Welcome to

Quadratic Equations
 Table of contents

Session 01 𝟎𝟑 Session 04 63 Session 07 116

Polynomial Functions 04 Range of Quadratic Polynomial 71 Theory of Equation: (Cubic 124

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0 Equation)
Zeros of Polynomial 07
Quadratic Polynomial 08 Location Of Roots 80 Theory of Equation: (Biquadratic 125
Equation)
Nature of roots 12
Theory of Equation 129
Session 05 81

Session 02 𝟐𝟕 Common roots 93

2
Roots of 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 under 35
particular condition
Plotting Graph of Quadratic 40 Session 06 98
polynomial
Condition for Quadratic 103
Polynomials in two variables
Session 03 44

Different Cases of graph of 45

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
 Session 01
Introduction to
quadratic equation &
Nature of roots.

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 Key Takeaways

Polynomial Functions:

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 is polynomial function.

• Highest degree of 𝑓 𝑥 is 𝑛. So, it is 𝑛 degree polynomial.

• Here 𝑎𝑛 =leading coefficient=highest degree coefficient ; 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0.

• If 𝑎𝑛 = 1, then it is known as the Monic polynomial ; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑊.

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 Key Takeaways
Examples :

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1 is a polynomial function.

2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + + 1 is not a polynomial function
• 𝑥
as we never take negative or fractional degrees in polynomials.

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 Which of the following is not a polynomial?

A 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 7

B 3𝑥 12 − 6𝑥

C 2
𝑥 2 − 6 3𝑥 + 7
7

D 3𝑥 3 +
2
+ 4𝑥
𝑥2/3

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 Key Takeaways
Zeros of Polynomial:

• 𝑥 = 𝛼 is said to be zero of a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) when 𝑓 𝛼 = 0

If a polynomial equation 𝑓 𝑥 is equated to zero i.e., 𝑓 𝑥 = 0,

• then it is said to be a polynomial.

For a polynomial equation we will have roots, whereas for a

• polynomial function we have zeroes.

If zeroes of cubic polynomial are 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 then

• cubic polynomial = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽)(𝑥 − 𝛾)

Fundamental theorem of algebra :

If polynomial is of degree 𝑛 𝑛 ∈ ℕ , then it must have

• exactly 𝑛 zeroes.
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 Quadratic Polynomial :

A polynomial of degree 2 in one variable of type 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, a ≠ 0

• and 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ is said to be a quadratic polynomial

• Here 𝑎 is leading coefficient and 𝑐 is the absolute term.

General form of quadratic equation:

• Equation in the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0

is said to be quadratic equation.
Here 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are called coefficients of 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 and constant
respectively of the equation.
Methods of solving quadratic equations:
For 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0

• Factorization method
• Completing the square method
Return To Top • Using quadratic formula
 1
The value of 4 + 1
is:
5+ 1
4+ 1
5+ 4+⋯
JEE Mar 2021
1
Solution: 𝑦=4+ 1
1
Let 𝑦 = 4 + 1
5+
5+ 1 𝑦
4+
5+
1
1 A 2+
4
⋅ 30
4+
4+ ⋯ 5
𝑦
⇒𝑦=4+
5𝑦+1
B 4+
4
⋅ 30
⇒ 5𝑦 2 − 20𝑦 − 4 = 0 5

⇒𝑦=
20± 400+80 C 2
2 + ⋅ 30
10 5

20±4 30
⇒𝑦= D 2
10 5+ ⋅ 30
5
10±2 30
⇒𝑦=
5

∴ 𝑦 = 2+
2
30 (∵ Since 𝑦 > 4, only positive
5
Return To Top value is accepted)
 For the Quadratic equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0, find the difference of roots.

Concept:
Difference of roots= |𝛼 − 𝛽|
𝛼−𝛽 = 𝛼+𝛽 2 − 4𝛼𝛽
𝑏 2 4𝑐 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝛼−𝛽 = − − =
𝑎 𝑎 |𝑎|

Method 1:
Here, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = −2
𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −1 2 −4 1 −2
𝛼−𝛽 = = =3
|𝑎| 1

Method 2:
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 1 = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 2, −1 ⇒ 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 2 − −1 = 3

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 Key Takeaways

• For 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0

Let 𝛼, 𝛽 be its Roots. Then
𝑏
𝑖 𝑆 = Sum of roots = 𝛼 + 𝛽 = −
𝑎
𝑐
𝑖𝑖 𝑃 = Product of roots = 𝛼. 𝛽 =
𝑎

𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 𝐷
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Difference of roots = 𝛼 − 𝛽 = =
𝑎 𝑎

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 Note:
If 𝑎 = 1, 𝐷 =perfect square & 𝑏, 𝑐 = Integer, then Roots of
• 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are integers.
Nature of roots 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℚ :

• Real and Distinct roots ⇒ 𝐷 > 0

• Equal Roots ⇒ 𝐷 = 0

Conjugate Pair: Imaginary Roots ⇒ 𝐷 < 0; 𝑝 + 𝑖𝑞, 𝑝 − 𝑖𝑞

• Irrational Roots ⇒ 𝐷 ≠ Perfect Square ⇒ 𝑝 + 𝑞, 𝑝 − 𝑞

• Rational Roots ⇒ 𝐷 = Perfect square

• Integral Roots ⇒ 𝐷 = Perfect square, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℤ
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 Nature of roots depends on 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝐷:

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℚ

𝐷=0 𝐷≠0 ⇒Imaginary Roots

⇒Repeated Roots or identical roots 𝐷<0 ⇒ 𝑝 + 𝑖𝑞 type
𝑏 2 ⇒Exist in conjugate
⇒ Perfect square of 𝑥 + =0
2𝑎
𝐷>0 pair
⇒ Graph touches 𝑋-axis
E.g. 2 + 3𝑖 , 2 − 3𝑖

𝐷 ≠Perfect square 𝐷 =Perfect square

⇒Conjugate pair of ⇒Rational Roots
Irrational Roots ⇒Distinct Roots
⇒ 𝑝 + 𝑞 type
E.g. 2 + 3 , 2 − 3
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 Find the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation.
I. 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 4 = 0
II. 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 2 𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 = 0; 𝑎, 𝑏 are distinct real numbers
III. 𝑥 2 − 2 2𝑥 + 1 = 0

Solution:

i) 𝐷 = 49 − 32 = 17, it’s not a perfect square

So, roots will be irrational roots and they exists as conjugate pairs.

ii) 𝐷 = 4 𝑎 + 𝑏 2 − 4 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 2 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 = −4 𝑎 − 𝑏 2
= −𝑣𝑒,
So, roots will be imaginary roots..

iii) 𝐷 = 8 − 4 = 4, it’s a perfect square.

But roots are not rational here.
Roots are irrational because 𝑏 is irrational.

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 27
The number of the real roots of the equation 𝑥 + 1 2
+ 𝑥−5 =
4

JEE Feb 2021

Solution:
For 𝑥 ≥ 5
2 27
𝑥+1 + 𝑥−5 =
4
27
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 =
4
43
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − =0
4

−12± 144+688
⇒𝑥 =
8

−12± 832 −12±28.8

⇒𝑥 = =
8 8

−3±7.2
⇒𝑦=
2

−3+7.2 −3−7.2
⇒𝑦=
2
, 𝑦=
2
∴ No solution
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 27
The number of the real roots of the equation 𝑥 + 1 2
+ 𝑥−5 =
4

JEE Feb 2021

Solution:

Now, for 𝑥 < 5

2 27
𝑥+1 − 𝑥−5 =
4
27
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 6 − =0
4

⇒ 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3 = 0

−4± 16+48
⇒𝑥 =
8
−4±8
⇒𝑥 =
8
−3 1
⇒𝑥 = ,𝑥 =
4 2

2 Real roots
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 1 1
Let 𝛼, 𝛽 be two roots of the equation 𝑥 + 20 𝑥 + 5 2 4 2 =0.
Then 𝛼 8 + 𝛽 8 is equal to
JEE July 2021
1 1
𝑥 2 + 20 𝑥 + 5
4 2 =0
1
∴ 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − 20 4
A 160
1
And 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛽 = 5 2

We know that
B 10
Now,
𝛼2 + 𝛽 2 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 2
− 2𝛼𝛽
𝛼8 + 𝛽 8 = 𝛼4 + 𝛽 4 2
− 2𝛼 4 𝛽4
C 50
1 2 1
2 2
⇒ 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − 20 4 −2 5 2 ⇒ 𝛼8 + 𝛽 8 = −10 2−2 5 2

⇒ 𝛼2 + 𝛽 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝛼 8 + 𝛽 8 = 100 − 50 = 50 D 100
Also,
𝛼4 + 𝛽 4 = 𝛼2 + 𝛽 2 2
− 2𝛼 2 𝛽2
⇒ 𝛼 4 + 𝛽 4 = 0 − 2 5 = −10
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 Key Takeaways

𝑆𝑂𝑅 = Sum of roots

𝑃𝑂𝑅 = Product of roots

A. Both positive roots: 𝛼, 𝛽 + 𝑣𝑒 roots ⇒ 𝐷 ≥ 0 𝑆𝑂𝑅 > 0 𝑃𝑂𝑅 > 0

B. Both negative roots: 𝛼, 𝛽 − 𝑣𝑒 roots ⇒ 𝐷 ≥ 0 𝑆𝑂𝑅 < 0 𝑃𝑂𝑅 > 0

C. Roots opposite in sign: 𝛼 + 𝑣𝑒, 𝛽 − 𝑣𝑒 roots ⇒ 𝐷 > 0| 𝑃𝑂𝑅 < 0

D. Roots opposite in sign and equal: 𝛼, −𝛼 ⇒ 𝐷 > 0|𝑆𝑂𝑅 = 0

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 Key Takeaways

𝑆𝑂𝑅 = Sum of roots

𝑃𝑂𝑅 = Product of roots

E. At least one root positive:

i. Exactly one root positive
ii. Both roots positive

F. At least one root negative:

i. Exactly one root negative
ii. Both roots negative

1
G. Roots are Reciprocal: 𝛼, ⇒ 𝐷 > 0| 𝑃𝑂𝑅 = 1
𝛼

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 Find the range of values of 𝑚 for which the quadratic equation
𝑥 2 − 𝑚 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0 has
i. Imaginary roots
ii. Equal roots
iii. Real and District roots

