Communication

- Latin term “communicare” which means to share and inform ideas, feelings
- It is the act of transmitting intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.
- It involves speaker imparting ideas, concepts, and data to group of listeners (the audience) - this is communication.

Models of communication

1. Aristotle Model of Communication

 Teacher of rhetoric and put-up academy to produce good speakers
 He focused on the speaker and the message, the most important part in his model is the
setting where the listener situated. It is the settings that dictates the message.
 Legal settings - meant the courts where ordinary people defended themselves
 Deliberative settings - meant the political assemblies, the highest of which is roman senate
 Ceremonial Settings - meant celebrations held when they won a war, lost or have a new leader, visitors from other empires

2. Laswell Model
 Harold Laswell was especially concerned with mass communication
and propaganda, so his model is
orientated to the researches we need to develop in order to
answer his questions:
 Who – Control analysis
 Says what – Content analysis
 In which channel – Media analysis
 To whom – Audience analysis
 With what effect – Effect analysis

3. Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

• They assert that the message sent by the Source (speaker) is not necessarily the message received by the destination(listener). this is due to
intervention of "noise" or anything that hampers communication.
They structured this model based on the following elements:
 information source, which produces a message.
 transmitter, which encodes the message into signals
 channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission
 noise source, which distorts signal while it propagates through channels
 receiver, which ‘decodes’ (reconstructs) the message from the signal.
 destination, where the message arrives.

4. The Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model

• In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver’s

(1949) linear model of communication and created the
SMCR Model of Communication.
• This Model of communication separated the model
into clear parts and has been expanded upon by
other scholars.

5. Wilbur Schramm
• Father of mass communication He come up with 5 models, but the model
come (1955) concerned with is the concept that explains why communication breakdown occurs
• He asserts that communication take place if and only if there is overlap between the field of experience of the speaker and the field of experience by the
listener

Field of Experience
= It is everything that makes person unique-everything he/she has ever
learned, watched, seen, heard, read and studied (it is everything
a person has ever experienced or not experienced, done or not done.

6. Eugene White

- Tells that communication is circular and continuous, without beginning or end.

- Communication can actually be observed from any point in the circle
- Contributed the concept of feedback to the field of communication.
- Feedback is the perception by the speaker about
the response of the speaker. speaker can only receive
feedback if speaker is monitoring the listener

Elements of Communication

 Speaker - The source of information or message. Choose their purpose, craft

the message accordingly and decides how to deliver it. the first element of communication
 Message - what needs to be delivered or imparted to somebody. this is the central to the process because the point of communicating is to say something.
 Encoding - process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands
 Decoding - process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver
 Listener/ Receiver - The recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message
 Channel (Medium) - Are the means by which message is sent Five channels / Message is receive and sent via the 5 senses.
 Response - the only way the speaker knows that the message has been receive
 Feedback - result of monitoring by the speaker
 Barriers - The factors that affect the flow of communication
 Noise is any barrier to communication; Physical, Physiological, & Psychological noise
Barriers to Effective Communication:

o The use of jargon. Over-complicated, unfamiliar and/or technical terms.

o Emotional barriers and taboos.
o Some people may find it difficult to express their emotions and some topics may be completely ‘off-limits’ or taboo.
o Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver.
o Differences in perception and viewpoint.
o Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.
o Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. Not being able to see the non-verbal cues, gestures, posture and general body language can make
communication less effective.
o Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually
said and jump to incorrect conclusions.
o Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do the way in which emotions are expressed

Communicative Situation – has 2 components:

1. The physical location is usually chosen for a purpose it will serve

2. The psychological settings depends on the participants

Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

 It consists of messages being sent and received continuously with the speaker and the listener; it is focused on the way messages are
portrayed.
 It is based on language and use of expression, the tone in which the sender of the message relays the communication can determine how the
message is received and in what context.
 The way a message is received is dependent on these factors as they give a greater interpretation for the receiver as to what is meant by the
message
 It is also accompanied with non-verbal cues. These cues make the message clearer and give the listener an indication of what way the
information should be received.
Example of non-verbal cues Factors that Affect Verbal
 Facial expressions Communication:
 Hand gestures  Tone of voice
 Use of objects  Use of descriptive words
 Body movement  Emphasis on certain phrases
 Volume of voice

