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EFFECTS OF SILICON ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF C-Mn

ALL-WELD-METAL DEPOSITS.

Article in Metal Construction · July 1986

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Efhcts of silicon
on the microstructure and properties
of C-Mn all-weld-metal deposits
Silicon, as a major deoxidant in ferritic weld metal, is an essential constituent of manual metal arc
(MMA) electrodes, preventing porosity and improving weldability. G NlEvansdescribes the results of a
detailed microstructural examination into effects of varying silicon conrenr Detween 0.2-0.90/0, and
discusses the interrelationship of microstructure and properties.

The investigation described in this paper Weld preparation

forms part of a continuing programme to The joint geometry was that specified in
evaluate the factors affecting the mecha- ISO 2560. Weldins was carried out in the 500
nical properties of multi-run manual metal flat position, and tfiree weld beads per
r-a Twenty-seven A
arc welds. Previous work examined effects layer were deposited.
\\-'- of carbon and manganeser'2 as well as the runs were required to fill the individual E
influence of stress relievings and of joints. Direct current (electrode positive)
i 400
normalising.a In the previous work, the was employed, using 170A, at2lV giving a c
silicon level was standardised, but in this nominal heat input of I kJ/mm. The I oA
E-
*-?
work, the role of silicon up to a level of interpass temperature was standardised at 5 '.FT
:
almost lo/o is assessed. 200'c. ac
Although silicon,, as the major 3oo
trD - -E
deoxidant in ferritic weld metal, has been Heat treatment
the subject of extensive published work,s The deposits were tested in the as-welded 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
few attempts have been made to inter- condition and after stress relieving3 for 2hr Silicon in weld, 7o

relate microstructure with properties. Two at 580'C. In the case of the as-welded
1 Effect of silicon on weld metal oxygen
content.
exceptions, where metallographic tech- condition, the tensile specimens were
niques have been applied, are the study by given a hydrogen removal treatment at
Widgery6 on COz-shielded weld metal and 250oC for 14hr.
that by AbsonT on submerged-arc
deposits. In both instances, however, only Mechanical testing 500
the top bead was considered. A need still Two sub-size all-weld-metal tensile E
o-
o-
existed for a study of silicon in multi-run specimens (Minitrac) were machined and
MMA welds where a high degree of tested for each of the different deposits. !o
recrystallisation2 is encountered. Also, approximately 35 Charpy V notch = /.oo
,E
specimens were tested to obtain a full C
transition curve. o
g)
x
EXPERIMENTAL o
'.--Electfodes RBSULTS 300
Low hydrogen, iron powder type Chemical composition
electrodes-coded A, B, C and D-were Chemical analyses of the 16 all-weld-metal
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
prepared as in previous work.r The deposits studied are given in Table 1. A Si*Mn / 3.8
manganese content of the coverings was reasonable balance was achieved, the drift 2 Effect of silicon and manganese on weld
varied to yield deposited metals for the four distinct silicon and manganese metal oxygen content.
containing 0.6, 1.0, 1.4 and 1.80/oMn, levels being slight. The sulphur and
respectively. phosphorus contents were low throughout
At each of these manganese levels as in previous workr-3 and the nitrogen
0.20%s i
different amounts of ferro-silicon were level is approximately constant. The
added to the coatings to produce four oxygen content, ofl the other hand, varies E
500
nominal levels of silicon in the deposited systematically, thus confirmingt the o-
o-
metals-namely 0.2,0.4,0.6 and 0.90/oSi. In deoxidation potential of both silicon and Io
addition, the weld metal carbon coptent manganese in the electrode coating. 3
was balanced with that of manganosei, On plotting oxygen content against weld
g 4oo
c
The core wire diameter of the 16 batches metal silicon (Fie. 1), a decreasing trend o
(tl
r0.61%
of experimental electrodes thus prepared was exhibited with a wide scatter band. x
o
was 4mm and the coating factor (D/d) was Regression of the data gave the following
1.68. equation: 300

[0] ppm:541-165si-43.5Mn ...tl1

0 2 L 6 g r0
G M Evans, BEng, PhD, CEng, MIM, or alternatively: MnlSi rotio
FWeldl is Chief Metallurgist with Welding 3 Weld metal oxygen plotted against Mn/Si
[0] ppm:541-165(Si+F)
' I2l ratio.
Industries Oerlikon Bilhrle Ltd, Zurich. 3.8',

