TOPIC 1:

TOURISM
SECTORS
TOURISM
UNIT 1
Introduction to tourism
 1) WHAT IS TOURISM?

• Tourism is the study of the activities, services, and industries that

provide a travel experience to groups or individuals
• It includes the behaviour of tourists and their reasons for travelling,
the businesses which serve tourists, and the economic, social and
environmental impacts of tourism
• Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world
• It is made up of different sectors
 DIFFERENT TOURISM SECTORS

The transport sector The hospitality sector

Travel organising and support services The attraction sector

 1) WHAT IS TOURISM?

• Tourism involves the movement of people from where they live to a

tourist destination
• It also involves how they get there (transport), the facilities and
attractions available at the destination, and their return home again
• The movement of people is known as the TOURISM SYSTEM
and can be illustrated as follows:
HOME
 1.1) The difference between inbound and outbound
tourism

INBOUND TOURISM OUTBOUND TOURISM

When tourists travel INTO a When tourists travel OUT of their
country from another country. home country to visit another
country.
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
A soccer spectator from Australia A South African tourist flies to Brazil
comes to SA to watch the World for a holiday.
Cup Soccer matches.
 2) TOURISM CONCEPTS

Tourism involves people

travelling to destinations TOURISM TYPES
all over the world and can
be divided into three Domestic Regional International
types depending on the
destination of the tourist
 2.1) Domestic tourism

Domestic tourists = People who take

short breaks, holidays and long trips within
their own country.
Example: A family from Mossel Bay in the
Western Cape travels to Clarence in the Free
State for a weekend.
 2.2) Regional tourism

Regional tourists = People from a specific

geographical area, such as the SADC region,
who travel within that area.
Example: A school choir from SA travels to
Namibia or Botswana to take part in a choir
competition
 2.3) International tourism

International tourists = People who travel

outside their country of residence. They cross
an international border when they leave or
enter a country.
Example: A London businessman travels to Cape
Town. In this case the border will be at passport
control at the Cape Town International Airport.When
he returns to the United Kingdom, the border will be
at passport control at Heathrow Airport
 3) WHAT IS A TOURIST?

A TOURIST is a person who travels away from home for leisure, business, or
other purposes for longer than a day (i.e. 24 hours) but less than a year

An EXCURSIONIST is a person who arrives at a destination and departs on the

same day
 4) WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL AND WHAT ARE THEIR
NEEDS, PREFERENCES AND EXPECTATIONS?
• Tourists have different needs, preferences and expectations and they travel for
different reasons, such as:
• Business and professional reasons
• Leisure
• To visit friends and relatives (VFR)
• To take a gap year
• Tourists also have preferences, meaning that some tourists will prefer to see and
experience beautiful scenery and wildlife, while others will prefer adventure and
excitement
TOPIC 1:
TOURISM
SECTORS
TOURISM
UNIT 2
Types of tourists and tourist profiles
 1) TYPES OF
TOURISTS
Tourists are classified, according to their needs
and their reason for travelling, into four broad
categories:

1. Business and professional tourists

2. Leisure and holiday tourists
3. Tourists travelling to visit friends and
relatives (VFR)
4. Youth tourists, including backpackers and
gap year travellers
 1.1) Tourists travelling for business and professional
reasons

BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL REASONS

Business Education Incentive Health or

tourist tourist tourist medical tourist

A salesman who receives a

A salesman who travels to A clinic nurse who travels to An international tourist coming
holiday package for his good
attend a trade show attend a workshop to SA for plastic surgery
sales
 1.2) Tourists travelling for leisure and holiday reasons

Leisure and holiday reasons

Special
Sport &
Adventure Cultural Leisure Religious Shopping Interest
Ecotourist recreation
tourist tourist tourist tourist tourist tourist
tourist
(SIT)

Skydiving, Attending the Visiting Cruise liner, Shopping at

Visiting the Bird watching Attending the
shark cage Grahamstown iSiMangaliso the Blue Train, the Midlands
Vatican City in food and wine, Soccer World
diving, bungee National Arts Wetland Park relaxing on
Rome Meander In flowers, etc. Cup
jumping festival in KZN the beach KZN
1.3) Tourists travelling visit friends and relatives (VFR)

Visiting friends and relatives

Tourists visiting friends and relatives (VFR) want to stay in contact with friends and
relatives and travel away from home to visit them

Attending a wedding, funeral or birthday celebration of a friend or relative

1.4) Youth travel: backpackers and gap year travellers

Youth travel

Backpackers/youth tourists Gap year travellers

A young person goes to work in America to earn

A student touring around the country by bus
money before they start studying
 2) DRAWING UP A
TOURIST PROFILE A basic tourist profile contains
the following information:

TOURIST PROFILE = A summary of facts • Name

about what tourists want and expect from the Nationality
• Age
travel experience
• Contact details (address &
number)
• Occupation
• Needs and preferences
(adventure/sport/education)
• Specific requirements
(accommodation, transport or
food)
• Length of trip, arrival and
departure times
PROFILE
TOURIST
TOPIC 1:
TOURISM
SECTORS
TOURISM
UNIT 3
Different modes of transport
 1) Travelling by road

Motorcycles
Buses and Shuttle Metered Minibus
Cars or
coaches buses taxis taxis
motorbikes
 2) Travelling by air

Aeroplanes Helicopters Microlights

 3) Travelling by rail

Shosholoz The The Blue Bullet

Metrorail Rovos Rail Trams
a Meyl Gautrain Train trains
 4) Travelling by water

Luxury
Cruise Boats Yachts
Liners
5) EXTRAORDINARY MODES OF
TRANSPORT
 Camel rides

Often available at festivals in showgrounds.