7 Cs of Effective Communication

1. Completeness - Complete communication is essential to the quality of the communication process in general.
2. Conciseness - Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short but making it direct or straight to the point.
3. Consideration - To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information about his/her receiver
4. Concreteness - Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and
situations.
5. Courtesy - The speaker shows courtesy in communication be respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of their receivers.
6. Clearness - Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas.
7. Correctness - Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the credibility and effectiveness of the
message.

Five Elements of Effective Communication

1. APPROACH - Timing of communication; choice of medium; tone and point of view: recognition of audience (reader vs. writer orientation);
direct vs. indirect presentation (ordering of evidence and conclusions); persuasive strategies and rhetorical appeals (logos, pathos, ethos)
2. DEVELOPMENT - Organization (logical arrangement and sequence); evidence and support (relevance, specificity, accuracy and sufficiency of
detail); knowledge of subject and material; quality of perception, analysis, and insight
3. CORRECTNESS - Rules and conventions of spelling, grammar, punctuation, usage, and idiom; style (appropriateness of word choice and level of
formality to audience, purpose, and material)
4. STYLE - Word choice (economy, precision, and specificity of language and detail; abstract vs. concrete language; action verbs vs. linking or
weak verbs with nominalizations; figures of speech
5. CLARITY - Presentation of thesis or central argument (statement of purpose, delineation or narrowing of topic, relevance of subordinate or
secondary arguments); word choice; technical language and jargon; structure

Dimensions of Communication

 Communication breakdown or miscommunication can lead to total cessation of interaction.

 We see people stop talking to each other, sometimes until the end of our lives
 Miscommunication is brought about by the lack of awareness of the dimensions of communication, especially those influenced by culture and gender.

1. Verbal/Non-Verbal Dimensions
- It encompasses language, the words chosen (verbal dimension) and the facial expressions, and the gestures and bodily movement used(nonverbal
dimension).it must be used together to impart message
2. Oral/Written Dimensions
- It means spoken communication (Oral dimension) and the transcription of thoughts and ideas (written dimension).
- Oral dimension impart message following the principles of deliver
- Written dimensions takes care of putting down words while oral dimensions take care of delivering those words
3. Formal/ Informal Dimensions
- Speak of the factors that may or may nothing light traditional and conventional communication.
- Formal means the meticulous observation of appropriateness in dress, language, and settings while Informal is the opposite.
- It uses a more casual approach regard for the formalities
4. Intentional and Unintentional Dimensions
- It rely on the fact that messages always have purpose.
- There is an intention to communicate. with others. Every message has an intended meaning

QUIZ:

Intercultural communication occurs when there is interaction and negotiation between or among individuals from different cultural backgrounds = TRUE

Intercultural communication refers only to communication that happens between or among individuals from different nations. = TRUE

Communication that exists between or among individuals from different ethnic, religious, and regional backgrounds and sexual orientations is not considered as
intercultural. = FALSE

The denial stage could be interpreted as distrust towards other cultures = FALSE

The DMIS by Bennet and Bennet (2004) can be used to understand those who do not recognize other cultures and cannot communicate interculturally. = TRUE

The acceptance stage refers to recognition of cultural differences = TRUE

In the adaptation stage, individuals begin to integrate with other cultures. = FALSE

Cultural sensitivity matters in intercultural communication. = TRUE

One character trait of a competent communicator is sensitivity to nonverbal cues in other cultures = TRUE

A competent communicator is a person who is effective in intercultural communication. = TRUE

Effective intrapersonal communication relates to the art of thinking, planning and interpreting ideas and messages in a positive manner