AIR

TRANSPORTATION
HOW AVIATION GOT STARTED

• The history of aviation dates to the 5th century with the

invention of kites in China. The famous artist Leonardo da
Vinci created the first drafts for a rational aircraft in his
paintings in the 15th century.

• In 1647, Tito Livio Burattini developed a model aircraft

featuring four pairs of glider wings. But it never supported
the weight of a person.

• Later, in 1970, Francesco Terzi, the Father of Aeronautics,

published a theory that showed the possibility of lighter-
than-air aircraft made of copper foil cylinders.
HOW AVIATION GOT STARTED

• The discovery of hydrogen in the 17th century led to the

development of the first hydrogen balloon.

• In 1783, the Montgolfier brothers, including Jacques-

Étienne and Joseph-Michel, flew the first unmanned hot
air balloon over Annonay, France.

• The same year, they flew a piloted, tethered hot air balloon
with Giroud de Villette, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier,
and Jean-Baptiste Réveillon onboard.

• Later, they launched their first untethered hot air balloon

flight, which flew nine kilometers in about 25 minutes.
HOW AVIATION GOT STARTED

• The hot air balloon became exceptionally popular during

the late 18th century, which led to the discovery of the
relationship between altitude and atmosphere. However,
the main downside of hot air balloons was a lack of
maneuverability.

• The invention of airships came to solve the issue with hot

air balloons. Unlike hot air balloons, airships used
hydrogen or helium gas to lift and were the first ones to
carry passengers over long distances. Alberto Santos-
Dumont was the first person to fly an untethered airship
designed with an internal combustion engine.
 HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT

Despite the numerous advancements of lighter-than-air aircraft,

their existence was short-lived and overshadowed by the invention
of the heavier-than-air airplane.

In 1869, Samuel Pierpont Langley was the first to launch an

unmanned heavier-than-air aircraft on a sustained flight
successfully. Langley was later funded by the US government to
create a crewed version of his heavier-than-air aircraft for purposes
of spying on the enemy. However, his design was not successful.
THE WRIGHT BROTHERS IN
THE HISTORY OF AVIATION
Between 1900 and 1902, the Wright
Brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright from
Dayton, Ohio, designed and tested
numerous glider and kite models. They
built a wind tunnel and then created
various devices to measure the drag and
lift on more than two hundred wing
designs. Finally, their third glider was a
success as it outdid its predecessors,
which heavily contributed to the
aeronautical engineering field.
THE WRIGHT BROTHERS IN
THE HISTORY OF AVIATION
Between 1900 and 1902, the Wright
Brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright from
Dayton, Ohio, designed and tested
numerous glider and kite models. They
built a wind tunnel and then created
various devices to measure the drag and
lift on more than two hundred wing
designs. Finally, their third glider was a
success as it outdid its predecessors,
which heavily contributed to the
aeronautical engineering field.
THE WRIGHT BROTHERS IN
THE HISTORY OF AVIATION
The Wright brothers also worked together
to solve the current issue of controlled,
powered flight. They solved the control
problem by creating wing warping for yaw
control, roll control, and a steerable
rudder. On December 17th, 1903, the two
brothers successfully built and launched
the first crewed heavier-than-air flight.
This is also the universally recognized date
that launched modern aviation. On that
day, they made a total of four flights in
their simple aircraft, with the longest one
piloted by Wilbur, covering 852 feet in 49
seconds.
THE WRIGHT BROTHERS IN
THE HISTORY OF AVIATION
In 1906, Alberto Santos-Dumont set the
world record by flying his aircraft, “14-bis,”
220 meters (about twice the length of a
football field) in 21.5 seconds over Paris. He
also advanced the design by incorporating
moveable parts to the wings to gain
lateral stability. Later, in 1908, he started
working with Clement-Bayard company to
build the first mass-produced aircraft, the
Demoiselle No. 19.
MODERN
AVIATION
MODERN AVIATION
• Digital adoption and technology techniques in the modern era have seen a
massive advancement in the aviation industry. The release of computer-aided
design and computer-aided manufacturing software in the 1970s facilitated
the development of enhanced aircraft designs. Newer technologies like
computer simulations have aided in producing lighter yet more robust
materials for building airplanes.