1. Both imaginary roots 𝐷= 𝑚−3 2

−4⋅1⋅𝑚
𝐷 < 0, 𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 9 < 0 = 𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9 − 4𝑚
1 < 𝑚 < 9 ⇒ 𝑚 ∈ (1,9)

2. Both Equal roots

𝐷 = 0, 𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 9 = 0
𝑚 = 1,9 ⇒ 𝑚 ∈ {1,9}

3. Both roots real and distinct

𝐷 > 0, 𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 9 > 0
Return To Top 𝑚 < 1 ∪ 𝑚 > 9 ⇒ 𝑚 ∈ (−∞, 1) ∪ (9, ∞)
 Find the range of values of 𝑚 for which the quadratic equation
𝑥 2 − 𝑚 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0 has
iv. Both positive roots
v. Both negative roots
vi. Roots opposite in sign

Solution:
2
𝐷= 𝑚−3 −4⋅1⋅𝑚
= 𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9 − 4𝑚

= 𝑚−1 𝑚−9

4. Both Positive roots

𝐷 ≥ 0 𝑆𝑂𝑅 > 0 𝑃𝑂𝑅 > 0
𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 9 ≥ 0, 𝑚 − 3 > 0, 𝑚 > 0
𝑚 ∈ −∞, 1 ∪ 9, ∞ , 𝑚 > 3, 𝑚 > 0
𝑚 ∈ [9, ∞)
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 Find the range of values of 𝑚 for which the quadratic equation
𝑥 2 − 𝑚 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0 has
iv. Both positive roots
v. Both negative roots
vi. Roots opposite in sign

Solution: 5. Both Negative roots

𝐷 ≥ 0 𝑆𝑂𝑅 < 0 𝑃𝑂𝑅 > 0
𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 9 ≥ 0, 𝑚 − 3 < 0, 𝑚 > 0
𝑚 ∈ −∞, 1 ∪ 9, ∞ , 𝑚 < 3, 𝑚 > 0
𝑚 ∈ 0,1
6. Roots opposite in sign
𝐷 > 0 | 𝑃𝑂𝑅 < 0
𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 9 > 0, 𝑚 < 0
𝑚 ∈ −∞, 1 ∪ 9, ∞ , 𝑚 < 0
𝑚 ∈ −∞, 0
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 Find the range of values of 𝑚 for which the quadratic equation
𝑥 2 − 𝑚 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0 has
vii. At least one root positive.
viii. At least one root negative.

Solution:
2
𝐷= 𝑚−3 −4⋅1⋅𝑚
= 𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9 − 4𝑚 = 𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 9

7. Atleast one root is positive

Exactly one root is positive ∪ Both roots are positive
𝑚 ∈ −∞, 0 ∪ [9, ∞)
Check for boundary conditions
For 𝑚 = 0, 𝑥 2 − 0 − 3 𝑥 + 0 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0,3
One root is negative. So, 𝑚 = 0 can be excluded.
Return To Top ∴ 𝑚 ∈ −∞, 0 ∪ 9, ∞
 Find the range of values of 𝑚 for which the quadratic equation
𝑥 2 − 𝑚 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0 has
vii. At least one root positive.
viii. At least one root negative.

Solution:

8. At least one root is negative

Exactly one root is negative ∪ both roots are negative
𝑚 ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (0,1]
Check boundary conditions
For 𝑚 = 0, 𝑥 2 − 0 − 3 𝑥 + 0 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, −3

One root is negative. So, 𝑚 = 0 has to be included

∴ 𝑚 ∈ −∞, 1

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 Find the range of values of 𝑚 for which the quadratic equation
𝑥 2 − 𝑚 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0 has
ix. Roots equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.
x. Reciprocal roots.

Solution:
2
𝐷= 𝑚−3 −4⋅1⋅𝑚
= 𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9 − 4𝑚 = 𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 9

9. Roots are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign

𝐷 > 0 | 𝑆𝑂𝑅 = 0
𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 9 > 0, 𝑚 < 1 ∪ 𝑚 > 9
𝑆𝑂𝑅 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = 3
∴𝑚 =𝜙

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 Find the range of values of 𝑚 for which the quadratic equation
𝑥 2 − 𝑚 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0 has
ix. Roots equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.
x. Reciprocal roots.

Solution:

2
𝐷= 𝑚−3 −4⋅1⋅𝑚
= 𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9 − 4𝑚 = 𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 9

10. Roots are reciprocal

𝐷 > 0 | 𝑃𝑂𝑅 = 1
𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 9 > 0, 𝑚 = 1
𝑚 ∈ −∞, 1 ∪ 9, ∞ , 𝑚 = 1
𝑚=𝜙

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 Session 02
Roots under condition
and graphs of
quadratic polynomial

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 Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 2 = 0. If 𝑎𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 − 𝛽 𝑛 for 𝑛 ≥ 1, then
𝑎10 −2𝑎8
the value of is:
3𝑎9
JEE Feb 2021
Solution:
𝛼 and 𝛽 be the roots 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 2 = 0
A 4
𝛼 2 − 6𝛼 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝛼 2 − 2 = 6𝛼
𝛽 2 − 6𝛽 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝛽 2 − 2 = 6𝛽
B 1
Now,
𝑎10 −2𝑎8 𝛼10 −𝛽 10 −2(𝛼8 −𝛽8 )
3𝑎9
=
3 𝛼9 −𝛽9
C 3
𝛼10 −2𝛼8 −(𝛽10 −2𝛽8 )
=
3 𝛼9 −𝛽9 D 2
𝛼8 𝛼2 −2 −𝛽8 (𝛽2 −2)
=
3 𝛼9 −𝛽9

𝛼8 6𝛼 −𝛽8 (6𝛽) 6(𝛼9 −𝛽9 ) 6

= = = =2
3 𝛼9 −𝛽9 3 𝛼9 −𝛽9 3
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 𝜋 𝜋
If 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 has roots sec 2 and cosec 2 , then find the value
8 8
of 𝑎 + 𝑏.

Solution:

We know that, sec 2 𝑥 + cosec 2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 cosec 2 𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
We have, sec 2 and cosec 2 as roots of 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0
8 8

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
⇒ sec 2 + cosec 2 = sec 2 cosec 2
8 8 8 8

Hence ,Sum of roots = Product of roots

−𝑎 𝑏
Sum of roots = and Product of roots =
1 1

⇒ −𝑎 = 𝑏
⇒ 𝑎 +𝑏 = 0

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 If 𝛼 , 𝛽 are roots of 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0, then find the roots of
𝑥 −𝛼 𝑥−𝛽 −𝑐 = 0

Solution:

𝛼 , 𝛽 are roots of 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 If 𝛼 , 𝛽 are roots of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,

Then the equation can be written as
⇒ 𝑥 −𝑎 𝑥−𝑏 +𝑐 = 𝑥−𝛼 𝑥−𝛽 𝑎 𝑥−𝛼 𝑥−𝛽 = 0
So,
If 𝛼 , 𝛽 are roots of 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
⇒ 𝑥 −𝑎 𝑥−𝑏 = 𝑥 −𝛼 𝑥−𝛽 −𝑐 Then the equation can be
written as 𝑥 − 𝛼 𝑥 − 𝛽 = 0
Hence the roots of 𝑥 − 𝛼 𝑥 − 𝛽 − 𝑐 = 0 are 𝑎, 𝑏

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 𝐴) If 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 − 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0 has equal roots, then find the
relation between 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐.
𝐵) 𝑝 𝑞 − 𝑟 𝑥 2 + 𝑞 𝑟 − 𝑝 𝑥 + 𝑟 𝑝 − 𝑞 = 0 has equal roots, then prove
2 1 1
that = + .
𝑞 𝑝 𝑟

Solution:

𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑥2 + 𝑐 − 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0
Here the sum of coefficient is
𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑐 − 𝑎 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0,
Hence, 𝛼 = 1 = 𝛽 are the roots of the equation.
𝑎−𝑏
Product of roots = 1 =
𝑏−𝑐

⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 2𝑏

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 𝐴) If 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 − 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0 has equal roots, then find the
relation between 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐.
𝐵) 𝑝 𝑞 − 𝑟 𝑥 2 + 𝑞 𝑟 − 𝑝 𝑥 + 𝑟 𝑝 − 𝑞 = 0 has equal roots, then prove
2 1 1
that = + .
𝑞 𝑝 𝑟

Solution:

Given, 𝑝 𝑞 − 𝑟 𝑥 2 + 𝑞 𝑟 − 𝑝 𝑥 + 𝑟 𝑝 − 𝑞 = 0 has
equal roots.
Here the sum of coefficient is
𝑝𝑞 − 𝑝𝑟 + 𝑞𝑟 − 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝𝑟 − 𝑟𝑞 = 0,
Hence, 𝛼 = 1 = 𝛽 are the roots of the equation.
𝑝𝑟 −𝑞𝑟
Product of roots = =1
𝑝𝑞 −𝑝𝑟

2 1 1
⇒ 𝑝𝑟 − 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑝𝑞 − 𝑝𝑟 ⇒ 2𝑝𝑟 = 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞𝑟 ⇒ = +
𝑞 𝑝 𝑟

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 Note:

• If 𝑥 = 1 satisfies 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
then 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0

• If sum of coefficient = 0 in given Quadratic equation,

then one root of the that quadratic = 1

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 Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 be two real numbers such that 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 1 and 𝛼𝛽 = −1.
Let 𝑃𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛
+ 𝛽 𝑛
, 𝑃𝑛−1 = 11 and 𝑃𝑛+1 = 29 for some integer 𝑛 ≥ 1.
Then the value of 𝑃𝑛2 is
JEE Mar 2021
Solution:
Given, 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 1, 𝛼𝛽 = −1

∴ Quadratic equation with roots 𝛼, 𝛽 is

𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝛼2 = 𝛼 + 1
Multiply both sides by 𝛼 𝑛−1 ⇒ 𝑃𝑛+1 = 𝑃𝑛 + 𝑃𝑛−1

𝛼 𝑛+1 = 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛼 𝑛−1 ⋯ 1 ⇒ 29 = 𝑃𝑛 + 11

Similarly, ⇒ 𝑃𝑛 = 18

𝛽 𝑛+1 = 𝛽 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛−1 ⋯ 2
Adding 1 and 2 we get:

𝛼 𝑛+1 + 𝛽 𝑛+1 = 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 + 𝛼 𝑛−1 + 𝛽 𝑛−1

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 Key Takeaways

Roots of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 under particular condition

• If 𝑏 = 0
𝑐
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = − 𝑎
𝑐
⇒𝑥=± − i.e. Roots are equal but opposite in sign.
𝑎

• If 𝑐 = 0
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0
𝑏
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 & 𝑥 = − i.e. One of the root is zero
𝑎

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 Key Takeaways
We have 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

• If 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 0
𝑎𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 0.
Hence both roots are zero

• If 𝑎 = 𝑐
𝑐 1
Product of roots = 𝛼𝛽 = =1 ⇒𝛽= .
𝑎 𝛼
Hence roots are reciprocal.