Mostly found in desert areas.
 Donkey cart rides

Often community-based and provide income for local people.

Often used as a means of transport in rural areas.
 Hot air ballooning

Offers adrenaline junkies the

opportunity to view the
countryside from the air.

An hour-long hot air balloon trip

can cost up to R2000 per person.
 Bicycles

Suitable for fit people, and in areas where the land is fairly flat.
Bicycles can be hired in major tourist areas.
6) MODE OF TRANSPORT TO SUIT THE PURPOSE OF THE
TRIP
• Transport modes available on the required route
The following factors need to be taken into consideration when choosing a mode of transport or a specific trip:
• Cost of the transport mode
• Safety of the transport mode
• Reliability of the transport mode
• Flexibility of the mode’s schedules
• Number of people travelling together
• Distance to be covered and time available
• Personal preferences (e.g. some people avoid flying or sailing)
• Accessibility (e.g. cannot make use of water transport if there is no water nearby)
• Level of comfort required (e.g. seating space and aircon)
 CASE STUDY 1

• Air travel is the most suitable as

A businessman from Cape Town
it is quick. He can leave early on the
must attend a one-day conference in
morning of the conference (or the
Johannesburg. He has a late
previous evening) and return home
afternoon appointment in Cape
later that day (or in the morning of
Town the day before the conference
the following day).
and must be back the following day
• Road and rail will take too long for
as he has an important appointment
his needs.
at lunch time.
• Water travel is not an option.
 CASE STUDY 2

A Cape Town family of four, on a • Road is the most suitable option, as

they can travel at their leisure and have a
limited budget, intend travelling to
vehicle at their disposal for the duration of
Port Elizabeth for a ten-day holiday. the holiday.
Their plans include whale watching at • Air travel will be too expensive since four
Hermanus, a day excursion to Addo tickets would have to be bought and they
Elephant National Park and a trip to would have to hire a car at each destination.
Grahamstown to visit relatives. They • Rail cannot be used as the trip has not been
have no set time limit on where they planned around rail routes.
• Water could be used for the journey from
must be each day as the purpose of
Cape Town to Port Elizabeth, but they would
the holiday is just for them to have a not be able to visit Hermanus, or
relaxing time. Grahamstown on the way.
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

MODE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Convenient, quick and • Long journey = tiring, leads
comfortable to fatigue and accidents
Road: • Cost effective for more than • Low carrying capacity
Car 2 passengers • Toll fees on national roads
• Flexible (driver decides • Road works and congestion
when to arrive/depart and causes delays and increases
when to stop) travel time
• Takes you to your exact • High cost of car maintenance
destination
• Use of car at destinations
cuts further transport costs
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

MODE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Road: • Relatively cheap • Operate according to fixed

Bus or coach • High carrying capacity schedules and routes = not
• Relaxing (passengers do not flexible
have to drive) • Passengers have to make
• Adjustable seats and aircon their own way to and from
= comfort the departure and arrival
• All major towns and cities points
are accessible • Congestion and road works
could cause delays
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

MODE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Caters for commuters and • Drivers wait until the vehicle
long-distance (inter-city) is full before departing –
Road: travellers causing delays
Minibus taxi • Relatively inexpensive • Drivers tend to overload –
• Passengers can be dropped causing discomfort to
off at their destination passengers and often resulting
• Routes include areas not in accidents
covered by other public • Potential poor maintenance
transport routes increase the possibility of
• Fairly regulated but not accidents
scheduled = some flexibility • Regular strike action disrupts
the service
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

MODE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Not flexible as routes and
• Fastest mode timetables are scheduled
Air: • Safe • Restrictions on number and
Aeroplane • Reliable weight of luggage items
• High carrying capacity • Airports are usually situated
• Cabin crew looks after outside city limits so
passengers and serve additional transport mode
refreshments to/from airport is needed
• There are flights between all • Restricted seating space may
the main centres and several cause discomfort
smaller, important towns • International passengers
crossing time zones may
experience jet lag
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

MODE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Rail: • Relatively inexpensive and • Scheduled routes and

Train fast timetables means that travel
• Stations are usually situated by rail is relatively inflexible
in town and city centres • Commuter trains are often
• Energy efficient overcrowded in peak periods
• Relaxing which may cause discomfort
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

MODE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Reliable • Time consuming and so only

Water: • Relaxing suited to passengers who
Cruise liner • Energy efficient have time to spend travelling
• Safest mode of transport • Passengers may experience
• Generous luggage allowance sea-sickness
• Relatively high fare includes • To the fare must be added
accommodation, meals, use the cost of a second mode of
of all facilities and transport to and from the
entertainment point of embarkation and
disembarkation
TOPIC 1:
TOURISM
SECTORS
TOURISM
UNIT 4
The hospitality sector
 Introduction

