Tutorial Classes

LECTURE NOTES
OF
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Lecture notes for Graduation/Post-graduation Students
hg
in
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By
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ar
Narinder Singh
N
narinder2467singh@gmail.com
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara
2022
Dedicated to students
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The author is not responsible for any kind loss due to mistakes in the text.
Contents
1 Matrix Algebra 1
1.1 Determinant of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Hints 1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Elementary Row Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 Practice Problems Based on Elementary Row operations . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Hints 1.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Echelon Form and Rank of Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.1 Problems of Finding Rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.2 Hints 1.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
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1.4 Solving Linear system of Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

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1.4.1 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
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1.4.2 Hints to Problems 1.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

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1.5 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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1.5.1 Hints of Problems 1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

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1.6 Cayley-Hamilton Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

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1.6.1 Problems: Verification of Caylay Hamilton theorem . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.6.2 Hints to 1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.3 Problems Finding inverse using Cayley Hamilton theorem . . . . . . . 8
1.6.4 Hints to 1.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7 Special Types of Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.1 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 Differential Equations 12
2.1 Degree, Order and Solution of Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.1 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Solution of Second Order Linear Homogeneous Equations with constant coef-
ficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 Problems (Solution of Linear Homogeneous Equations with constant
coefficients) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Normal Differential equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.1 Problems based on Normal differential equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 Solution to Problems 2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
i
3 Non-Homogeneous Differential Equations 18
4 Fourier Series 29
4.1 Basic Forulas of Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1.1 Basic Integration Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1.2 Integrals that will be used in Fourier series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2 Fourier series expansion in the interval of length 2π . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2.1 Problems Based on finding Fourier series in the interval of length 2π . 32
4.2.3 Mistakes in Class from which you should learn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3 Conditions for a Fourier Series Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3.1 Problems on Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.4 Functions with point of Discontinuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.5 Problems on functions with discontinuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.6 Change of the Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.6.1 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.6.2 Hints to Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.7 Even and Odd Fucntions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.7.1 Fourier Series expansion of Even or Odd functions in (−l, l) . . . . . 37
4.7.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
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5 Unit 3-6 MCQ 39

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5.1 Double and Triple Integral MCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

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5.1.1 Answer Key of 5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

5.2 Fourier Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.2.1 Answer Key of 5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.3 Unit 5 MCQ Limit, Continuity and Differentiation of Function of several
variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4 Double and Triple Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Chapter 1
Matrix Algebra
1.1 Determinant of a Matrix

1. Find the determinant of following matrices
 
  0 1 2 3
 
1 1 1 0 3 0
 
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(a)   (b)  
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 
2 2 2
 3 0 1

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 
3 0 1 2
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1.1.1 Hints 1.1

1. (a) 0 (b) 88
1.2 Elementary Row Operation

Definition 1.2.1
There are three basic operations on rows of a matrix:
1. (Ri ↔ Rj ) Interchange of any two rows.
2. (Ri → kRj , k ̸= 0) Multiplication of all the elements of a row by a non-zero

element.
3. (Ri → Ri + kRj ) The addition to the elements of any row, the corresponding
elements of any other row multiplied by any number.
1
2 Narinder Singh 1. Matrix Algebra
1.2.1 Practice Problems Based on Elementary Row operations

1. Find the inverse of the following matrices using elementary row transformations:
 
  1 1 3
2 1

 
(a)   (b) 
 1 3 −3

3 2  
−2 −4 −4
   
−5 3 −1 −5 3 −1
   
(c)  4

2 0 
 (d)  4

2 0

   
4 6 2 4 6 2
1.2.2 Hints 1.2.1

 
1. 3
 3 1
 
2
2 −1

 
(a) (b)  5
− 4 − 14 − 34 

  
−3 2  
− 14 − 14 − 14
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   
−1/15 1/5 −1/30  1/7 3/14 −1/14
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   
(c)  2/15 1/10 1/15 (d) −5/7 3/7 −1/7 
d
  
rin
 
   
−4/15 −7/10 11/30 −5/7 −1/14 5/14
Na
1.3 Echelon Form and Rank of Matrix

Definition 1.3.1
A number r is called rank of a matrix A if
1. There exists atleast one minor of order r of A which does not vanish.
2. Every minor of order r + 1, if any vanishes.
The rank of a matrix A is denoted by ρ(A).
In other words, we can say that the rank of a matrix A is the largest order of any
non-vanishing minor of the matrix.
Definition 1.3.2: Echelon Form

A matrix A = [aij ] is said to be in echelon form if
1. The number of zeros before the first non-zero element in a row is less than the
number of such zeros in the next row.
2. The first non-zero entry in non-zero row is one.
3. The zero rows of A occurs below all the non-zero rows of A.
The rank of a matrix A is denoted by ρ(A) = number of non-zero rows in echelon

form of a given matrix. An important remark here that first non zero entry
in each row need NOT to be 1 for finding rank. (Echelon type is sufficient)
1.3.1 Problems of Finding Rank

 
x 0 1
 
1. Find x so that rank of the matrix A = 1

 is less than 3. Also find the rank for
2 x
 
gh
1 2 3
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these values of x.
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2. Find the rank of the following matrices: (Try to apply both methods and see whether
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your answer is same!)

 
 0 6 6 1
 
1 2 −3 −1  
−8 7 2 3
 
 
(a) A1 = 3

−4 1 2 
 (b) A2 = 



  −2 3 0 1
 
5 2 1 3  
−3 2 1 1
   
2 3 −1 −1 1 2 −1
   
1 −1 −2 −4 3 −1 2
   
(c) A3 = 


 (d) A4 = 



6
 3 0 −7

2
 −2 3

   
3 1 3 −2 1 −1 1
 
0 1 3 −1 4
 
2

0 −4 1 2

 
(e) A5 = −1
 
1 4 2 0
 
 
3

4 −2 1 1
 
6 9 −1 1 6
3. Convert the following matrices into echelon form also in normal form...
   
2 2 −1 1 2 −1 5
   
(a) 
4 −3 2  4

−4 6 6

(b)
  
   
2 −2 3 2
 −2 3 3

 
1 −1 1 5
1.3.2 Hints 1.3.1

1. x = 0, 3 rank is 2 for x = 0, 3.
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(a) ρ(A1 ) = 3. (b) ρ(A2 ) = 3.

2.
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(c) ρ(A3 ) = 3. (d) ρ(A4 ) = 3.

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(e) ρ(A5 ) = 3.
(a) rank = 3 (b) rank = 3

3.
1.4 Solving Linear system of Equations

1.4.1 Problems
1. Solve the following system of homogeneous system of equations AX = 0, where A is
given by
   
1 2 −3 1 1 −1 1
   
(a) 1

1 −1
 (b) 2

3 1 4
   
1 −1 1 3 2 −6 1
2. Does the following system of equations possess a non-zero solution?
x + 2y + 3z = 0, 3x + 4y + 4z = 0, 7x + 10y + 12z = 0
3. Find the value of k so that the equations
x − 2y + z = 0, 3x − y + 2z = 0, y + kz = 0 have
(a) unique solution
(b) infinitely many solutions. Also find solutions for these values of k.
4. Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix method:

a) x − 2y − 3z = 0 b) x + 2y − 2z + 2s − t = 0
−2x + 3y + 5z = 0 x + 2y − z + 3s − 2t = 0
3x + y − 2z = 0. 2x + 4y − 7z + s + t = 0.
x+y+z =0
c) 4x + 5y + 6z = 0 d)
2x − y − 3z = 0
5x + 6y + 7z = 0
3x − 5y + 4z = 0.
7x + 8y + 9z = 0.
x + 17y + 4z = 0
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5. Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix method:

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a) x−y+z =4 b) x − y + 3z = 3
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2x + y − 3z = 0 2x + 3y − z = 2
x + y + z = 2. 3x + 2y + 4z = 5.
c) 2x + 3y + 4z = 10 d) x+y+z =4
x + 2y + 3z = 14 2x + 5y − 2z = 3
x + 4y + 7z = 10. x + 7y − 7z = −6.
e) x+y+z =9
2x + 5y + 7z = 52
2x + y − z = 0.
1.4.2 Hints to Problems 1.4.1

1. (a) x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
(b) Infinitely many solutions. x = 4z + t, y = −3z − 2t, z, t are free variables.
2. No. Only solution is zero.

1
3. (a) k ̸= −
5
1 3 1
(b) k = − , x = − k, y = k, z = k.
5 5 5
4. (a) x = k, y = −k, z = k. z = −s + t
(b)
x = −2y − 4s + 3t
(c) x = −k, y = k, z = k (d) x = y = z = 0.
5. (a) Unique solution (2, −1, 1). (b) x = 11/5, y = −4/5, z = 0.
(c) Inconsistent System. (d) Infinitely many. x = − 37 k + 17

3
,y =
4
3
k − 53 , z = k.
(e) unique solution. x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.
1.5 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors of a Matrix

Definition 1.5.1
gh
Let A be a square matrix of order n over reals (complex) numbers. A real (complex)
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number λ is called an eigenvalue of A iff there exists a non-zero n × 1 column matrix

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d
 
rin
 x1 
Na
 
 x2 
 
X=  . 
  such that AX = λX.
 .. 
 
 
xn
The non-zero column matrix X is called the eigenvector of the matrix A correspond-
ing to eigenvalue λ of A.
Following theorem provide a way for finding eigenvalues:
Theorem 1.5.1. λ is an eigenvalue of matrix A iff det(A − λI) = 0.
Remark 1.5.1. The equation det(A − λI) = 0 is called characteristic polynomial or

characteristic equation of A.
1. Find the characteristic equation and eigenvalues of the following matrices:

 
 2 2 0
 
1 2  
(a) A =   (b) A = 
 2 1 1

2 4  
−7 2 −3
   
1 2 3  8 −6 2 
   
(c) A = 
0 −4 2
 (d) A = 
−6 7 −4

   
0 0 7 2 −4 3
 
0 1 1
 
(e) A = 1

0 1

 
1 1 0
2. Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the matrices:
   
 1 2 2 1 −1 −1
   
(a) 
 0 2 1
 (b) 
1 −1 0

   
−1 2 2 1 0 −1
gh
 
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 1 1 i
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 
(c) 
1 0 i
d
 
rin
 
−i −i 1
Na
1.5.1 Hints of Problems 1.5
(a) λ = 0, 5. (b) −λ3 + 13λ − 12 = 0.λ = 1, 3, −4

1.
(c) (1 − λ)(−4 − λ)(7 − λ) = 0 (d) λ = 0, 3, 15.
(e) λ = −1, −1, 2.