• If 𝑎, 𝑐 are opposite sign

𝑐
Product of roots = 𝛼𝛽 = < 0
𝑎
Hence One root is positive and other is negative.
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 Key Takeaways

We have 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

• If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are of same sign,

Sum of roots is negative & Product of roots is positive
Hence, Both roots will be negative.

• If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are alternate opposite sign,

𝑎 = + 𝑣𝑒, 𝑏 = − 𝑣𝑒, 𝑐 = + 𝑣𝑒
Both roots will be positive.

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 Comment about nature of roots of quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 − 0 if
I. 𝑎 and 𝑏 are of same sign but 𝑐 is opposite in sign.
II. 𝑏 and 𝑐 are of same sign but 𝑎 is opposite in sign.
III. 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0.

Solution:
Let 𝛼, 𝛽 be roots of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑏
I. 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − <0
𝑎
𝑐
𝛼𝛽 = < 0 which is possible if both magnitude of lowest root is greater than
𝑎
That of highest root (e.g. −5, 2)
𝑏 𝑐
II. 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − > 0, 𝛼 ⋅ 𝛽 = <0
𝑎 𝑎
Which is possible if both roots are opposite in sign and the magnitude
of highest root is greater than that of lowest root.
III. 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 i.e. Sum of coefficients = 0 which is possible
𝑐
If one root is 1 and another root is .
Return To Top 𝑎
 Key Takeaways
Concept of identity

• Equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 is an identity if 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 0.

• In the identity 𝑎1 𝑥 2 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑐1 ≡ 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 we can compare coefficients.

Any polynomial equation of degree 𝑛 having more than 𝑛 roots

• is an identity.
Example:

𝑝𝛼 2 + 𝑞𝛼 + 𝑟 = 0
𝑝𝛽 2 + 𝑞𝛽 + 𝑟 = 0 ቑ = 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
𝑝𝛾 2 + 𝑞𝛾 + 𝑟 = 0
As 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0
Hence it becomes an identity if 𝑝 = 𝑞 = 𝑟

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 Key Takeaways

Plotting Graph of Quadratic polynomial:

• If 𝑎 > 0, then it is upward facing parabola.

• If 𝑎 < 0, then it is downward facing parabola.

•
𝑏 𝐷
Vertex of the parabola is − ,− .
2𝑎 4𝑎

• 𝑦-intercept is equal to (0, 𝑐).

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 Key Takeaways
Example :

𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = −2
𝑎 > 0 ⇒Upward opening parabola
𝐷 = 1 − 4(1)(−2)
=9
−1 9 1 9
V≡ − ,− = ,−
2 1 4×1 2 4

𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2

−1, 0 2, 0
𝑥
0, −2
1 9
,−
2 4
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 Key Takeaways
𝑦 1
𝑥=
2 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2

𝑥
9
𝑦=−
4
1 9
𝑉 ,−
2 4

• 1
In the above curve 𝑥 = is line of symmetry.
2

• Range of polynomial is − , ∞
9
4

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 Plot the curve of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 and comment about the zeros of
polynomial and axis of symmetry from the graph also find its range.

Solution:
Comparing the given quadratic equation with
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 we get :
1
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 1 𝑥=−
2

I. 𝑎 > 0, Hence upward parabola

𝑏 𝐷 1 3
II. Vertex 𝑉 = − ,− = − ,
2𝑎 4𝑎 2 4

Axis of symmetry from above curve

1
diagram is 𝑥 = − 1 3
2 − ,
As the graph does not intersect 𝑥 − axis 2 4

there will be no real roots for 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0

3
Range of the given polynomial is ,∞
4
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 Session 03
Graphs of quadratic
polynomial and its
applications

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Case 1: 𝑎 > 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is an upward opening parabola

D>0 D= 0 D< 0

• Intersects with the 𝑥 − axis • Touches the 𝑥 − axis • Does not intersect with
at two distinct points. the 𝑥 − axis

• Real and Distinct roots • Real and Equal roots • Imaginary roots

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Case 2: 𝑎 < 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is a downward opening parabola

D> 0 D= 0 D<0

• Intersects with the 𝑥 − axis • Touches the 𝑥 − axis • Does not intersect with
at two distinct points. the 𝑥 − axis

• Real and Distinct roots • Real and Equal roots • Imaginary roots

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 Plot the curve 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 and hence find it’s range.

Solution:
Comparing the given quadratic equation with
(1, 0)
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 we get :
𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = −1
(0, −1)
I. 𝑎 < 0, Hence downward parabola
𝑏 𝐷
II. Vertex 𝑉 = − ,− = 1, 0
2𝑎 4𝑎
III. 𝑌 −intercept= 0, 𝑐 = 0, −1

Hence Range is (−∞, 0]

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Case 1: 𝑎 > 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is an upward opening parabola

D>0 D= 0 D<0

α β 𝛼=𝛽
Real and Distinct Real and Equal Imaginary

• 𝛼<𝑥<𝛽⇒𝑓 𝑥 <0 • 𝑥 = 𝛼, 𝛽 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 • 𝑓 𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥

above 𝑥 axis
• 𝑥 <𝛼∪𝑥> 𝛽 ⇒𝑓 𝑥 >0 • 𝑥 <𝛼∪𝑥> 𝛽 ⇒𝑓 𝑥 >0
• 𝑥 = 𝛼, 𝛽 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 0

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Case 2: 𝑎 < 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is a downward opening parabola

D> 0 D= 0 D< 0

α β 𝛼=𝛽

• 𝛼<𝑥<𝛽⇒𝑓 𝑥 >0 • 𝑥 = 𝛼, 𝛽 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 • 𝑓 𝑥 < 0 for all 𝑥

below 𝑥 axis
• 𝑥 <𝛼∪𝑥> 𝛽 ⇒𝑓 𝑥 <0 • 𝑥 <𝛼∪𝑥> 𝛽 ⇒𝑓 𝑥 <0
• 𝑥 = 𝛼, 𝛽 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 0

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 Key Takeaways

• 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 > 0 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ • 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 < 0 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

𝐷<0 𝐷<0
𝑎>0 𝑎<0

Above 𝑥 axis Below 𝑥 axis

• If 𝑎 and 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 holds same sign, then 𝐷 < 0 (imaginary roots)

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 𝑎𝑥2 +2 𝑎 +1 𝑥+9𝑎+4
Range of 𝑎 for which 𝑓 𝑥 = is always
𝑥2 −8𝑥+32
negative is ______________.

Solution:
For Denominator 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 32, 𝐷 < 0
⇒ Denominator is positive for all values of 𝑥

For 𝑓 𝑥 to be always negative ,

Numerator: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2 𝑎 + 1 𝑥 + 9𝑎 + 4 < 0
⇒ 𝑎 < 0 and 𝐷 < 0
2
⇒ 𝐷 = 4 𝑎+1 − 4𝑎 9𝑎 + 4 < 0 = 4 𝑎2 + 2𝑎 + 1 − 9𝑎2 − 4𝑎 < 0
⇒ 8𝑎2 + 2𝑎 − 1 > 0
⇒ 4𝑎 − 1 2𝑎 + 1 > 0
−1 1
𝑎< ‫𝑎ڂ‬ > and 𝑎 < 0
2 4
−1
∴ 𝑎 ∈ −∞,
2

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 Which of the following represents the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐;
𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 < 0 and 𝑐 < 0?

𝑌
Parabolic upward 𝑎 > 0
𝑏
− >0⇒𝑏<0
2𝑎
𝑎 Positive 𝑦-intercept ⇒ 𝑐 > 0
𝑋
Obtuse angle ⇒ 𝑏 < 0 𝑌 Parabolic upward 𝑎 > 0
𝑏
𝑥= − 𝑏
2𝑎 − >0⇒𝑏<0
2𝑎
Positive 𝑦-intercept ⇒ 𝑐 > 0
𝑏
𝑋
Obtuse angle ⇒ 𝑏 < 0
𝑏
𝑥=−
2𝑎

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 Which of the following represents the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐;
𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 < 0 and 𝑐 < 0?

𝑌
Parabolic upward 𝑎 > 0
𝑏
− >0⇒𝑏<0
2𝑎

𝑐 Positive 𝑦-intercept ⇒ 𝑐 > 0

𝑏
𝑋
𝑥=− 𝑌 Obtuse angle ⇒ 𝑏 > 0
2𝑎 Obtuse angle ⇒ 𝑏 < 0

𝑋
Parabolic downward 𝑎 < 0
𝑏
− >0⇒𝑏>0
2𝑎

𝑑 Positive 𝑦-intercept ⇒ 𝑐 < 0

𝑏
𝑥=−
2𝑎
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 Which of the following represents the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐;
𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 < 0 and 𝑐 < 0?