• The hospitality sector provides accommodation and meals for tourists while they are
away from home
• Almost 80% of all tourism industry employees work in the hospitality sector
• The employers are from both the private and public sectors
• Private sector ownership includes establishments such as bed and breakfasts, guest houses
and backpackers, as well as establishments owned by accommodation chains such as Protea
and Southern Sun Hotels, or restaurant chains such as Spur, McDonalds and Nando’s
• Public sector ownership includes establishments owned by the South African National
Parks (SANParks)
• SANParks manage a range of parks that offer a variety of accommodation types
 1. DIFFERENT TYPES OF
ACCOMMODATION ESTABLISHMENTS

The type of establishment chosen by the tourist is influenced

by the following factors:
• The type of accommodation required
• The quality of accommodation required
• The location desired
• The availability of the accommodation
• The tourist’s budget
The Tourism Grading Council of South Africa
(TGCSA) is responsible for the grading and quality
assurance of accommodation establishments in South
Africa
 The TGCSA classifies accommodation
establishments into the following types:
1.1) Formal
1.2) Guest 1.3) Self-catering 1.4) Caravan and 1.5) Backpackers
service
accommodation accommodation camping or hostels
accommodation

Country
Hotels Chalets
houses

Guest
Lodges Cottages
houses

Game Bed and Houses/

lodges breakfasts apartments
1.1) FORMAL SERVICE ACCOMMODATION

• A manager must be available at these establishments at all times

• All meals and beverages must be provided from outlets on the property
• SERVICES must include a receptionist, food and beverage service, room
service, valet service, laundry service, wake up calls, shuttle service and 24-
hour security
• FACILITIES must include private en-suite rooms, telephone, Internet
access, TV, tea and coffee making facilities, gymnasium, swimming pool, gift
shop, conference room, parking and speciality gift shops
 EXAMPLE: Hotels

• These are the largest type of accommodation establishment

and can be privately owned or belong to a hotel chain, such as
Southern Sun, Protea Hotels, and City Lodge
• Guests can use all public areas
• Rooms usually open directly onto a hallway
• A hotel must have at least six rooms
 EXAMPLE: Lodges

• A lodge is located in natural

surroundings
• Guests can use all public areas
• The rates usually include some special
experience, such as a game drive
• Natural materials such as wood,
stone and thatch are often used so
that the buildings blend in with nature
 EXAMPLE: Game lodges

• Game lodges are privately owned and offer a high standard of accommodation
• The establishments are popular with international tourists as they provide an ‘African’
experience
• They are situated in or close to game reserves and give guests the opportunity to view game
from close-up
• The services and facilities offered are similar to a small luxury hotel:
• Services: Meals, room service, private game drives, and educational walks with game
rangers
• Facilities: Game lodges are often luxurious and offer private en-suite rooms, TV, tea and
coffee making facilities, a gym, swimming pool, conference room and car park. Some lodges
also have curio shops
 1.2) GUEST ACCOMMODATION

• Guest accommodation is often owner run and

focuses on providing a family atmosphere
• The tariff includes daily servicing of rooms
• Guests may have to share bathrooms
• Services include a host or receptionist, meals by
arrangement, wake-up calls, laundry services,
and 24-hour security
• Facilities include a private room, telephone, TV,
tea or coffee making facilities, linen and parking
 EXAMPLE: Guest house

• This is a private home that has been

converted to provide accommodation
for guests
• The owner may live in a separate area
on the property
• Guests may have to share bathrooms
• A guest house must have more than
three rooms
• Breakfast must be served
 EXAMPLE: Country house

This is similar to a guest house but is usually situated in natural surroundings such as
near a nature reserve, lake or forest
 EXAMPLE: Bed and breakfast
(B&B)

• This is accommodation in a private home

• Most rooms are en-suite but bathrooms may
be shared
• Public areas are not always available for guests
to use
• The owner lives on the property
• The tariff includes breakfast and other meals
may be provided by arrangement
1.3) SELF-CATERING ACCOMMODATION

• Self-catering accommodation costs less than formal, serviced accommodation and

tourists can enjoy all the comforts of home
• The accommodation usually consists of at least one bedroom, a living and dining area, a
bathroom, and a cooking area or kitchen
• This type of accommodation is suitable for family holidays
• Management must be available at all time
• Services include cleaning and refuse removal
• Facilities offered include linen and towels on arrival, cooking equipment and utensils,
TV and an outside braai area
 EXAMPLE: Apartments/holiday units
These are furnished flats, which may be part of a complex or block of flats or a stand-
alone unit
 EXAMPLE: Homes

• Private homes are sometimes rented

out, usually during peak tourism seasons
• This is usually arranged for periods when
the owner is not home
• In some cases families swop homes for
holiday purposes
 EXAMPLE: Chalets

• These are small furnished

houses or cottages usually found
along nature trails, at holiday
resorts, or in national parks
• They may be clustered together
and guests will share the open
spaces
 1.4) CARAVAN AND CAMPING
ESTABLISHMENTS

