P
124 1728 A A
10 6 objects can be distributed among 6 persons in 66 ways. 2 14 1 9
= ×1 + × =
∴ Total number of ways = 66 16 16 2 16
The number of ways of distribution in which each one gets 16 Total number of ways in which 5 people can be chosen out
only one thing is 6!. So, the number of distribution in which of 9 people = 9C 5 = 126
atleast one of them does not get any thing is 66 − 6 ! Number of ways in which the couple serves the committee
6 − 6!
6
= 7C 3 × 2C 2 = 35
Hence, required probability =
66 Number of ways in which the couple does not serve the
11 Total number of ways of arranging 40 books on a shelf committee = 7C 5 = 21
= 40 ! ∴ Favourable number of cases = 35 + 21 = 56
Out of 40 places, 4 places for the four volumes can be 56 4
chosen in 40C 4 ways. In the remaining 36 places the Hence, the required probability = =
126 9
remaining 36 books can be arranged in 36! ways. In the 4
17 E1 = The event in which A speaks truth
places four volumes of encyclopedia can be arranged in
increasing order in one way only. E 2 = The event in which B speaks truth
So, favourable number of ways = 40C 4 × 36 ! 60 3 , 80 4
Then P (E1 ) = = P (E 2 ) = =
100 5 100 5
40
C 4 × 36 ! 1
Hence, required probability = = and
2
P (E 1 ) = , P (E 2 ) =
1
40 ! 24 5 5
12 The divisibility of the product of four numbers depends ∴ Required probability = P [(E1 ∩ E 2 ) ∪ (E 1 ∩ E 2 )]
upon the value of the last digit of each number. The last
digit of a number can be any of the 10 digits 0, 1, 2 ... 9 . So, = P (E1 ∩ E 2 ) + P (E 1 ∩ E 2 )
the total number of ways of selecting last digits of four = P (E1 ). P (E 2 ) + P (E 1 ). P (E 2 )
numbers is 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 104. 3 4 2 1 14
= × + × = = 0.56
If the product of the 4 numbers is not divisible by 5 or 10. 5 5 5 5 25
1188 QUANTUM CAT
18 Two different squares can be chosen in 64 × 63 ways. For From the figure it is clear that the given square of size 3 × 3
each of the four corner squares, the favourable number of 8
cases is 2. For each of the 24 non-corner squares on all the 7
four sides of the chessboard, the favourable number of
cases is 3. For each of the 36 remaining squares, the 6
favourable number of cases is 4. 5
Thus, the total number of favourable cases 4
= 4 × 2 + 24 × 3 + 36 × 4 = 224 3
224 1
Hence, the required probability = = 2
64 × 63 18
1
19 The last two digits can be dialled in 10 P2 = 90 ways.
0
Out of these 90 cases only one case is favourable. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 can be formed by using four consecutive horizontal and
Hence, the required probability = ⋅
90 4 consecutive vertical lines, which can be done in
20 3 squares on a chessboard can be chosen in 64
C 3 ways .
6
C1 × 6C1 = 36 ways
Two squares of one colour and third square of different Basically you can make 6 squares of size 3 × 3 in vertical
colour can be chosen in two mutually exclusive way. direction and 6 squares of the size 3 × 3 in horizontal
(i) 2 white and one black (ii) 2 black and one white direction. Hence total 6 × 6 = 36 squares can be chosen.
36
Thus the favourable number of cases ∴ The required probability = 64
C9
= C2 ×
32
C1 +
32
C1 ×
32 32
C 2 = 2(32C 2 × 32
C1 )
25 Total 7 digit numbers can be formed from the 9 digits = 9 P7 .
2( C 2 × C1 ) 16
32 32
Hence, the required probability = 64
= There are four exclusive cases of selecting 7 digits out of 9 digits
C3 21 which can form 7 digit numbers which are divisible by 9.
21 A leap year contains 366 days comprising of 52 full weeks 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 } 36 removing 1 and 8
and 2 extra days. Thus there can be following 7 possibilities 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 } 36 removing 2 and 7
for 2 extra days. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9} 36 removing 3 and 6
(i) Sunday, Monday, (ii) Monday, Tuesday 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 } 36 removing 4 and 5
(iii) Tuesday, Wednesday (iv) Wednesday, Thursday All the 7 numbers of each of the 4 sets can be arranged in
(v) Thursday, Friday (vi) Friday, Saturday 7! ways. Hence the favourable number of numbers = 4 × 7 !