(a) λ = 1, 2, 2, (1, 1, −1)T ; (2, 1, 0)T
2.
(b) λ = −1, i, −i, (0, −1, 1)T ; (1 + i, 1, 1)T ; (1 − i, 1, 1)T ;
√ √ √ √
(c) λ = 0, 1 + 3, 1 − 3(i, 0, −1)T ; (1, 3 − 1, −i)T ; (1, 3 − 1, −i)T ;
1.6 Cayley-Hamilton Theorem

Theorem 1.6.1: Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
Every Matrix satisfies its characteristic equation.
Remark 1.6.1. The characteristics equation of a matrix square matrix A is |A − λI| = 0.
1.6.1 Problems: Verification of Caylay Hamilton theorem

1. Verify the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the following matrices:
 
 2 2 0
 
1 2  
(a) A =   (b) A = 
 2 1 1

2 4  
−7 2 −3
   
1 2 3  8 −6 2 
   
(c) A = 
0 −4 2
 (d) A = 
−6 7 −4

   
0 0 7 2 −4 3
 
0 1 1
 
(e) A = 1

0 1

 
1 1 0
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1.6.2 Hints to 1.6

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(b) −λ3 + 13λ − 12 = 0.λ = 1, 3, −4

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1. (a) λ = 0, 5.
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(c) λ3 + 3λ2 − λ + 3I = 0 (d) λ = 0, 3, 15.
(e) λ = −1, −1, 2.
1.6.3 Problems Finding inverse using Cayley Hamilton theorem

1. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem and using it find inverse of the following matrices:
   
 1 2 0  1 1 2
   
(a) A = 
−1 1 2
 (b) A = 
 1 3 −1

   
1 2 1 −2 −1 1
 
1 i i
 
(c) A = i

1 i

 
i i 1
1.6.4 Hints to 1.6.3

 
1. −3 −2 4
3 2 −1 1
 
(a) A − 3A + A − 3I = 0 and A = 3  3

1 −2

 
−3 0 3
 
2 −3 −7
3 2 −1 1
 
(b) A − 5A + 9A − 13I = 0 and A = 13 1

5 3

 
5 −1 2
 
i − 1 1 1 
(c) A3 − 3A2 + 6A − (4 − 2i)I = 0 and A−1 = − 1+3i
 
10  1

i−1 1 

 
1 1 i−1
1.7 Special Types of Matrices

Definition 1.7.1: Symmetric Matrix
gh
U Sin
A square matrix A is called symmetric matrix if

LP er
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AT = A.
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Na
In other words, a matrix is symmetric if we interchange its rows and columns we

will again get the same matrix. Condition for symmetric matrix is also written like
aij = aji for all i, j.
Definition 1.7.2: Skew-Symmetric Matrix

A square matrix A is called skew-symmetric matrix if
AT = −A.
In other words a matrix is skew-symmetric if we interchange its rows and columns we

will get the negative of given matrix. Condition for skew-symmetric matrix is also
written like aij = −aji for all i, j.
Definition 1.7.3: Hermitian Matrix

A square matrix A is called Hermitian Matrix if
Aθ = A.
In other words a matrix is hermitian if we take conjugate and interchange its rows and
columns we will again get the same matrix. Condition for symmetric matrix is also
written like āij = aji for all i, j.
Definition 1.7.4: Skew-Hermitian Matrix

A square matrix A is called skew-hermitian matrix if
Aθ = −A.
In other words a matrix is skew-hermitian if we take its conjugate and interchange

its rows and columns we will get the negative of given matrix. Condition for skew-
hermitian matrix is also written like āij = −aji for all i, j.
Definition 1.7.5: Orthogonal Matrix

gh
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A square matrix A is called Orthogonal matrix if

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AT A = AAT = I or A−1 = AT
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Na
Definition 1.7.6: Unitary Matrix

A square matrix A is called Unitary matrix if
Aθ A = AAθ = I or A−1 = Aθ
Definition 1.7.7: Normal Matrix

A square matrix A is called Normal matrix if
Aθ A = AAθ .
If matrix contains only real entries, then
AT A = AAT .
1.7.1 Problems
1. Give two examples of 3x3 each of symmetric, skew symmetric matrices, hermitian and
skew-hermitian matrices. (Don’t give example like zero matrices, Identity matrix. Try
to make some interesting examples.)
2. Express following matrices as sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.

   
 7 2 0  3 1 2
   
(a) A = 
−1 −3 2
 (b) A = 
 1 −3 −1

   
1 2 1 −2 −1 1
3. Check orthogonality ?
 
 1 2 2
(a) A = 31 
 
 2 1 −2

 
−2 2 −1
4. Prove that following matrices are unitary matrices.

 
 
2 i − 1 1 + i
1 − i 1 + i
(a) A = 21  1
 
gh
 (b) A = √
2 2 0

2 −2 

U Sin
1+i 1−i  
2i i + 1 1 − i
LP er
d
rin
5. Find the value of x, y, z such that the matrix Q is Hermitian, where

Na
 
 3 x + 2i yi 
 
Q= 3 − 2i

0 1 + zi

 
yi 1 − xi −1
Chapter 2
Differential Equations
2.1 Degree, Order and Solution of Differential Equa-

tions
2.1.1 Problems
1. Find the order and degree of the following Differential Equations. State whether they
gh
U Sin
are linear or non-linear

LP er
(a) y ′′ + 3y ′ + 4y = 0. (b) x2 y ′′ + xy ′ + 3y = 5x.

d
rin
√ √
Na
(c) (y ′ )2 + 3xy ′ + y = 0. (d) 1 + 2x2 dx + 1 + 2y 2 dy = 0
(e) [1 + (y ′ )2 ]1/2 = x2 + y. (f) yy ′′ + t2 y ′ + 4y = cos t.
(g) (y ′′ )2 + 3y ′ + x = 0 (h) y ′ y ′′ + y ′ + 5y = sin x
(i) (1 + y ′ )1/2 = y ′′ . (j) y ′ = sin y.
2. Verify that the given function satisfies the differential equation.
(a) y = ce−x ; y ′ + 2xy = 0 (b) y = x log x − x; y ′ = log x.
(c) y = sin−1 x; y ′′ = x/(1 − x2 )3/2 . (d) y = sec x + tan x, (1 − sin2 x)2 y ′′ =

cos x
3. Find all values of m for which y = emx is solution of the following differential equations.
(a) y ′′ + 3y ′ + 2y = 0. (b) y ′′′ − 6y ′′ + 11y ′ − 6y = 0.
(c) y ′′′ − 2y ′′ − y ′ + 2y = 0. (d) y ′′ − 4y + y = 0.
(e) y ′′ − 2y ′ + 4y = 0.
12
13 Narinder Singh 2. Differential Equations
4. From the following equations, find the constant coefficient and variable coefficient
equations.
(a) y ′′ − a2 y = 0. (b) y ′ = y/x.
(c) y ′′′ + 3y ′′ + 6y ′ + 12y = x2 . (d) x3 y ′′′ + 9x2 y ′′ + 18xy ′ + 6y = 0.
(e) (1 − x)y ′′ + xy ′ − y = 0. (f) y ′′ − (1 + x2 )y = 0.
5. Verify that given functions are solution of associated differential equations.
(a) 1, x, ex ; y ′′′ − y ′′ = 0. (b) ex , e−2x ; y ′′ + y ′ − 2y = 0.
(c) e−x cos 2x, e−2x sin 2x; y ′′ + 2y ′ + 5y =

0.
6. Examine whether the following functions are linearly independant for x ∈ (0, ∞).
(a) 2x, 6x + 3, 3x + 2. (b) x2 − x, 3x2 + x + 1, 9x2 − x + 2.

gh
U Sin
(c) x2 − 2x, 3x2 + x + 2, 4x2 − x + 1. (d) sin x, sin 2x, sin 3x

LP er
(e) 1, sin x, cos x. (f) ex , sinh x, cosh x.

d
rin
Na
(g) x2 , 1/x2 (h) ln x, ln x2 , ln x3 .
(i) x − 1, x + 1, (x − 1)2 .
7. Show that e2x and xe2x are solution of the equation y ′′ − 4y + 4y = 0 on any interval.
Show that these solutions are independent.

1. (a) two, one, linear (b) two, one, linear
(c) one, two, non-linear (d) one, one, non-linear
(e) one, two, non-linear (f) two, one, non-linear
(g) two, two, non-linear (h) two, one, non-linear
(i) two, two, non-linear (j) one, one, linear
3. Find all values of m for which y = emx is solution of the following differential equations.
(a) m = −1, −2. (b) m = 1, 2, 3

√
(c) m = −1, 1, 2 (d) m = 2 ± 3.
√
(e) m = 1 + 3i
4. (a) constant coeff. (b) variable coeff.
(c) constant coeff. (d) variable coeff.
(e) variable coeff. (f) variable coeff.
6. (a) Linearly dependant (b) Linearly dependant
(c) Linearly Independant, W = 14 (d) Linearly Independant, W = −16 sin6 x
(e) Linearly Independant, W=1 (f) LD
(g) LI (h) LD
(i) LI
gh
U Sin
2.2 Solution of Second Order Linear Homogeneous Equa-

LP er
tions with constant coefficients

d
rin
Na
Consider the linear homogeneous second order equation
ay ′′ + by ′ + cy = 0, a, b, c are constants. (2.1)
ay ′′ + by ′ + cy = 0, a, b, c are constants.
d d2
In operator notation by taking D = dx
, D2 = dx2
we write this equation as
aD2 y + bDy + cy = 0
(aD2 + bD + c)y = 0.
The equation aD2 + bD + c = 0 is known as auxiliary equation. The solution of equation