𝑌 𝑌

𝑎 𝑏
𝑋 𝑋

𝑌
𝑌
𝑋

𝑐 𝑑
𝑋

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 Find the sign of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝐷, Product of roots and Sum of roots for
quadratic polynomial 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 whose graph is shown below.

Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

𝑎 < 0, Downward parabola

𝐷 > 0, as the curve cuts x-axis at distinct points

𝑓 0 > 0 ⇒ 𝑐 > 0 can be seen from the figure

𝑏 > 0 as acute angle is formed by tangent at (0, 𝑐)

𝑐
POR= < 0
𝑎

𝑏
SPR= − > 0
𝑎

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 For the trinomial 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 has no real zeroes and
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 < 0, find
1) 𝑎 5) 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐
2) 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 6) 𝑎 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏2 + 2𝑎𝑐
3) 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 7) 4𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐
4) 𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
As the equation has no real roots and
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 < 0 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓 1 < 0
the graph of the equation will be downward parabola
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 < 0 ∀ 𝑥, ⇒ 𝑎 < 0 ⋯ (1)
⇒ 𝑓(0) < 0 ⇒ 𝑐 < 0
⇒ 𝑓 −1 < 0 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 < 0 ⋯ (2)
As the curve is downward 𝑎 < 0 and 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 < 0
⇒ 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 > 0 ⋯ (3)
As we found 𝑐 < 0
⇒ 𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 > 0 ⋯ (4)
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 For the trinomial 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 has no real zeroes and
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 < 0, find
1) 𝑎 5) 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐
2) 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 6) 𝑎 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏2 + 2𝑎𝑐
3) 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 7) 4𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐
4) 𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐

Solution:

𝑓 2 = 𝑎 22 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 < 0 … 5

𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏2 + 2𝑎𝑐 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2

= 𝑎+𝑐 2 − 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐)

= 𝑓 1 𝑓 −1 > 0 ⋯ (6)

4𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 3𝑎 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 3𝑎 + 𝑓 −1 < 0 ⋯ (7)

As 𝑎 < 0 and 𝑓 −1 < 0

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 2 𝑥 = −2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9 has

2𝑥 = −2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9 A 1 Solution

Quadratic polynomial: 𝑌
−2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9 B 2 Solution
𝑎<0
𝐷 = 36 − 4 −2 −9 𝑦 = 2𝑥 C No solution
𝐷 = −36
𝑋 D
𝐷<0 Can’t say

𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9

Both curves 𝑦 = 2𝑥 & 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9

has no point of intersection
Return To Top Hence no solution will exist
 Key Takeaways

• When L.H.S. & R.H.S. are two different functions and if their number of
solutions are asked then always plot both the graphs simultaneously and
count the point of intersections.

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 1
For what values of 𝑎, the inequality 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + > 0, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
2
holds true?

Solution:
1
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + > 0
2

Case 1: For 𝑎 = 0
1
> 0 Hence 𝑎 = 0 is considered
2
1
Case 2: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + > 0 ⇒ 2𝑎𝑥 2 + 4𝑎𝑥 + 1 > 0,
2
2𝑎 > 0 ⇒ 𝑎 > 0
𝐷 < 0 ⇒ 4𝑎 2−4 × 1 × 2𝑎 < 0 ⇒ 8𝑎 2𝑎 − 1 < 0
1
0<𝑎<
2
1
Hence 𝑎 ∈ 0,
2

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 If 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 𝑡 = 0 has only one real root, then 𝑡 = _____.

Solution:
Concept:
∵ Above equation has only one real root and we know that
complex roots always occurs in pair
∴ Roots of above equation are real and equal. A

𝐷 = 0:
2
8 − 4𝑡 = 0 B 2
⇒ 8 − 4𝑡 = 0
∴𝑡=2

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 If the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑎 − 6 𝑥 2 − 2 does not
intersect each other, then 𝑎 ∈ __________

Solution:

If two functions do not intersect then they do not have any real solution

Solving with each other

2𝑎𝑥 + 1 = 𝑎 − 6 𝑥 2 − 2
𝑎 − 6 𝑥2 − 2𝑎𝑥 − 3 = 0

As this equation do not have any real solutions⇒ 𝐷 < 0

⇒ 4𝑎2 + 4 𝑎 − 6 3 < 0
⇒ 𝑎2 + 3𝑎 − 18 < 0
⇒ (𝑎 + 6)(𝑎 − 3) < 0
⇒ −6 < 𝑎 < 3 ⇒ 𝑎 ∈ −6, 3

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 Session 04
Transformation of
Roots and Range of
Quadratic Polynomial

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 If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are the sides of a triangle, no two of which are equal
and 𝜆 ∈ ℝ and if the roots of
𝑥 2 + 2 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑥 + 3𝜆 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 = 0 are real, then 𝜆 ∈

Solution:

Concept:
1) If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are sides of ∆ ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 > 𝑐 or a − 𝑏 < 𝑐 2) Roots are real ⇒ 𝐷 ≥ 0

1) 𝑎 − 𝑏 < 𝑐, 𝑏 − 𝑐 < 𝑎, 𝑐 − 𝑎 < 𝑏 2) 𝐷 ≥ 0

⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 < 𝑐 2 ⇒ 4 𝑎+ 𝑏+𝑐 2
− 4.3. 𝜆(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) ≥ 0
⇒ 𝑏2 +𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 < 𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎 − 3. 𝜆(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) ≥ 0
⇒ 𝑐 2 +𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏2 ⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 ≥ (3𝜆 − 2)(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)
After adding we get ⇒
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐2
≥ 3𝜆 − 2 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
2 2 2 𝑎𝑏+𝑏𝑐+𝑐𝑎
⇒2 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 − 2 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎
< 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 From 𝑖 & (𝑖𝑖) we get
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐2 4
⇒ < 2 ⋯ (𝑖) ⇒ 2 > 3𝜆 − 2 ⇒ 𝜆 <
𝑎𝑏+𝑏𝑐+𝑐𝑎 3
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 Find the equation whose roots are square of roots of 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0

Solution:

Concept: Transformation of roots

1. Put 𝑦 = 𝛼 2 ⇒ 𝛼 = ± 𝑦 and solve

2
± 𝑦 + 𝑎. ± 𝑦 + 𝑏 = 0

𝑦 + 𝑏 = ∓𝑎 𝑦

⇒ 𝑦 2 + 𝑏2 + 2𝑏𝑦 = 𝑎2 𝑦

⇒ 𝑦 2 + 2𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑏2 = 0

2. After solving substitute 𝑥 in the place of 𝑦

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑏 − 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 = 0 is the required equation

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 Key Takeaways

• 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 is a quadratic equation whose roots are 𝛼 and 𝛽 .

1 1
New Roots ,
𝛼 𝛽
𝛼 + 𝑘, 𝛽 + 𝑘 𝑘𝛼, 𝑘𝛽
1 𝑦
Operation 𝛼→
𝑦
𝛼 → 𝑦−𝑘 𝛼→
𝑘

Transformed 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐𝑘2 = 0

𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 𝑎𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑘 − 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑘2 − 𝑏𝑘 + 𝑐 = 0
equation

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 If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of 5𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 = 0, then find the equation
whose roots are
𝛼−1 𝛽−1
𝑖 Increased by 1 𝑖𝑖 cubes of given roots 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝛼 2 − 2, 𝛽 2 − 2 𝑖𝑣 , .
𝛼+1 𝛽+1

Solution:
𝑖 New roots 𝛼 + 1, 𝛽 + 1 𝑖𝑖 New roots: 𝛼 3 , 𝛽3
𝑦 =𝛼+1 ⇒𝛼 =𝑦−1 Let 𝑦 = 𝛼3 ⇒ 𝛼 = 3 𝑦
The required equation will be The required equation will be
5 𝑦−1 2−7 𝑦−1 +3 = 0 2 1
5𝑦 3 − 7𝑦 3 + 3 = 0
⇒ 5𝑦 2 − 17𝑦 + 15 = 0 1 1
𝑦 3 5𝑦 3 − 7 = −3
∴ Equation is 5𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 15 = 0
Cubing on both sides,
1 1
𝑦 125𝑦 − 343 + 3 ⋅ 5𝑦3 ⋅ 7 5𝑦 3 − 7 = −27

⇒ 𝑦 125𝑦 − 343 + 105 −3 = −27

⇒ 125𝑦 2 − 658𝑦 + 27 = 0
∴ Equation is 125𝑥2 − 658𝑥 + 27 = 0
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 If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of 5𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 = 0, then find the equation
whose roots are
𝛼−1 𝛽−1
𝑖 Increased by 1 𝑖𝑖 cubes of given roots 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝛼 2 − 2, 𝛽 2 − 2 𝑖𝑣 , .
𝛼+1 𝛽+1
Solution:
𝑖𝑖𝑖 New roots 𝛼 2 − 2, 𝛽 2 − 2 𝑖𝑣 Let’s consider 𝑦 =
𝛼−1
𝛼+1
𝑦 = 𝛼2 − 2 ⇒ 𝛼 = 𝑦 + 2 𝛼−1
𝑦= ⇒ 𝛼𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝛼 − 1
𝛼+1
1+𝑦
The required equation will be ⇒ 𝛼𝑦 − 𝛼 = −𝑦 − 1 ⇒ 𝛼 =
1−𝑦
2
5 𝑦+2 −7 𝑦+2 +3 = 0
⇒ 5𝑦 + 13 = 7 𝑦 + 2 The required equation will be
1+𝑦 2 1+𝑦
⇒5 −7 +3 =0
1−𝑦 1−𝑦
Squaring it on both sides 2 2
⇒5 1+𝑦 − 7 1− 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 + 3 1 − 𝑦 =0
⇒ 25𝑦2 + 81𝑦 + 71 =0
⇒ 15𝑦2 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0
∴ Equation is 25𝑥2 + 81𝑥 + 71 = 0
∴ Equation is 15𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 1 = 0

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 If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0, then find the cubic
equation whose roots are 𝛼 + 2, 𝛽 + 2, 𝛾 + 2.