• Modern aircraft also come equipped with digital systems, eliminating most
analog and mechanical instruments. During the 1980s, cathode-ray displays
in the cockpit were replaced with more advanced computer-based electronic
displays. A notable example was the Boeing 767’s glass cockpit in 1981.
Modern displays, when integrated into automatic pilots, make cockpit
resource management a crucial aspect of flight safety.
MODERN AVIATION
• Also, the introduction of composite materials like the one used for building
Boeing 787 Dreamliner has significantly cut down the weight of aircraft,
leading to improved fuel efficiency. Advanced composite has also led to the
development sweeping wing tips that reduce component weight and
improves aerodynamics of an aircraft.
PHILIPPINE
AVIATION
MILESTONES
PHILIPPINE AVIATION MILESTONES
During the 1911 Manila Carnival Celebration, several aerial troops from the US
arrived in the Philippines to perform a flight exhibition in the Pacific. It was part
of their worldwide tour featuring the two earliest aircrafts ever to land in the
Philippine territory. The aircrafts were names Shiver’s Skylark and Red Devil
biplane, both designed by US aviation pioneer, Glenn Hammond Curtis.

1911: The First Powered Flight in the Philippines

The pilot was James “Bud” C. Mars and the aircraft was the Schriver Skylark.
Todd C. Schriver built the Skylark biplane used in the first powered flight in the
Philippines on February 11, 1911. It was flown by Bud Mars A.K.A. James C. Mars at
the opening ceremony of the festival as flight demonstrations for the Governor
General. The Carnival then was held on the 21st to 28th day of February.
PHILIPPINE AVIATION MILESTONES
The Red Devil biplane developed by
Capt. Thomas S. Baldwin, a famous
balloonist during the Manila Carnival.
Mars was part of the Pacific exhibition
tour organized by Captain Thomas
Baldwin, who also made an exhibition
flight on the same day after Mars did, in
his Baldwin Red Devil biplane. But it was
Baldwin who made the first cross-
country flight in the Philippines six days
later, when on Feb. 27, 1911, he flew 10
miles out of Manila in his Red Devil
biplane.
PHILIPPINE AVIATION MILESTONES
1919: First Airline of the Philippines, First Airmail Delivery
In November 1919, Major Joseph E.H. Stevenot and Alfred J. Croft first formed the
airline ever in the history of Philippine aviation- the Philippine Airways Service
Inc. (PASI). On November 25-29, 1919, Stevenot and Croft completed the first
airmail flight from Manila to Cebu, IloIlo and back.

First Charter Service – TINSAY AIR CHARTER SERVICE

In July 1920, Jose Tinsay - a one plane charter service between IloIlo and Bacolod
with Curtiss Osoriole. The Tinsays of Negros and Panay would continue to be
engaged in local aviation until today. In 1925, Jose Tinsay bought two more
aircrafts. The first regular air services were launched in Iloilo (Central Philippines),
said to be the birthplace of Filipino commercial air transportation. Jose Tinsay, an
Ilongo aviator, was the first to fly the 43-kilometer Guimaras Strait between Iloilo
and Bacolod. The sugar barons kept the air service viable with their frequent
patronage.
PHILIPPINE AVIATION MILESTONES

1930: First Airline to launch Scheduled Services in the

Philippines - PATCO
On December 3, 1930, foreign businessmen in Manila incorporated Philippine
Aerial Taxi Company (PATCO), the 6th certified airline of the Philippines. PATCO
imported German pilots to fly its plane.