43BR METAL CONSTRUCTION JULY 1986

 A reasonable fit was then obtained by Metallography micrographs for the extremes, i.e. 0.2 and
plotting oxygen content against Si+Mn/ Using transverse sections, detailed in Fig. 4-7, for a Mn level ol 1.4010.
0.90/oSi,
3.8 (Fie. 2). examination was carried out on the top
However, a complex situation was beads and on the adjacent supercritically
As-deposited weld metal
revealed on attempting to plot oxygen reheated heat affected zones., as described
The top beads of weldments A and C were
content against the deposit Mn/Si ratio Previously. r-'l
(Fig. 3), the trends indicating solely that examined at The Welding Institute and
The slight changes incurred because of
silicon and manganese have individual the silicon content, as observed in the light
the microstructural components were
quantified according to the scheme
effects. microscope,, are illustrated in typical proposed by Abson and Dolby.'r The point
count results obtained for the low
manganese level (A) are plotted in Fig. 8,
and show a trend for acicular ferrite to
increase with increasing silicon at the
expense ofpro-eutectoid ferrite and ferrite
with aligned M-A-C. Ar the higher
manganese level (C) the observed trend
was much less (Fig. 9), as confirmed by
comparison of the extent of ferrite veining
in the two photomicrographs shown in
Fig. 4.
'Although the volume fraction ol
acicular ferrite remained essentially
unaltered, the aspect ratio changed (Fig.
5), with a concurrent increase in the
amount of dark etching microphases.
Examination of carbon extraction replicas
(Fig. 10) ofequivalent regions revealed the
retained phases to be either austenite or
martensite/austenite (M/A). The micro-
phases, at the higher silicon level, were
generally triangular in form and the
overall impression was that the lerrite
laths were more angular in shape. During
stress relieving of the weldments3 solute
supersaturation was reduced by
nucleation and growth ol carbide
precipitates (Fig. I l).

4 Top beads (columnar) for 1.Ao/oMn: 6 Coarse grained regions (1 .40loMn): a) Reheated weld metal
a) O.2o/oSi; b) O.9oloSi. O.2oloSi; b) O.9oloSi.
Examination of the high temperature
reheated regions, using the light micro-
scope, revealed only that the ferrite
envelopes delineating the prior austenite
grain boundaries became slightly better
defined as the silicon content was
increased to 0.90/o (Fig. 6).
Optical examination of the low
temperature reheated regions, however,
did reveal a difference with silicon
content, namely an increase in the amount
of microphase (Fig. 7). Average grain size
measurements, however, failed to indicate
a perceptible change with increasing
silicon (Table 2).
The change in form of the microphases
is illustrated by the replicas shown in Fig.
12. At 0.20loSi, grain boundary carbides and
a degenerate form of pearlite, bainite/
pearlite (B/P) are seen to co-exist with
martensite/austenite (M/A), whereas at
0.90/oSi the latter phase is predominant.
The volume fractions of the phases,
determined using a scanning electron
microscope (SEM) at a magnification of
5000, are represented in Fig.13: a
substantial change is observed. The
increasing volume lraction of M/A more
than counterbalances the concurrent
reduction in volume lraction of cementite
5 Acicular ferrite in the columnar regions for 7 Fine grained regions
film and B/P. Equivalent results for
(1 .4o/oMnl: a) O.2o/oSi;
1 .4o/oMn; a) O.2o/oSi; b) O.9oloSi. b) O.9oloSi. variable manganese are plotted in Fig. 14.
Here, although the volume fractions of