(vii) Saturday, Sunday 4 ×7! 1
∴ Required probability = 9 =
Let A be the event that the leap year contains 53 Sundays. P7 9
and B be the event that leap year contains 53 Mondays.
26 Total number of ways of selecting 2 distinct numbers from
2 2 1 the set of 10 natural numbers = 10C 2 = 42
Then, we have P ( A ) = , P (B ) = , P ( A ∩ B ) =
7 7 7
Sets of co-primes are (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), … (1, 10); (2, 3),
So, required probability = P ( A ∪ B) (2, 5), (2, 7), (2, 9); (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 7), (3, 8), (3, 10);
2 2 1 3 (4, 5), (4, 7), (4, 9); (5, 6), (5, 7), (5, 8), (5, 9); (6, 7); (7,
= P ( A ) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = + − =
7 7 7 7 8), (7, 9), (7, 10); (8, 9); (9, 10)
22 Since, the probability of getting atleast one head in n times Thus total pairs of co-primes
1
n
= 9 + 4 + 5 + 3 + 4 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 1 = 31
=1 −
2 Therefore the required probability = 31/45.
n n Hence choice (a) is the correct one.
1 1
Therefore, 1 − ≥ 0.9 ⇒ ≤ 0.1
2 2 Hint How to find the number of sets of two co-prime
numbers?
⇒ 2 ≥ 10 ⇒ n ≥ 4
n
Number of co-prime numbers of 10 which are below
Hence, the least value of n is 4.
1 1
23 Total number of ways in which 2 persons can be selected 10 = 10 × 1 − × 1 − = 4
2 5
out of 13 persons is 13C 2
Number of co-prime numbers of 9 which are below
5
C1 × 8C1 + 5C 2 25
Now, favourable number of cases = = 1
13
C2 39 9 = 9 × 1 − = 6
3
64
24 We can choose 9 squares out of 64 squares in C 9 ways.
Number of co-prime numbers of 8 which are below
Hence, exhaustive number of cases = 64
C9
Probability 1189
But the total number of ways of arranging a nine digit connecting any two vertices, leaving two vertices between
number is 9 P9 = 9 ! them and d3 is a diagonal which is formed by connecting
∴ Exclusive number of cases = 9 ! any two vertices, leaving three vertices between them and
d4 is a diagonal which is formed by connecting any two
11 × 4 ! × 5! 11
∴ Required probability = = . vertices, leaving four vertices between them.
9! 126
20 The number of ways of choosing any three phones out of
total 12 phones = 12C 3 = 220
The number of conference calls that can be made from the
216 given phones = 12C 3 − 4C 3 = 216
216 54
Therefore the required probability = =
220 55
Hence choice (d) is the correct one.
21 Probability of uploading 3 photos, after editing, such that
at least 2 photos are from the same folder
= 1 − Probability of uploading 3 photos, after editing, from
10(7 )
three different folders Total number of diagonals = = 35
2
3
C1 × C1 × C1
4 5
3
=1 − = 10(2)
12
C3 11 Number of shortest diagonals = = 10
2
Probability that no folder has the photo uploaded back 10
from its original folder, after editing Number of longest diagonals = =5
2
1 1 1 1
=1 − + − = Number of diagonals which are neither the shortest nor the
1 ! 2! 3! 3 longest = 35 − (10 + 5) = 20.
3 1 1
Therefore, the required probability = × = Therefore, the required probability =
20 4
=
11 3 11 35 7
Hence choice (a) is the correct one. Hence choice (a) is the correct one.
22 First of all you must know that there are diagonals of four Hint Total number of diagonals in a regular polygon of n
distinct lengths. If d1 < d2 < d3 < d4 be the diagonals in that n(n − 3)
of their increasing length, then d1 is a diagonal which is side =
2
formed by connecting any two vertices, leaving one vertex
between them and d2 is a diagonal which is formed by The number of the longest diagonals = number of pairs of
opposite points in a decagon.