• This is an inexpensive and less luxurious type of accommodation – suitable for

people with limited budgets (e.g. young families, students, retired couples) and people
who enjoy being outdoors
• Services include a daily visit from the caretaker, electrical power at most camp sites,
cleaning of bathrooms, braai areas and refuse removal
• Facilities include a reception area, communal bathrooms, which must ensure privacy
and have lockable doors, a laundry room, shop, access to a telephone, provision of
running water per site or group of sites, rubbish bins, communal dishwashing facilities,
wash-lines, and recreational facilities (play area, swimming pool, tennis court)
 1.4) CARAVAN AND CAMPING
ESTABLISHMENTS (CONTINUED)
• In a caravan or camping park: tourists rent
space, known as a ‘campsite’ for a tent, a
caravan or a mobile home
• They must supply their own food, and
cooking and eating utensils
• This is affordable accommodation for
tourists, especially for families
• Camping grounds are usually spacious and
attractive
 1.5) BACKPACKERS ACCOMMODATION
AND HOSTELS
• Backpacker accommodation and hostel establishments are both popular with young
travellers and tourists on a limited budget
• They are usually located in city centres close to public transport
• Private rooms are available, but dormitories offer the least expensive rates
• Services: Daily cleaning of rooms, meals by arrangement and tourist information
brochures. Meals are either communal, self-service or limited self-catering depending on
the type of establishment
• Facilities: Reception area, social and relaxation area, communal bathrooms, bed linen,
as well as kitchens where guests can prepare their own food
1.5) BACKPACKERS ACCOMMODATION
AND HOSTELS (CONTINUED)
Hostels provide minimal facilities and services and guests sleep in dormitories with
beds or bunks, although private rooms are available in some hostels
Symbols indicating accommodation, services and facilities
offered at various establishments
TOPIC 1:
TOURISM
SECTORS
TOURISM
UNIT 5
The South African Grading System
 The Tourism Grading Council of
South Africa (TGCSA) is the organisation
responsible for the voluntary grading
and quality assurance of accommodation
establishments
1) THE STAR
GRADING
SYSTEM
 2) THE ROLE OF THE TGCSA

• The TGCSA grading gives valuable information to

tourists about the quality of accommodation
establishments so that guests will know exactly what
to expect
• The TGCSA feedback system allows guests to
comment on the quality of the accommodation
either on the TGCSA website or by sending an SMS
• The TGCSA can then deal with compliments and
complaints – this ensures that establishments can
maintain the standards offered
 2) THE ROLE OF THE TGCSA

It is the responsibility of the TGCSA to:

• Train assessors
• Approve or reject the findings of the grading assessors
• Grade establishments
• Supply grading plaques to graded establishments
• Manage a customer feedback system
• Do regular checks on these establishments during the year
 3) BENEFITS OF THE GRADING SYSTEM

For tourists: For establishments:

• Graded establishments are listed on the
• They will know what to expect from TGCSA website for free
graded establishments and can make an
informed selection of accommodation • They are entitled to advertise in the
TGCSA’s The Star Guide booklet
• Grading is good for business – most
• They can use the customer feedback tourists prefer graded establishments
system to compliment the establishment • All graded establishments may use the
or complain about it Grading Council logo (stars) in their
advertising material
 4) PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW TO BE
GRADED

To be graded the OWNER of the establishment must:

STEP 1: Read and understand the grading requirements

STEP 2: Choose an assessor from the list available from the
TGCSA
STEP 3: Apply for grading
STEP 4: Make an appointment with the assessor
 4) PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW TO BE
GRADED

To be graded the ASSESSOR of the establishment must:

STEP 5: Visits the establishment

STEP 6: Discusses the assessment with the owner
STEP 7: Gives recommendations, with photographic evidence,
to the TGCSA
 4) PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW TO BE
GRADED

• The Awards Committee of the TGCSA then either

APPROVES or REJECTS the assessment
• Owners can appeal if they feel the assessment is unfair
• The grading is valid for ONE YEAR
• The owner may buy a grading plaque from the TGCSA
to display at his or her establishment
 4) PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW TO BE
GRADED
OWNERS OF ESTABLISHMENTS APPLYING FOR GRADING MUST ALSO:
1. Register with the relevant province as a business
2. Obtain a tax clearance certificate
3. Be in possession of identity documents and a work permit if they are not SA
citizens
4. Have public liability insurance
5. Be in possession of a liquor license, if applicable
6. Provide proof of BEE compliance or an exemption certificate
 5) LOGOS THAT MAY BE DISPLAYED
UPON GRADING
The grading plaque has a
number and an
ownership statement
that gives the TGCSA the
right to remove the plaque
if the establishment fails to
maintain the grading
requirements
TOPIC 1:
TOURISM
SECTORS
TOURISM
UNIT 6
Terminology and concepts
TYPES OF ROOMS
Double room
Twin room
Family room
Suites
En-suite
Penthouse
PRICING
TYPES OF MEALS
Continental breakfast
English breakfast
Buffet
A la carte
Room service
TOPIC 1:
TOURISM
SECTORS
TOURISM
UNIT 7
In-room technology
 Introduction

• Accommodation establishments provide in-room technology to make the guest’s experience as

convenient as possible
• Guests who want to relax, expect to be entertained and business-people expect to be able to
conduct business from the comfort of their rooms
•
Technology for Technology for Technology for Technology for Technology for
Technology for
information comfort entertainment safety environmental work
responsibility
 1) TECHNOLOGY FOR INFORMATION

For guests requiring information, an interactive TV will allow them to:

• Access information about services and facilities (gym, business centre, airport transfer, etc).
• Look at menus and pre-decide what they want to eat
• Look at interactive maps to locate restaurants, nightclubs and attractions
• Check the news or view the local and international weather conditions
• Gain access to their email
• Programme a wake-up call
• Request housekeeping, laundry and maintenance services
 2) TECHNOLOGY FOR COMFORT