METAL CONSTRUCTION JULY 1986 439R

440R METAL CONSTRUCTION JULY 1986
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METAL CONSTRUCTION JULY 1986 441R

both M/A and B/P increase,, the total Table 1 . Chemical composition (average, AW+SR), wto/o
change is less than for different silicon
levels. Avera g e
silicon M n/Si
content Electrode Mn Si O, ppm N, ppm ratio
Hardness testing
Average hardness values obtained for the o.20 A 0.060 0.60 0.20 0.006 0.008 501 55 3.OO
last bead to be deposited in each case are B 0.063 0.99 0.20 0.006 o.oo7 457 65 4.9 5
plotted in Fig. 15. The hardness increases c 0.064 1.40 0.20 0.006 o.oo7 436 55 7.OO
with increasing silicon but in a non-linear D 0.064 1 .82 0.1 9 0.006 o.oo7 443 70 9.60
manner. The best fit equation for the data
was found to be:
o.37 A 0.070 0.66 0.38 0.007 o.oo8 452 1.74
B 0.065 1.O4 0.38 0.007 o.oo7 419 2.7 4
C 0.066 1 .41 0.36 0.006 0.008 415 3.71
DPN: 07+56M n+ I 58Si-57Si2-39MnSi
1 D 0.067 1.80 0.35 0.006 o.oo8 406 5.1 4
(R2-0.97) ...t31
o.61 A o.065 0.65 0.61 0.007 0.007 405 1.06
Hardness traverses along the centre line B 0.o62 1.03 0.63 0.006 0.OO7 394 1.63
c o.o7 3 1.44 0.62 0.006 0.007 366 2.32
of deposits welded with electrode C, at the D o.o68 1.78 0.59 0.005 0.OO7 378 3.O2
two extremes of silicon, are plotted in Fig.
l6 and show that the hardness difference o.94 A 0.070 0.64 0.95 0.007 0.oo8 351 55 o.67
of approximately 30DPN between the top B 0.065 0.99 0.95 0.006 0.009 350 50 1.O4
beads is reflected throughout the bulk of c 0.063 1.38 0.93 0.005 0.008 343 50 1.48
the weldments. A greater variation is D 0.064 1 .7 5 0.92 0.006 0.007 298 60 1.90
observed in the higher silicon deposit.
t

Mechanical properties
Tensile Table 2 Grain size results (electrode Cl
Tensile test data al.e presented in Table 3.
Si, o/o Mean linear grain intercept, pm
{ .zo 0.9%si
,g
For the as-welded condition, the following o *15
' regression equations were derived:
t- 0.6%si
o.20 4.8 tn

0.36 5.4 E "10 4.2%5.

-yield strength (N/mm2): 0.62 4.8 o
r- +5
d r,:293+9 1 Mn+228 S i - l22si2 t4l 0.93 4.9 o
(R2_0.97) EO -l-..
0.4%si
=
Etr
O -J
-tensile strength (N/mm2): E
dn:365+89Mn+169Si-44Si2 . ..t51 b -to
o
(R2_0.99). 23 Effect of manganese on the lateral shift at
1 OOJ (different silicon contents).
Mongonese in weld, o/o

For the stress relieved condition, the

equivalent regressions were:

corresponding to an arbitrary level of 100J

-yield strength (N/mm2):
dE:288+91Mn+95Si-l0si2 . . .t6l is plotted for both test conditions. On lolppm:588-53(tsil+Po ) ...tel
(R2_0.96) reconsidering the same data as a function
of weld metal manganese content (Fig.22)
-tensile strength (N/mm2): a reverse trend is exhibited up to The deoxidation potential of silicon is
dn:344+89Mn+2l2si-79si2 ...t71' approximately 1.50/oMn. thus between 3.8 and 4.0 times greater
(R2_0.99). The lateral shift incurred as a result of than that of manganese. The atomic
stress relieving is plotted in Fig. 23 for the weights of Si and Mn are 28 and 55
In addition to manganese and silicon, an' 100J energy level. In accord with the effect respectively, giving a ratio of 'oxygen
S i2 factor was found to be significant. achieved for variable carbon content,r equivalents' of 3.9. Wolstenholmee has
Hence,, on plotting ultimate tensile stress relieving was found to be beneficial also applied this concept to weld metal
strength, for example, against weld metal for impact properties at the low end of the oxygen content, giving the equivalents of
silicon content (Fig.J7), non-linear compositional range and harmful at the the major deoxidants as:
relationships are observed. In contrast, the other extreme.
same data plotted as a function of tSil [Mn] tril [10]
manganese content show straight line DISCUSSION t4 56 24
relationships (Fig. 18). \ A natural consequence of varying the
:
amount of ferro-silicon in the covering of On plotting oxygen [O] against the [Mn/
Impact basic electrodes is that both silicon ISi] and Sil ratio of the deposit a complex pattern
The Charpy V notch impact curves oxygen [O] in the weld metal change. An was exhibited (Fig. 3). Thus, contrary to
obtained for deposits in the as-welded and identical situation occurs with regard to other worko this does not seem to be a
in the stress relieved condition a1e manganese [Mn] and the following re- compositional factor which could be
l9 and 20, respectively.
presented in Fig. lationship applies: expected to correlate directly with
The same general trend is exhibited inclusion volume fraction.
throughout, the upper shelf being lolppm:541-165(tsil*ff) . . t8l In the present work, the carbon and
depressed and the curves being laterally manganese contents were successfully
displaced to higher temperatures as the balanced at each specific silicon level. The
silicon content increased. The extent to Similarly, on reverting to the amount of drift in weld metal oxygen, however, was
which silicon adversely affected this silicon [Si] and manganese [Mn] available not counterbalanced and the subsequent
displacement is illustrated in Fig. 21, in the coating, the following regression findings could well be affected by this
where the Charpy V notch temperature was found: limitation. On the other hand, it was felt