Solution:
𝑦 =𝛼+2 ⇒𝛼 =𝑦−2
3 2
𝑎 𝑦−2 +𝑏 𝑦−2 +𝑐 𝑦−2 +𝑑 =0

⇒𝑎 𝑥−2 3+𝑏 𝑥−2 2+𝑐 𝑥−2 +𝑑 =0

⇒ 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏 − 6𝑎 𝑥 2 + 12𝑎 − 4𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑥 − 8𝑎 + 4𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 𝑑 = 0

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 Find Vertex, minimum value and range of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

Solution:

Comparing the given quadratic equation with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, we get

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 1
𝑏 𝐷 1 3
Vertex = − ,− = − ,
2𝑎 4𝑎 2 4
𝐷 3
Minimum value = − =
4𝑎 4
𝑎>0
𝐷 3
Hence range = − ,∞ = ,∞
4𝑎 4

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 Key Takeaways

Range of Quadratic Polynomial 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0

𝑌 𝑌
𝑏 𝐷
− ,−
2𝑎 4𝑎

𝑋
𝑂
𝑋
𝑂
𝑏 𝐷
− ,−
2𝑎 4𝑎

𝐷 𝐷
𝑎 > 0 Range: − ,∞ 𝑎 < 0 Range: −∞, −
4𝑎 4𝑎

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 Find the range of quadratic polynomial 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1.

Solution:
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = −1, 𝐷 = 9 + 8 = 17
Method 1:
𝐷 17
𝑦∈ − ,∞ = − ,∞
4𝑎 8
𝑏 3
𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛 at 𝑥 = − =−
2𝑎 4

Method 2:
3 1
𝑦 = 2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 −
2 2

2 3 3 2 3 2 1
⇒𝑦=2 𝑥 + 𝑥+ − −
2 4 4 2
2
3 17
⇒𝑦=2 𝑥 + −
4 8
17 3
∴ 𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − when 𝑥 =−
8 4

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 Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 are roots of 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0, then the least value of
𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is

Solution:
Product of roots: 𝑎. 𝑏 = 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎 = 1
Sum of roots: 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −𝑎 ⇒ 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑏 = −2
∴ Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2
𝐷 9
Least value = − =−
4𝑎 4

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 Find range of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 in 0, 2 .

Solution:
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 1 ⇒ 𝐷 = −3 𝑌
𝑏 𝐷 1 3
Vertex = − ,− = − , 7
2𝑎 4𝑎 2 4

Range of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 in 0,2
= 𝑓 0 ,𝑓 2
= 1, 7

𝑋
1 0 2
−
2

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 Find the range of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
+ 𝑥 + 1.

Solution:
𝑥 = 𝑡; 𝑡 ∈ 0, 1
Now, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 1
1 3 𝑓 1
Vertex of parabola 𝑦 = − ,
2 4

Hence, Range = 𝑦 0 , 𝑦 1 = [1, 3) 𝑓 0

3
4

1
− 1
2

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 Find the range of 𝑦 = sin2 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + 1.

Solution:
𝑡 = sin 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1
Now, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 1
1 3
Vertex = ,
2 4

𝑓 1
3 1
4
𝑓
2
1
−1 1
2

1 3
Hence, the range will be = 𝑓 , 𝑓 −1 = ,3
2 4

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 Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a quadratic polynomial such that
𝑓 2 0 + 𝑓 2 1 + 𝑓 2 2 + 45 = 10𝑓 0 + 8𝑓 1 + 4𝑓 2 then find range of 𝑓 𝑥 .

Solution:
Let, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑓 2 0 + 𝑓 2 1 + 𝑓 2 2 + 45 = 10𝑓 0 + 8𝑓 1 + 4𝑓 2 + 45 = 0
2 2 2
⇒ 𝑓 0 −5 + 𝑓 1 −4 + 𝑓 2 −2 − 25 − 16 − 4 + 45 = 0
𝑓 0 =5⇒𝑐=5
1
𝑓 1 =4 ⇒𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 =4 ⇒ 𝑐 = 5, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = −
2
𝑓 2 = 2 ⇒ 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = 2

1 1
After solving we get 𝑎 = − , 𝑏 = − and 𝑐 = 5
2 2
𝑥2 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =− − +5
2 2

Here 𝑎 < 0
𝐷 41
∴ Range 𝑦 ∈ −∞, − ⇒ −∞,
4𝑎 8
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 2𝑥 + 1
Find the range of rational function 𝑦 = .
3𝑥 + 4

2𝑥+1 Linear
I. 𝑦 = ⇒ 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 𝑦=
3𝑥+4 Linear
⇒ 𝑥 3𝑦 − 2 = 1 − 4𝑦
1−4𝑦 1
⇒𝑥 = = 1 − 4𝑦 ×
3𝑦−2 3𝑦−2
2
From here, 𝑦 ≠
3
2
Range = 𝑦 ∈ ℝ −
3

𝑎𝑥+𝑏
II. 𝑦 =
𝑐𝑥+𝑑
𝑑
Domain → 𝑥 ≠ −
𝑐
𝑎 2
Range → 𝑥 ≠ ∴ Range = 𝑦 ∈ ℝ −
𝑐 3

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 𝑥2 −5𝑥+4
Find the range of rational function 𝑦 = .
𝑥2 +2𝑥−3

𝑥−4 𝑥−1
𝑦=
𝑥+3 𝑥−1
𝑥−4
⇒𝑦= , 𝑥≠1
𝑥+3

⇒ 𝑦𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4, 𝑥 ≠ 1
⇒ 𝑥 1 − 𝑦 = 4 + 3𝑦, 𝑥 ≠ 1
4+3𝑦
⇒𝑥= ,𝑥 ≠ 1
1−𝑦

⇒𝑦≠1
⇒ Range of 𝑦 = ℝ − {1, 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1}
3
⇒ Range of 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 − 1, −
4

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 𝑥2 +𝑥−1
Find the range of rational function 𝑦 = , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
𝑥2 +𝑥+1

𝑥2 +𝑥−1 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
We have 𝑦 = ;𝑦 =
𝑥2 +𝑥+1 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
When (𝑖) is not a quadratic, 𝑦 = 1
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1
𝑥2 +𝑥−1
1= ⇒𝑥 =0∈ℝ
⇒ 𝑥2 𝑦 − 1 + 𝑥 𝑦 − 1 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖 𝑥2 +𝑥+1

𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 1
When it’s quadratic
∴ 𝑦 − 1 ≠ 0 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖 1 = −1, which is not possible⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖

∴ From 𝑖𝑖 & (iii)

Now 𝐷 ≥ 0
−5
2−4 𝑦∈ ,1
⇒ 𝑦−1 × 𝑦 − 1 (𝑦 + 1) ≥ 0 3

⇒ 𝑦−1 𝑦−1 −4 𝑦+1 ≥0

⇒ 𝑦 − 1 −3𝑦 − 5 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑦 − 1 3𝑦 + 5 ≤ 0
−5
⇒ ≤𝑦≤1
3
5
∵ 𝑦 ≠ 1 ⇒ 𝑦 ∈ − , 1 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
3
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 Session 05
Range of Rational
Functions and
Common Roots

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 𝑥+1 𝑥−2
Find the range of rational function 𝑦 = .
𝑥 𝑥+3

Solution :
𝑥2 −𝑥−2
𝑦=
𝑥2 +3𝑥
If (𝑖) is not a quadratic, then 𝑦 = 1
⇒ 𝑥2𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥−2
𝑥2 −𝑥−2
⇒1=
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 1 + 3𝑦 + 1 + 2 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖) 𝑥2 +3𝑥
1
If (𝑖) is quadratic 𝑦 ≠ 1, ⇒𝑥 =− ∈ℝ
2

So, 𝑦 = 1 is possible ⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖

As 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝐷 ≥ 0
⇒ 3𝑦 + 1 2 −4 × 2(𝑦 − 1) ≥ 0
∴From 𝑖𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
⇒ 9𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 9 ≥ 0

As a > 0, 𝐷 < 0 for above quadratic

⇒ 𝑦 ∈ ℝ − 1 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

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 𝑥+1 𝑥−2
Find the range of rational function 𝑦 = .
𝑥 𝑥+3

Solution :
Shortcut method:
𝑥2 −𝑥−2
𝑦=
𝑥2 +3𝑥

Roots of 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 0 are 0, −3
Roots of 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0 are −1, 2

As one root of 𝐷 𝑟 lies between the roots of 𝑁 𝑟

∴𝑦∈ℝ

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 Key Takeaways

•
(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)
If 𝑦 = and 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏 then range will be 𝑦 ∈ ℝ. That is when
(𝑥−𝑐)
one root of 𝐷 𝑟 lies between the two roots of 𝑁 𝑟 or vice-versa.

• If 𝑦 =
(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)
(𝑥−𝑐)(𝑥−𝑑)
and If any of 𝑐 or 𝑑 is lying between 𝑎 and 𝑏 or vice-versa,
Then range will be 𝑦 ∈ ℝ.

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 𝑥−1
Find the range of 𝑦 = .
𝑥 𝑥−2

Solution :
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑥−1
𝑦= =
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑥 𝑥−2

Roots of Denominator = {0, 2}

Roots of Numerator = 1

Here the roots of the numerator lies exactly between the roots
of denominator. So, the range will be 𝑦 ∈ ℝ.