First Filipino-owned private airline - INAEC

In 1932, Don Eugenio H. Lopez, Sr., a successful sugar planter and businessman
from Iloilo, founded the Philippines second commercial airline, which is also the
first Filipino-owned private airline - “Iloilo – Negros Air Express Co (INAEC).” Main
base was Iloilo aerodrome. Initial routes were Iloilo to Manila, Bacolod and Cebu.
Soon after came service to Davao, Zamboanga and Del Monte on Mindanao.
PHILIPPINE AVIATION MILESTONES

1931: Advent of Commercial Aviation Regulations

Legislative Act No. 3909 – the Air Commerce Act passed by the Congress of the
Philippines on November 20, 1931, created an Office under the Department of
Commerce and Communications to handle aviation matters, particularly the
enforcement of rules and regulations governing commercial aviation as well as
private flying -a division that will regulate air commerce and faster air transport
development in the Philippines. It was amended by Act 3996 to include licensing
of airmen and aircraft, inspection of aircraft concerning air traffic rules, schedules
and rates and enforcement of Aviation Laws.
PHILIPPINE AVIATION MILESTONES

1941: to Philippine Airlines Philippine Airways

In 1936, PATCO moved from air taxi services to scheduled services. It went
bankrupt in 1940 and Soriano and former senator Ramón J. Fernández acquired
the franchise of Philippine Aerial Taxi Company, Inc. and was officially
incorporated in Feb1941 under the name of Philippine Airways, with shareholders
comprising a group of Filipino, German and Spanish industrialists and
businessmen. The carrier was reformed on 13Mar1941, when it changed its name
to starting operations on 15Mar1941. Philippine Air Lines (PAL), PAL is the oldest
airline in Asia operating under its original name.
 IMPORTANCE OF
AIR
TRANSPORTATION
IMPORTANCE
Air transport facilitates integration into
the global economy and provides vital
connectivity on a national, regional, and
international scale. It helps generate
trade, promote tourism, and create
employment opportunities. The air
transport sector here in the Philippines is
important in facilitating economic growth
and development. In a country made up
of more than 7,000 islands, air
transportation serves as the fastest mode
of connectivity within the country and the
rest of the world.
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• High Speed • Risky
• Fast Service • Cost
• Send almost everywhere • Some Product Limitation
your freight • Capacity for Small Carriage
• High Standard of Security • Enormous investment
• Natural Route
• There is less need for heavy
packaging
TYPES OF AIR
TRANSPORT
Many types of classifications can be established around air
transport, from the most general ones that can distinguish. For
example, the different means of air transport (helicopter, plane,
airship, hot air balloon, plane, etc.) to more specific ones, which
classify types of air transport according to the type of cargo
moved. In this case, three large groups are distinguished:
• Mixed aircraft: carry passengers in the cabin and goods in
the hold. The best known are those built by Airbus and
Boeing.
• Cargo planes: transport exclusively goods.
• Super transports: aircraft designed to transport large goods.
MEANS OF AIR
TRANSPORT
HELICOPTER
Suspended in the air by its powerful
rotating blades, the helicopter is
one of the most sophisticated flight
devices invented by man, endowed
with vertical takeoff and landing
and relative load and maneuver
capacity.
AIRPLANE
Airplanes are one of the greatest
prides of human engineering, as
they allow the mass transport of
people and cargo over enormous
distances and long flight times, at
great heights, pushed by one or
more propeller or jet engines.
PLANE
Also known as a light aircraft, it is
any winged aircraft whose takeoff
weight does not exceed 5,670
kilograms. They allow the transfer of
personnel and cargo smaller than
an airplane and over shorter
distances.
HOT AIR BALLOON
It is made up of a manned cabin
that suspends a mass of gas in the
air, whose heating or cooling allows
it to handle the desired altitude, but
which moves from the action of the
winds, since it lacks propellants.
AIRSHIP OR ZEPPELIN
Unlike the balloon, this ship is
suspended in the air through a set
of gases less dense than the
atmosphere, but controls its
direction from a set of propellers
similar to those of the helicopter. It
was the first flying device to carry
out a long-term journey at the
beginning of the 20th century.
PARAGLIDING
A light glider with capacity for one
or two people, which does not have
an engine and moves from the wind
currents, using a flexible wing. The
traction of a motor vehicle is often
used to make it take off, and a
certain height is required to fly it.
PARAMOTOR
Propelled relative of the paraglider,
it has a propeller motor and a
flexible wing, with which to take off
and stay in mid-flight. It is a kind of
motorized paraglider.
CABLEWAY
Although it does not fly freely, the
cable car is a system of cabins that
move through the air, attached to a
series of cables that are responsible
for moving them through various
stations. In this way you can fly over
mountains, schisms or entire cities,
but never outside the previously
established route.
ULTRALIGHT/MICROLIGHT
Light weight and low fuel
consumption sports aircraft,
equipped with a single or two-
seater open cabin and standards
without a fuselage or fairing. It has a
unique motor with which it is
sustained and a being of wheels to
take off to the race.
ROCKET
The rocket is the only one of these
means of air transport that can
overcome the atmosphere and
leave the planet Earth. Its
combustion engine gets its thrust
from the violent expulsion of gases.
SAFETY
FEATURES
OF AIRPLANES
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
• Aircraft are built to withstand various stresses encountered
during flight, including turbulence and extreme weather
conditions.