442R METAL CONSTRUCTION JULY 1986

 Table 3 Tensile data less tough than 0.30/oSi. Conversely, John
etalti report that silicon additions in the
As-welded Stress relieved
Average
range 0. l4-0.630/o progressively lowered
silicon oE, oR, dE, on the impact values of the same type of
content, o/o Electrode N,/rnm2 N/mmz El,o/o RA,o/o N/mmz N/mmz El,o/o RA,o/o material. This apparent anomaly has been
considered by Boniszewski, rl who states
o.20 A 391 453 34.0 79.7 365 440 37.2 79.5 that with manganese and other deoxidants
B 424 483 32.6 7 9.7 399 470 35.0 80.6 present, there need not be a detectable
c 451 51 3 31.8 80.6 421 503 31 .2 78.8
D 4s7 551 29.0 79.6 466 544 29.2 78.8 optimum for silicon. If there is a peak, then
it may be so far to the left that deteriora-
0.37 A 423 491 34.2 79.7 390 469 35.2 80.6 tion of toughness is observed with any
B 462 518 30.2 80.6 430 502 32.O 80.6 further addition. This appears to be so in
c 494 548 30.6 78.8 446 535 31.8 78.8 the present work. However, as further
D 533 591 28.6 78.8 488 563 29.4 7 6.9
stated by Boniszewski,, it is necessary in
practice to have at least 0.20loSi in the weld
0.61 A 444 505 33.2 78.8 396 500 33.0 7 3.O
metal to prevent the likelihood of porosity
B 470 534 30.6 7 9.7 419 524 33.4 7 9.7
c 51 9 582 29.O 76.9 463 571 31 .4 7 6.0 and to have a usable electrode.
D 559 612 28.8 75.9 510 606 28.2 7 5.0 The Mn/Si ratio concept, as proposed
by Korber and Oelsenrs for steel making,
0.94 A 47 6 548 28.2 7 3.O 439 545 30.4 7 5.0 has been extensively propagated in the
B 485 570 29.2 77.O 447 552 31 .4 77.O
c 51 5 603 28.6 77 .9 495 596 29.6 76.0 annals of welding metallurgy. However,
D 559 639 28.8 76.9 537 629 29.0 76.0 contrary to the findings of Bornro for
manual metal arc welds and Widgery6 for
COz welds, no direct correlation was found
in the present case between weld metal
oxygen content and the Mn/Si ratio. Also,
\"- that an attempt to counteract the drift, by however, they also included an interaction rather incongruously, upper shelf values
interchanging silicon with other factor (Mn.Si) but this was not found to be were lowered with increasing silicon
deoxidants, such as aluminium or significant in the present case. content even t,hough the weld metal
magnesium, would have introduced Silicon had an adverse effect on Charpy oxygen decreased. Finally, since a reversal
additional complications. V properties, the upper shelf being in impact properties occursr-3 when Si is
Silicon was found to increase the depressed and the curves being displaced maintained constant and Mn is varied, the
acicularity of as-deposited weld metal and to higher temperatures. Manganese, up to Mn/Si ratio concept is logically invali-
to promote formation of microphases. 1.50/0, on the other hand, had the reverse dated and a microstructural explanation is
Both of these features have been noted by effect on displacement, as seen on preferred.
AbsonT for
single run submerged-arc comparison of Fig. 2l and 22. Thus, by
weldments. Contrary to the findings of contrastr it appears in the case of silicon
Abson,T however, refinement of the that the two major embrittling pheno- CONCLUSIONS
acicular ferrite did not occur. The aspect mena, namely solid-solution hardening For ISO 2560 type deposits, welded with