Guests expect comfortable accommodation. Good lighting, a comfortable

temperature, and soundproofing are important. Other in-room technology to add
to a guest’s comfort can include:
• Electronic toilets that automatically flush after use
• Heated towel rails to warm up towels before use
• Bathroom extractor fans to remove odours and prevent moisture on mirrors
• Sensor activated taps working with sensors & hand drying machines
• Remote control for the TV the air conditioner and the curtains
• A mini-bar with electronic sensors that monitor items
 3) TECHNOLOGY FOR ENTERTAINMENT

An interactive TV system allows guests

access to options such as:
• The interactive programming guide, providing the
latest program information
• A choice of satellite channels such as DSTV and
international channels like CNN and SkyNews
• Games, music and movies on demand
• The Internet for social media sites such as
Facebook and Instagram
 4) TECHNOLOGY FOR SAFETY

Guests need to know that they are safe and secure in their rooms and that
personal valuables can be stored safely. Technology promoting safety includes:
• A programmable electronic safe in the room for the storage of valuable
items
• An electronic door lock that can only be opened with either a card or a pin
code
• An electronic key card with a special chip or sensor to open the door
• A sensor system that records the time people are entering or leaving the
room
 5) TECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
RESPONSIBILITY
Tourists who are concerned about the environment prefer accommodation
establishments that have environmental responsibility programmes in place. In-
room technology to demonstrate this commitment can include:
• An electronic key card. It saves electricity as the power automatically turns off 30 seconds after the
card has been removed from the activation slot
• Digitally controlled showers that allow each guest to programme a specific constant water
temperature
• Low-flow shower heads which reduce water flow, or aerated shower heads that mix air with the
water and so effectively use less water
• Energy-saving night-lights in the bathroom
• Occupancy sensors that turn off lights automatically if there is no movement in the room
 6) TECHNOLOGY FOR WORK

In-room technology for work can include:

• Hotspot Internet access
• Wi-Fi networks so that a guest can connect wirelessly to the Internet
• Interactive TV service for access to the Internet for emails or information
• International multi-power point/plug, extension cords and a charger for the guest's
personal electronic equipment
• Fast internet access (HSIT), known as broadband
• A wireless phone so that it can be used anywhere in the room
TOPIC 1:
TOURISM TOURISM
SECTORS GRADE 10
UNIT 8
Food and beverage establishments
 1)TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS

Full service Coffee Shops Pubs/bars Ice cream store Fastfood and
restaurants quick service
establishments

Taverns and Street stalls and

shebeens street markets
 1.1) Full-service restaurants

• Restaurants that offer excellent food and family restaurants are classified as
full-service restaurants
• Serve a variety of food and liquor types
• Has a formal menu and a wide range of meals
• More expensive and popular with business tourists who can afford to spend
money on eating out
• Family restaurants (SPUR, OCEAN BASKET, PANAROTTI’S) are more
informal, cheaper and popular with tourists travelling with the family or who
have a limited budget
 1.2) Coffee shops
• Apart from providing coffee and cake, they also provide breakfast, lunch
and drinks
• Some are licensed to sell wine and beer
• Many coffee shops have dining facilities inside and outside
• Coffee shops are found in shopping malls, hotels, airports, cinemas and
tourist attractions
• Popular with all kinds of tourists
• Popular SA coffee shops are HOUSE OF COFFEES and VIDA E
CAFFE
 1.3) Pubs/bars

• These establishments offer a casual meal-time service with

a limited menu
• Alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages are served
• Sometimes entertainment is available (e.g. music)
• Sports pubs have large TV screens so that sport enthusiasts can
sit and watch various sporting events
 1.4) Ice cream stores

• These are speciality stores that sell frozen products such as

soft serve, frozen yogurt, sorbet and plain ice cream
• These shops are usually found at a beach or near a
entertainment area in malls
• Especially recreational and family tourists enjoy these
products
 1.5) Fast food and quick food establishments

• Food that can be prepared and served quickly

• Nandos, Steers, Debonairs, KFC, McDonalds and Wimpy are
examples of big franchise store that make fast foods
• Usually take-aways are ordered, but there is also a sitting area where
you can eat
• Examples of food types: burgers, fish and chips, pizza, etc.
• Young tourists, adolescents and people with limited budgets find this
attractive
 1.6) Taverns and shebeens

• Mostly found in black residential areas

• Serve traditional African dishes: pap, chakalaka, dombolo, morogo,
braaivleis, offal, baked sheep head and chicken feet (“runners”)
• Serve alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages (sometimes they sell home-
brewed beer)
• Tourists may want to visit a shebeen for the experience and learn more
about the culture
• Usually offers music or entertainment by artists
 1.7) Street stalls and street markets

• Specialize in specific types of fast foods that often reflect cultural or ethnic
traditions
• Many of the sales points have no structure
• Stalls are moved to satisfy people's needs (e.g. goes to festivals or special events)
• Food includes: boerewors rolls, samoosas and rotis, fish and chips, burgers,
pap and meat and mielies
• Kiosks offer hot and cold drinks as well as fresh fruit, ice cream and takeaways
• Popular with all kinds of tourists
TOPIC 1:
TOURISM TOURISM
SECTORS GRADE 10
UNIT 9
The attraction sector
 1) WHAT ARE ATTRACTIONS?