• Materials like aluminum alloys, composite materials, and

titanium are used to ensure structural integrity.

• Regular maintenance checks and inspections are

conducted to detect any signs of structural weakness
REDUNDANT SYSTEMS
• Critical systems on airplanes are often redundant, meaning
there are backups in place in case of failure.

• Redundancy applies to flight control systems, hydraulic

systems, electrical systems, and navigation systems.

• This redundancy minimizes the risk of system failures

compromising the safety of the aircraft.
EMERGENCY EXITS AND EVACUATION PROCEDURES
• Airplanes are equipped with multiple emergency exits
strategically placed throughout the cabin.

• Crew members are trained to efficiently evacuate

passengers in the event of an emergency, such as a crash
landing or fire.

• Passengers are briefed on evacuation procedures before

takeoff to ensure a swift and orderly evacuation if
necessary.
FIRE DETECTION AND SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS
• Aircraft are equipped with advanced fire detection systems
that can detect smoke and fire in various areas of the
aircraft.

• Fire suppression systems, such as fire extinguishers and

fire-resistant materials, are installed to contain and
extinguish fires quickly.

• Crew members are trained in fire-fighting techniques to

manage onboard fires effectively.
OXYGEN MASKS AND EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
• In the event of a sudden loss of cabin pressure, oxygen
masks automatically deploy from overhead compartments
to provide passengers and crew with breathable air.

• Emergency equipment, including life vests and flotation

devices, are readily accessible to passengers in case of a
water landing or ditching.
FLIGHT DATA RECORDERS AND COCKPIT VOICE
RECORDERS
• Flight data recorders (commonly known as black boxes)
and cockpit voice recorders are installed in airplanes to
record crucial flight data and cockpit conversations.

• These devices are invaluable for accident investigators in

understanding the sequence of events leading up to an
accident and improving aviation safety.
AIRPORT
SERVICES AND
FACILITIES
AIRPORT
• A public facility where
aircraft land and take off and
where there are buildings for
passengers to wait in and for
aircraft to be sheltered.

• Usually owned and/or

operated by the the national
government.
AIRPORT STRUCTURES
AIRSIDE AREAS:
Runways
• A strip of land on an airport
on which aircraft can land
or takeoff.
AIRPORT STRUCTURES
AIRSIDE AREAS:
Taxiways
• A path for aircraft at an
airport connecting runways
with aprons, hangars,
terminals and other
facilities.
AIRPORT STRUCTURES
AIRSIDE AREAS:
Ramps / Apron
• The "ramp" is where pre-
flight activities are
conducted, and the "apron"
is the area in which aircraft
are parked and maintained.
AIRPORT STRUCTURES