ratio, in fact, increased and examination in and increasing amounts of second phase, basic iron powder electrodes of a specific
the SEM revealed the presence of parallel were not counterbalanced by the positive slag base type, the following occurred on
laths, reminiscent of ferrite with aligned influence of grain refinement. At the increasing the silicon content:
M-A-C, but on a finer scale. In addition, optimal manganese level, however, a
the increasing proportion of retained certain tolerance for silicon existed and 1 Weld metal oxygen decreased.
austenite and M/A resulted in the laths values up to could well be accepted in
0.50/o
appearing more angular in shape. Grain the interest of welding performance. 2 The amount of acicular ferrite in as-
refinement was also not an obvious In accord with previous work,3 stress deposited metal increased.
feature of the reheated regions. Silicon, relieving decreased the strength of the
however, did increase the amount of deposits and laterally shifted th'e Charpy V 3 The aspect ratio of the acicular ferrite
\- second phase in the fine grained equiaxed curves. At low concentrations of changed and an increasing amount of
region; cementite film and bainite/ manganese and silicon, heat treatment second phase v/as retained.
pearlite being successively replaced by was found to enhance notch toughness,
martensite/austenite. In comparison with whereas at high concentrations the reverse 4 Although grain size in the low
silicon, manganese had less of a tendency occurred. A
balance is,
once again, temperature reh eated region remained
to promote M/A and, although grain indicated whereby relaxation, precipita- unchanged, the amount of second phase
boundary cementite film was eliminated, tion and carbide spheroidisation are increased.
BlP still continued to develop. counteracted by both elements, because of
The tensile properties achieved varieci the increased development of grain 5 The morphology of these second phases
non-linearly with respect to silicon, the boundary cementite particles.3 The degree changed, cementite film and B/P being
relationships being in the form: of degradation after stress relieving was replaced by M/A.
such that manganese was optimised at
d i2) t11l 1.50/o over the whole of the cxperimental 6 The hardness increased non-linearly.
-a*b(Mn)+c(Si)-d(S
silicon range.
The hardness of the as-deposited weld Sakakiro studied very low manganese 7 The tensile parameters increased non-
metal also increased non-linearly. deposits and reported that while linearly.
Identical trends have been obtained by deoxidation proceeds, silicon raises the
Sakakir0 and it is presumed that the upper shelfand shifts thetransition curves 8 The notch toughness deteriorated to an
strengthening mechanism is governed by to lower temperatures. After completion extent dependent on the manganese
solid solution hardening, microstructure of deoxidation, a steady state is reached content.
and second phase particles. A negative Si2 and increases above 0.40loSi in the deposit
factor is also incorporated in the cause a deterioration in toughness. 9 A silicon content of up to 0.50/o can be
mathematical models proposed by Herrera et alt? confrrmed the effect for tolerated when the manganese content is
Musiyachenko and Kasatkin. t t For UTS, E 8018-Cl type weld metal,0.loloSi being optimised.