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 𝑥2 +5𝑥+6
The range of 𝑦 = is:
2𝑥 +5

Solution :
𝑥+2 𝑥+3
𝑦= A −3, −2
2(𝑥+2.5)

Here −2.5 lies in between −3 and −2

B −3, −2 − −2.5
∴ Range will be ℝ

C ℝ

D ℝ − −2.5

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 3𝑥2 +9𝑥 +17
Find the range of rational function 𝑦 = .
3𝑥2 +9𝑥+7

3𝑥2 +9𝑥+7+10 10
Solution : 𝑦=
3𝑥2 +9𝑥+7
= 𝑦=
3𝑥2 +9𝑥+7
+1
−𝐷
3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 7 ∈ ,∞
4𝑎

4×3×7−92
3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 7 ∈ ,∞
4×3
1
3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 7 ∈ ,∞
4
1
Now ≤ 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 7 < ∞
4
1
⇒4≥ >0
3𝑥2 +9𝑥+7
10
⇒ 40 ≥ >0
3𝑥2 +9𝑥+7
10
⇒ 41 ≥ 1 + >1
3𝑥2 +9𝑥+7

3𝑥2 +9𝑥+17
⇒ 41 ≥ >1
3𝑥2 +9𝑥+7
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 𝑄.𝐸.
If 𝑦 = and 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, then exactly one root of 𝑁 𝑟 will lie in between
𝑄.𝐸.
the roots of 𝐷 𝑟 and possible cases are

(𝑖) (𝑖𝑖) [Where 𝑓(𝑥) is any Q.E.

and 𝑎, 𝑏 are intersection
points of graphs of 𝑁 𝑟
𝑏 𝑏 and 𝐷 𝑟 ]
𝑎 𝑋 𝑎 𝑋

𝑓 𝑎 ⋅𝑓 𝑏 <0 𝑓 𝑎 ⋅𝑓 𝑏 <0

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝑖𝑣)

𝑏 𝑎
𝑎 𝑋 𝑋

𝑓 𝑎 <0
𝑓 𝑎 ⋅𝑓 𝑏 <0
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 𝑎𝑥2 +3𝑥+4
If 𝑦 = has range 𝑦 ∈ ℝ then find 𝑎.
4𝑥2 +3𝑥+𝑎

Solution :
𝑎𝑥2 +3𝑥+4
We have 𝑦 =
4𝑥2 +3𝑥+𝑎

On subtracting denominator from numerator we get

𝑎 − 4 𝑥2 = 𝑎 − 4 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1, −1

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4

Now 𝑓 1 𝑓 −1 < 0

⇒ 𝑎+7 𝑎+1 < 0

⇒ −7 < 𝑎 < −1

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 (𝑥+𝑚)2 −4𝑚𝑛
The range of rational function 𝑦 = for all values of 𝑥 ∈ ℝ −
2(𝑥−𝑛)
𝑛 such that 𝑚 < 𝑛 is

Solution :
𝑥+𝑚 2 −4𝑚𝑛
𝑦= ;
2 𝑥−𝑛

⇒ (𝑥 + 𝑚)2 −4𝑚𝑛 = 2𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑛)

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑚2 + 2𝑚𝑥 − 4𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑛 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2𝑚 − 2𝑦 + 𝑚2 − 4𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑦𝑛 = 0

𝐷≥0
⇒ 𝑚2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑚𝑦 − 𝑚2 + 4𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑦 ≥ 0

⇒ 𝑦 𝑦 − 2𝑚 − 2𝑛(𝑦 − 2𝑚) ≥ 0

⇒ 𝑦 − 2𝑚 (𝑦 − 2𝑛) ≥ 0

⇒ 𝑦 ≤ 2𝑚 ∪ 𝑦 ≥ 2𝑛

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 6𝑥2 −5𝑥−3
If 𝑦 = ≤ 4, then find the least and highest values of 4𝑥 2 .
𝑥2 −2𝑥+6

𝑌
6𝑥2 −5𝑥−3
𝑦= ≤4
𝑥2 −2𝑥+6

⇒ 6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 ≤ 4(𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 6)

⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 27 ≤ 0

⇒ (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 9) ≤ 0
9 𝑋
⇒− ≤𝑥≤3 9
0 3
2 −
2 2
−9
Highest value= 4 × = 81
2

Lowest value= 4 × 02 = 0

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 2𝑥
If 𝑦 = , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ then find the range of 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 1 is ________.
1+𝑥2

2𝑥
Solution : 𝑦 =
1+𝑥2
𝑌
⇒𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 2 = 2𝑥

⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

𝐷 ≥ 0⇒ 4−4 𝑦 𝑦 ≥ 0

⇒ 𝑦2 − 1 ≤ 0

⇒ −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1

Now From 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 1 graph between −1, 1 𝑋

−1 1 1
1 2
minimum occurs at 𝑦 = and
2

maximum occurs at 𝑦 = −1
3
∴ Range of 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 1 if 𝑦 ∈ −1, 1 = ,3
4
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 Key Takeaways

Common roots:

• The required condition for one root (𝛼) of two quadratic equations
𝑎1 𝑥2 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑐1 = 0 & 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 = 0 to be common is
𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 = 𝑐1 𝑎2 − 𝑐2 𝑎1 2
and common root is
𝑏1 𝑐2 −𝑏2 𝑐1 𝑐1 𝑎2 −𝑐2 𝑎1
𝛼= =
𝑐1 𝑎2 −𝑐2 𝑎1 𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1

• The required condition for both root of two quadratic equations

𝑎1 𝑥2 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑐1 = 0 & 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 𝑥 + 𝑐2 = 0 to be common is
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= = .
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

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 Let 𝜆 ≠ 0 be in ℝ. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2𝜆 = 0,
𝛽𝛾
and 𝛼 and 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 27𝜆 = 0, then
𝜆
is equal to ________.
JEE Main Aug 2021
Solution : 27
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2𝜆 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ (1)
2
3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 27𝜆 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ (2)
− + −
21 2 7
⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑥=0
2 2
1
⇒𝑥 = 0,
3
For 𝑥 = 0, 𝜆 = 0 which is not true
1
Hence the common root will be 𝛼 =
3
1 1
From 𝛼 = we get 𝜆 =
3 9
Now from sum of roots we get
10
𝛼 + 𝛽 = 1, 𝛼+𝛾 =
3
2 𝛽𝛾
⇒𝛽= , 𝛾=3 ⇒ = 18
3 𝜆
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 If 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑚𝑥 + 2 = 0 & 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2 = 0 have one common root, then
find the value of 𝑚.

𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝐷 = 25 > 0
1
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = , −2
2

1
If 𝑥 = is the common root
2
3 −11
+ 2𝑚 + 2 =0⇒𝑚=
4 8

If 𝑥 = −2 is the common root

3 × 4 − 8𝑚 + 2 = 0
7
𝑚=
4

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 If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 & 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 have one common root (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are
𝑎3 +𝑏3 +𝑐 3
non-zero real numbers). Find
𝑎𝑏𝑐

For having one common root:

Coefficients of 𝐼 st equation 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Coefficients of 𝐼𝐼 st equation 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎

𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2 𝑏𝑎 − 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑐 2

⇒ 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐 3 − 𝑏3 𝑎 + 𝑏2 𝑐 2 = 𝑎4 + 𝑏2 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎2 𝑏𝑐

⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐 3 − 𝑏3 = 𝑎3 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑐

⇒ 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑎3 + 𝑐 3 + 𝑏3
𝑎3 +𝑐3 +𝑏3
⇒ =3
𝑎𝑏𝑐
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 If 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 & 𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑝 = 0 𝑝 ≠ 𝑞 have one common root, then
show that 1 + 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 0 and also show that uncommon roots
are roots of 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑞 = 0.

Solution :
𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 ⋯ (2)

𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑝 = 0 ⋯ (1)

1 − 2 = 𝑥 𝑝−𝑞 = 𝑝 −𝑞

Substituting 𝑥 = 1 in (1)

1+ 𝑝+𝑞 = 0

The other roots of equation (1) and (2) are say 𝛽 and 𝛾 respectively which
are different.

1 × 𝛽 = 𝑞 and 1 × 𝛾 = 𝑝

𝑥 2 − 𝑝 + 𝑞 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑞 = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑞 = 0
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 Session 06
Quadratic polynomial
in two variables and
Location of roots

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 If 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 12 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 15 = 0 & 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 36 = 0 have a
common positive root then find the value of 𝑎, 𝑏.

Solution :
𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 12 = 0 ⋯ (1)
𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 15 = 0 ⋯ (2)
𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 36 = 0 ⋯ (3)
1 + 2 − (3)

We get 𝑥 2 = 9 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±3
Given that positive root is common, hence 𝑥 = 3
Substitute 𝑥 = 3 in (1)

9 + 3𝑎 + 12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = −7

Substitute 𝑥 = 3 in (2)

9 + 3𝑏 + 15 = 0 ⇒ 𝑏 = −8

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 If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑝, 𝑞 are Non-Zero Real Numbers, then the equation’s
2𝑎 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏2 = 0 & 𝑝2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑞𝑥 + 𝑞 2 = 0 have

Solution :

For 2𝑎2 𝑥2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏2 = 0

𝐷 = 4𝑎2 𝑏2 − 4 × 2𝑎2 × 𝑏2 < 0; roots are imaginary.

For 𝑝2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑞𝑥 + 𝑞 2 = 0
A No common roots
𝐷= 4𝑝2 𝑞2 − 4𝑝2 𝑞2 = 0; roots are real & equal.

Hence no common roots. B One common root if 2𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2

C One common root if 3𝑞𝑏 = 2𝑎𝑏

D One common root if 3𝑞𝑏 = 2𝑎𝑝

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 Find the linear factors of 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 35 = 0.

Solution :

Writing equation in terms of 𝑦 2𝑦 2 + 𝑦 −3𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 35 = 0

3𝑥+3 ± 3𝑥+3 2 −4 2 𝑥2 −2𝑥−35

𝑦=
2(2)

3𝑥+3 ± 9𝑥2 +18𝑥+9−8𝑥2 +16𝑥+280

=
4

3𝑥+3 ± 𝑥2 +34𝑥+289
=
4

3𝑥+3 ± 𝑥+17 2
=
4

3𝑥+3 + 𝑥+17
𝑦= =𝑥+5 ⋯ (𝐿1 )
4

3𝑥+3 − 𝑥+17 𝑥−7

𝑦= = ⋯ (𝐿 2)
4 2

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 Find the least value of expression 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 7.