LAND SIDE:
Public Transport Parking Lots
Access Roads
Stations
AIRPORT FACILITIES
PASSENGER TERMINAL
• A terminal is made up of several
gates where planes park and
passengers wait to board. In large
terminals, these gate areas may be
divided into sections known as
concourses, filled with dining,
shopping and lounge options, as
well as restrooms and other
facilities.
AIRPORT FACILITIES
BAGGAGE HANDLING SYSTEM
• ·Baggage handling is the process
of transporting passenger luggage
from a check-in counter at a
departure airport, onto a plane
cargo hold and then to a collection
point at an arrival airport.
AIRPORT FACILITIES
AIRLINE SERVICE
• ·Handle operations from customer
service at airport counters and
lounges to operations control
supporting safe movement.
AIRPORT FACILITIES
HANGARS
• Large buildings that are used to
store and maintain aircraft and
other related equipment. Hangars
typically include storage areas,
offices, and maintenance areas, as
well as other features such as fire
suppression systems and
ventilators to keep the hangar
cool.
AIRPORT FACILITIES
AIRPORT PARKING
Types of airport parking:
• Drop-off and pick-up zones
• Cell phone waiting lots
• Short-term parking
• On-site long-term parking
• Off-site long-term parking
• On-site car rental lots
AIRPORT FACILITIES
AIRPORT MAINTENANCE
• Includes measures to keep or
restore the operational function as
well as measures to check and to
evaluate the present function of
an element.
• The basic components of
maintenance are inspection;
servicing and overhaul; and repair.
AIRPORT FACILITIES
GENERAL AVIATION TERMINAL
• A designated section or separate
airport building specifically
designed to handle general
aviation traffic. This encompasses
all flights not part of commercial
air travel or military aviation.
AIRPORT FACILITIES
CARGO FACILITIES
• Cargo Handling: Airports have
dedicated facilities for processing
international cargo, ensuring
efficient customs clearance and
handling. For instance, Hong Kong
International Airport is a major
hub for international air cargo.
AIRPORT FACILITIES
CONTROL TOWER
• A very tall tower shaped building
on top of which there is a control
room from where the airport
traffic is directed and controlled.
Its location and height are
essential to see the entire area to
watch.
AIRPORT FACILITIES
FUEL DEPOT
• Stores fuel to supply the airport's
fuel tankers. They come in the 4
different types:
- Small Jet A-1
- Medium Jet A-1
- Small Avgas-100
- Medium Avgas-100
• Small fuel depots store 30k liters of
fuel, while medium fuel depots
store 200k litres of fuel
AIRPORT FACILITIES
FIRE STATION
• In most countries, larger airports
with scheduled passenger flights
are obliged to have firefighters and
firefighting equipment on the
premises. Their primary purpose is
to conduct emergency response,
mitigation, evacuation, and rescue
of passengers and crew.
SAFETY
FEATURES
OF AIRPPORTS
RUNWAY SAFETY
• Runway design and maintenance adhere to strict
standards to ensure a smooth and safe landing and takeoff.

• Runway markings, lighting systems, and signage help

pilots navigate the airport safely, especially during low
visibility conditions.

• Regular runway inspections are conducted to identify and

rectify any hazards or obstacles.
AIRCRAFT RESCUE AND FIREFIGHTING (ARFF)
SERVICES
• Airports are equipped with dedicated ARFF services trained
to respond swiftly to aircraft emergencies, including fires
and evacuations.

• ARFF vehicles are equipped with specialized firefighting

agents and equipment tailored for aircraft rescue
operations.
TERMINAL SAFETY
• Terminal buildings are designed with fire-resistant
materials and equipped with fire detection and
suppression systems.

• Emergency exits, evacuation routes, and signage are

prominently displayed throughout the terminals to guide
passengers in case of emergencies.
SECURITY MEASURES
• Airports implement stringent security protocols to screen
passengers, baggage, and cargo for prohibited items and
potential security threats.

• Security personnel are trained to identify and respond to

suspicious behavior and security breaches effectively.
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (ATC) SERVICES
• ATC towers oversee the movement of aircraft on the
ground and in the airspace around the airport.

• Highly trained air traffic controllers manage aircraft traffic,

provide clearances, and ensure safe separation between
aircraft.
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
• Airports employ wildlife management programs to
mitigate the risk of bird strikes and other wildlife-related
hazards to aircraft.

• Measures include habitat modification, bird deterrent

systems, and wildlife control patrols.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS
• Airports develop comprehensive emergency response
plans in collaboration with local authorities and emergency
services.