• TOURIST ATTRACTION =
A place of interest that tourists visit
either for amusement, education, or
entertainment
• May have natural or man-made
beauty, cultural significance or
historical value
• Tourist attractions are the main
reason for tourism
 1) WHAT ARE ATTRACTIONS? (CONTINUED)

• Tourists often visit a destination because of its attractions

• Cape Town is a popular tourist destination as it offers many
different attractions – Table Mountain, Robben Island and the
V&A Waterfront
• Cape Town has a central tourist information bureau, runs good
advertising campaigns and offers many organised tours
• Cape Town has a public transport system (trains, taxis, minibuses,
city buses) which makes some of the major attractions easily
accessible
 2) ATTRACTION SUB-SECTORS

Gaming Leisure Conservation Sport and Events and

and recreation conferences
Lotteries
 2.1) Gaming and lotteries

• People who enjoy games of chance (roulette, slot machines, and card
games such as black jack and poker) find this sub-sector appealing
• South Africa has more than 30 casinos (Carnival City in Gauteng,
Grand West in the Western Cape and Sun City in the North West,
etc)
• Casino complexes offer additional services like theatres for
entertainment, a hotel for accommodation, restaurants, play areas for
children, and sporting activities such as golf, swimming, tennis and horse
riding
 2.2) Leisure

• People attracted to this sub-sector travel to resorts to relax and enjoy

themselves
• Sightseeing, walking and hiking, shopping, watching movies and going
to the beach are leisure activities
• Theme parks such as Ratanga Junction in Cape Town or uShaka
Marine World in Durban are leisure attractions
• Whale watching, collecting seashells or game viewing provide
opportunities for relaxation and enjoyment
 2.3) Conservation

• This sub-sector is of interest to tourists who are interested in the environment

and who want to conserve our heritage
• Includes wildlife photography, plant study, birdwatching, picnicking and
nature and heritage tours
• This sub-sector focuses on conserving biodiversity and protecting our natural
and cultural heritage
• Game reserves, national parks, zoos, botanical gardens, cultural villages and
archaeological sites attract tourists who have an interest in conservation
 2.4) Sport and recreation

• This sub-sector caters for tourists interested in sport and recreational activities – either
a spectator or a competitor or both
• Activities include watching or participating in sport, sport photography and exercising
• Three popular annual events: The Argus Pick n Pay Cycle Tour, the Comrades
Marathon and the Two Oceans Marathon
• Motor racing, river rafting, skydiving, mountain climbing, bungee jumping, yacht
racing and hot air ballooning are popular activities
• Popular spectator sports: soccer, rugby, cricket and golf
 2.5) Events and conferences

• This sub-sector caters for people involved in MESE (Meetings, Exhibitions, and
Special Events) – events like the Getaway Show, festivals like the
Grahamstown National Arts Festival, or commercial events like the Rand
Easter Show
• The South African Tourism Indaba, an annual event held in Durban attracts
delegates from all over the world
• Venues include: convention centres, educational institutions, hotels, theatres and
game lodges
• In 2010 the Grahamstown National Festival of the Arts attracted more than 185 000
visitors
3) TYPES OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

Natural Man-made
attractions attractions
 3.1) Natural attractions

• Geographical features such as mountains, caves,

canyons, beaches and waterfalls
• Weather conditions such as sunshine and snow
• Animals and plants (e.g. the Kruger National
Park)
• Sites with beautiful nature scenes (eg. God's
Window in Mpumalanga and Table Mountain in
Cape Town)
 3.2) Man-made attractions

• Manmade attractions were BUILT or CREATED

• These include buildings (old and modern – Egyptian Pyramids, Machu
Picchu in Peru, churches, parliament buildings and towers, monuments,
parks and gardens, casinos and malls)
• They are often built on or near sites with natural beauty
• There are several man-made attractions and it's possible to group them
under a number of themes
 Museums and monuments
• Iziko South African Museum in Cape Town, the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg or the National Women’s Memorial in Bloemfontein

Theme parks
• Gold Reef City in Johannesburg and Ratanga Junction in Cape Town

Sports facilities and events

• Sun City Golf Challenge and the World Cup Stadiums

Entertainment venues
• Concert halls, theatres and nightclubs

Leisure shopping venues

• Shopping malls, historic city centres, flea-markets and open-air venues

Built wildlife areas

• Zoos, botanical gardens and aquariums

Religious buildings
• Cathedrals, churches, synagogues, mosques and temples
4.1) PRIMARY 4.2) SECONDARY
TOURIST TOURIST
ATTRACTIONS: ATTRACTIONS:
An attraction that is the MAIN REASON Secondary attractions mean attractions that
for visiting a particular destination is known the tourist visits ON THEIR WAY TO or
as the primary tourist attraction. FROM the primary tourist attraction.

This attraction: This attraction:

• is the main reason for a trip • Improves the total attractiveness of the
• gives character to the destination primary destination
• develops the image of a destination • Increases the amounts of money that the
tourists have spent in the area
• Prolongs the time tourists spend in the
area
 PRIMARY / SECONDARY ATTRACTIONS

SCENARIO:

A tour group visits Cape Town and their MAIN REASON for travel is
that they want to be on top of Table Mountain
.
Table Mountain = Primary attraction

On the way to Table Mountain, they stopped and visited the

Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens. After visiting Table Mountain, they can
visit the Two Oceans Aquarium and the V & A Waterfront, or they can
sail to Robben Island on a boat.

