Energy Storage

Element

1
Introduction
Up to now, the only passive device appearing in the
lectures has been the resistor. Additional passive
devices such as capacitor and inductor will be consider,
which are quite different from the resistor in purpose,
operation, and construction.

2
Capacitor
It is an electrical device that stores electrical charge.
It is constructed of two parallel conductive plates
separated by an insulating material called the dielectric.
The connecting leads attached to the parallel plates. A
basic capacitor and it schematic symbol is shown in
Figure 1.

Figure 1 3
Capacitor (cont.)
Capacitance: is the measure of a capacitor's ability to
store charge.
Q
C=
V

Where
Q is charge in coulomb (C)
V is voltage in volt.
The unit of the capacitance is coulomb per volt and is
called farad (F), where farad can be defined as the
amount of capacitance when one coulomb of charge
stored with one volt across the plate.

4
Capacitor (cont.)

Figure 3
5
Capacitor (cont.)

6
Current and voltage relationship in capacitor
Since the current is defined as the rate of change of
charge so,
dq
i=
dt
Then for a capacitor
dv
i=C
dt
The above equation can be rewritten as
1
dv = i dt
C
Integrating this expression from –∞ to t yields

7
Current and voltage relationship in capacitor (cont.)
t
1
v(t ) =  i(t ) dt
C −
Where v(t) indicates the time dependence of the voltage. The
above equation can be expressed as two integrals, so that
to t
1 1
v(t ) =  i (t ) dt +  i (t ) dt
C − C to
t
1
v(t ) = v(to ) +  i(t ) dt
C to
Where v(to) is the called the initial voltage or the
voltage accumulate from –∞ to to.

8
Energy storage in capacitors
the energy stored in a capacitor can be derived from the
power that is delivered to the element. The power is given
by the expression
dv
p = vi = C v
dt
And hence the energy stored in its electric field is therefore
t t v (t )
dv
wc (t ) =  p dt = C  v dt = C  v dv
to to
dt v ( to )

1
wc (t ) = C [v(t ) 2 − v(to ) 2 ]
2
1
wc (t ) − wc (to ) = C[vc (t ) 2 − vc (to ) 2 ] Jouls
2

If we select a zero energy reference at to, then

1
wc (t ) = C v2
2 9
Inductor
It is a two terminal device that consists of a coiled
conducting wire. A current passing through the device
produces a magnetic flux Ф which forms closed loops
encircling the coils making up the inductor.

Figure 7

10
Inductor (cont.)
Inductance: is the measure of a coil's ability to establish
an induced voltage as a result of a change in its current,
and that induced voltage is in a direction to oppose the
change in current.

L=
i
Where
λ is the linkage = N Ф
i is the currant
The unit of the inductance is Henry (H). By definition, the
inductance of a coil is one Henry when current through the
coil, changing at the rate of one ampere per second,
induces one volt across the coil.

11
Inductor (cont.)

Figure 9 12
Inductor (cont.)
The inductance of an inductor depends on its physical
dimension and construction. Formulas for calculating the
inductance of inductors of different shapes are derived
from electromagnetic theory and can be found by:
N 2 A
L=
l

Where
N is the number of turns,
A is the cross-sectional
area,
ℓ is the length,
μ is the permeability of the Figure 10
core, and is calculated by
 =  r 0
13
Current and voltage relationship in inductor
From Faraday’s law, it was obvious that a changing
magnetic field produced a voltage that was proportional to
the time rate of change of the current that produced the
magnetic field; that is
d d ( Li (t ))
v(t ) = =
dt dt
di(t )
v(t ) = L
dt
And
t
1
i(t ) =  VL (t ) dt
L −
Which can be written as
t
1
i(t ) = i(t0 ) +  VL (t ) dt
L t0 14
 Energy storage in inductors
di
p = vi = L i
dt
While the energy stored in the magnetic field is
t t
di
wL (t ) =  p dt = L  i dt
to to
dt

Following the same steps for the development of the

energy in capacitor we obtain
1 2
wL (t ) = L iL (t ) joule
2

15
Capacitance and Inductance combination
Capacitors in series:

C1 C2 CN
i
1 1 1 1
= + +  + + v1 – + v2 – + vN –
Ceq C1 C2 CN

vs
Figure 12

In the case of two series capacitors C1

and C2 the above equation may be
simplified to
C1  C2
Ceq =
C1 + C2

16
Capacitance and Inductance combination (cont.)

Capacitors in parallel:

i
i1 i2 i3 iN
Ceq C1 C2 C3 CN

Figure 13
Thus
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + ……… + CN
Note that capacitor in series combine in the same
manner as resistors in parallel, while capacitor in parallel
combine in the same manner as resistors in series.

17
Capacitance and Inductance combination (cont.)
Inductors in series:

L1 L2 L3 LN

+ v1 – + v2 – + v3 – + vN –
i

vs

Leq = L1 + L2 + L3 + ……… + LN Figure 14

18
Capacitance and Inductance combination (cont.)

Inductors in parallel:
i
i1 i2 i3 iN

Leq L1 L2 L3 LN
1 1 1 1
= + +  +
Leq L1 L2 LN
Figure 15

In the case of two parallel inductors L1 and L2 the above

equation may be simplified to
L1  L2
Leq =
L1 + L2
Note that inductors are combined in the same manner as
resistors combined.
19
Example 1: Find the total capacitance CT for the circuit
in Figure below

Solution:
C3 is in series with C6
𝐶3 × 𝐶6
𝐶𝑥 = = 2 𝜇F
𝐶3 + 𝐶6
Now
Cx , C4, and C6 are in parallel. So,
CT = Cx + C4 + C6 = 12 µF

20
Capacitor in a DC circuit
The behavior of the capacitor can be will understood by
examining the behavior of the following circuit

1 R1 Figure 17. The circuit that

2
E 3 C use to examine the behavior
of the capacitor in DC circuit

i vR e
+ -
1 Figure 18. When the switch
become at position 1. The
++ ++ upper plate of the capacitor
E - - - - vc will charged positively, and
the lower plate will charged
negatively
21
Capacitor in a DC circuit (cont.)

Figure 22. The

above figure
shows that the
capacitor voltage
can not be
changed
instantaneously
from zero to E or
from E to zero,
but it is need a
time for either
charging or
discharging.

22
Inductor in a DC circuit
The behavior of the inductors can be will understood by
examining the behavior of the following circuit

1 R
Figure 23. The circuit that use to
E 2 L examine the behavior of the
inductor in DC circuit

i vR Figure 24. When the switch become

+ -
at position 1. There will be a change
1
+ in the current from zero to its
vL maximum value, as result there will
E
a change in flux density so, an
-
induced voltage will produce. The
polarity of the induced voltage will
opposite the supply voltage 23
Inductor in a DC circuit (cont.)

Figure 26. As in the case

of the capacitor voltage,
the Figure shows that
the inductor current can
not be changed
instantaneously from
zero to E/R or from E/R
to zero, but it is need a
time for either charging
or discharging.

24