• These plans outline procedures for responding to a wide

range of emergencies, including natural disasters, security
threats, and medical emergencies.
AIRPORT
DESIGN
STANDARDS
1) AIRPORT PLANNING PROCESS
MASTER PLAN ACTION
It is the first aspect of airport design
standards. It’s the big picture of how
the airport will grow and change over
time. Financial considerations and
physical studies are also a part of this
plan, which details the staged
development of the entire airport
region to meet the needs of both
aviation and non-aviation demand and
land use around the airport.
A master plan for an airport should accomplish four main
goals:
• Development of the airport’s physical facilities and the
future use of land near the airport
• Establishment of a schedule of priorities for the
implementation of the phase advancement and
enhancement proposed in the plan
• Determination of the innovative and financial requirements
of the proposed development
• Documentation of policies and future aerospace demand
regarding spending, depreciation, and other financial
considerations.
2) FORECASTING AIRPORT TRAFFIC
• A detailed and reasonable projection of future traffic is
essential for airport planning and creating a viable airport
investment program.

• Forecasting airport traffic is crucial in airport design as it helps

determine the capacity needed for terminals, runways,
parking facilities, and other infrastructure. Accurate forecasts
ensure that airports can efficiently accommodate current and
future passenger and aircraft demand, optimizing resources
and minimizing congestion.
3) CAPACITY AND TIMELINE ANALYSIS OF
REQUIREMENTS
• Analyzing the capacity and timeline requirements for airport
design standards involves evaluating factors such as passenger
growth projections, aircraft movements, security protocols, and
regulatory compliance. This analysis ensures that the design
can accommodate current and future needs efficiently.

• It also involves adhering to industry standards and regulations

while considering the time required for design, approval
processes, construction, and commissioning. Balancing these
factors is crucial for creating a functional and safe airport
infrastructure
4) DESIGN AND LAYOUT
(Geometric Design of Airport)

RUNWAY LENGTH
• The ideal runway length is based on
aircraft type, maximum take-off
weight, engine performance,
landing and braking performance,
flap position, and required safety
features.
RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY GUIDELINES

• The FAA has established a

standard set of parameters for
issues like runway width,
separations between runways
and taxiways, safety areas
around runways and taxiways,
shoulder width, pads to
redirect jet blasts, object-free
areas, and so on. These norms
heavily influence airport design
standards, which depend on
airspeed and airplane mass.
RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY GUIDELINES

• All taxiways should have

centerline markings and
runway holding position
markings whenever they
intersect a runway. Taxiway
edge markings are present
whenever there is a need to
separate the taxiway from a
pavement that is not intended
for aircraft use or to delineate
the edge of the taxiway
5) AIRPORT LIGHTING AND SIGNING

RUNWAY
• The runway’s lighting and signs help the pilot maintain
proper alignment with the runway, sideways displacement,
and distance all along the runway. Pilots must know the
threshold to land safely, indicated by a green light bar at the
end of the runway. Yet, those lights turn red when planes
come in from the opposite direction
5) AIRPORT LIGHTING AND SIGNING
AIRFIELD
• The airstrip is designated with signs indicating taxiways, stop
lines, holding zones, etc. The borders of the taxiway are
marked with blue lights, while a yellow warning bar suggests
when you should stop crossing or approaching an active
runway.
• Standard airfield markings point pilots toward the terminal,
parking, fuel, gates, transitory aircraft areas, military aircraft
runways, cargo docks, worldwide terminals, and other airside
services. The pilot can also rely on visual indicators to help
land safely at the airfield.
AIRFIELD
6) AIRPORT PLANS
After the assessment, forecasting, requirements analysis, and
site inspection, master planning combines airside and
landside principles and designs. These include airport layout
and approach and clear zone plans. The site, access, and
environmental objectives may also exist.
AIRPORT LAYOUT
• The airport layout design
shows current and future
airport infrastructure in scale.
It will provide aerial criteria,
clearance and dimensions
data, and external area
relationships as the airport’s
public document. Schematics
further show the airfield’s
runways, taxiways, aprons,
and terminals.
APPROACH AND RUNWAY CLEAR ZONE PLAN
• These plans allow
the planner to
assess how the
airport will interact
with the land
around it in terms
of maintaining safe
flight conditions.
NOISE COMPATIBILITY PLAN
• Noise contours should be produced using projected airport
traffic to forecast where noise will be an issue in the future.
Planned elements incorporate backup launch sites and
operational restraints. It would also reveal which structures
and other infrastructure could benefit from being
relocated or soundproofed.
HELIPORT
• A Heliport is a landing places of
helicopters and has a fixed base
operation that provides a range
of services, including customs,
maintenance, fuel bunkering
and fire suppression.
HELIPORT DESIGN
BASIC LAYOUT
The basic elements of a heliport include:

• Clear approach/departure paths

• Clear area for ground maneuvers
• Final approach and takeoff area (FATO)
• Touchdown and liftoff area (TLOF)
• Safety area
• Wind cone
 HELIPORT DESIGN
• A heliport should include at least
one Touchdown and Liftoff (TLOF)
area centered in a Final Approach
and Takeoff (FATO) area, a
peripheral safety area and two or
more approach and departure
paths.
• The TLOF must be at least as long
and wide as the rotor diameter of
the largest helicopter to use the
heliport.
 HELIPORT DESIGN
• The FATO must be at least 1.5
times the overall length of the
helicopter. The width of the safety
area must be at least 0.28 times
the rotor diameter, but not less
than 20 ft. (6.1 m). At least two
approach/departure paths, with
one aligned in the direction of the
predominant wind, are required.
HELIPAD SIZE
• Helipads should be no less than 40 feet by 40 feet, and
surrounded by a safety zone no less than 82 ft. x 82 ft.
• Ground helipads should be made of Portland cement
concrete, at least 6 inches thick. Helicopters can sink into
asphalt on a hot day.
• Keep the safety area around the helipad free of obstacles
approximately twice the area of the helipad when possible.
• Drainage should be sloped away from access points for
patient loading etc.
WINDSOCKS
• A windsock should be visible
from the helipad to reflect
wind speed and direction. It
should be 6-8 feet long and
lighted (amber) for night. It
should be at least 10-15 feet
above ground, and located at
least 100 feet from the
helipad.
MARK HAZARDS
• Power lines in the vicinity of
the helipad need to be
marked with appropriate
orange markers.
• Any structure 200 feet or
above needs to be lighted
with red obstruction lights.
MARK HAZARDS
• Cranes should have flags for
daylight and be lighted at
night; lower cranes at night if
possible; always notify
helicopter programs if you
have cranes or construction
near the hospital or helipad.
TYPES OF
HELIPORTS
TYPES OF HELIPORTS

GENERAL AVIATION HELIPORTS

• The helicopters used by individuals, corporations,
and helicopter air taxi services are accommodated
under general aviation heliports. Most of the general
aviation heliports are privately owned.
TYPES OF HELIPORTS

TRANSPORT HELIPORTS
• Transport heliports accommodate large helicopters
that perform air carrier operations.
TYPES OF HELIPORTS

HOSPITAL HELIPORTS
• Hospital heliports are used to accommodate
helicopters used for Emergency Medical Services
(EMS). During emergencies, large military
helicopters are also accommodated by hospital
heliports.
TYPES OF HELIPORTS

HELICOPTER FACILITIES AT AIRPORTS

• Helicopters operate in most airports without
interfering with airplane traffic to perform separate
services. Separate terminals and gates for helicopter
boarding with interconnecting passenger traffic are
provided in the airports.
THANK
YOU!
MEMBERS:
• MARTIN, MARY SHINE M.
• LAMMAWIN, GRAYDEN KYLE
• TAROMA, PATRICIA KEITH A.
• PACIS, VINCENT PAUL A.
• SANTOS, JAN VICTOR
• UBERA, RONA ROSE I.
• CABIAO, DANIELA MAE P.
• RUFO, DENNIS
• DOMINGO, MARY JOY
• MIGUEL, TRISTAN