(2.1) depends upon roots of auxiliary equation. Following table Highlights rules for writing
solution:
Roots of Auxiliary Equation Solution

m1 ̸= m2 (real and distinct roots of AE) y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x
m1 = m2 (real and same roots of AE) y = (c1 + xc2 )em1 x
roots = α ± iβ (complex roots of AE) y = eαx (c1 cos βx + c2 sin βx).
m1 , m2 , m3 three distinct roots y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x + c3 em3 x
m1 = m2 = m3 same roots (For three degree y = (c1 + xc2 + x2 c3 )em1 x
equations)
Example 2.2.1. Solve the differential equation:
y ′′ + 4y ′ + 5y = 0
d d2
Solution: Using D = dx
and D2 = , we have
dx2
D2 y + 4Dy + 5y = 0
(D2 + 4D + 5)y = 0
gh
U Sin
LP er
The auxiliary equation is given by

d
rin
Na
D2 + 4D + 5 = 0
√
−4 ± 16 − 20 −4 ± 2i
D= = = −2 ± i.
2 2
Therefore the solution of given equation is
y = e−2x (A cos x + B sin x).
2.2.1 Problems (Solution of Linear Homogeneous Equations with

constant coefficients)
1. Find the general solution of the following system of linear equations:
(a) y ′′ − 4y = 0. (b) y ′′ − y ′ − 2y = 0.
(c) y ′′ + y ′ − 2y = 0. (d) y ′′ − 4y ′ − 12y = 0.
(e) y ′′ + 4y ′ + y = 0. (f) 4y ′′ − 9y ′ + 2y = 0.
(g) 4y ′′ + 8y ′ − 5y = 0. (h) y ′′ + 2y ′ + y = 0.
(i) y ′′ + 2πy ′ + π 2 y = 0. (j) 9y ′′ − 12y ′ + 4y = 0.
(k) 4y ′′ + 4y ′ + y = 0. (l) 25y ′′ − 20y ′ + 4y = 0.
(m) y ′′ + 25y = 0. (n) y ′′ + 4y ′ + 5y = 0.
(o) y ′′ − 2y ′ + 2y = 0. (p) (4D2 − 4D + 17)y = 0.
2. Show that in the following problems, {yi (x)} forms a set of fundamental solutions
(basis) to the corresponding differential equation:
(a) 1, x2 , x2 y ′′ − xy ′ = 0, x > 0. (b) e2x cos 3x, e2x sin 3x; 2y ′′ − 8y ′ + 26y =
0.
(c) ex , ex cos x, ex sin x; y ′′′ − 3y ′′ + 4y ′ − (d) x1/4 , x5/4 ; 16x2 y ′′ − 8xy ′ + 5y = 0, x >
2y = 0. 0.
(e) sin(ln x2 ), cos(ln x2 ); x2 y ′′ +xy ′ +4y =
0, x > 0.
gh
U Sin
2.3 Normal Differential equation

LP er
d
Theorem 2.3.1
rin
Na
If the functions a0 (x), a1 (x), . . . , an (x) and r(x) are continuous over I and a0 (x) ̸= 0
on I, then there exists a unique solution to the initial value problem
a0 (x)y (n) + a1 (x)y (n−1) + · · · + an−1 (x)y ′ + an y = r(x), (2.2)

y(x0 ) = c1 , y ′ (x0 ) = c2 , . . . , y (n−1) (x0 ) = cn .
where x0 ∈ I, and c1 , c2 , . . . , cn are n unknown constants.
Remark 2.3.1. If the condition of Theorem 2.3 are satisfied, then the Differential Equation
2.2 is called normal on I.
Remark 2.3.2. A point xo ∈ I, for which a0 (x) ̸= 0, called ordinary point or a regular
point of the differential equation 2.2.
Example 2.3.1. Find the intervals in which the following differential equations are normal
1. (1 − x2 )y ′′ − 2xy ′ + n(n + 1)y = 0, n is an integer.

2. x2 y ′′ + xy ′ + (n2 − x2 )y = 0, n real.
√ ′′
3. xy + 6xy ′ + 15y = ln(x4 − 256).
Solution:
1. Here a0 (x) = (1 − x2 ), a1 (x) = −2x, and a2 (x) = n(n + 1). Now, a0 , a1 and a2 are con-
tinuous everywhere in (−∞, ∞). Also, a0 (x) = 1 − x2 ̸= 0 for all x ∈ (−∞, ∞) except
at the points x = −1, 1. Hence differential equation is normal on every subinterval of
the open intervals (−∞, −1), (−1, 1), (1, ∞),
2. Here a0 (x) = x2 , a1 (x) = x, and a2 (x) = (n2 − x2 ). a0 , a1 and a2 are continuous

everywhere in (−∞, ∞). Also, a0 (x) = 1 − x2 ̸= 0 for all x ∈ (−∞, ∞) except at the
points x = 0. Hence differential equation is normal on every interval which does not
contains 0.
√
3. Here a0 (x) = x, a1 (x) = 6x, and a2 (x) = 15, r(x) = ln(x4 − 256). a0 , a1 , a2 and r(x)
√
are continuous for all x > 4. Also, a0 (x) = x ̸= 0 and real for all x ∈ (0, ∞). Hence
gh
U Sin
differential equation is normal on (4, ∞).

LP er
d
rin
2.3.1 Problems based on Normal differential equations

Na
1. Find the intervals on which the following differential equations are normal.
(a) y ′ = 3y/x. (b) (1 + x2 )y ′′ + 2xy ′ + y = 0

√
(c) x2 y ′′ − 4xy ′ + 6y = x (d) y ′′ + 3y ′ + xy = sin x.
(e) y ′′′ + 9y ′ + y = log(x2 − 9) (f) y ′′ + |x|y ′ + y = x ln x.
(g) x(1 − x)y ′′ − 3xy ′ − y = 0. (h) y ′′ + xy ′ + 6y = ln sin(πx/4).
2.3.2 Solution to Problems 2.3.1

(a) Any subinterval of (−∞, 0), (0, ∞). (b) Any subinterval of (−∞, ∞).
1.
(c) Any subinterval of (−∞, 0), (0, ∞). (d) Any subinterval of [0, ∞) .
(e) Any subinterval of (3, ∞). (f) Any subinterval of (0, ∞).
(g) Any subinterval of (−∞, 0), (0, 1), (1, ∞).
(h) 4m < x < 4(m + 1), m = 0, 2, 4, . . .

Chapter 3
Non-Homogeneous Differential
Equations
CO2: understand the use of different

methods for the solution of linear dif-
ferential equations.
gh
Consider a non-homogeneous linear differential equation of order 2 with constant coeffi-

U Sin
cients
LP er
d2 y dy
d
c0 + c1 + c2 y = r(x). (3.1)
rin
dx 2 dx
Na
The solution of equation (3.1) is a function
y = yc + yp
where yc is called complimentary solution (CS) is solution of the corresponding homo-

geneous equation
d2 y dy
c0 + c 1 + c2 y = 0,
dx2 dx
and yp is called particular solution (PS) or particular integeral (PI) is given by
1
yp = r(x).
c0 D2 + c1 D + c2
The particular solution depends upon the function r(x) in equation (3.1). Following picture
gives a better illustration.
18
19 Narinder Singh 3. Non-Homogeneous Differential Equations
d2 y dy
Solution of c0 + c 1 + c2 y = r(x).
dx2 dx
y = yc + yp
yc complimentary solution yp particular solution (PS)
d2 y dy 1
yc is solution of c0 + c1 + c2 y = 0 yp = r(x)
dx 2 dx c0 D2 + c1 D + c2
Figure 3.1
Following are the formulas for finding particular Integral/Solution:

gh
U Sin
LP er
Rule. Particular Solution/Particular Integral

d
No.
rin
Na
1.
1 ax 1 ax
e = e ; provided F (a) ̸= 0
F (D) F (a)
Sub-case 1: F (a) = 0, F ′ (a) ̸= 0 then

1 ax x
e = ′ eax
F (D) F (a)
Sub-case 2: F (a) = 0, F ′ (a) = 0, F ′′ (a) ̸= 0 then
1 ax x2
e = ′′ eax
F (D) F (a)
2.
1 1
2
sin(ax + b) = 2
sin(ax + b); F (−a2 ) ̸= 0
F (D ) F (−a )
Sub-case 1: F (−a2 ) = 0, F ′ (−a2 ) ̸= 0 then

1 x
2
sin(ax + b) = ′ sin(ax + b)
F (D ) F (−a2 )
3.
1 1
2
cos(ax + b) = cos(ax + b); F (−a2 ) ̸= 0
F (D ) F (−a2 )
Sub-case 1: F (−a2 ) = 0, F ′ (−a2 ) ̸= 0 then
1 x
2
cos(ax + b) = ′ cos(ax + b)
F (D ) F (−a2 )
4.
gh
1
U Sin
xm = [F (D)]−1 xm
F (D)
LP er
In this case, the following two formulas will be helpful:

d
rin
(1 + X)−1 = 1 − X + X 2 − X 3 + X 4 − . . .
Na
(1 − X)−1 = 1 + X + X 2 + X 3 + X 4 + . . .
5.
1 ax 1
e V (x) = eax V (x)
F (D) F (D − a)
After this, we will apply one of the rules from rule 1 to 4 depending upon type
of function V (x)
Example 3.0.1. Solve y ′′ + 5y ′ + 6y = ex .

d d2
Solution: Using D = dx and D2 = 2 , we have
dx
D2 y + 5Dy + 6y = ex .
(D2 + 5D + 6)y = ex .
For finding the complimentary solution: the auxiliary equation is given by
D2 + 5D + 6 = 0
√
−5 ± 25 − 24 −5 ± 1
D= = = −3, −2.
2 2
Therefore the complimentary solution of given equation is
yc = c1 e−3x + c2 e−2x .
Now we will find particular solution (PS or PI)
(D2 + 5D + 6)y = ex .
1
yp = ex
D2
+ 5D + 6
1
yp = 2 ex Rule 1, Putting D = 1
1 + 5(1) + 6
1
yp = ex
gh
12
U Sin
LP er
Therefore complete solution or general solution is given by

d
rin
1 x
Na
y = yc + yp = c1 e−3x + c2 e−2x + e
12
Sr. No. Formula

ex − e−x
1 sinh x =
2
ex + e−x
2 cosh x =
2
eix − e−ix
3 sin x =
2
eix − e−ix
4 cos x =
2
Example 3.0.2. y ′′′ − 3y ′ + 2y = e−2x + 2 sinh x
d d2
Solution: Using D = dx
and D2 = dx2
, we have
D3 y − 3Dy + 2y = e−2x + 2 sinh x

(D3 − 3D + 2)y = e−2x + ex − e−x
D3 − 3D + 2 = 0 (3.2)
Cubic equation, we will apply HIT & TRIAL, D = 0 not satisfying eqn. (3.2), D = 1 is
satisfying (3.2). Therefore, one root is D = 1. Now we apply synthetic division to find other
two roots:
gh
U Sin
LP er
d
rin
Na
D3 − 3D + 2 = 0 (3.2)
Cubic equation, we will apply HIT & TRIAL, D = 0 not satisfying eqn. (3.2), D = 1 is
satisfying eqn(3.2). Therefore, one root is D = 1. Now we apply synthetic division to find
other two roots:
D3 D2 D constant
1 1 0 -3 2
0 1 1 -2
1 1 -2 0
Therefore other two roots are given by:
D2 + D − 2D = 0.
(D − 1)(D + 2) = 0
∴ D = 1, 1, −2
gh
U Sin
Therefore the complimentary solution of given equation is

LP er
d
yc = (c1 + xc2 )ex + c3 e−2x .

rin
Na
Now we will find PI
(D3 − 3D + 2)yp = e−2x + ex − e−x .