METAL CONSTRUCTION JULY 1986 443R

Acknowledgements 7 Abson D J: 'A study of the influence of C part III'. The Metallurgist and Materials
The author is indebted to Dr A R Jones, and Si on the microstructure and toughness Tech no I ogist 197 9 697 -7 05.
lormerly of The Welding Institute, for of submerged arc welds'. Welding Institute
Members Repo rt 68/ 1978/M, July 1978. 15 Korber F and Oelsen W: 'Die Grundlagen
conducting the metallographic part of the
der Desoxydation mit Mangan und Silizium'.
investigation. Also, sincere thanks are
extended to Dr R C Cochrane, of the British 8 Wolstenholme D A: 'Reactions involving Mitt. Kaiser-Wilhelm-lnst. f. EisenJbrschung
oxygen between g&S, metal and slag during 1933 t5 271-309.
Steel Corporation, for the exacting work of
counting the second phases in the reheated welding with basic electrodes'. Int conf on
'Trends in steels. and consumables for 16 Born K: 'Zusammenseta)ng und Form
regions of the deposits. nichtmetallischer Einschli.isse in Lichtbo-
welding,' London, Nov 1978, paper 23,123'
genschweissungen'. S/a hl und Eisen 195474
134.
References 822-83r.
I Evans G M: 'The effect of carbon on the 9Abson D J and Dolby R E: 'A scheme for the
microstructure and properties of C-Mn all- quantitative description of ferritic weld metal
weld metal deposits'. IIW Doc. II-4.-546-81. microstructures'. IIW Doc. IX-J-29-80.
2 Evans G M :'The eflect of'manganese on the 10 Sakaki H: 'Effect of alloying elements on
METCON FILE
m icrostructu re and properties of C-M n all- notch toughness of basic weld metal,, report 1: Author Evans G M
weld metal deposits'. IIW Doc. ll-A-432-77. effect of silico n'. J Jap Weld Soc 1959 28 858- Title Effects of silicon on the microstructure
863. (WI trans 235, Oct 1968.) and properties of C-Mn all-weld-metal
3 Evans G M: 'The effect of stress relieving on deposits
the microstructure and properties of C-Mn 11 Musiyachenko V F and Kasatkin O G: 'Cal- Reference Metal Construction 1 986 18 (71
all-weld metal deposits'. llW Doc. II-A-583- culating the optimum alloying of the weld 438R-4 44R
83. Mechanical and microstructural tests were
metal when welds are made in high-strength
low-alloy steels' . Autom Weld L977 30 (1 1) 12- conducted on weld metal specimens made by
4 Evans G M: 'The effect of heat treatment on
17. o MMA welding (DCEP, three beads per layer,
the microstructure and properties of C-Mn 27 runs per weld) with low hydrogen iron
all-weld metal deposits'. IIW Doc. II-A-605- 12 Herrera R et ,al: 'Influence of silicon powder electrodes with levels of manganese
84. content on mechanical properties and and ferrosilicon in the coatings adjusted to
microstructure of an AWS E 8018-C1 type give 1 6 different compositions characterised
5 Han nerz N E: 'The influence of silicon on by four manganese levels (0.6- 1 .80/oMn) and
the mechanical properties and on the weld- electrode weld metal'. IIW Doc. II-A-598-83. four silicon levels (O.2-O.90/oSi). Weld metal
ability of mild and high tensile structural specimens were tested as-welded and after
steels. (A literature survey)'. IIW Doc. IX- 13 John R, Kemp P R and Welland W G: stress relieving to determine tensile
l r 69-80. 'Welding structural and pressure vessel steels properties, Charpy impact toughness, oxygen
for low temperature applications'. Metal content as a function of Si and Mn levels, and
6 Widgery D J: 'Deoxidation practice and Construction 1976 8 (11) 488-492. microstructure. The interrelationships
toughness of mild steel weld metal'. Welding
between compositions, mechanical proper-
ties, and microstructure are discussed.
Research International 1974 4 (2) 54-80 and 14 Boniszewski T: 'Manual metal arc-
t97s s Q) l-39. welding-old process, new developments,

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. ',l00 AMP OUTPUT Special sizes available to order, 3.88", 5" I T" width
. {50 AMP PEAK PULSE Any length to 375'
. SLOPES BEMEEN CURRENT LEVELS Asbestos-f ree material, use to 325 F.
. REAL TIME OVERRIDES
. 420 VAC AND 240 VAC INPUT Dimetrics U.K. FULL RANGE OF PIPE WORKING TOOLS AVAILABLE
. MICRO PROCESSOR CONTROLLED _ 335 Wolron Summit Centre
g-'4g^".
. WELD SCHEDULE STORAGE
i rrIPE Tclclt. BPECIAuBTA LTrl
POMbET
. RS232 DATA LrNK ?:i:ft'ilfr$H ,r
. WELDING LAB AND FIELD MODELS AVAILABLE rel: (7721gpro72 s
DIXON WAY, LINCOLN LN6 7XL Telephone 0522-29444/516 Telex 56405
LJK AGENTS FOR CURV-O-MARK

444R METAL CONSTRUCTION JULY 1986

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