Kirstenbosch, the aquarium and Robben Island =

Secondary Attractions
6) ACTIVITIES OFFERED AT TOURIST
ATTRACTIONS

kultuurstede
TOPIC 1:
TOURISM TOURISM
SECTORS GRADE 10
UNIT 10
The public sector (government)
 INTRODUCTION

THERE ARE THREE MAIN ROLE PLAYERS IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY:

Public
Private These role players need to
sector
sector
work together to ensure that
the tourism industry achieves
Local
success
communities
 INTRODUCTION

National Department of
Tourism (NDT)

Provincial Tourism The NDT (National Department of

Departments and Authorities Tourism) is the government department
responsible for tourism at national level
Regional Destination
Marketing
All other tourism departments report to
District or Municipal the NDT
Organisations (DMOs)

Local Tourism Organisations

(LTOs)
1) The National Department of Tourism (NDT)

• VISION: For South Africa to be recognised as a world leader in tourism excellence

• MISSION: Promote responsible and sustainable tourism for the benefit of all South
Africans

• ROLE: Ensure service excellence at all levels

To do the above, the NDT develops performance plans for the tourism
departments who work below them, and they develop a national tourism
strategy
 1.1) Provincial Tourism Departments

• Each of the 9 provinces in South

Africa have their own tourism
department

• FUNCTIONS:
1. Promoting tourism
2. Regulating tourism
activities in the province
 1.2) Provincial Tourism Authorities

• These includes all the regulating offices run by the Provincial

tourism departments
• FUNCTION: To issue permits to tour operators and other
tourism businesses in the tourism industry
• EXAMPLE:
• A game farm in Mpumalanga wanting to offer hunting trips will have to
apply to the provincial authorities for a hunting permit, and a tour
operator in the Western Cape who wants to run whale watching trips
from a boat will have to apply for a special permit from the Western
Cape provincial authority
 1.3) Regional Destination Marketing Organisation

• TOURISM REGION = an area that usually

has the same climate, landscape and types of
attractions - example: The Wild Coast in the
Eastern Cape
• Public sector and private sector tourism
businesses in the same region often join
forces to help with the marketing of the
region as a destination
 1.4) District or Municipal Organisations (DMOs)

• DISTRICTS are smaller areas than regions and their organisation is usually
based in a central town
• The Provincial Tourism Department’s affairs are managed in the area
immediately around the central town of the district – this area is called
the municipality
• EXAMPLE:
• In Limpopo province there are District Offices in each of the 17 central towns
(Groblersdal, Musina, Phalaborwa, Tzaneen, etc.)
 1.5) Local Tourism Organisations (LTOs)

• LTOs are the smallest tourism organisations and they

focus on managing and marketing tourism activities in a
specific area
• Many small towns have their own Local Tourism Organisations
with offices that promote local tourism attractions and
businesses
• EXAMPLE:
• There is a local tourism office in Gansbaai in the Western
Cape. This small coastal town is the country’s centre for
shark cage diving, and they also promote whale watching in
Hermanus as an important tourist activity
 2) Other Government Departments

The Department of Home Affairs (DHA)

The Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO)

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and Department of Economic Development (DED)

Statistics South Africa (StatsSA)

The Department of Sports and Recreation

The Department of Transport

Please read up about the above government departments in your textbook when studying ☺
 3) State owned enterprises (parastatals)

• PARASTATAL = a large organisation that is

partly or completely owned by the
government
• This type of company is managed just like a private
business and is headed up by a board of directors
• Since these companies are owned by the government, but
not run as government departments, they are seen as
being part government, part business
 3) State owned enterprises (parastatals)

• SOUTH AFRICAN AIRWAYS

(SAA), our national carrier, and SA
EXPRESS, a national and regional
carrier, are parastatals
• They are both owned by the
Department of Public Enterprises –
both airlines have their headquarters at
OR Tambo International Airport
 SAA is the largest airline in South Africa. It
serves more than 30 international destinations in
North America, South America, Europe, Asia and
Australia, as well as all the major South African
cities

The fleet consists mainly if large Airbuses, which

can carry between 120 and 320 passengers
 SA Express started operations in 1994. It is a
domestic and regional carrier that serves
more than ten domestic destinations in addition to
regional destinations in Botswana, the Democratic
Republic of Congo, Namibia and Mozambique. The
fleet consists of smaller aeroplanes that can carry
50 or 75 passengers
 4) Partly state-owned agencies

• These are organisations that are partly owned by the government

• Ownership of these companies is shared between the government and a private
sector company
• They are managed like private sector businesses
• The Tourism Enterprise Partnership (TEP) is a partly state-owned agency that
helps to develop small businesses in the tourism industry
• The TEP works in partnership with privately owned companies and with the National
Department of Tourism, which provides its funding
 5) Public entities

• Public entities are smaller than

large government departments
but are managed along the same lines
• They normally have one specific
function
• There are many different South
African public entities
 PUBLIC ENTITY LOGO FUNCTION

Manages state-owned national

SANParks
parks in South Africa

Responsible for promoting and

marketing SA as a tourist
South African Tourism (SAT)
destination in countries around the
world