1
yp = 3 e−2x + ex − e−x
D − 3D + 2
1 1 1
yp = 3 e−2x + 3 ex − 3 e−x
D − 3D + 2 D − 3D + 2 D − 3D + 2
Let us apply rule 1:
1 1 1
yp = e−2x + 3 ex − e−x
(−2)3
− 3(−2) + 2 1 − 3(1) + 2 (−1) − 3(−1) + 2
3
1 1 1
yp = e−2x + ex − e−x
0 0 4
We have to evaluate first two terms separately as rule 1 fails on them. We will apply Rule
1 Sub-case 1 for first term
1 x x xe−2x
e −2x
= e−2x
= e−2x
= .
D3 − 3D + 2 3D2 − 3 3(−2)2 − 3 9
We have to apply rule 1 sub-case 2 as 1 is repeated root.
1 x2 x x2 x x2 x
e =
x
e = e = e .
D3 − 3D + 2 6.D 6(1) 6
x x2 1 −x
yp = e−2x + ex + e .
9 6 4
Therefore complete solution is
y = yc + yp
x −2x x2 x 1 −x
y = (c1 + xc2 )e + c3 e
x −2x
+ e + e + e .
9 6 4
Example. 3.1.3: Find PI of (D3 + 1)y = cos(2x − 1).
Solution: (D3 + 1)y = cos(2x − 1).

1 1
PI = cos(2x − 1) = cos(2x − 1)
(D3 + 1) (D2 .D + 1)
1
gh
yp = cos(2x − 1) [ Rule 3 Putting D2 = −22 ]

U Sin
((−2 ).D + 1)
2
1
LP er
yp = cos(2x − 1)
d
(−4D + 1)
rin
1
Na
= (1 + 4D) cos(2x − 1)
(1 + 4D)(1 − 4D)
1
= (1 + 4D) cos(2x − 1)
(1 − 16D2 )
1
= (1 + 4D) cos(2x − 1)
(1 − 16(−22 ))
1
= (1 + 4D) cos(2x − 1)
65 !
1 d
= cos(2x − 1) + 4 cos(2x − 1)
65 dx
1
= (cos(2x − 1) − 8 sin(2x − 1))
65
3.1.1 Problems based on solving non-homo. LDE with constant

coeff.
1. Solve the following differential equations:
d2 y dy
(a) 2
− 6 + 9y = 6e3x + 7e−2x − log 2.
dx dx
d2 y dy dy
(b) 2
+ 4 + 5y = −2 cosh x. Also find y when y = 0, = 0 at x = 0.
dx dx dx
d2 y d2 x dx
(c) +n2 y = k cos(nx+α). n, α are (d) + 2 + 3x = sin t.
dx2 dt2 dt
constants.
d2 y dy
(e) 2
+ 3 + 2y = 4 cos2 x. (f) (D2 − 4D + 3)y = sin 3x cos 2x.
dx dx
d3 y d2 y dy d2 y dy
(g) + 2 + = e−x + sin 2x. (h) + 2 + y = e2x − cos2 x.
dx3 dx2 dx dx 2 dx
d2 y
(i) (D3 − 5D2 + 7D − 3)y = e2x cosh x. (j) − y = e x + x2 e x .
dx2
d2 y dy
(k) (D3 − D)y = 2x + 1 + 4 cos x + 2ex . (l) 2
− 6 + 25y = e2x + sin x + x.
dx dx

1. (a) y = (c1 + c2 x)e3x + 3x2 e3x + 7 e−2x − 1 log 2.
25 9
gh
(b) y = 35 e−2x (cos x + 3 sin x) − ex

− e−x
U Sin
10 2
LP er
(c) y = c1 cos nx + c2 sin nx + kx

2n
sin(nx + α)
d
rin
√ √
(d) y = e−x (c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x) + 14 (sin x − cos x).
Na
1
(e) y = c1 e−x + c2 e−2x + 1 + 10
(3 sin 2x − cos 2x)
1 1
(f) y = c1 ex + c2 e3x + 884
(10 cos 5x − 11 sin 5x) + 20
(sin x + 2 cos x).
x2 −x 3 2
(g) y = c1 + (c2 + c3 x)e−x − 2
e + 50
cos 2x − 25
sin 2x.
(h) y = (c1 + c2 x)e−x + 21 + 15 (2 sin 2x + cos 2x).
(i) y = (c1 + c2 x)ex + c3 e3x + 81 (xe3x − x2 ex ).
(j) y = c1 ex + c2 e−x + ex
12
(2x3 − 3x2 + 9x).
(k) y = c1 + c2 ex + c3 e−x + xex − (x2 + x) − 2 sin x.

1 2x 1 6
(l) y = e3x (c1 cos 4x + c2 sin 4x) + 17
e + 565
(23 sin x + 6 cos x) + x
25
+ 625
.
Chapter 4
MCQ Question UNIT-1 to 3
4.1 MCQ from UNIT-3 (LDE)

1. The complementary function of (D4 − a4 )y = 0 is ....
(a) c1 eax + c2 e−ax (b) (c1 + xc2 )eax
(c) (c1 + xc2 + x2 c3 + x3 c4 )eax (d) c1 eax +c2 e−ax +c3 cos ax+c4 sin ax.
gh
U Sin
2. P.I. of the differential equation (D2 + D + 1)y = sin 2x is ....

LP er
d
rin
1 1
Na
(a) − (3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x) (b) (3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x)

25 25
1 1
(c) − (4 sin 2x + 3 cos 2x) (d) − (sin 2x + cos 2x)
25 25
3. PI of y ′′ − 3y ′ + 2y = 12 is ....
(a) 12 (b) 1/12 (c) 6 (d) None of these
4. The Wronskian x and ex is ....
(a) ex (x − 1) (b) e−x (x − 1)
(c) ex (x + 1) (d) e−x (x + 1)
5. The CF of y ′′ − 2y ′ + y = xex sin x is
(a) c1 ex + c2 e−x (b) (c1 x + c2 )ex (c) (c1 +c2 x)e−x (d) None of these
6. The general solution of the differential equation (D4 − 6D3 + 12D2 − 8D)y = 0 is ...
24
25 Narinder Singh 4. MCQ Question UNIT-1 to 3
7. The particular integral of (D2 + a2 )y = sin ax is
(a) − 2a
x
cos ax (b) x
2a
cos ax (c) − ax
2
cos ax (d) ax
2
cos ax
8. Solution of the differential equation (D2 − 2D + 5)2 y = 0, is ....?
9. The solution of the differential equation y ′′ + y = 0 satisfying the conditions y(0) = 1

and y( π2 ) = 2, is ...
(a) cos x + sin x (b) cos x − sin x
(c) cos x (d) None of these

√ √
10. e−x (c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x) + c3 e2xf is the general solution of
d3 y d3 y
(a) + 4y = 0 (b) − 8y = 0
dx3 dx3
d3 y d3 y d2 y dy
(c) + 8y = 0 (d) − 2 + −2=0
dx3 dx3 dx2 dx
gh
11. The solution of the differential equation (D2 + 1)2 y = 0 is ...

U Sin
d2 y
LP er
12. The particular integral of + y = cosh 3x is ...

d
dx2
rin
Na
13. The solution of x2 y ′′ + xy ′ = 0 is ...
14. The general solution of (D2 − 2)2 y = 0 is ...
15. P.I. of (D + 1)2 y = xe−x is ...
1 3 −x 1 2 −x 1
(a) 6
xe (b) 6
xe (c) 6
xe−x (d) None of these
1 2x
16. If f (D) = D2 − 2, e = ...
f (D)
1 2x 1 −2x 1 2x 1 −2x
(a) 4
e (b) 4
e (c) 2
e (d) 2
e
1
17. If f (D) = D2 + 5, sin 2x = . . .
f (D)
(a) sin 2x (b) cos 2x (c) − sin 2x (d) − cos 2x
18. The particular integral of (D + 1)2 y = e−x is ...
1 3 −x 1 2 x 1
(a) 2
xe (b) 2
xe (c) 2
xe−x (d) None of these
26 Narinder Singh 4. MCQ Question UNIT-1 to 3
19. The general solution of (4D3 + 4D2 + D)y = 0 is ...
20. P.I. of (D2 + 4)y = cos 2x is ...?
1 1 1 1
(a) 2
sin 2x (b) 2
x sin 2x (c) 4
sin 2x (d) 2
x cos 2x
21. By method of undetermined coefficients yp of y ′′ + 3y ′ + 2y = 12x2 is of the form
(a) a + bx + cx2 (b) a + bx
(c) ax + bx2 + cx3 (d) None of these

dx dy
22. In the equation + y = sin t + 1, + x = cos t if y = sin t + 1 + e−t , then x = ...?
dt dt
23. (x2 D2 + xD + 7)y = 2/x converted to a linear differential equation with constant
coefficients is ...
d2 y dy
24. The PI of + = x2 + 2x + 4 is
dx2 dx
gh
x2 x3 x3 x3
(a) + 4x (b) +4 (c) + 4x (d) + 4x2
U Sin
3 3 3 3
d2 y
LP er
dy
25. The solution of the differential equation − 3 + 2y = e3x is given by
d
2
rin
dx dx
Na
(a) C1 ex + C2 e2x + 12 e3x (b) C1 e−x + C2 e−2x + 12 e3x
(c) C1 e−x + C2 e2x + 21 e3x (d) C1 e−x + C2 e2x + 12 e−3x
26. The particular integral of the differential equation (D3 − D)y = ex + e−x , D = d
dx
is
1 x 1
(a) 2
(e + e−x ) (b) 2
x(ex + e−x )
1 2 x 1 2 x
(c) 2
x (e + e−x ) (d) 2
x (e − e−x )
27. The complimentary function of the differential equation x2 y ′′ − xy ′ + y = log x is .....
28. The homogeneous linear differential equation whose auxiliary equation has roots 1, -1
is ....
29. The particular integral of the differential equation (D2 − 6D + 9)y = log 2 is ...
d2 y dy 1
30. To transform x 2
+ = into a linear differential equation with constant coeffi-
dx dx x
cients, put x = ...
Chapter 4
Fourier Series
4.1 Basic Forulas of Integration