Solution :

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 + 3
= 𝑥+𝑦 2+ 𝑦+2 2+3

≥0 ≥0
Hence least value= 3
At 𝑦 = −2 and 𝑥 = −𝑦 = 2

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 Key Takeaways

Condition for Quadratic Polynomials in two variables :

• Condition for Quadratic polynomial in two variables in the standard form

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = (𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1)(𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2)
to resolve into linear factors is ∆= 0.
where ∆= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2

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 Key Takeaways

For 𝑎 > 0, upward Parabola

• Q.E. = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

For 𝑎 < 0, downward Parabola

𝑏 𝑐
Corresponding Polynomial: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 +
𝑎 𝑎

• Here Leading coefficient of 𝑥 = 1, hence the graph is an upward parabola.

2

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 Key Takeaways

Profile 1:

• If both root of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are greater than some

constant "𝐾“ then:

𝑏
𝐷≥0 − >𝑘 𝑓 𝑘 >0
2𝑎

𝑓(𝑘)

𝑘 𝛼 𝛽
𝑏
𝑥=−
2𝑎
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 Find value of 𝑘 for which the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0
are greater than 2.

Solution :

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0

𝑏
(1) 𝐷 ≥ 0 (2) − >2 (3) 𝑓 2 > 0
2𝑎
𝑘2 − 4(1)(𝑘) ≥ 0 ⇒ 4 − 2𝑘 + 𝑘 > 0
− −𝑘
⇒ >2 ⇒4 − 𝑘 > 0
𝑘(𝑘 − 4) ≥ 0 2 1
⇒𝑘<4
𝑘 ∈ −∞, 0 ∪ [4, ∞) ⇒𝑘>4

By taking intersection of all three conditions we get:

𝑘=𝜙

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 Key Takeaways

• If both root of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are less than some constant 𝑘

then:

𝑏
𝐷≥0 − <𝑘 𝑓 𝑘 >0
2𝑎

𝑓(𝑘)

𝛼 𝛽 𝑘
𝑏
𝑥=−
2𝑎
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 Find 𝑘 for which both the roots of the equation 𝑘𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 1 = 0
are less than 3.
Solution :
After dividing the given equation by 𝑘 we get:
1
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + = 0
𝑘
1
Now, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 +
𝑘

(1) 𝐷≥0
1
⇒1−4 1 ≥0
𝑘
𝑘−4
⇒ ≥0
𝑘
⇒ 𝑘 ∈ −∞, 0 ∪ 4, ∞
𝑏
(2) − <3
2𝑎
1
− < 3( Always)
2
𝑘 ∈ℝ
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 Find 𝑘 for which both the roots of the equation 𝑘𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 1 = 0
are less than 3.
Solution :
3 𝑓 3 >0
1
⇒ 9+3+ > 0
𝑘
12𝑘+1
⇒ >0
𝑘
1
⇒ 𝑘 ∈ −∞, − ∪ 0, ∞
12

By taking intersection of 1 , 2 and 3

1 4
− 0
12

1
𝑘 ∈ −∞, − ∪ 4, ∞
12

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 Key Takeaways

Profile 2:

• If both root of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are on opposite sides of some constant 𝑘

then 𝑓 𝑘 < 0

𝛼 𝑘 𝛽
𝑓(𝑘)

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 Find 𝑘 if the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑘 + 1 𝑥 + 𝑘 2 + 𝑘 − 8 = 0
are at either side of 2.

Solution :

𝑥 2 − 𝑘 + 1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘 + 1 = 0

Step 1: Here Leading Coefficient = 1,

∴ no need to divide

Step 2: Corresponding Polynomial:

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑘 + 1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘 + 1 = 0

𝛼 2 𝛽
Step 3: Condition: 𝑓 2 < 0
𝑓(2)
4 − 2 𝑘 + 1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘 − 8 < 0

𝑘2 − 𝑘 − 6 < 0

𝑘−3 𝑘+2 < 0

−2 < 𝑘 < 3 ⇒ 𝑘 ∈ (−2,3)

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 If 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 2 = 0 has two roots 𝛼 and 𝛽 (𝛼 ≠ 𝛽) where 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ (0, 3)
then find 𝑎.
Solution :

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 2
(1) 𝐷 ≥ 0
⇒ 𝑎2 − 8 ≥ 0
⇒ (𝑎 − 2 2)(𝑎 + 2 2) ≥ 0

⇒ 𝑎 ∈ −∞, −2 2 ∪ [2 2, ∞) 0𝛼 𝛽 3

𝑏
(2) 0 < − <3
2𝑎
𝑎
0<− <3
2

−6 < 𝑎 < 0

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 If 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 2 = 0 has two roots 𝛼 and 𝛽 (𝛼 ≠ 𝛽) where 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ (0, 3)
then find 𝑎.
Solution :

(3) 𝑓 0 = 2 > 0
Now 𝑓 3 > 0
𝑓 3 = 9 + 3𝑎 + 2 > 0
−11
⇒𝑎>
3

By taking intersection of 1 , 2 and (3)

0𝛼 𝛽 3
11
𝑎∈ − , −2 2
3

11
−6 − −2 2 0 2 2
3

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 Key Takeaways

Profile 3:

• 𝑏 𝑐
Both root of 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + = 0 are confined between 𝑘1 , 𝑘2
𝑎 𝑎

𝑖 𝐷≥0
𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑘1 > 0, 𝑓 𝑘2 > 0
𝑏
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑘1 < − < 𝑘2
2𝑎

𝑘1 𝛼 𝛽 𝑘2 𝑘1 𝛼=𝛽 𝑘2

𝑏
𝑥=−
2𝑎
𝑏
𝑥=−
2𝑎

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 For what real values of m both roots of the equation
𝑥 2 − 6𝑚𝑥 + 9𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 2 = 0 exceeds 3.

Solution :

𝑖 𝐷≥0
36𝑚2 − 4(9𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 2) ≥ 0 3

⇒ 8𝑚 − 8 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑚 − 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑚 ≥ 1 𝛼 𝛽

𝑏
𝑖𝑖 − >3 ⇒ 9𝑚(𝑚 − 1) − 11(𝑚 − 1) > 0
2𝑎
6𝑚
⇒ >3⇒𝑚 >1 ⇒ (9𝑚 − 11)(𝑚 − 1) > 0
2
11
⇒ 𝑚 ∈ −∞, 1 ∪ ,∞
9
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 3 > 0 By taking the intersection of all
⇒ 9 − 18𝑚 + 9𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 2 > 0 three conditions we get,
11
2 ⇒𝑚 ∈ ,∞
⇒ 9𝑚 − 20𝑚 + 11 > 0 9

⇒ 9𝑚2 − 9𝑚 − 11𝑚 + 11 > 0

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 Session 07
Location of roots and
high order polynomial
equations

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 Find the value of 𝑎 for which one root of the equation
𝑎 − 5 𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎 − 4 = 0 is smaller than 1 and other greater than 2

Solution :
2𝑎 𝑎−4
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 𝑓 2 <0
𝑎−5 𝑎−5
4𝑎 𝑎−4
𝑓 1 <0 4− + <0
𝑎−5 𝑎−5
2𝑎 𝑎−4 1 2
1− + <0 4𝑎−20−4𝑎+𝑎−4
𝑎−5 𝑎−5 <0
𝑎−5 𝛼 𝛽
𝑎−5−2𝑎+𝑎−4
<0 𝑎−24
<0
𝑎−5
𝑎−5
9
>0 + − +
𝑎−5

𝑎−5 >0
⇒ 𝑎 ∈ 5, 24 24
𝑎>5 5

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 Key Takeaways

Profile 4:

• When 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 lies between both roots of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑘1 𝑘2

𝛼 𝛽

Conditions:

• Only 𝑓 𝑘1 < 0 & 𝑓 𝑘2 < 0

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 Find the value of 𝑎 for which roots of 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑎 2 + 1 = 0 lies
between roots of 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑎 + 1 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑎 − 1 = 0.

We have, 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑎2 + 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 𝑎2 = 0
2
⇒ 𝑥−1 = 𝑎2
⇒ 𝑥 − 1 = ±𝑎

Hence roots of above equation are:

𝑥 = 1± 𝑎

And Given that it lies between roots of

𝑥2 − 2 𝑎 + 1 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑎 − 1 = 0

So, Apply the condition 𝑓 𝑘1 < 0 and 𝑓 𝑘2 < 0

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 Find the value of 𝑎 for which roots of 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑎 2 + 1 = 0 lies
between roots of 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑎 + 1 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑎 − 1 = 0.

𝑓 𝑘1 < 0 𝑓 𝑘2 < 0
𝑓 1+𝑎 < 0 𝑓(1 − 𝑎) < 0
⇒ 1 + 𝑎 2 − 2(1 + 𝑎)(1 + 𝑎) + ⇒ 1 − 𝑎 2 − 2(1 + 𝑎)(1 − 𝑎) +
𝑎(𝑎 − 1) < 0
𝑎2 − 𝑎 < 0
2 + 𝑎2
⇒− 1+𝑎 −𝑎 <0
1
⇒ 1 + 𝑎 2 − 2𝑎 − 2 + 2𝑎 2 +
⇒𝑎>−
3 𝑎2 − 𝑎 < 0
1
⇒− <𝑎<1
4

1
We get final solution: 𝑎 ∈ − , 1
4

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 Key Takeaways

Profile 5 (Case 1)

• When exactly one root of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 lies in interval (𝑘1 , 𝑘2 )

𝑘1
Or
𝑘1 𝛼 𝑘2 𝛽 𝛼 𝛽 𝑘2

Conditions:

• 𝑓 𝑘1 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑘2 ) < 0

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 Key Takeaways

Profile 5 (Case 2)

• When exactly one root of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 lies in interval (𝑘1 , 𝑘2 )

𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘1 𝑘2
Or
𝛼 𝛽 𝛼 𝛽

Conditions:

• 𝑓 𝑘1 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑘2 ) < 0 or 𝑓 𝑘1 ⋅ 𝑓 𝑘2 = 0

• If 𝑘1 = 𝛼 then 𝛽 will be in between 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 then,

𝑓 𝑘1 ⋅ 𝑓 𝑘2 = 0 ⇒ Check for this condition separately
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 Find all values of 𝑎 so that the equation 𝑥 2 + 3 − 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 has
exactly one root in −1, 2