Regulates the gambling industry in

The National Gambling Board
SA – includes horse racing and
(NGB)
gambling
 PUBLIC ENTITY LOGO FUNCTION

The South African Heritage Responsible for maintaining and

Resources Agency (SAHRA) promoting SA’s heritage

Responsible for the management,

The Airports Company of
control, operation and
South Africa
maintenance of SA’s airports

Responsible for regulating the

training and education of people
who work in the sectors of
CATHSSETA culture, arts, tourism, hospitality
and sport. The training and
assessment of tourist guides is
regulated by them
TOPIC 1:
TOURISM TOURISM
SECTORS GRADE 10
UNIT 11
The private sector
 1) Local communities

• In the tourism sector, businesses and organisations may be run by local communities
• Sometimes tourism facilities, such as hotels or campsites, are built by the community in
areas where land is owned by the community and not by individuals
• These business enterprises create jobs for community members and the profits are spent
on improving facilities in the community (roads, schools and clinics)
 2) NGOs, CBOs and professional associations

• Non-government Organisations (NGOs), Community-based

Organisations (CBOs), and professional tourism associations have been
established to support various types of tourism enterprises
• Some NGOs and CBOs assist with training staff while others assist with
obtaining funding for new enterprises
• CBOs play a vital role in linking communities with established
tourism operators so that these communities can benefit from the
tourism industry
 3) The international community: SADC

• In Southern Africa the SADC (Southern African Development

Community) promotes sustainable economic growth and
socio-economic development in the region
• It aims to do so through cooperation between its member
countries, and by maintaining peace and security in the region
• If it can achieve its mission the region will be more competitive in
the world economy and a safer place for tourists to visit
• This will mean that the tourism industry in the region will continue
to grow rapidly
 3) The international community: UNWTO

• The United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO),

based in Madrid, Spain, is a United Nations agency dealing with tourism
matters worldwide
• It compiles the world tourism rankings and publishes many important
statistics on international tourism
• The World Tourism Organisation promotes responsible tourism
• It supports the interests of developing countries, aiming to reduce
poverty through sustainable tourism development
 3) The international community: WTTC

• The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) is an

organisation whose members are tourism business leaders
from all over the world
• It works to increase awareness of travel and tourism as one of
the world’s largest industries
• Tourism supports more than 258 million jobs around the
world and earn 9,1% of the world’s GDP
 3) The international community - WWF

• The World Wildlife Fund for nature (WWF) was established in Europe in 1961,
and has grown to be one of the largest environmental organisations in the world
• Currently there are more than 1300 WWF conservation projects underway
around the world
• WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment
and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by:
• Conserving the world’s biological diversity
• Ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable
• Promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption
TOPIC 1:
TOURISM TOURISM
SECTORS GRADE 10
UNIT 12
Technology used for payment
 INTRODUCTION

There are a number of different

ways in which tourists in South
Africa can pay for the goods they
buy and the services they
receive. The method of
payment used will depend
on the situation
If you are paying a parking
attendant a tip for
looking after your car you
would give him cash, but if
you were paying for two
weeks of car rental you
would have to use a credit
card, as car rental
companies accept only this
method of payment
 The method selected will depend on:

• the facilities available to the tourists for payment

• the amount to be paid
• the payment requirements of the service
provider
• the convenience
• the safety of the payment method
 Payment methods

Internet ATM Speed Credit Debit Cellphone

payments payments point cards cards payments
machines
 1) Internet payments

• This method of payment, where the person who is paying uses

the Internet, is becoming increasingly popular with tourists
• They use this when the want to pay for a service, such as
accommodation, in advance
• In order to use this form of payment, both the person paying
and the business receiving the payment must have
Internet banking accounts
 1) Internet payments

• These Internet banking

accounts can be opened
online with most banks
• They require security
measures such as PINs
(personal identification
numbers) and passwords
 1) Internet payments

ADVANTAGES √ DISADVANTAGES X
• Tourist can make bookings for • Tourists must have access to a
accommodation, flights and other computer and the Internet
services and pay a deposit or pay • It may take up to two days for the
in full before departing bank to transfer the money
• Tourist is assured of a booking • This time delay occurs if the
and will be able to budget more tourist’s bank is different to the
carefully service provider’s bank
 2) ATM payments

• ATMs (automatic teller

machines) allow people to do
their banking at convenient
times and without having to go
into the bank
• ATMs can be found in most
tourism areas and many
machines are open 24 hours
a day
 2) ATM payments
• ATMS are typically located outside banks,
inside shops, or in the banking halls of
shopping malls
• Some hotels have had ATMs installed on
their premises (usually in the reception
area)
• An ATM does the work of a teller who
works behind a counter in a bank
 2) ATM payments

• A customer can withdraw or deposit cash

and transfer money between accounts
• ATMs are relatively safe but the user must
always be alert and take steps to ensure that
no one sees the PIN being keyed in
• Also, criminals often tamper with the
ATM – their objective is to gain access to
the user’s card
 2) ATM payments

• For security reasons, if a card is inserted in the machine but the wrong PIN is
keyed in three times, the machine keeps the card
• This may also happen when a machine has been damaged and is not working
properly
• If this occurs after hours the client has to wait until the bank opens the
next day to get the card back
• If a card is kept by the machine, or is stolen during a transaction, the user should
immediately notify the bank by calling the toll-free number posted on the
machine