4.1.1 Basic Integration Table
It is under-stood that we need to add constant c if we are computing indefinite integrals.
1 R 1
xn dx = xn+1 , n ̸= −1 dx = ln |x|
R
1. 2.
gh
n+1 x
U Sin
R du R
u v dx −
R R
3. uv dx = dx
v dx dx
LP er
d
R x 1 x
= ex ax dx =
R
rin
4. e dx 5. ln a
a
Na
ln x dx = x ln x − x sin x dx = − cos x
R R
6. 7.
tan x dx = ln | sec x|
R R
8. cos x dx = sin x 9.
sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| sec2 x dx = tan x

R R
10. 11.
a
dx = tan−1 x
R R
12. sec x tan x dx = sec x 13. a2 +x2 a
a
dx = 21 ln x+a √ 1 dx = sin−1 x
R R
14. a2 −x2 x−a
15. a2 −x2 a
√ a dx = sec−1 x
R
16. x x2 −a2 a
ax
R ax e
17. e sin bx dx (a sin bx − b cos bx)
=
+ b2 a2
R ax eax
18. e cos bx dx = 2 (a cos bx + b sin bx)
a + b2
4.1.2 Integrals that will be used in Fourier series

R α+2π
1. α cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
R α+2π
2. α sin nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
29
30 Narinder Singh 4. Fourier Series
R α+2π
3. α cos mx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
R α+2π
4. α cos2 nx dx = π (n ̸= 0)
R α+2π
5. α sin mx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
R α+2π
6. α sin nx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
R α+2π
7. α sin mx sin nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
R α+2π
8. α sin2 nx dx = π (n ̸= 0)
Particular case A: If α = 0, The above formulas will look as follows:

R 2π
A1. 0 cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
R 2π
A2. 0 sin nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
R 2π
A3. 0 cos mx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
R 2π
A4. 0 cos2 nx dx = π (n ̸= 0)
gh
R 2π
A5. 0 sin mx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
U Sin
R 2π
A6. sin nx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
LP er
0
d
rin
R 2π
A7. 0 sin mx sin nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
Na
R 2π
A8. 0 sin2 nx dx = π (n ̸= 0)
Particular case B: If α = −π, The above formulas will look as follows:

Rπ
B1. −π cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
Rπ
B2. −π sin nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
Rπ
B3. −π cos mx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
Rπ
B4. −π cos2 nx dx = π (n ̸= 0)
Rπ
B5. −π sin mx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
Rπ
B6. −π sin nx cos nx dx = 0 (n ̸= 0)
Rπ
B7. −π sin mx sin nx dx = 0 (n ̸= m)
Rπ
B8. −π sin2 nx dx = π (n ̸= 0)
4.2 Fourier series expansion in the interval of length

2π
A Fourier series expansion designed to represent a given function f(x) defined over a finite
interval (α, α + 2π), is a sum of terms
1 P∞
f (x) = 2
a0 + n=1 [an cos(n x) + bn sin(n x)]
and the constant coefficients (an , bn ) are
1 Z α+2π
a0 = f (x) dx
π α
1 Z α+2π
an = f (x) cos(n x) dx,
π α
1 Z α+2π
bn = f (x) sin(n x) dx.
π α
gh
Whether or not you are working with a function which is periodic, the Fourier expansion
U Sin
will represent a periodic function for all x, in this case having period 2 π.
LP er
d
rin
Na
Particular Case A: α = 0 Interval is [0, 2π]. The Euler’s formulas for Fourier series ex-
pansion in [0, 2π] are given as:
1 Z 2π
a0 = f (x) dx
π 0
1 Z 2π
π 0
Z 2π
1
π 0
Particular Case B: α = −π Interval is [−π, π]. The Euler’s formulas for Fourier series
expansion in [−π, π] are given as:
1 Zπ
a0 = f (x) dx
π −π
1 Zπ
π −π
1 Z π
π −π
4.2.1 Problems Based on finding Fourier series in the interval of

length 2π
1. Find the Fourier series for f (x) = e−x in the interval 0 < x < 2π.
2. Find a Fourier series to represent x − x2 from x = −π to x = π. Using it also prove

π2 1 1 1 1
that 12
= 12
− 22
+ 32
− 42
+ ...
3. Expand f (x) = x sin x as a Fourier series in the interval 0 < x < 2π.
π2 P∞ n cos nx
4. Prove that x2 = 3
+4 n=1 (−1) n2
, −π < x < π. Hence show that
P 1 π2 P 1 π2
(a) n2
= 6
(b) (2n−1)2
= 8
1 1 1 1 π2 P 1 π4
(c) 12
− 22
+ 32
− 42
+ ··· = 12
(d) n4
= 90
.

1−e2π 1−e2π 1−e2π
1. a0 = π
, an = π
. n21+1 , bn = π
. n2n+1 .
gh
U Sin
2 −4(−1)n −2(−1)n
2. a0 = − 2π3 , an = n2
, bn = n
.
LP er
d
rin
2
3. a0 = −2, an = n2 −1
. (n ̸= 1), a1 = −1/2, bn = 0, (n ̸= 1). b1 = π
Na
4.2.3 Mistakes in Class from which you should learn

In class while finding value of an a mistake was made by me. Therefore, I am finding value
of an only here. The mistake was when we solve it integration of uv (two functions by
integration by parts) we have to substitute limits after solving complete integraion.
Example 4.2.1. Expand f (x) = x sin x as a Fourier series in the interval 0 < x < 2π.
Solution: The fourier series expansion of f is given as

∞
a0 X
f (x) = + (an cos nx + bn sin nx) (4.1)
2 n=1
a0 = −2 (This was correctly done in class)
1 Z 2π 1 Z 2π
an = f (x) cos nxdx = x sin x cos nxdx
π 0 π 0
2π
1
Z Z Z
= x sin x cos nxdx − 1. sin x cos nxdx dx
π 0
2π
1 xZ 1Z
Z
= (sin(1 + n)x + sin(1 − n)x)dx − 1. (sin(1 + n)x + sin(1 − n)x)dx dx
π 2 2 0
" ! Z ! #2π
1 − cos(1 + n)x − cos(1 − n)x − cos(1 + n)x cos(1 − n)x
= x + − − dx
2π (1 + n) (1 − n) (1 + n) (1 − n) 0
" ! !#2π
1 cos(1 + n)x cos(1 − n)x sin(1 + n)x sin(1 − n)x
= −x + + +
2π (1 + n) (1 − n) (1 + n)2 (1 − n)2 0
" ! !! #
1 cos 2(1 + n)π cos 2(1 − n)π sin 2(1 + n)π sin 2(1 − n)π
= −2π + + + −0
2π (1 + n) (1 − n) (1 + n)2 (1 − n)2
! !
1 1 1
= −2π + + (0 + 0) (∵ cos 2mπ = 1; sin 2mπ = 0)
2π (1 + n) (1 − n)
!
1 1
=− +
(1 + n) (1 − n)
−2
= (n ̸= 1)
1 − n2
We have to find a1 separately
1 Z 2π 1 Z 2π
gh
a1 = x sin x cos xdx = x sin 2xdx

π 0 2π 0
U Sin
2π
1
Z Z Z
= x sin 2xdx − 1. sin 2xdx dx
LP er
2π
d
0
rin
2π
1 cos 2x Z − cos 2x

= −x − dx
Na
2π 2 2 0
1 cos 2x sin 2x 2π

= −x +
2π 2 4 0
1 cos 4π sin 4π

= −2π + −0
2π 2 4
1 1

= −2π
2π 2
1
=−
2
In a similar way we will find the value of bn and then we will substitute these values in
equation (4.1).
4.3 Conditions for a Fourier Series Expansion

Drichlet’s Conditions
Any function f (x) can be developed as a Fourier series, provided:
1. f (x) is periodic, single-valued and finite;
2. f (x) has a finite number of discontinuties in any one period;
3. f (x) has at the most finite number of maxima and minima.
4.3.1 Problems on Conditions

1. State giving reasons whether the following cn be expanded in Fourier series in the
interval −π ≤ x ≤ π.
(a) cosecx
(b) sin 1/x
(c) (m + 1)/m, π/(m + 1) < |x| ≤ π/m, m = 1, 2, 3, . . . ∞

gh
U Sin
LP er
4.4 Functions with point of Discontinuity

d
rin
Na
In deriving Euler formulas function f was assumed to be continuous. However Fourier series
is also valid for functions which has finite number of discontinuity as we have seen in the
Dirichlet’s conditions. For instance if function f is discontinuous at c and defined in the
interval (α, α + 2π) as

ϕ(x),

α<x<c
f (x) = 
ψ(x), c < x < α + 2π
∞
f (x+ ) + f (x− ) 1 X
= a0 + [an cos(n x) + bn sin(n x)]
2 2 n=1
1
Z c Z α+2π
a0 = ϕ(x) dx + ψ(x) dx
π α c
1
Z c Z α+2π
an = ϕ(x) cos nx dx + ψ(x) cos nx dx
π α c
1
Z c Z α+2π
bn = ϕ(x) sin nx dx + ψ(x) sin nx dx
π α c
4.5 Problems on functions with discontinuity

1. Find the Fourier series expansion for f (x), if

−π,

−π < x < 0
f (x) = .
x, 0<x<π

Deduce that
1 1 1 π2
+ + + · · · = .
12 32 52 8

0, −π ≤ x < 0

1 sin x 2 P∞ cos 2nx
2. If f (x) = , prove that f (x) = π
+ 2
− π n=1 4n2 −1 . Hence
sin x, 0≤x≤π

show that
1 1 1 1
− + − · · · − ∞ = (π − 2)
1.3 3.5 5.7 4

x, 0≤x≤π

3. Find the Fourier series expansion of f (x) =  . Hence show that
gh
2π − x, π ≤ x ≤ 2π
U Sin
1 1 1 π2
LP er
+ + + · · · = .
d
12 32 52 8
rin
Na