Part 1 Part 2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3 − 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 I. 𝑓 −1 = 0
2 2 2
𝑓 −1 ⋅ 𝑓 2 < 0 𝑎= ⇒𝛼⋅𝛽= ⇒ −1 ⋅ 𝛽 =
3 3 3
2
1 − 3 − 2𝑎 + 𝑎 4 + 3 − 2𝑎 ⋅ 2 + 𝑎 < 0 ⇒ 𝛽 = − ∈ −1, 2
3
10
3𝑎 − 2 10 − 3𝑎 < 0 II. 𝑓 2 = 0, 𝑎 =
3
10 5
3𝑎 − 2 3𝑎 − 10 > 0 2⋅ 𝛽 = ⇒𝛽= ∈ −1, 2
3 3
2 10
𝑎 < ∪𝑎 >
3 3
2 10
𝑎 ∈ −∞, ∪ ,∞
3 3

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 Key Takeaways

Theory of Equation: (Cubic Equation)

• Cubic Equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥3 + 𝑏𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0, And roots are 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾

• 𝑥3 + 𝑏𝑎 𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑎 = 𝑥3 − 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 𝑥 2 + 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛼𝛾 𝑥 − 𝛼𝛽𝛾

• Sum of roots = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = − 𝑏𝑎
• Product of roots taken two at a time = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 𝑎
𝑐

• Product of roots = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = − 𝑑𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

Theory of Equation: (Biquadratic Equation)

• Biquadratic Equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 0,
and roots are 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿

• 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 𝑥 4 − 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 𝑥 3
+ 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛿 + 𝛿𝛼 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛿𝛽 𝑥 2 − 𝛼𝛽𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾𝛿 + 𝛾𝛿𝛼 + 𝛿𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿 = 0

𝑏
• Sum of roots = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 = −
𝑎

𝑐
• Product of roots taken two at a time = σ 𝛼𝛽 =
𝑎

𝑑
• Product of roots taken three at a time = σ 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = −
𝑎

𝑒
• Product of roots = 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿 =
𝑎

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 The number of real roots of the equation 𝑒 4𝑥 + 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 − 6 = 0 is

Given: 𝑒 4𝑥 + 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 − 3 = 0 or𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 2 = 0 (Rejected)

Let 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑡=
−1± 13
2

⇒ 𝑡 4 + 2𝑡3 − 𝑡 − 6 = 0
Since 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡 > 0
⇒ 𝑡 4 + 2𝑡3 + 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 − 6 = 0
−1+ 13
∴ 𝑒𝑥 =
2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑡 +𝑡 − (𝑡 + 𝑡) − 6 = 0

Let 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 = 𝑧 Hence, the given equation has only one root.

⇒ 𝑧2 − 𝑧 − 6 = 0

⇒ (𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 2) = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = 3 or 𝑧 = −2

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 The number of real roots of the equation 𝑒 4𝑥 + 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 − 6 = 0 is

A 1

B 2

C 4

D 0

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 If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of equation 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 1 = 0, find the value of
𝛼 + 𝛽 −1 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 −1 + 𝛾 + 𝛼 −1

Solution:

As 𝑥 3 − 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 𝑥 2 + 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 𝑥 − 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 0

∴ By comparing with given equation 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 1 = 0

𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 0 ⇒ 𝛼 + 𝛽 = −𝛾 ⇒ 𝛽 + 𝛾 = −𝛼 ⇒ 𝛾 + 𝛼 = −𝛽

And 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 4 ⋯ 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ + + = + +
𝛼+𝛽 𝛽+𝛾 𝛾+𝛼 −𝛾 −𝛼 −𝛽

1 1 1 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼
− + + =−
𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 𝛼𝛽𝛾

4
= = 4 (From 1 )
1

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 Key Takeaways

Theory of Equation:

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥𝑛−1 +⋅⋅⋅ 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 = 0 have roots 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 … 𝛼𝑛 .

• It can be written as 𝑎0𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 +⋅⋅⋅ 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 =

𝑎0 𝑥 − 𝛼1 𝑥 − 𝛼2 𝑥 − 𝛼3 … (𝑥 − 𝛼𝑛 )

1 𝑎1
• Sum of roots = σ𝑎𝑛 = 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 + ⋯ 𝛼𝑛 = −1
𝑎0

2 𝑎2
• Product of roots taken two at a time = σ 𝛼1 𝛼2 = −1
𝑎0

3 𝑎3
• Product of roots taken three at a time = σ 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3 = −1
𝑎0

𝑛 𝑎𝑛
• Product of roots = 𝛼1 . 𝛼2 . 𝛼3 … 𝛼𝑛 = −1
𝑎0
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 For what value of 𝑎 & 𝑏 equation 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 1 = 0 has 4 real
positive roots.

Solution:
Given, 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 1 = 0
And standard equation is
𝑥 4 − 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 𝑥 3 + 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛿 + 𝛿𝛼 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛿 𝑥 2 −
𝛼𝛽𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾𝛿 + 𝛾𝛿𝛼 + 𝛿𝛼𝛽 𝑥 + (𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿) = 0

Comparing the coefficient we get,

𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 = 4 and 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿 = 1

Here it can be only possible when 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾 = 𝛿 = 1

So, 𝑎 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛿 + 𝛿𝛼 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛿 = 6,
𝑏 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾𝛿 + 𝛾𝛿𝛼 + 𝛿𝛼𝛽 = 4

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 If α , β, γ, δ are four roots of 𝑥 4 − 𝐾𝑥 3 + 𝐾𝑥 2 + 𝐿𝑥 + 𝑀 = 0 where
𝐾, 𝐿, 𝑀 ∈ ℝ, then minimum value of α2 + β2 + γ2 + δ is.

Solution:
Given, 𝑥 4 − 𝐾𝑥 3 + 𝐾𝑥 2 + 𝐿𝑥 + 𝑀 = 0
And standard equation is
𝑥 4 − 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 𝑥 3 + 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛿 + 𝛿𝛼 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛿 𝑥 2 − (𝛼𝛽𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾𝛿 +
𝛾𝛿𝛼 + 𝛿𝛼𝛽 )𝑥 + (𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿) = 0

Comparing the coefficient we get,

𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 = −𝐾 and (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛿 + 𝛿𝛼 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛿) = 𝐾

We know α2 + β2 + γ2 + δ2 can be written as 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 2 − 2 σ 𝛼𝛽

2
⇒ α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 + δ2 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 − 2 σ 𝛼𝛽

⇒ α2 + β2 + γ2 + δ2 = 𝐾 2 − 2𝐾

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 If α , β, γ, δ are four roots of 𝑥 4 − 𝐾𝑥 3 + 𝐾𝑥 2 + 𝐿𝑥 + 𝑀 = 0 where
𝐾, 𝐿, 𝑀 ∈ ℝ, then minimum value of α2 + β2 + γ2 + δ is.

Solution:

The Minimum value of

⇒ α2 + β2 + γ2 + δ2 = 𝐾2 − 2𝐾 𝐾 − 1 2 will be Zero.

⇒ α2 + β2 + γ2 + δ2 = 𝐾 2 − 2𝐾 + 1 − 1
2
⇒ α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 + δ2 = 𝐾 − 1 −1

The minimum value will be −1

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 If two roots of 𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐 = 0 are equal in
magnitude but opposite in signs, then prove that 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑐
Solution:
Comparing the given equation 𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 with
𝑥 3 − 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 𝑥 2 + 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 𝑥 − 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 0 (Let 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 be the roots)
𝑥 3 − 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 𝑥 2 + 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 𝑥 − 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 0

As we know, both roots are equal but opposite in sign,

𝛽 = −𝛼
∴ 𝛼 +𝛽+𝛾 = 0⇒ 0+ 𝛾 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝛾 = 𝑎
which is one of the root . So, 𝑥 = 𝑎

∴ 𝛼 3 − 𝑎3 + 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑐 = 0
⇒ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑐

Hence proved

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 If 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡 be roots of equation 8𝑥 3 + 1001𝑥 + 2008 = 0 then
value of 𝑟 + 𝑠 3 + 𝑠 + 𝑡 3 + 𝑡 + 𝑟 3 = ?

Solution:
1001 2 2008
Comparing the given equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + =0 ⋯ 1
8 8
𝑥 3 − 𝑟 + 𝑠 + 𝑡 𝑥 2 + 𝑟𝑠 + 𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡𝑟 𝑥 − 𝑟𝑠𝑡 = 0 ⋯ 2
∴ 𝑟 + 𝑠 + 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 + 𝑠 = −𝑡 ⇒ 𝑠 + 𝑡 = −𝑟

For ( 𝑟 + 𝑠 3
+ 𝑠+𝑡 3
+ 𝑡+𝑟 3

= − 𝑟3 + 𝑠3 + 𝑡 3
= − 3𝑟𝑠𝑡 (When 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 then 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐 3 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐)

From 1 and 2
2008
=3×
8
= 753

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 𝛼+1 2 + 𝛽+1 2 + 𝛾+1 2 + 𝛿+1 2
If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿 ∈ ℝ satisfies = 4 If equation
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾+𝛿
1 1
𝑎0 𝑥 4 + 𝑎1 𝑥 3 + 𝑎2 𝑥 3 + 𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎4 = 0 has roots 𝛼 + −1 , 𝛽+ −1 ,
𝛽 𝛾
1 1 𝑎2
𝛾 + − 1 and 𝛿 + − 1 then value of is
𝛿 𝛼 𝑎0

Solution:
𝛼+1 2 + 𝛽+1 2 + 𝛾+1 2 + 𝛿+1 2
Given: =4
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾+𝛿
2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝛼+1 + 𝛽+1 + 𝛾+1 + 𝛿+1 = 4𝛼 + 4𝛽 + 4𝛾 + 4𝛿

⇒ 𝛼−1 2 + 𝛽−1 2+ 𝛾 −1 2+ 𝛿−1 2 =0

⇒ 𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛾 = 1, 𝛿 = 1
𝑎2
⇒ = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + (1)(1)
𝑎0
𝑎2
⇒ =6
𝑎0

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 THANK
YOU

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