 −1 for −π ≤ x < −π/2

4. Find the Fourier series for the function If f (x) = 0 for −π/2 < x < π/2 .





1 for π/2 < x < π
4.6 Change of the Interval

Formula for Fourier series expansion in the interval (α, α + 2c) is given by
P∞ h i
1 nπ x nπ x
f (x) = 2
a0 + n=1 an cos c
+ bn sin c
1 Z α+2c
a0 = f (x) dx
c α
1 Z α+2c nπ x

an = f (x) cos dx,
c α c
1 Z α+2c nπ x

bn = f (x) sin dx.
c α c
4.6.1 Problems
(a) Find the Fourier series expansion for the function
πx, 0≤x≤1

f (x) = .
π(2 − x),

1≤x≤2
1 1 π2
Deduce that 12
+32
+ 512 + · · · = 8
−x
(b) Expand f (x) = e as Fourier series in the interval (−2, 2).
4.6.2 Hints to Problems

2
(a) a0 = π, an = n2 π
[(−1)n − 1], bn = 0.
4(−1)n sinh 2 2nπ(−1)n sinh 2
(b) a0 = 2 sinh 2, an = 4+(nπ)2
, bn = .
4 + (nπ)2
gh
U Sin
4.7 Even and Odd Fucntions

LP er
d
rin
Definition 4.7.1. A function f (x) is said the be even if f (−x) = f (x). e.g. cos x, sec x, x2 , x4 , . . .
Na
are all even functions. Graphically an even function is symmetrical about y−axis.
A function f is said to be odd if f (−x) = −f (x), e.g. sin x, tan x, x, x3 , x5 , . . . are odd
functions.
If f is even function in interval (−l, l), then
Rl Rl
−l f (x)dx = 2 0 f (x)dx
IF f is odd function in the interval (−l, l), then
Rl
−l f (x)dx = 0
4.7.1 Fourier Series expansion of Even or Odd functions in (−l, l)

1. If f is a even function, then
P∞ h i
1 nπ x nπ x
f (x) = 2
a0 + n=1 an cos c
+ bn sin c
2 Zc
a0 = f (x) dx
gh
c 0
U Sin
2 Zc nπ x

an = f (x) cos dx,
c 0 c
LP er
d
bn = 0
rin
Na
2. If f is a odd function, then
P∞ h i
nπ x
f (x) = n=1 bn sin c
a0 = 0
an = 0
2 Zc nπ x

bn = f (x) sin dx.
c 0 c
4.7.2 Problems
(a) If f (x) = | cos x|, expand f (x) as a Fourier series in the interval (−π, π).
(b) Obtain Fourier series for the function f (x) given by


1 + 2x/π, −π ≤ x ≤ 0,

f (x) =  .
1 − 2x/π, 0≤x≤π
(c) Obtain the Fourier series expansion of f (x) = x2 in (0, π). Hence show that
π2 1 1 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
6 1 2 3

−4 cos nπ
2
, (n ̸= 1), a1 = 0, bn = 0.
gh
(a) a0 = 4/π; an =
π(n2 − 1)
U Sin
(b) a0 = 0, an = n24π2 [1 − (−1)n ], bn = 0.

LP er
d
4
rin
2
(c) π3 + ∞ n
P
n=1 2 (−1) cos nx
n
Na
Chapter 5
Unit 3-6 MCQ
5.1 Double and Triple Integral MCQ

R 5 R x2
1. 0 0 x(x2 + y 2 )dxdy =
56 58 56 58 55 58 54 58
(a) + (b) + (c) + (d) +
3 12 6 24 3 12 6 24
gh
R2R3
2. xy 2 dydx =
U Sin
1 1
LP er
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13

d
rin
R 1 R √x
Na
3. 0 x (x2 + y 2 )dxdy =
(a) 3/31 (b) 3/35 (c) 7/35 (d) 5/31
R 1 R √1+x2 1
4. 0 0 dxdy =
1 + x2 + y 2
π π π π
(a) (b) − (c) (d) −
4 4 2 2
+ y)2 dxdy over the area between y = x2 and y = x. Then I =?

RR
5. I = A (x
R 1 R x2 2
R 1 R x2
(a) 0 y (x + y) dxdy (b) 0 x (x + y)dxdy
R 1 R √y 2
R1Ry
(c) 0 y (x + y) dxdy (d) 0 y 2 (x + y)2 dxdy
RaRbRc 2
6. 0 0 0 (x + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz.
abc 2 abc 3
(a) (a + b2 + c2 ) (b) (a + b3 + c3 )
3 3
abc a2 b 2 c 2
(c) (a + b + c) (d) (a + b + c)
2 2
39
40 Narinder Singh 5. Unit 3-6 MCQ
Rc Rb Ra 2
7. −c −b −a (x + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz.
4 2 12
(a) (a + b2 + c2 ) (b) abc(a2 + b2 + c2 )
3 3
8 1
(c) abc(a2 + b2 + c2 ) (d) (a2 + b2 + c2 )
3 3
R 1 R 1 R 1−x
8. 0 y2 0 xdzdxdy.
(a) 4/35 (b) 1/35 (c) 7/30 (d) 5/30
R a R x R x+y x+y+z
9. 0 0 e 0 dzdxdy.
1 4a 3 2a 3 1 4a 3 2a 3
(a) e + e + ea + (b) e − e + ea +
8 4 8 8 2 8
1 4a 3 2a 3 1 3 4a 3
(c) e − e + ea − (d) e4a − e + ea +
8 4 8 8 4 8
10. Area included between the parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay is

a2 a2 3a2 16a2
gh
(a) (b) (c) (d)

3 16 4 3
U Sin
LP er
xy(x + y)dxdy over the area between y = x2 and y = x.

RR
11. The value of the integral
d
rin
3 47 33 23
Na
(a) (b) (c) (d)

56 56 56 56
1 2
(x + y 2 )dxdy =
RR
12. x2 +y 2 ≤1
π
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/3 (d) 1/2
√
R tan x
13. dx is equal to
sin x cos x
√
√ √ tan x
(a) 2 tan x + c (b) 2 cot x + c (c) +c (d) None of these.
2
R a R √a2 −x2
14. −a 0 dxdy =
(a) 4a (b) 2a (c) 0 (d) None of these.
R0R1
15. 1 0 (x + y)dxdy =
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 2 (d) 0

R1Rx x
16. 0 e dxdy
0 =
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
Ra Rx
17. −a 0 dydx =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
R0R1
18. 1 0 (x + y)dxdy =
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 2 (d) 0
y
R1Rx
19. 0 0 e x dxdy =
1 1
(a) (e − 1) (b) (e + 1) (c) (e − 1) (d) (e + 1)
2 2
R π R a(1−cos θ) 3
20. 0 0 r sin θdrdθ
gh
U Sin
15 4 8 4
(a) a (b) a
16 5
LP er
d
16
rin
(c) a4 (d)
15
Na
R π R 4 sin θ 3
21. 0 2 sin θr drdθ =
(a) 22.5π (b) 22π (c) 10.5π (d) π
R2Rx
22. 0 0 (x + y)dxdy =
(a) −4 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) −3
R 2a R √2ax−x2
23. 0 0 (x + y)dxdy =
R π R 2a cos θ R π/2 R 2a sin θ
(a) 0 0 rdrdθ (b) 0 0 rdrdθ
R π/2 R 2a sin θ
(c) 0 0 rdrdθ (d) None
R π R a(1+cos θ) 2
24. 0 0 r sin θdθdr =
4 3 4 3 1 3
(a) a3 (b) π (c) a (d) a
3 3 3
R 1 R 2−x
25. 0 x2 xydxdy =
3 3 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 8 5 7
R a/2 R √a2 −x2
26. 0 0 dydx =
πa2 πa2
(a) πa2 (b) 8
(c) 4
(d) None
R π/2 R √sin θ
27. 0 0 rdθdr =
1 1
(a) (b) − (c) 1 (d) −1
2 2
Ra Rx
28. −a 0 dydx =
(a) −a (b) a (c) 0 (d) a/2
R 2π R 1 2r
29. 0 dθ 0 e dr =
gh
π 2
(a) (e2 − 1) (b) (e − 1) (c) π(e2 − 1) (d) 2π(e2 − 1)
U Sin
2
LP er
d
30. The transformations x + y = u, y = uv transform the area element dydx into |J|dudv,
rin
Na
where |J| is equal to
(a) 1 (b) u (c) −1 (d) None
R log 8 R log y x+y

31. 1 0 e dxdy =
(a) 8 log 8 + 16 + e (b) 8 log 8 − 16 − e
(c) 8 log 8 − 16 + e (d) log 8 − 16 + e
2
+ y 2 )dxdy =, where D is bounded by y = x and y 2 = 4x.
RR
32. D (x
768 768 708 68

(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 35 35 35
RR 3 x2 y2
33. D x ydxdy =, where D is region enclosed by the ellipse + = 1 in the first
a2 b2
quadrant.
b 2 a4 b 3 a4 ba4 b 2 a2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
24 24 24 24
R 3 R 4x−x2
34. 0 x ydxdy =
54 54 34
(a) (b) (c) (d) 54
7 17 5
R 1 R 10y √
35. 0 y xy − y 2 dxdy =
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 16
R ∞ R ∞ e−y
36. 0 x dydx =
y
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
RR RR
37. f (x, y)dxdy = J f (r, θ)drdθ, where J =
∂(x, y) ∂(r, θ)
(a) r2 (b) (c) (d) r, θ
∂(r, θ) ∂(x, y)
R∞R∞
38. For 0 x f (x, y)dxdy = the change of order of integration is
gh
U Sin
R∞R∞ R∞R∞
(a) 0 0 f (x, y)dxdy (b) 0 0 f (x, y)dxdy
LP er
R∞R∞ R∞Rx
d
(c) f (x, y)dxdy (d) f (x, y)dxdy

rin
0 0 0 0
Na
39. If a circle x2 + y 2 = a2 is rotated about x-axis, the volume generated is

4 3 2 3
(a) πa2 (b) 2πa2 (c) πa (d) πa
3 3
40. The formula of area in polar co-ordinates is

RR RR 2 RR RR 1
(a) dθdr (b) r dθdr (c) rdθdr (d) dθdr
r
41. If A is the area under the curve y = sin x above x−axis in the interval [0, π/4], then
the area included between y = cos x, and x-axis in the interval [0, π/4] is given by
(a) A (b) π/2 − A (c) 1 − A (d) None
42. If A is the area under the curve y = sin x above x−axis such that 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2, then
the area under the curve y = sin 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2, is
(a) A (b) 2A (c) A/2 (d) 1 + A

43. If A is the area under the curve y = cos x, above x-axis, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/3, then the area
under the curve y = cos 2x in the same interval is
√
3
(a) A (b) 2A (c) A/2 (d) A
2
44. The area bounded by the rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 , the axis of x, and the ordinates
x = c and x = 2c is
(a) c2 log 2 (b) c log 2 (c) 2c log 2 (d) None
45. The area bounded by the curve x = 3 + cos θ, y = 4 sin θ, is
(a) 7π (b) 2π (c) 4π (d) None
46. The line which divide the area of curvilinear triangle bounded by y = 2x − x2 , y =
0, x = 1, into two equal areas, is
gh
(a) y = x (b) y = x/3 (c) y = 2x/3 (d) y = 2x/5

U Sin
LP er
d
47. The area bounded by two curves y = x2 , y 2 = x is

rin
Na
(a) 1/3 (b) 2/3 (c) 4/3 (d) None
48. The area enclosed by the curve |x| + |y| = 2 is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) None
49. The area bounded by the line y = x, x-axis and the ordinates x = −1 and x = 2.
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 5/2 (d) None
50. The area of the circle centered at (1, 2) and passing through (4, 6) is
(a) 5π (b) 10π (c) 25π (d) None
51. The area between the parabola y 2 = ax and its latus rectum is
a2 a2 4a2 8a2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 3 3
x2 y 2
52. The area bounded by the ellipse + = 1 is
9 4
(a) 3π (b) 4π (c) 5π (d) 6π
53. The area bounded by the circle x2 + y 2 = 16 is
(a) 15π (b) 16π (c) 17π (d) 18π
RRR
54. The volume of the integral E xyzdxdydz over the domain E bounded by planes
x = 0, y = 0, x + y + z = 1 is
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) df rac1800
20 40 720
RRR
55. The triple integral E dxdydz gives
(a) Volume of the region T (b) Surface area of region T
(c) Area of the region T (d) Density of region T.

gh
U Sin
56. The volume of the solid under the surface az = x2 + y 2 and whose base is the circle
LP er
d
rin
x2 + y 2 = a2 is given as
Na
π πa3 4 3
(a) (b) (c) πa (d) None
2a 2 3
R 1 R z R x+z
57. The value of the integral −1 0 x−z (x + y + z)dydxdz =
(a) 2π (b) 2 (c) −2 (d) 0
R1R1R1
58. 0 0 0 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )dzdydx ==
(a) 1 (b) 1/3 (c) 2/3 (d) 3
59. The volume of the sphere r = 2 is

π 32π
(a) π (b) 32π (c) (d)
3 3
60. The volume of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 25/4, z = 4, z = 0 is
(a) 23π (b) 24π (c) 25π (d) 26π

61. The volume of the cylinder r = 16, z = 0, z = 3 is

768
(a) π (b) 768π (c) 256π (d) 48π
3
62. In spherical coordinates, dxdydz is equal to
(a) rdθdϕdr (b) r sin θdθdϕdr (c) r2 sin θdθdϕdr (d) r2 dθdϕdr
R 1 R x R x+y
63. 0 0 0 dxdydz =
(a) 1 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/4 (d) 1/2

√
R a R √a2 −x2 R a2 −x2 −y 2
64. 0 0 0 dzdydx =
πa3 π 2
(a) 4πa2 (b) (c) 4πa3 (d) a
6 3
R2R3R2
65. The value of the integral 0 1 1 xy 2 zdxdydz is equal to
gh
U Sin
(a) 22 (b) 26 (c) 5 (d) 25

LP er
d
R0R1
rin
66. 1 0 (x + y)dxdy = . . .
Na
R1Rx x
67. 0 e dxdy
0 =
Ans: 1
Ra Rx
68. −a 0 dydx =
Ans: 0
R1Re dydx
69. 0 ex =
log y
Ans: e-1
RaRa xdxdy
70. 0 y =
x2 + y 2
πa
Ans: 4
R1R2
71. 0 2y e2x dxdy =
e4 − 1
Ans:
4
R 1 R √1−x2 2
72. 0 0 y dydx =
π
Ans:
16
Changing the order of integration:
R1Rx
73. 0 0 f (x, y)dydx = . . .
R a R √a2 −x2
74. 0 0 f (x, y)dxdy = . . .
R ∞ R x e−y
75. 0 0 dxdy = . . .
y
R 2 R ex
76. 0 1 dydx = . . .
R π R 2π R 1 2 2
77. 0 0 r (r sin θdθdϕdr)
0 =
4π
Ans:
3
R1 R2 R3
−1 −2 −3 dxdydz is equal to
gh
Ans: 48
U Sin
78. Formula for volume in spherical co-ordinates is

LP er
d
rin
r2 sin θdrdθdϕ.
RRR
Ans: V
Na
R1 R2 R3
79. −1 −2 −3 dxdydz =
Ans: 48
R 4 R x R x+y
80. 0 0 0 zdzdydx =
Ans: 70
R2R1R1 2
81. 1 0 −1 (x + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz =
Ans: 6
5.1.1 Answer Key of 5.1
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a)
5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a)
9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (d)

13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (c)
17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (c)
25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (c)
29. () 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (b)
33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (a)
37. (b) 38. () 39. (c) 40. (c)
41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (a)
45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (c)
49. (c) 50. (c) 51. (c) 52. (d)
53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (a) 56. (b)
57. (d) 58. (a) 59. (d) 60. (c)

gh
U Sin
61. (b) 62. (c) 63. (d) 64. (d)

LP er
d
65. (b)
rin
Na
5.2 Fourier Series

1. The value of constant term in the Fourier series expansion of cos2 x in (−π, π) is
(a) 1 (b) 1/2
(c) π/2 (d) π
2. The value of an in the Fourier series expansion of f (x) = x2 in (−π, π) is
(a) 0 (b) 2π
(c) π/2 (d) π 2 /4
3. The value of an in the Fourier series of f (x) = x − x3 in (−π, π) is

π π
(a) (2 − π 2 ) (b) (2 − π 2 )
2 4
(c) 0 (d) None

sin x , 0≤x≤π

4. The Fourier series of f (x) =  of period 2π is
0 , π ≤ x ≤ 2π
1 1 2 cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x

f (x) = + sin x − + + + ...
π 2 π 1.3 3.5 5.7
1 1 1
then the value of + + + ...
1.3 3.5 5.7
(a) 1 (b) π
(c) 1/2 (d) π/2
π 2 P∞ 4 2

5. The Fourier series in (−π, π) is + n=1 (−1)n 2 cos nx − sin nx then the value
3 n n
1 1 1
of 2 + 2 + 2 + . . . is
1 2 3
π−2 π2
(a) (b)
4 6
2
π π2
gh
(c) (d)
U Sin
8 12
LP er
6. If f (x) = 2x in (0, 4), then the value of a2 in the Fourier series expansion of period 4 is
d
rin
Na
(a) 4 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) 3
7. The root mean square value of f (x) = 1 − x in 0 < x < 1 is

√
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/ 3
√
(c) 1/ 2 (d) 1
P∞ sin nx
8. The Fourier series for f (x) in (0, 2π) is f (x) = n=1 , then the root mean value
n
is
π π
(a) √ (b) √
2 3 3
2
π π
(c) √ (d) √
3 2 3
9. The Fourier series coefficient bn for x sin x in [−π, π] is

(a) 1/2 (b) 0

π π
(c) √ (d)
3 3

−k,

−π < x < 0,
10. The Fourier series for f (x) = is
k, 0<x<π

4k 1 1

f (x) = sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + . . .
π 3 5
1 1 1
then the value of 1 − + − + . . . is
3 5 7
(a) π/6 (b) π 2 /6
(c) π/4 (d) π 2 /4
π 4P cos nx
11. The half range cosine series for f (x) = x in (0, π) is x = − n is odd , then
2 π n2
1 1 1
the value of 2 + 2 + 2 + . . . is
gh
1 3 5
U Sin
π2 π2
LP er
(a) (b)
d
6 8
rin
π2 π
Na
(c) (d)
12 4
π2
12. The half-range cosine series for f (x) = x(π − x) in 0 < x < π is x(π − x) = −
6
cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x 1

+ . . . then the value of ∞
P
2
+ 2
+ 2 n=1 4 =
1 2 3 n
π4 π4
(a) (b)
8 96
π4 π2
(c) (d)
90 90
2
13. The Fourier series of f (x) = x(2l − x) in 0 < x < 2l of period 2l is f (x) = l2 −
3
4 2 P∞ 1 nπx 1 1 1 1

l n=1 2 cos then the value of 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + · · · =
π2 n l 1 2 3 4
π2 π2
(a) (b)
6 8
π2 π2
(c) (d)
12 4
l 4l πx 1 3πx 1 5πx

14. x = − 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + ... in 0 < x < l, f (x + 2l) = f (x),
2 π l 3 l 5 l
1 1 1
then the value of 4 + 4 + 4 + . . .
1 3 5
π2 π4
(a) (b)
32 96
π4
(c) (d) None
90
1
15. If the half-range cosine series for f (x) = (x − 1)2 , 0 < x < 1, is f (x) = +
3
4 P∞ 1 P∞ 1
n=1 2 cos nπx, then the value of n=1 4 is
π n n
π4 π4
(a) (b)
90 96
π2
(c) (d) None
16
5.2.1 Answer Key of 5.1

gh
U Sin
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c)

LP er
d
5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a)

rin
Na
9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (c)
13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a)
5.3 Unit 5 MCQ Limit, Continuity and Differentiation

of Function of several variables
1
1. The value of lim (x + y) sin is
(x,y)→(0,0) (x + y)
(a) Limit does not exits (b) 0 R
(c) 1 (d) -1
√
x+ y
2. The value of lim q is
(x,y)→(0,0) (x2 + y)
(a) Limit does not exits R (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) -1
x2 y
3. The value of lim is
(x,y)→(0,0) (x4 + y 2 )
1
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) Does not exist R
x. sin(x2 + y 2 )
(x,y)→(0,0) (x2 + y 2 )
(a) 0 R (b) 1
(c) -1 (d) Does not exist
8x2 y
x→1y→1 (x2 + y 2 + 5)
(a) 3/7 (b) 8/5
(c) 8/7 R (d) None
4xy
gh

(x,y)→(1,2) 6x2 + y 2
U Sin
(a) 4/5 R (b) 2/3

LP er
d
rin
(c) 3/10 (d) None of these

Na
2x2 + y
(x,y)→(1,0) 4x − y
(a) 3/2 (b) 1/2
(c) 1 (d) None
2x2 + y
(x,y)→(0,0) 4x2 − y
(a) -1 (b) 1/2
(c) 1 (d) Does not exist.
9.
∂ 2u
10. If u = x2 + y 2 then the value of is equal to
∂x∂y
(a) 0 R (b) 2
(c) 2x + 2y (d) yxy−1

∂u
11. If u = y x , then is
∂x
(a) xy x−1 (b) 0
(c) y x log y (d) Does not exist.

!
x2 ∂u ∂u
12. If u = log , then the value of x +y is
y ∂x ∂y
(a) 2u (b) u
(c) 0 (d) 1
13. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, then

∂x ∂r ∂x
(a) = (b) = 0.
∂r ∂x ∂θ
∂x ∂x 1
(c) =0 (d) =
∂r ∂r ∂r/∂x
gh
∂u
U Sin
14. u = y x then is
∂y
LP er
d
(a) xy x−1 (b) y x log y

rin
Na
(c) 0 (d) None
∂u
15. u = xy then is
∂y
(a) 0 (b) xy log x
(c) xy x−1 (d) yxy−1
∂r
16. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, then is equal to
∂x
(a) sec θ (b) sin θ
(c) cos θ (d) cosecθ
17. If u = tan−1 (x + y), then (ux − uy ) equals
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) −1 (d) sin x cos y

∂P
18. If P = r tan θ, then equal to
∂r
(a) tan θ (b) sec2 θ
1
(c) tan θ + r sec2 θ (d) tan θ
2
∂Q
19. If Q = r cot θ, then is equal to
∂r
(a) cot θ (b) −cosec2 θ
1
(c) cot θ − rcosec2 θ (d) cot θ
2
∂x
20. If f (x, y, z) = 0, then the value of . equal to
∂y
(a) 1 (b) −1
(c) 0 (d) None

gh
dy
U Sin
21. If f (x, y) = 0, then is equal to

dx
LP er
∂f
d
∂f
rin
∂y
(a) ∂x
Na
(b)
∂f ∂f
∂y ∂x
∂f ∂f
∂y
(c) − (d) − ∂x
∂f ∂f
∂x ∂y
x2 y 2 z 2
22. If f (x, y, z) = + + then xfx + yfy + zfz is
y 2 z 2 x2
(a) 0 (b) −1
(c) 1 (d) 2
∂r
23. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ then is equal to
∂x
(a) sec θ (b) sin θ
(c) cos θ (d) cosecθ

∂u ∂u
24. If u = ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 then x +y is equal to
∂x ∂y
(a) 2u (b) u
(c) 0 (d) None
25. If P = s tan θ, q = s cot θ, then
∂P
(a) is equal to
∂S
1
(a) tan θ (b) sec2 θ (c) tan θ + s sec2 θ (d) tan θ
2
∂q
(b) is equal to
∂s
1
(a) cot θ (b) −cosec2 θ (c) cot θ−scosec2 θ (d) cot θ
2
∂s
(c) is equal to
gh
∂P
U Sin
1 1
(a) cot θ (b) cos2 θ (c) (d) cot θ
LP er
2
tan θ + s sec θ 2
d
rin
Na
∂s
(d) is equal to
∂q
1 1
(a) tan θ (b) − sin2 θ (c) 2
(d) tan θ
cot θ + s sec θ 2
!
x
26. If u = f then
y
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
(a) x −y =0 (b) x +y =0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
(c) x +y =u (d) x +y =1
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2
2∂ u
27. If u = x3 ex/y then x2 + 2xy + y = 0 is equal to
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
(a) 3u (b) 6u
(c) 9u (d) −u
 2
x + xy
(x, y) ̸= (0, 0)


28. If f (x, y) =  x+y then fx (0, 0) equals
0

(x, y) = (0, 0)
(a) −1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 1/2
∂z ∂z l
29. If z = F (xi y k ) satisfies the equation x − 2y = 0, then equals
∂x ∂y k
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
∂z ∂z b
30. If z = g(xa y b ) satisfies the equation 2x − 3y = 0 then satisfies
∂x ∂y a
(a) 3b2 = 4a2 (b) 3a2 = 4b2
(c) 4b2 = 9a2 (d) 9b2 = 4a2

gh
U Sin
31. If z = f (x + ct) + g(x − ct), then

LP er
d
rin
(a) ztt = zxx (b) zt = zx

Na
(c) ztt = c2 zxx (d) zxx = c2 ztt
∂x
32. If u = x2 − y 2 , v = xy then equals
∂u
x y
(a) (b)
2(x2 + y 2 ) 2(x2 + y 2 )
y x
(c) (d)
(x + y 2 )
2 (x + y 2 )
2
∂z ∂z j
33. If z = f (xi y j ) satisfies the equation x − 2y = 0, then equals
∂x ∂y k
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
!
x ∂x
34. If u = sin−1 then equals to
y ∂u
1 1
(a) √ 2 (b) √ 2
y − x2 x − y2
√
(c) 1 − x2 (d) None
!
y ∂u

35. If u = tan−1 then equals to
x ∂y
1 1
(a) √ 2 (b) √ 2
y − x2 x − y2
√
(c) 1 − x2 (d) None
5.4 Double and Triple Integral

R3R2
1. 0 1 xy(x + y)dxdy =
(a) 24 (b) 16 (c) 42 (d) 21
RaRb 2
2. 0 0 (x + y 2 )dxdy =
gh
U Sin
a2 b2 (a2 + b2 ) (a2 + b2 )2 (a + b)(a2 + b2 ) ab(a2 + b2 )

(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
LP er
d
rin
R 1 R √y
3. (x2 + y 2 )dxdy =
Na
0 y
(a) 2/35 (b) 3/35 (c) 7/35 (d) 1/35
R 1 R x2 y/x
4. 0 0 e dxdy =
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 0 (d) 2
R1R2
5. 0 0 (x + y)dxdy =
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1
R a R √a2 −x2 2
6. 0 0 x ydxdy =
(a) a/15 (b) 3a/15 (c) a3 /15 (d) a2 /15
R 2 R √2x−x2
7. 0 0 xdxdy =
(a) π (b) π/3 (c) π/2 (d) π/4

√
R1R 1−y 2
8. 0 0 4ydydx =
(a) 1/3 (b) 7/3 (c) 2/3 (d) 4/3
R 2 R 3y
9. 1 0 ydydx =
(a) 7 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 5

√
RaR a2 −y 2 √
10. 0 0 a2 − x2 − y 2 dxdy =
(a) πa2 /3 (b) πa2 /6 (c) πa2 /4 (d) πa2 /5
R 1 R √y
11. 0 y (x2 + y 2 )dydx =
(a) 2/17 (b) 3/13 (c) 3/35 (d) 2/35
R π/2 R π
12. 0 π/2 sin(x + y)dydx =
gh
U Sin
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3

LP er
d
rin
Na
Na
rin
d
LP er
U Sin
gh
Na
rin
d
LP er
U Sin
gh
Na
rin
d
LP er
U Sin
gh
Na
rin
d
LP er
U Sin
gh
Na
rin
d
LP er
U Sin
gh
Na
rin
d
LP er
U Sin
gh
Na
rin
d
LP er
U Sin
gh
Na
rin
d
LP er
U Sin
gh
Na
rin
d
LP er
U Sin
gh
Na
rin
d
LP er
U Sin
gh
Na
rin
d
LP er
U Sin
gh

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LECTURE NOTES

Lecture notes for Graduation/Post-graduation Students

1.4 Solving Linear system of Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.4.2 Hints to Problems 1.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.5 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.5.1 Hints of Problems 1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.6 Cayley-Hamilton Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.6.1 Problems: Verification of Caylay Hamilton theorem . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.7.3 Hints to Problems 4.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

5 Unit 3-6 MCQ 39

5.1 Double and Triple Integral MCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

5.1.1 Answer Key of 5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

1.1 Determinant of a Matrix

1.1.1 Hints 1.1

1.2 Elementary Row Operation

1. (Ri ↔ Rj ) Interchange of any two rows.

2. (Ri → kRj , k ̸= 0) Multiplication of all the elements of a row by a non-zero

1.2.1 Practice Problems Based on Elementary Row operations

1.2.2 Hints 1.2.1

1.3 Echelon Form and Rank of Matrix

2. Every minor of order r + 1, if any vanishes.

The rank of a matrix A is denoted by ρ(A).

Definition 1.3.2: Echelon Form

2. The first non-zero entry in non-zero row is one.

3. The zero rows of A occurs below all the non-zero rows of A.

The rank of a matrix A is denoted by ρ(A) = number of non-zero rows in echelon

1.3.1 Problems of Finding Rank

your answer is same!)

1.3.2 Hints 1.3.1

(a) ρ(A1 ) = 3. (b) ρ(A2 ) = 3.

(c) ρ(A3 ) = 3. (d) ρ(A4 ) = 3.

(a) rank = 3 (b) rank = 3

1.4 Solving Linear system of Equations

2. Does the following system of equations possess a non-zero solution?

3. Find the value of k so that the equations

(a) unique solution

4. Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix method:

5. Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix method:

1.4.2 Hints to Problems 1.4.1

2. No. Only solution is zero.

5. (a) Unique solution (2, −1, 1). (b) x = 11/5, y = −4/5, z = 0.

(c) Inconsistent System. (d) Infinitely many. x = − 37 k + 17

1.5 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors of a Matrix

number λ is called an eigenvalue of A iff there exists a non-zero n × 1 column matrix

Following theorem provide a way for finding eigenvalues:

Theorem 1.5.1. λ is an eigenvalue of matrix A iff det(A − λI) = 0.

Remark 1.5.1. The equation det(A − λI) = 0 is called characteristic polynomial or

1. Find the characteristic equation and eigenvalues of the following matrices:

1.5.1 Hints of Problems 1.5

(a) λ = 0, 5. (b) −λ3 + 13λ − 12 = 0.λ = 1, 3, −4

(e) λ = −1, −1, 2.

1.6 Cayley-Hamilton Theorem

Remark 1.6.1. The characteristics equation of a matrix square matrix A is |A − λI| = 0.

1.6.1 Problems: Verification of Caylay Hamilton theorem

1.6.2 Hints to 1.6

(b) −λ3 + 13λ − 12 = 0.λ = 1, 3, −4

(c) λ3 + 3λ2 − λ + 3I = 0 (d) λ = 0, 3, 15.

(e) λ = −1, −1, 2.

1.6.3 Problems Finding inverse using Cayley Hamilton theorem